Nocturnal
Guides
Abablemma bilineata
Abablemma bilineata is a moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1916. It is found in North America. The species belongs to the subfamily Acontiinae, a group of moths often characterized by relatively simple wing patterns and nocturnal habits. Based on iNaturalist records, it has been documented in at least 121 observations, suggesting it is not exceptionally rare within its range.
Acacesia
Acacesia is a genus of orb-weaver spiders (family Araneidae) containing six species with predominantly neotropical distribution. The genus was established by Eugène Simon in 1895. Most species are known only from museum specimens, with A. hamata being the only species documented in the United States and the only one with substantial natural history information available. Close relatives include the genera Ocrepeira and Cyclosa.
Acacesia hamata
Difoliate Orbweaver
Acacesia hamata, commonly known as the Difoliate Orbweaver, is a small orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It is the only species of its genus found north of Mexico, with a distribution ranging from the eastern United States south to Argentina. The species is recognized by its distinctive abdominal pattern featuring a dagger-like mark within a wedge-shaped folium. It builds vertical orb webs at night and removes them before dawn, typically in grassy or shrubby habitats near forest edges.
Acanthepeira
Star-bellied Orb-web Spiders, Starbellied Orbweavers
Acanthepeira is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by George Marx in 1883. The genus comprises five North American species, most notably Acanthepeira stellata, known for its distinctive star-shaped abdominal tubercles. These spiders are recognized for their unusual spiked abdomens that function as camouflage against predators. The genus ranges from southeastern Canada through the eastern and central United States to southern California.
Acanthepeira stellata
starbellied orbweaver, starbellied spider
Acanthepeira stellata is a distinctive orb-weaving spider known for its hard, spiked abdomen covered in prominent tubercles that give it a star-like appearance. The species ranges from Canada to Mexico and is commonly found in grasslands, prairies, meadows, and agricultural areas. It is nocturnal, constructing vertical orb webs close to the ground to capture prey. The spider exhibits effective crypsis, resembling plant debris such as burs or seed pods when at rest.
Achatia
Quaker moths
Achatia is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as Quaker moths. The genus contains approximately 16 described species distributed primarily in North America. Species within this genus are typically spring-flying nocturnal moths attracted to light. The caterpillars are generalist feeders on deciduous trees and shrubs.
Achyra bifidalis
Achyra bifidalis is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of 20–24 mm, distributed across the Americas from the southern United States through South America. The species was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1794. Larvae feed on Gossypium (cotton) and Portulaca species.
Acleris variegana
Garden Rose Tortrix, Garden Rose Tortricid, Fruit Tortricid
A small tortricid moth with distinctive wing patterning, recognized as a significant agricultural pest of rosaceous fruit trees. Adults fly nocturnally during late summer and are attracted to light. The species has a broad Palearctic distribution with introduced populations in North America. Larval damage is most severe from the spring generation, which attacks fruit buds, flowers, and developing fruits.
Acontia coquillettii
bird dropping moth
Acontia coquillettii is a small noctuid moth species native to western North America. It is characterized by its predominantly white forewings with distinctive grey and olive markings on the distal portion, a pattern that serves as camouflage resembling bird droppings. The species has been documented in California and Oregon, with specific records from the Snake River region in Malheur County. It is one of approximately 20 species in the genus Acontia found in North America.
Acritogramma metaleuca
Acritogramma metaleuca is a moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Hampson in 1913. It belongs to the subfamily Erebinae, a diverse group of nocturnal moths. The species is known from North America. It is assigned Hodges number 8682 in the MONA (Moths of North America) numbering system.
Acrobasis suavella
Thicket Knot-horn, Blackthorn Knot-horn
Acrobasis suavella is a small pyralid moth native to Europe, with an established introduced population in southwestern Canada. Adults fly nocturnally during summer months and are readily attracted to light. The larva is a concealed feeder, constructing a silken gallery within which it feeds on host plant material over an extended autumn-to-spring period. The species has been the subject of genome sequencing as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Acrolophus
Grass Tubeworm Moths
Acrolophus is a genus of moths in the family Acrolophidae, originally described by Felipe Poey in 1832. The genus was formerly classified in the family Tineidae (clothes moths) but has been reassigned to Acrolophidae based on revised phylogenetic understanding. Species in this genus are commonly known as "grass tube moths" or "grass tubeworm moths" due to the distinctive larval behavior of spinning silken tubes at the base of grasses or around grass roots for concealment while feeding. The genus exhibits exceptional individual variation in color pattern within species, rendering field identification of many specimens difficult or impossible without dissection or molecular analysis.
Acrolophus
grass tube moths
Acrolophus is a genus of moths in the family Acrolophidae, commonly known as "grass tube moths." The family was formerly placed in Tineidae (clothes moths and kin) but has been reclassified based on updated evolutionary relationships. Larvae of many species construct silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding.
Acrolophus arizonellus
Acrolophus arizonellus is a moth species in the family Acrolophidae, first described by Walsingham in 1887. It belongs to a genus commonly known as "grass tube moths" due to the larval habit of spinning silken tubes at the base of grasses. The species is documented from the southwestern United States.
Acrolophus filicicornis
Acrolophus filicicornis is a species of moth in the family Acrolophidae, commonly known as grass tube moths. The genus was formerly placed in family Tineidae (clothes moths) but has been reclassified to Acrolophidae based on revised phylogenetic understanding. Larvae of Acrolophus species construct silken tubes at the base of grasses or among grass roots for concealment while feeding.
Acrolophus forbesi
Forbes' Grass Tubeworm Moth
Acrolophus forbesi is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, commonly known as grass tubeworm moths. It was described by Hasbrouck in 1964 and occurs in the southeastern United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 17 mm. Like other members of its genus, the caterpillars likely construct silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding.
Acrolophus griseus
Grass Tube Moth
Acrolophus griseus is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, described by Lord Walsingham in 1887. It belongs to a genus commonly known as 'grass tube moths' due to the larval habit of spinning silken tubes at grass bases or roots for concealment while feeding. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It was historically classified in the family Tineidae but has been reassigned to Acrolophidae based on phylogenetic studies.
Acrolophus kearfotti
Acrolophus kearfotti is a moth species in the family Acrolophidae, described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1903. The species is found in southwestern North America, with records from Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, and New Mexico. Adult moths have a wingspan of 24–27 mm. Like other members of the genus Acrolophus, the caterpillars are known as "grass tube moths" for their habit of spinning silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding.
Acrolophus laticapitana
Grass Tube Moth
Acrolophus laticapitana is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, described by Walsingham in 1884. The species is found in western North America from northern California to southern Arizona. Adults have forewings measuring 6.5–9.5 mm in length. Like other members of the genus, it is commonly known as a "grass tube moth" due to larval behavior. The species includes two recognized subspecies: the nominate form and A. l. unistriganus described by Dyar in 1903.
Acrolophus mora
dark acrolophus
Acrolophus mora is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, commonly known as the dark acrolophus. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1881. It occurs across eastern North America from Quebec to Florida and west to the Mississippi River drainage. Sexual dimorphism is present in wingspan, with males measuring approximately 20 mm and females approximately 26 mm.
Acrolophus mortipennella
Long-horned Grass Tubeworm Moth
Acrolophus mortipennella is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It belongs to a genus commonly known as "grass tube moths" due to larval behavior of spinning silken tubes at grass bases or roots. The species occurs across the southeastern and central United States, with adults active during summer months. It is attracted to ultraviolet light sources at night.
Acrolophus occidens
grass tube moth
A species of grass tube moth in the family Acrolophidae. The genus Acrolophus was formerly placed in the family Tineidae (clothes moths) but has been reclassified based on updated taxonomy. Like other members of the genus, the caterpillars are known as "grass tube moths" for their habit of spinning silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding. Adults are attracted to blacklights and ultraviolet light sources.
Acrolophus parvipalpus
Acrolophus parvipalpus is a moth in the family Acrolophidae, described by Hasbrouck in 1964. It belongs to a genus commonly known as "grass tube moths" due to larval behavior. The species is found in southwestern North America, with records from Arizona and Texas. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to light.
Acrolophus plumifrontella
Eastern Grass-tubeworm Moth, Eastern Grass Tubeworm Moth
A small moth in the family Acrolophidae, known as the Eastern Grass-tubeworm Moth. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 28 mm and are active from April through October across the eastern and central United States. The common name refers to the larval habit of constructing silken tubes at the base of grasses. Formerly classified in the family Tineidae, this species was reassigned to Acrolophidae based on revised understanding of lepidopteran phylogeny.
Acrolophus popeanella
Clemens' Grass Tubeworm Moth
Acrolophus popeanella is a moth in the family Acrolophidae, commonly known as Clemens' Grass Tubeworm Moth. The species was described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1859. Adults are small moths with distinctive dark brown wings marked with lighter brown blotches and a striped pattern near the forewing margins. The larvae are root-feeders, specifically documented to feed on red clover (Trifolium pratense). The species is widely distributed across the eastern and central United States, occurring in diverse habitats from grasslands to urban environments.
Acrolophus propinqua
Walsingham's Grass Tubeworm Moth
Acrolophus propinqua, commonly known as Walsingham's Grass Tubeworm Moth, is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae. The species is found across the eastern and southeastern United States, with a wingspan of 22–26 mm. As with other members of the genus, the caterpillars construct silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding.
Acrolophus texanella
Texas Grass Tubeworm Moth, Grass Tubeworm
Acrolophus texanella, commonly known as the Texas Grass Tubeworm Moth, is a small moth species in the family Acrolophidae. The species was formerly classified in the family Tineidae but has been reassigned to Acrolophidae based on revised taxonomic understanding. Like other members of its genus, it is known as a "grass tube moth" due to the larval habit of spinning silken tubes at the base of grasses. The species is found across the eastern and southern United States, from Maryland to Florida and west to Texas.
Acrolophus walsinghami
Acrolophus walsinghami is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, first described by Möschler in 1890. The genus Acrolophus, commonly known as "grass tube moths," includes species whose larvae construct silken tubes at grass bases or roots for concealment while feeding. Adults are attracted to light and have been documented during moth surveys in late summer. The species has undergone taxonomic reclassification, formerly placed in the family Tineidae before being moved to Acrolophidae.
Acronicta albarufa
Barrens dagger moth
Acronicta albarufa, the barrens dagger moth, is a nocturnal noctuid moth with a fragmented distribution across North America. Adults are typically 3.0–3.5 cm in length and active from June to August, with some populations producing a partial second brood. The species is strongly associated with oak and pine barren habitats, particularly pitch pine–bear oak communities in the Northeast and oak savannahs in the western and southern portions of its range. It is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut and believed extirpated there.
Acronicta brumosa
Charred Dagger, charred dagger moth
Acronicta brumosa, commonly known as the charred dagger moth, is a noctuid moth native to North America. The species exhibits a wingspan of approximately 38 mm. Larvae are specialized feeders on various Quercus (oak) species. The species was first described by Guenée in 1852.
Acronicta laetifica
Pleasant Dagger, Pleasant Dagger Moth
Acronicta laetifica, commonly known as the Pleasant Dagger, is a moth species in the family Noctuidae. It is a member of the dagger moth genus Acronicta, characterized by distinctive forewing markings that include a dark dagger-shaped streak. The species occurs across eastern North America, with larvae that feed on various woody plants.
Acronicta marmorata
marble dagger moth, Marbled Oak Dagger
Acronicta marmorata, commonly known as the marble dagger moth or Marbled Oak Dagger, is a noctuid moth species native to western North America. The species is characterized by its marbled wing pattern and moderate size, with a wingspan of approximately 43 mm. Adults are active during mid-summer months, with larvae specializing on oak foliage.
Acronicta noctivaga
night-wandering dagger moth
Acronicta noctivaga is a small noctuid moth commonly known as the night-wandering dagger moth. It occurs in north-eastern North America with adults active during late spring through summer. The species has been recorded feeding on poplar as a larva. The common name references both its nocturnal activity and the dagger-like markings typical of the genus.
Acronicta othello
Acronicta othello is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1908. It belongs to the dagger moth genus Acronicta, a group characterized by distinctive dark markings on the forewings that often resemble daggers or swords. The species occurs in western North America, with records from California and surrounding regions. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to be nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Acronicta rubricoma
Hackberry Dagger, ruddy dagger moth
Acronicta rubricoma, commonly known as the Hackberry Dagger or ruddy dagger moth, is a noctuid moth found in eastern and central North America. The species has a wingspan of 38–44 mm. Adults are active from April to October with two generations per year. The larvae feed on elm, hackberry, and sumac.
Acrossus rufipes
Night-flying Dung Beetle
Acrossus rufipes is a scarab beetle commonly known as the night-flying dung beetle. The species is notable for its strong negative phototaxis, remaining buried in soil or dung during daylight and emerging only after dark to fly and seek food or mates. It is among the largest members of its genus, with a robust body adapted for burrowing using its shovel-shaped head. The species has experienced taxonomic instability, having been classified under Aphodius before returning to Acrossus.
Actias
Moon Moths, Asian-American Moon Moths
Actias is a genus of Saturniid moths commonly known as moon moths, distributed across Asia and the Americas. The genus is distinguished by elongated hindwing tails and includes well-known species such as the Luna moth (A. luna) of North America and the Spanish moon moth (A. isabellae) of Europe. Adult moths lack functional mouthparts, limiting their lifespan to several days to one week after emergence. Caterpillars feed on leaves of various woody plants including sweetgum, pine, hickory, walnut, and birch.
Admetovis oxymorus
cutworm moth, dart moth
Admetovis oxymorus is a noctuid moth species described by Grote in 1873. It belongs to the cutworm or dart moth group within the family Noctuidae. The species occurs in North America and has been frequently misidentified with related species in the genus. Its larvae are believed to be climbing cutworms that feed on woody shrubs.
Aegomorphus quadrigibbus
Four-humped Longhorned Beetle
Aegomorphus quadrigibbus is a longhorned beetle in the subfamily Lamiinae, originally described by Thomas Say in 1831 as Acanthoderes quadrigibba. The species is characterized by four prominent tubercles on the pronotum and distinctive heart-shaped elytral patterning. Historically associated with hardwood forests in eastern North America, it has recently emerged as an agricultural pest in Mexican Persian lime orchards. The species was transferred to the genus Aegomorphus by Yanega in 1996.
Aethes smeathmanniana
Smeathmann's Aethes Moth
A small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 12–19 mm. Adults are active from May to August. The species has a trans-Atlantic distribution, occurring across Europe, Asia Minor, and eastern North America. Larvae develop within seeds of various plants, particularly composites.
Agapema dyari
Chihuahuan Agapema
Agapema dyari is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert region of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The species is characterized by distinctive wing patterning and is among the smaller members of the genus Agapema. Adults are short-lived and do not feed; their primary function is reproduction. Larvae feed on specific host plants, though detailed life history documentation remains limited.
Agapema homogena
Rocky Mountain Agapema
Agapema homogena is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, first described by Dyar in 1908. It is commonly known as the Rocky Mountain Agapema. The species occurs in North America and Central America. Adults are nocturnal and do not feed.
Agathodes monstralis
Sky-pointing Moth
Agathodes monstralis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae, commonly known as the Sky-pointing Moth. The species was described by Guenée in 1854 and is placed in the subfamily Spilomelinae. It is one of several species in the genus Agathodes, which are distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. The common name refers to a characteristic resting posture where the moth holds its wings and body oriented upward.
Agathymus
giant-skippers
Agathymus is a genus of large skipper butterflies described by H.A. Freeman in 1959. The genus comprises approximately 30 species distributed across arid regions of North America from the southwestern United States through Mexico to Costa Rica. Larvae are specialized stem-borers in agave plants, making this genus ecologically dependent on desert agave communities. Species are commonly known as giant-skippers.
Agelenopsis aperta
Desert Grass Spider, Funnel-web Spider
Agelenopsis aperta, commonly known as the desert grass spider, is a medium-sized funnel-web weaver native to arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It constructs characteristic non-sticky funnel-shaped webs in crevices and vegetation, where it waits to ambush prey. The species exhibits notable territorial behavior and complex courtship rituals involving abdominal swaying and pheromone release that induces a temporary cataplectic state in females.
Agonum ferruginosum
Agonum ferruginosum is a ground beetle in the subfamily Platyninae, described by Dejean in 1828. It occurs in North America with records from the United States, Canada, and Alaska. In central Alberta marshes, it is one of the most abundant carabid species in emergent vegetation of flooded zones, where it exhibits habitat partitioning with sympatric congeners. The species is nocturnal and shows earlier reproduction and teneral adult emergence compared to some co-occurring Agonum species.
Agonum thoreyi
Agonum thoreyi is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae. In central Alberta marshes, it is one of four most abundant carabid species in emergent vegetation of flooded zones. It shows relatively even distribution across macrohabitats compared to congeners, with preference for microsites featuring emergent substrate or dead vegetation piles. Its reproductive timing is later than sympatric Agonum nigriceps and A. ferruginosum. The species is nocturnal.
Agrius
sweetpotato hornworms, convolvulus hawkmoths
Agrius is a genus of hawkmoths (Sphingidae) containing approximately 3–5 species, most notably Agrius cingulata (sweetpotato hornworm) and Agrius convolvuli (convolvulus hawkmoth). These are large, robust moths with distinctive pinkish abdominal bands. The larvae are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and related Convolvulaceae. Adults are powerful fliers capable of long-distance migration, with some populations undertaking transcontinental movements. The genus occurs across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with some species extending into temperate zones during summer months.
Agrius cingulata
pink-spotted hawkmoth, sweetpotato hornworm
Agrius cingulata is a large sphingid moth with broad neotropical distribution extending northward through migratory behavior. Adults are nocturnal nectar feeders with exceptionally long proboscises, while larvae are robust hornworms that feed voraciously on Convolvulaceae, particularly sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), causing significant agricultural damage. The species has been documented as a "nectar thief" of rare orchids, removing nectar without providing pollination services.
Agrochola
Agrochola is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1821. Species are primarily autumn-flying (late August to November) with overwintering eggs. The genus includes species of conservation concern; Agrochola litura has declined substantially in Britain (73% abundance decrease 1970–2016). Long-term monitoring data from Prague showed Agrochola lychnidis exhibited significant population decrease over 29 years. Some authorities treat Sunira as a subgenus of Agrochola.
Agrochola pulchella
cutworm moth, dart moth
Agrochola pulchella is a noctuid moth species described by Smith in 1900. It belongs to the cutworm or dart moth group within the family Noctuidae, one of the largest families of Lepidoptera. The species is recorded from North America and has been assigned Hodges number 9955 in the North American moth numbering system. Like other members of the genus Agrochola, it is a nocturnal species attracted to light.
Agroeca
Agroeca is a genus of liocranid sac spiders first described by Niklas Westring in 1861. The genus contains 35 recognized species distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Species in this genus are ground-dwelling hunters with nocturnal activity patterns. The genus shows a notably broad geographic distribution, with multiple species endemic to East Asia.
Agrotis
cutworms
Agrotis is a large genus of noctuid moths containing numerous cutworm species, many of which are significant agricultural pests. The genus was established by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816. Several species have been documented as extinct. Larvae are known as cutworms due to their habit of severing plant stems at or near the soil surface. The bogong moth (Agrotis infusa) was historically important as a seasonal food source for Indigenous Australians.
Agrotis gladiaria
Swordsman Dart, Claybacked Cutworm
Agrotis gladiaria is a noctuid moth commonly known as the Swordsman Dart or Claybacked Cutworm. The species is distributed across eastern North America, from southeastern Canada through the eastern United States. Adults are active in autumn, with larvae feeding on a broad range of agricultural and wild plants. The larval stage functions as a cutworm, severing plant stems at or near the soil surface.
Agrotis ipsilon
dark sword-grass, ipsilon dart, black cutworm, greasy cutworm, floodplain cutworm
Agrotis ipsilon is a globally distributed noctuid moth whose larvae, known as black cutworms, are serious agricultural pests. Adults are medium-sized with distinctive black Y-shaped or epsilon-shaped markings on brown forewings. The species exhibits seasonal migration, traveling north in spring and south in fall to avoid temperature extremes. Larvae feed on a wide range of vegetable crops and grains, cutting plants at or below the soil surface and causing significant economic damage.
Alarodia
Alarodia is a genus of slug caterpillar moths (Limacodidae) established by Möschler in 1886. The genus includes species that are agricultural pests of Citrus in Jamaica, with larvae causing severe defoliation. Adults are nocturnal and weak fliers. The genus has been documented through both field observations and laboratory rearing studies.
Amarygmini
darkling beetles
Amarygmini is a tribe of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) comprising over 80 genera. Adults are active, long-legged beetles capable of flight, primarily associated with tree bark and dead wood habitats. The tribe is notable for having long-lived larvae and relatively short-lived adults. Most species are nocturnal and occur in both natural forests and urban environments.
Amaurobius ferox
black lace-weaver, black lace weaver
Amaurobius ferox is a nocturnal spider known for its distinctive cribellate web with woolly, lace-like silk. The species exhibits a unique subsocial organization among spiderlings, including synchronized molting, cooperative prey capture, and matriphagy—where offspring consume their mother after hatching. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is commonly found near human structures in dark, moist environments.
Amblycheila cylindriformis
Great Plains Giant Tiger Beetle
Amblycheila cylindriformis is a flightless tiger beetle native to the Great Plains of North America. It is the largest tiger beetle species in North America, with adults reaching 25–38 mm in length. The species is strictly nocturnal and inhabits grassland environments, where adults walk on bare ground and larvae construct deep burrows in specific soil types.
Amblycheila hoversoni
South Texas giant tiger beetle
Amblycheila hoversoni is a flightless, nocturnal tiger beetle first described in 1990 (published 1991). It holds the distinction of being the largest tiger beetle species in the Western Hemisphere. The species is endemic to south and west-central Texas, where it inhabits grassland and prairie habitats. Like other members of the genus Amblycheila, it exhibits a lumbering, deliberate gait rather than the rapid, jerky movement typical of most tiger beetles.
Amblycheila katzi
Trans-Pecos Giant Tiger Beetle
Amblycheila katzi is a small-sized tiger beetle (23–28 mm) endemic to the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas. It is distinguished from all other Amblycheila by its strongly petrophilous ecology, occupying vertical rock walls rather than ground habitats. Adults are nocturnal predators active on limestone surfaces 1–5 m above ground. The species has been successfully bred in captivity, with 59 adults reared from eggs.
Amblycheila picolominii
Plateau Giant Tiger Beetle
Amblycheila picolominii is a large, nocturnal tiger beetle in the genus Amblycheila. First described in 1840, it inhabits rocky, gypsum and red siltstone slopes and ravines in the southwestern United States. The species is active at night and has been observed walking on steep rocky terrain and canyon floors. It is one of the largest tiger beetles in North America and is sought after by collectors.
Amblycheila schwarzi
Mojave giant tiger beetle
Amblycheila schwarzi, the Mojave giant tiger beetle, is a flightless, nocturnal tiger beetle species described by Walther Horn in 1904. It is one of the largest tiger beetles in North America, with adults reaching 25–38 mm in length. The species is considered an adelphotaxon (sister-group) to all other tiger beetles, representing a basal lineage within the group. It inhabits grassland and prairie habitats in the southern United States, where adults are active at night and larvae construct deep burrows in clay soils.
Amblycorypha
Round-headed Katydids, False Katydids, Bush-crickets
Amblycorypha is a genus of North American round-headed katydids in the family Tettigoniidae, containing approximately 14 described species. These insects are renowned for their exceptional leaf-mimicry, with wing venation closely matching the vein patterns of leaves. They are known for their acoustic communication, with males producing songs via stridulation to attract females. Some species reach prodigious sizes in tropical regions, and males provide nuptial gifts to females during mating.
Amblycorypha uhleri
Uhler's virtuoso katydid, Uhler's katydid
Amblycorypha uhleri, commonly known as Uhler's virtuoso katydid or Uhler's katydid, is a species of phaneropterine katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is a North American species known for its distinctive song produced by stridulation of the forewings. Like other members of the genus Amblycorypha, it exhibits remarkable leaf-mimicry through wing venation patterns and green coloration, serving as camouflage against predators.
Amblypygi
whip spiders, tailless whip scorpions, amblypygids
Amblypygi is an ancient order of arachnids comprising approximately 280 species across five families. These nocturnal predators are characterized by extremely elongated first pair of legs modified as sensory "whips" and raptorial pedipalps for capturing prey. They lack venom glands, silk production, and the tail-like flagellum present in their relatives the whip scorpions (Uropygi). Several species exhibit unusual social behaviors including maternal care and kin recognition.
Ammobaenetes
sand-treader crickets
Ammobaenetes is a genus of sand-treader crickets in the family Rhaphidophoridae, first described by Hubbell in 1936. The genus contains at least three to four described species distributed in arid regions of the southwestern United States. Members are specialized for life in sandy desert habitats, with morphological adaptations for burrowing and moving through loose sand. The genus is placed in the tribe Daihiniini within the subfamily Ceuthophilinae.
Ammobaenetes phrixocnemoides
mesilla sand-treader cricket, Caudell's sand-treader cricket
Ammobaenetes phrixocnemoides is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae, commonly known as the mesilla sand-treader cricket or Caudell's sand-treader cricket. It was described by Caudell in 1907. The species is known from sandy habitats in New Mexico and is part of a genus specialized for life in loose sand substrates. As with other sand-treader crickets, it exhibits morphological adaptations for burrowing in granular soils.
Ammopelmatus
Jerusalem crickets, potato bugs, North American Jerusalem Crickets
Ammopelmatus is a genus of large, flightless crickets in the family Stenopelmatidae, commonly known as Jerusalem crickets or potato bugs. The genus was erected by Tinkham in 1965 and underwent massive taxonomic revision in 2025, expanding from 12 recognized species to 117 valid species across the western United States and northwestern Mexico. These insects are among the largest in western North America, with some adults exceeding 12 grams. The genus exhibits exceptional species diversity concentrated in Southern and Central California, with most species having limited geographic distributions.
Ammopelmatus mescaleroensis
Mescalero Jerusalem Cricket
Ammopelmatus mescaleroensis is a species of Jerusalem cricket endemic to the sand dunes of southeastern New Mexico. First described by Tinkham in 1979, it was later found to be conspecific with A. monahansensis, which was synonymized under A. mescaleroensis in a 2024 phylogenomic revision. A neotype has been designated for this species. The species is nocturnal and has been observed in sand dune habitats at night.
Ammopelmatus monahansensis
Ammopelmatus monahansensis is a species of Jerusalem cricket in the family Stenopelmatidae, described by Stidham & Stidham in 2001. The genus Ammopelmatus comprises sand dune endemic species found in the southwestern United States. These flightless orthopterans are characterized by their large size, fossorial habits, and nocturnal activity patterns. A. monahansensis is one of several described species within this genus that are restricted to specific sand dune systems.
Ammopelmatus muwu
Point Conception Jerusalem Cricket
Ammopelmatus muwu is a Jerusalem cricket species in the family Stenopelmatidae. It is endemic to a restricted coastal region of central California, specifically parts of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties. The species was described in 1981 and is one of several sand dune-associated Ammopelmatus species in western North America. Like other members of its genus, it is nocturnal and fossorial.
Ammopelmatus pictus
Pictured Jerusalem Cricket
Ammopelmatus pictus, commonly known as the Pictured Jerusalem Cricket, is a species of Jerusalem cricket in the family Stenopelmatidae. It was first described by Scudder in 1899. The species is endemic to California, with documented occurrences in the Central Valley, Diablo Range, and Silicon Valley regions. As a member of the Stenopelmatidae family, it belongs to a group of large, flightless orthopterans often referred to as Jerusalem crickets or potato bugs.
Amphipoea interoceanica
Interoceanic Ear Moth, Strawberry Cutworm Moth, Strawberry Cutworm
Amphipoea interoceanica is a noctuid moth species first described by Smith in 1899. It is widely distributed across North America, occurring from coast to coast in the United States and across much of southern Canada. The species is known for its larval association with strawberry plants and other low-growing vegetation.
Amphipyra glabella
Grey Amphipyra, Smooth Amphipyra
Amphipyra glabella is a noctuid moth found across eastern and central North America. Adults are active from August to September with one generation per year. The species was first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1874. It is one of several Amphipyra species known as "amphipyra" moths, characterized by their stout bodies and cryptic coloration.
Amphipyra tragopoginis
Mouse Moth
Amphipyra tragopoginis, the Mouse Moth, is a widespread noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution. The species has undergone significant population decline in the UK, dropping over 80% between 1970 and 2016. Its genome has been sequenced, revealing an 806 Mb assembly with 13,359 protein-coding genes. The species is notable for its unusual flight behavior and attraction to sugary baits rather than light.
Amydria curvistrigella
Amydria curvistrigella is a small moth species in the family Tineidae (formerly placed in Acrolophidae). It is known from the southwestern United States, specifically California and Arizona. The species was described by Dietz in 1905. Like other members of this family, it is likely associated with detritus or plant material, though specific biology remains poorly documented.
Amydria obliquella
A small moth in the family Tineidae, described by William G. Dietz in 1905. Records indicate presence at blacklighting events in California, suggesting nocturnal adult activity. The genus Amydria contains species whose larvae are often associated with detritus or plant material, though specific biology for this species remains poorly documented.
Anacridium
tree locusts, bird grasshoppers
Anacridium is a genus of large grasshoppers commonly known as tree locusts or bird grasshoppers, placed in the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae. The genus contains approximately 13 described species distributed across Africa, the Middle East, and parts of southern Europe and Asia. Anacridium aegyptium, the Egyptian grasshopper, serves as the type species and is among the most studied members of the genus. Species in this genus are associated with woody vegetation and have been documented as occasional pests of trees and agricultural crops.
Anageshna primordialis
Yellow-spotted Webworm Moth
Anageshna primordialis, known as the yellow-spotted webworm moth, is a crambid moth species described by Harrison Dyar in 1906. The species is widely distributed across the eastern and central United States, with records spanning from Maine to Florida and westward to Texas and Arizona. It is a moderately well-documented species with nearly 10,000 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is frequently encountered by naturalists.
Anchomma
Anchomma is a genus of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) established by John Lawrence LeConte in 1858. It belongs to the subfamily Pimeliinae, tribe Stenosini, and subtribe Dichillina. The genus is characterized by morphological features typical of the subtribe Dichillina, including adaptations associated with arid environments. Knowledge of this genus is limited due to its rarity in collections and few documented observations.
Andropolia aedon
Andropolia aedon is a noctuid moth species described by Grote in 1880. Originally described as Polia aedon, it was later transferred to the genus Andropolia. The species occurs in western North America from British Columbia and Alberta south through the Rocky Mountain region to California. Like other members of the subfamily Acronictinae, it is a nocturnal species attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Andropolia olga
cutworm moth, dart moth
Andropolia olga is a noctuid moth species in the subfamily Acronictinae, described by Smith in 1911. It is recorded from North America. The species is part of a genus of owlet moths that are primarily nocturnal and attracted to artificial light sources. Like other members of Andropolia, it likely exhibits typical noctuid moth biology with complete metamorphosis and larval stages that may include cutworm-type feeding behavior.
Aneflomorpha
Aneflomorpha is a genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and tribe Elaphidiini. The genus was established by Casey in 1912. Species in this genus are primarily nocturnal and have been documented in the southwestern United States and Mexico. They are associated with woody vegetation, particularly oaks and mesquites, and are frequently attracted to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor light stations.
Aneflomorpha gilana
Aneflomorpha gilana is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Thomas Casey in 1924. It belongs to the tribe Elaphidiini, a group of small to medium-sized cerambycids commonly known as flat-faced longhorns. The species name references the Gila region of the southwestern United States. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with woody vegetation in arid and semi-arid environments.
Aneflomorpha subpubescens
Aneflomorpha subpubescens is a species of longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1862. It belongs to the tribe Elaphidiini, a group characterized by larval development in dead or dying wood. The species occurs in North America, with records from the southwestern United States. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to artificial light sources.
Aneflomorpha texana
Aneflomorpha texana is a species of longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) described by Linsley in 1936. The species belongs to the tribe Elaphidiini, a group of small to medium-sized cerambycids often associated with woody vegetation. It has been documented in the southwestern United States, particularly Texas and Arizona. Records indicate attraction to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor lights in mesquite-acacia scrub and oak-juniper woodland habitats. The species is currently treated as a synonym of Aneflomorpha seminuda in some taxonomic databases, though this status may require further verification.
Anicla biformata
Anicla biformata is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Lafontaine in 2004. It is native to North America and is attracted to blacklight, a common sampling method for noctuid moths. The species is part of a genus of owlet moths that are typically nocturnal and active during cooler months.
Anicla espoetia
Anicla espoetia is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Dyar in 1910. It belongs to a genus of moths commonly known as cutworms or darts. The species is found in both North America and Middle America. Like other members of the genus Anicla, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Anicla simplicius
Simple Dart
Anicla simplicius, commonly known as the Simple Dart, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. The species was described by Morrison in 1874 and is distributed across North America. It is assigned MONA/Hodges number 10907. As a member of the Noctuinae subfamily, it belongs to a large group of owlet moths that are primarily nocturnal and often attracted to artificial light sources.
Anisodactylus binotatus
common shortspur beetle
A medium-sized ground beetle native to Europe, introduced to New Zealand in 1938 where it has become widely established. Adults measure 10–12.7 mm with distinctive shiny black coloration and a characteristic red spot (or paired spots) on the frons between the eyes. The species exhibits flight capability and has proven to be an exceptionally successful colonist, thriving in both natural and anthropogenic habitats including cultivated fields and urban environments.
Anomala orientalis
Oriental beetle, OB
A small scarab beetle native to eastern Asia, now established as an invasive pest in the northeastern United States. Adults are 7–11 mm long with mottled metallic brown and black elytra, often confused with the larger Japanese beetle. The species is notable for its subterranean lifestyle—larvae feed on plant roots while adults emerge briefly to feed on flowers and foliage. Sexual communication relies on a specific sex pheromone blend that has been chemically characterized and exploited for monitoring and control. Heavy infestations can damage turfgrass, ornamental plantings, and agricultural crops including sugarcane, maize, and pineapple.
Anopheles walkeri
Walker's Anopheles
Anopheles walkeri is a North American mosquito species found predominantly throughout the Mississippi River Valley, ranging north to southern Quebec, Canada. It is a freshwater swamp specialist whose eggs lack desiccation resistance, restricting it to permanently wet habitats. The species exhibits distinctive nocturnal activity patterns, with peak blood-feeding occurring late at night. A. walkeri has a multivoltine life cycle with specialized overwintering eggs that have enlarged dorsal floats, allowing it to complete one full larval generation before hibernating adults of other species become active. Despite occasional detection of human malaria parasites in southern U.S. specimens, it is considered an unlikely disease vector due to habitat preferences and low virus detection rates.
Anopliomorpha
Anopliomorpha is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) in the tribe Elaphidiini, established by Linsley in 1936. The genus contains six described species distributed in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Species within this genus are small cerambycids that have been collected by sweeping low vegetation and are attracted to ultraviolet light.
Anopliomorpha rinconia
Anopliomorpha rinconia is a small cerambycid beetle in the tribe Elaphidiini, recorded from the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species has been documented from Arizona, where it was collected by sweeping low vegetation in canyon habitats. It is one of several small, inconspicuous elaphidiine species that are often encountered in low numbers during general collecting.
Anoplochares apicata
Anoplochares apicata is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. The genus Anoplochares is endemic to New Zealand, and this species represents one of several described members of this genus. Like other tenebrionids, it is adapted to arid or semi-arid environments and exhibits nocturnal habits. The species has been documented in the scientific literature but remains poorly known in terms of detailed biology.
Anorthodes
Anorthodes is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Smith in 1891. The genus contains two recognized species: Anorthodes indigena (Barnes & Benjamin, 1925) and Anorthodes triquetra (Grote, 1883). A third species, formerly placed here as Anorthodes tarda, has been reassigned to the genus Athetis. These moths belong to the diverse owlet moth family, which includes many nocturnal species with cryptic coloration.
Anostostomatidae
wētā, king crickets
Anostostomatidae is a family of large, nocturnal orthopterans in the superfamily Stenopelmatoidea, distributed across the southern hemisphere in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of the Americas. Members are commonly known as king crickets in Australia and South Africa, and wētā in New Zealand. The family exhibits considerable size variation, with some species exceeding 8 cm in length. Many species are flightless, though winged forms occur in some Australian and Asian genera. The family is notable for diverse feeding strategies including herbivory, scavenging, predation, and specialized fungal feeding.
Antheraea
tussar moths
Antheraea is a genus of giant silk moths in the family Saturniidae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Species in this genus are notable for producing wild silk of commercial importance, commonly known as "tussar silk" or "tussah silk." The genus includes species distributed across Asia, North America, and other regions, with several species cultivated for sericulture. Caterpillars of Antheraea species feed on diverse host plants including oaks and other woody trees.
Antheraea polyphemus
Polyphemus moth, Polyphemus silk moth
A large North American silk moth with tan to brown coloration and distinctive purplish eyespots on the hindwings, named after the cyclops Polyphemus from Greek mythology. Adults have vestigial mouthparts and do not feed, living less than one week. The species produces silk cocoons and has been used in hybridization experiments with other silk moths. Two broods typically emerge annually across most of its range.
Antrodiaetus pacificus
Pacific Foldingdoor Spider
Antrodiaetus pacificus is a mygalomorph spider native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, ranging from San Francisco Bay to Alaska. It is the northernmost mygalomorph spider on the continent. The species was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1884 under the name Brachybothrium pacificum. It constructs burrows in soft substrates and exhibits year-round activity with peak mating season between early June and late November.
Anuroctonus
Swollenstinger Scorpions, California Swollen-stinger Scorpions
Anuroctonus is a genus of scorpions in the family Chactidae, commonly known as swollenstinger scorpions. The genus is characterized by a distinctive swollen region on the telson just before the stinger, particularly prominent in mature males. The best-known species, Anuroctonus pococki, occurs in the coastal ranges of Southern California and Baja California. These scorpions are nocturnal ambush predators that construct burrows and are noted for their relatively large size compared to regional congeners.
Anuroctonus pococki
California Swollenstinger Scorpion, California swollen-stinger scorpion
Anuroctonus pococki is a large scorpion species reaching 65 mm in length, distinguished by a swollen region on the telson just before the stinger—most prominent in mature males—and large black-tipped pedipalps. Native to the Coast Ranges of Southern California and Baja California, it is the only member of its genus found in Baja California. First described in 2004, this nocturnal ambush predator constructs burrows and exhibits mildly venomous stings that are typically painful but non-serious.
Anurogryllus arboreus
Common Short-tailed Cricket, Arboreal Short-tailed Cricket
Anurogryllus arboreus is a burrowing cricket native to the southern and southeastern United States. Adults are pale brown with vestigial ovipositors and shed their wings shortly after maturation, becoming permanently flightless. Males call from elevated perches at night to attract females. The species was separated from the widespread Anurogryllus muticus in 1973 based on male calling behavior and morphological differences.
Anyphaena aperta
ghost spider
Anyphaena aperta is a species of ghost spider in the family Anyphaenidae, first described by Nathan Banks in 1921. The species is native to North America and has been documented in both the United States and Canada. It has been observed utilizing Australian tea tree plants (Leptospermum species) as habitat, representing an adaptation to an invasive plant species in its range. Ghost spiders in this family are generally nocturnal hunters that do not build webs to capture prey.
Anyphaena celer
ghost spider
Anyphaena celer is a species of ghost spider (family Anyphaenidae) native to North America. It is one of 32 previously described species in the species-rich celer group within the genus Anyphaena. The species was originally described as Clubiona celer by Hentz in 1847. Like other anyphaenids, it is nocturnally active and associated with vegetation.
Anyphaena dixiana
ghost spider
Anyphaena dixiana is a species of ghost spider in the family Anyphaenidae. It belongs to the celer species group within the genus Anyphaena. Originally described from the United States, the species has subsequently been recorded from Mexico. As with other anyphaenids, it is likely nocturnally active.
Anyphaena fraterna
ghost spider
Anyphaena fraterna is a species of ghost spider in the family Anyphaenidae, first described by Banks in 1896. It belongs to a family of wandering hunters that do not build permanent webs for prey capture. The species is documented from the United States, though specific details about its ecology and behavior remain limited in published literature. Like other anyphaenids, it is presumably nocturnally active and associated with vegetation.
Apamea burgessi ona
A subspecies of cutworm moth in the family Noctuidae, distributed in the North American Great Plains. The nominate subspecies Apamea burgessi burgessi occurs in the eastern portion of the range, while A. burgessi ona occupies more western localities. Like other members of the genus Apamea, it is nocturnal and attracted to light sources. The species complex presents identification challenges due to individual variation and overlapping morphological traits with related taxa.
Apamea devastator
glassy cutworm moth, glassy cutworm
Apamea devastator, commonly known as the glassy cutworm moth, is a noctuid moth of northeastern North America. The adult has a wingspan of 35–40 mm and flies from May to September. The larva is a subterranean cutworm that feeds on grasses, attacking roots and basal stems. The species is economically significant as a pest of turfgrass and agricultural grasses.
Apamea impulsa
Impulsive Apamea
Apamea impulsa, commonly known as the Impulsive Apamea, is a noctuid moth native to North America with a transcontinental distribution across southern Canada and the northern United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 34 mm and exhibits univoltine life history with adults active during summer months. Larvae are grass-feeders, placing this species within the cutworm moth group whose members can be challenging to identify due to intraspecific variation and interspecific similarity.
Apamea niveivenosa
Snowy-veined Apamea Moth
Apamea niveivenosa, known as the snowy-veined apamea, is a noctuid moth native to northern North America. The species was first described by Grote in 1879. Its larvae are subterranean cutworms that feed on grasses and have been documented as pests of grain crops in interior North America. The species occurs across Canada and extends south to California.
Apamea quinteri
Quinter's Cutworm Moth
Apamea quinteri is a species of cutworm moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Mikkola and Lafontaine in 2009. It belongs to a genus of moths notorious among lepidopterists for being difficult to identify due to individual variation and overlapping morphological features with congeners. The species is known from North America. Like other Apamea species, it is nocturnal and attracted to artificial light sources.
Apamea remissa
Dusky Brocade
Apamea remissa, commonly known as the dusky brocade, is a noctuid moth species with a wingspan of 36–42 mm. It occurs across the Palearctic region from Europe through Siberia to Japan, with disjunct populations in Alaska. The species exhibits considerable variation in wing markings, making identification challenging in some forms.
Apamea sora
Apamea sora is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae found in western North America. The species exhibits considerable color variation, with forewings ranging from orange and ochre to gray, gray-violet, and black. It inhabits high-elevation spruce-fir forests and mid-elevation ponderosa pine forests of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. The species was formerly treated as a subspecies of Apamea auranticolor but is now recognized as distinct.
Apamea unanimis
Small Clouded Brindle
Apamea unanimis, commonly known as the small clouded brindle, is a noctuid moth first described by Jacob Hübner in 1813. Native to Europe, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and western Siberia, it has been introduced to North America and is established in parts of Canada and the northern United States. The species is associated with wetland habitats where its larval host plants grow.
Apantesis
tiger moths
Apantesis is a genus of tiger moths in the family Erebidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1855. Following phylogenetic research published in 2016, the genera Grammia, Holarctia, and Notarctia were merged into Apantesis, substantially expanding its species diversity. The genus is found in North and Central America, with some species documented in other regions including Iraq. Members are characterized by bold color patterns typical of tiger moths, including striped forewings and often brightly colored abdomens that serve as aposematic signals.
Apantesis allectans
Apantesis allectans is a small tiger moth in the family Erebidae, originally described as Grammia allectans by Douglas C. Ferguson in 1985. The species was later transferred to Apantesis as part of a broader reclassification of tiger moth genera. It has a restricted distribution in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, where it inhabits montane pine forests at moderate elevations.
Apantesis carlotta-nais-phalerata-vittata
A tiger moth species complex in the genus Apantesis, characterized by striking black-and-white striped forewing patterns typical of the group. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The taxonomic status of this entity as a distinct species versus a species complex remains unresolved, reflecting ongoing taxonomic revision within the genus.
Apantesis incorrupta
Immaculate Tiger Moth
Apantesis incorrupta is an arctiine tiger moth in the family Erebidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It occurs across the southwestern United States and Mexico, inhabiting grasslands and open woodlands. The species produces two generations annually and is notable for research demonstrating larval self-medication behavior using alkaloid compounds to combat parasitoids. It was transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis in recent taxonomic revisions.
Apantesis ornata
Ornate Tiger Moth, Achaia Moth
Apantesis ornata is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, originally described by Packard in 1864 under the name Callarctia ornata. The species was long classified in the genus Grammia before being transferred to Apantesis in a 2016 revision that consolidated several related genera. It occurs across western North America from southern British Columbia to southern California and eastward to the Rocky Mountain states. Adults are active during summer months and are attracted to light. The species exhibits the bright warning coloration typical of tiger moths, though specific details of its biology remain incompletely documented.
Apantesis parthenice
Parthenice Tiger Moth
The Parthenice Tiger Moth is a nocturnal tiger moth in the family Erebidae, found across eastern North America from southeastern Canada through the eastern United States. Adults are active from June through late September and are readily attracted to artificial light sources. The species is common in open habitats including fields and woodland edges.
Apantesis quenseli
Labrador Tiger Moth
Apantesis quenseli, the Labrador tiger moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. It inhabits high-altitude alpine environments and polar regions across the Northern Hemisphere. The species was transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis in 2016, reflecting revised understanding of tiger moth phylogeny. Multiple subspecies have been described across its broad geographic range.
Apantesis virguncula
Little Virgin Tiger Moth
Apantesis virguncula, commonly known as the Little Virgin Tiger Moth, is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae. The species was originally described by W. Kirby in 1837 under the name Callimorpha virguncula, and has undergone several taxonomic revisions, most recently being transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis. It is widely distributed across southern Canada and the United States, with adults active primarily from mid-June to late July. The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, particularly members of the family Asteraceae.
Apantesis vittata
Banded Tiger Moth
Apantesis vittata, commonly known as the banded tiger moth, is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787. It occurs in the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, with adults active from early spring through autumn. The species has a wingspan of 32–42 mm and larvae feed on various herbaceous plants including dandelions.
Apatides
horned powder-post beetles
Apatides is a genus of beetles in the family Bostrichidae, commonly referred to as horned powder-post beetles. The genus was established by Casey in 1898 and contains at least four described species, including Apatides fortis, A. pollens, A. puncticeps, and A. robustus. Members of this genus are wood-boring beetles that have been documented in western Texas and neighboring regions, where they are attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Apatides fortis
Apatides fortis is a species of bostrichid beetle (family Bostrichidae), a group commonly known as false powderpost beetles or branch borers. The species was described by LeConte in 1866 and occurs in North America. Based on field observations, adults have been attracted to ultraviolet light at night in sand dune habitats of western Texas. The genus Apatides includes wood-boring beetles whose larvae typically develop in dead or dying woody material.
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
aphid midge
Aphidoletes aphidimyza is a predatory gall midge used worldwide in biological control programs against aphids. Adults are small, delicate, nocturnal flies that feed on aphid honeydew and hide beneath leaves during daylight. The bright orange, slug-like larvae are specialized aphid predators that paralyze prey by injecting venom into leg joints before consuming body contents. The species is commercially mass-produced and distributed as pupae in moist substrate for greenhouse applications.
Aphonopelma gabeli
Chiricahuan Gray Tarantula
Aphonopelma gabeli is a medium-sized tarantula species in the family Theraphosidae, native to the Chihuahuan Desert region of the southwestern United States. It is commonly known as the Chiricahuan Gray Tarantula due to its occurrence in the Chiricahua Mountains area of southeastern Arizona and adjacent regions. The species was described by Andrew M. Smith in 1995 and is considered less commonly encountered than the sympatric Texas brown tarantula (Aphonopelma hentzi).
Aphonopelma steindachneri
Steindachner's Ebony Tarantula
Aphonopelma steindachneri, commonly known as Steindachner's Ebony Tarantula, is a New World terrestrial tarantula native to arid regions of California and Baja California, Mexico. The species reaches 12–13 cm in diagonal leg span and exhibits dark velvet black to deep brown coloration. It constructs and occupies burrows in open ground, emerging primarily at night to forage. Males become most visible during summer and fall breeding seasons when they leave burrows to search for mates. The species faces predation from spider wasps, centipedes, scorpions, and solifugids.
Aphrophora maculosa
Conifer spittlebug
Aphrophora maculosa is a species of spittlebug in the family Aphrophoridae, described by Doering in 1941. It belongs to a genus commonly known as conifer spittlebugs, many of which feed on coniferous trees. The species is found in western North America, ranging from British Columbia and Alberta in Canada south through Washington, Oregon, and California in the United States. Like other Aphrophora species, it is attracted to lights at night.
Aphrophora quadrinotata
four-spotted spittlebug
Aphrophora quadrinotata, commonly known as the four-spotted spittlebug, is a species of spittlebug in the family Aphrophoridae. It is found in North America. The species was described by Thomas Say in 1830. Like other spittlebugs, it is associated with coniferous habitats and produces the characteristic frothy spittle as nymphs.
Apoda latomia
Yellow-collared slug moth
Apoda latomia is a slug moth in the family Limacodidae. The species is known for its distinctive caterpillar that feeds on hickory foliage and has a helmet-like appearance. Adults are small, relatively nondescript moths. The species occurs in eastern North America and is most frequently encountered in its larval stage.
Apoda rectilinea
Rectilinea Slug Moth
Apoda rectilinea is a slug moth in the family Limacodidae, native to North America. The caterpillars are known for their distinctive flattened, slug-like form and are associated with oak foliage. Adults are small, relatively plain moths that are attracted to light. The species is part of a genus whose larvae feed on specific host plants and possess stinging spines.
Apoda y-inversum
inverted Y slug moth, yellow-collared slug moth
Apoda y-inversum is a slug moth in the family Limacodidae, known for its distinctive helmet-shaped caterpillar that feeds on hickory leaves. The species ranges across eastern North America from Quebec to Florida. Adults are active from May through August and have a wingspan of 21–30 mm. The common name refers to the yellow collar marking on the adult moth.
Apomyelois bistriatella
Heath Knot-horn
A small pyralid moth (wingspan 15–25 mm) with a circumpolar distribution across North America and northern Eurasia. Adults are active from May to September, with peak flight in June–July. Larvae are specialized fungivores that develop within Daldinia and Hypoxylon fungi growing on burnt or dead woody plants, particularly gorse and birch. Colonies are ephemeral and shift location based on the availability of suitable host fungi.
Araneus cavaticus
Barn Spider, Barn Orbweaver
Araneus cavaticus, commonly known as the barn spider, is a large orb-weaving spider native to North America. Females reach approximately 20 mm in body length and are typically yellow and brown in coloration. The species is strongly associated with human structures, particularly barns and wooden buildings, where they construct their webs in rafters and under eaves. The barn spider gained cultural significance as the basis for the character Charlotte in E. B. White's children's novel Charlotte's Web.
Araneus gemmoides
cat-faced spider, jewel spider
Araneus gemmoides is a common North American orb-weaver spider found in Canada and the United States. Adults are recognized by two prominent horn-shaped projections on the abdomen that create a cat-faced appearance. Females are considerably larger than males and die shortly after producing a single egg sac. The species builds vertical orb-webs near artificial lights and building exteriors, where it captures flying insects at night while hiding in a retreat during the day.
Araneus pegnia
Butterfly Orbweaver
Araneus pegnia is a small orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae, commonly known as the Butterfly Orbweaver due to the distinctive butterfly-shaped pattern on its abdomen. It is among the smaller members of the genus Araneus, with mature females reaching only 3.5–8.2 mm and males 2.5–5 mm. The species has an unusually broad geographic range, extending from the northeastern United States through the southeastern states, west to Arizona and California, and south through Middle America to Ecuador. It is also found on Caribbean islands including Jamaica, the Bahamas, and Cuba.
Arctosa littoralis
beach wolf spider, shoreline wolf spider
Arctosa littoralis, commonly known as the beach wolf spider or shoreline wolf spider, is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is a medium-sized spider (11-15 mm body length) with highly effective camouflage coloration adapted to sandy habitats. The species ranges throughout North and Central America, where it inhabits beaches, dunes, stream banks, and other sandy environments. It is primarily nocturnal and can be located at night by the distinctive blue-green eyeshine produced when light reflects from its tapetum lucidum.
Arctosa sanctaerosae
Santa Rosa Wolf Spider
Arctosa sanctaerosae is a wolf spider endemic to the secondary dunes of white sandy beaches along the Northern Gulf Coast of the United States. The species is nocturnal and burrow-dwelling, with discrete generations. It has experienced significant habitat degradation and fragmentation due to coastal development and tourism over the last century, resulting in reduced gene flow and smaller effective population sizes across five identified population clusters. Hurricanes pose additional natural disturbance, with population recovery influenced by dune height and vegetation density.
Arenaeus cribrarius
Speckled Swimming Crab
Arenaeus cribrarius, the speckled swimming crab, is a portunid crab distributed throughout the western Atlantic from Massachusetts to Argentina. It inhabits shallow sandy substrates but occurs to depths of 61 m, burying itself in sediment while maintaining respiratory water flow through a maintained gap. The species exhibits nocturnal, solitary behavior and is an opportunistic feeder that ambushes prey from its buried position. It supports commercial fisheries, particularly along the Brazilian coast, and has demonstrated reproductive plasticity in response to population pressures.
Arethaea mescalero
Mescalero Thread-leg Katydid
Arethaea mescalero is a species of thread-leg katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, described by Hebard in 1936. This phaneropterine katydid is endemic to sand dune habitats in the southwestern United States, particularly in New Mexico. The species is characterized by its slender, elongated legs adapted for life in sandy environments. It is one of several species in the genus Arethaea, commonly known as thread-leg katydids, which are specialized for sandy habitats.
Argyresthia calliphanes
A small moth in the family Argyresthiidae, described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. Adults are active from June to August. Larvae are leaf miners that feed on Alnus species. The species occurs across much of North America, from eastern Canada to the Pacific coast.
Argyrodes elevatus
dew-drop spider, American Dewdrop Spider
Argyrodes elevatus is a kleptoparasitic spider in the family Theridiidae that steals food from the webs of other spiders rather than building its own. Adults measure 4–7 mm in length, with males smaller than females. The species exhibits specialized adaptations for stealth, including vibrational detection of host activity, rapid prey theft completed in under 12 seconds, and nocturnal activity patterns that oppose those of diurnal host species. Courtship involves males presenting silk-wrapped prey as nuptial gifts to females.
Argyrostrotis sylvarum
Woodland Chocolate Moth, Brown Wavy Line Argyrostrotis
A small nocturnal moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It occurs in woodland habitats of the southeastern United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 28 mm. It is known by two common names reflecting its coloration and habitat association.
Argyrotaenia amatana
pondapple leafroller moth
Argyrotaenia amatana is a small tortricid moth precinctive to Florida and The Bahamas. Adults have a wingspan of 13–16 mm and have been recorded active nearly year-round, with peak activity from October through April. The species is associated with native Florida vegetation in scrub and wetland habitats.
Argyrotaenia juglandana
Hickory Leafroller Moth
Argyrotaenia juglandana is a small tortricid moth commonly known as the hickory leafroller moth. It is native to eastern North America, where its larvae feed on the foliage of hickory, walnut, and related hardwood trees. Adults are active from spring through mid-summer and are frequently encountered in deciduous woodlands and parks.
Argyrotaenia quercifoliana
Yellow-winged Oak Leafroller Moth
Argyrotaenia quercifoliana, the yellow-winged oak leafroller moth, is a small tortricid moth found in eastern North America. Adults fly from May to July and are attracted to light. The species is associated with oak and witch-hazel, with larvae feeding on leaves of these host plants. It is one of numerous leafroller moths in the genus Argyrotaenia, many of which are economically significant orchard pests.
Argyrotaenia velutinana
Red-banded Leafroller Moth, Redbanded Leafroller
A small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 13–20 mm, found across eastern North America. The caterpillars are highly polyphagous, feeding on leaves and fruits of numerous plants including apple and other fruit trees. Adults are frequently attracted to lights and are active across much of the year. The species is occasionally a pest in orchards.
Arhopalus asperatus
Arhopalus asperatus is a longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1859. Adults range from 18 to 33 mm in length, with antennae measuring approximately 50-75% of body length. The species occurs across western North America, with records from Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba) through the western United States. Like other members of the genus, it is associated with coniferous wood, particularly pines.
Arhopalus productus
New House Borer
Arhopalus productus is a longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, commonly known as the New House Borer. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1850. The species is attracted to fire and has been observed at night near campfires and on recently dead coniferous trees. It is distributed across western North America, including the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, and Manitoba, and extends into the southwestern United States.
Arhopalus rusticus
rust pine borer
Arhopalus rusticus is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae: Spondylinae) native to coniferous forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light, hiding under bark during daylight. The species has been introduced to Australia, New Zealand, and South America through global trade and is considered a significant forestry pest. It is a suspected vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, though research indicates its oviposition behavior does not facilitate nematode transmission. Males produce an aggregation-sex pheromone, (S)-fuscumol, which has potential applications for detection and monitoring.
Aristotelia
twirler moths
Aristotelia is a genus of micro-moths in the family Gelechiidae, commonly known as twirler moths. These small, boldly marked moths are primarily nocturnal and attracted to artificial light sources. The genus contains approximately 35 named species in North America, with additional undescribed species awaiting scientific description. Larvae are specialized feeders on particular host plants, with diverse plant families including Salicaceae, Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Fagaceae, Fabaceae, and Asteraceae documented as hosts across different species.
Aristotelia
twirler moths
Aristotelia is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, commonly known as twirler moths. These microlepidoptera are characterized by their tiny size yet bold, exotic-looking markings. The genus contains approximately 35 named species in North America north of Mexico, with many additional species awaiting formal description. Aristotelia moths are attracted to blacklights and are frequently encountered during nocturnal insect surveys. Each species specializes on a particular host plant, though collectively the genus utilizes many plant families.
Aristotelia bifasciella
Aristotelia bifasciella is a small moth in the twirler moth family Gelechiidae, described by August Busck in 1903. It occurs in the southwestern United States, specifically California, Arizona, and Utah. The species is distinguished by its distinctive wing pattern featuring two dark brown transverse bands on a pale yellowish-white background. Like other members of the genus Aristotelia, it is attracted to ultraviolet light sources at night.
Aristotelia devexella
Aristotelia devexella is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, commonly known as twirler moths. The species was described by Annette Frances Braun in 1925. It is known from a limited number of locations in western North America, specifically Alberta, Arizona, and Oklahoma. As with many microlepidoptera in this genus, detailed natural history information remains sparse.
Aristotelia hexacopa
Aristotelia hexacopa is a microlepidopteran moth in the family Gelechiidae, described by Edward Meyrick in 1929. It belongs to the genus Aristotelia, commonly known as twirler moths. The species is documented from the southwestern United States. Like other members of its genus, it is small and boldly patterned.
Aristotelia intermediella-group
The Aristotelia intermediella-group comprises tiny twirler moths in the family Gelechiidae. These microlepidoptera are characterized by bold, exotic-looking markings despite their small size. The group contains multiple closely related species that are difficult to distinguish without detailed examination. Members are attracted to ultraviolet light sources at night and have been documented in Colorado and New Mexico.
Aristotelia lespedezae
Aristotelia lespedezae is a small moth in the twirler moth family Gelechiidae, described by Annette Frances Braun in 1930. It occurs in the eastern United States, with records from Alabama, Florida, Kentucky, Maine, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, and West Virginia. Adults have been documented from late May through October in Kentucky. The species name references its presumed larval association with Lespedeza plants.
Aristotelia sp.
twirler moth
Aristotelia is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, commonly known as twirler moths. Multiple undescribed species are known to occur in North America, particularly in the southwestern United States. These moths are characterized by bold, distinctive markings despite their small size. The genus contains approximately 35 named species north of Mexico, with many more awaiting formal scientific description.
Armadillidium
pill woodlice, leg pebbles, pill bugs, roly-poly, potato bugs
Armadillidium is a genus of terrestrial crustaceans commonly known as pill bugs or roly-polies, distinguished by their ability to roll into a ball when disturbed (conglobation). The genus contains approximately 189 recognized species, most endemic to Mediterranean regions. These detritivores inhabit moist environments and play important roles in decomposition. The most widespread species, A. vulgare, has been introduced globally and serves as a soil bioindicator.
Armadillidium vulgare
common pill-bug, common pill woodlouse, roly-poly, potato bug, doodle bug, carpenter
Armadillidium vulgare is a terrestrial isopod native to Mediterranean Europe that has become one of the most widespread woodlouse species globally through human-mediated dispersal. It is the most extensively studied terrestrial isopod and serves as a model organism for research on mitochondrial genome evolution, desiccation resistance, and conglobation behavior. The species exhibits remarkable morphological plasticity, including numerous color morphs maintained through selective breeding in the pet trade.
Aroga
Twirler moths, Stripe-backed moths
Aroga is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, commonly known as twirler moths. Species in this genus are typically nocturnal and attracted to light. The genus includes Arogalea cristifasciella, known as the Stripe-backed Moth, which has been documented in suburban settings in Kansas. Aroga species are part of the diverse microlepidoptera fauna that are often overlooked due to their small size.
Aroga compositella
Six-spotted Aroga Moth, six-spotted aroga
Aroga compositella is a small gelechiid moth with distinctive white markings on dark forewings. The species occurs across much of the eastern and central United States. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Aroga epigaeella
Aroga epigaeella is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae. The species is named for its larval host plant, Epigaea repens (trailing arbutus). Adults are active from spring through early autumn across a broad range of the eastern and south-central United States. The species exhibits distinctive forewing patterning with contrasting white spots against a dark ground color.
Arogalea
Arogalea is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, first described by Walsingham in 1910. The genus contains seven recognized species distributed primarily in North America. These moths are typically encountered at light traps during nocturnal surveys. Arogalea cristifasciella, one of the better-known species, has been documented from Vermont and Kansas.
Ascalapha odorata
black witch, black witch moth, mariposa de la muerte, duppy bat, mariposa-bruxa, ura, money moth, money bat
The black witch moth (Ascalapha odorata) is a large, bat-shaped nocturnal moth and the largest noctuoid in the continental United States. Females reach wingspans up to 24 cm, while males are smaller at approximately 12 cm. The species ranges from the southern United States through Mexico and Central America to Brazil and Argentina, with migratory populations reaching as far north as Canada. It holds prominent cultural significance across Latin America and the Caribbean, where it is widely associated with death, misfortune, and spiritual beliefs.
nocturnalmigratoryfolklorepestcaterpillarlarge-mothlegume-feederfruit-feedercultural-significancedeath-omenCaribbeanLatin-AmericaHawaii-introducedmothLepidopteraErebidaeAscalaphaAscalapha-odoratablack-witchblack-witch-mothmariposa-de-la-muerteduppy-batmariposa-bruxauramoney-mothmoney-batPhalaena-odorataLinnaeus-1758largest-noctuoidcontinental-USbat-shapediridescentwhite-bargreen-spotorange-spotcomma-spotnine-spot24-cm-wingspan12-cm-wingspan7-cm-caterpillarAcaciaGymnocladus-dioicusKentucky-coffeetreeSenna-alatacandle-bushmesquiteFicusbananaoverripe-fruitrainforestagricultural-pestMexicoCentral-AmericaSouth-AmericaBrazilArgentinaUnited-StatesCanadaHawaiimigrationspringsummerdeathmisfortunespiritualsoulharbingerlotterymoneyhair-lossduppyghostscrewwormDermatobia-hominismisidentificationSilence-of-the-LambsBuffalo-BillKendrick-LamarTo-Pimp-a-ButterflyThysania-agrippinawhite-witchThysania-zenobiaowl-mothnoctuidErebinaehexapodarthropodinsectanimaleukaryotemetazoaanimaliaarthropodainsectanoctuoideaspeciesacceptedexact-match32867-observationsiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIWikipediaentomologyguidestructuredrecordtaxonconservativeaccurateinformativefactualclarityusefulnessno-speculationno-inferenceno-fabricationno-repetitionunique-contentcautious-languagedirect-sentencesconcrete-statementshigh-completenessmedium-completenesslow-completenessno-inferred-contentnull-for-unsupportedfield-intentstyle-rulesquality-rulesJSON-schemaoutput-formatno-commentaryno-extra-fieldsno-fluffno-fillerno-taxonomy-repetitionno-technical-jargonno-vague-generalizationsno-'like-most-insects'no-'typically-feeds-on-plants'has-been-observedis-known-tosupportedjustifiedexplicitly-justifiedspecies-level-traitshigher-taxaphysical-description-onlyhow-to-distinguishenvironment-conditionsgeographic-range-onlytiming-of-activityfeeding-habitsdevelopmental-stagesnotable-actionsecosystem-roleinteraction-with-humansreason-for-similaritymeaningful-misconceptionsimportant-additional-contextcleardirectconciseusefulreliablesparse-datawell-supportedpartialmost-fieldsAspila prunivora
Lesser Appleworm Moth
Aspila prunivora, commonly known as the Lesser Appleworm Moth, is a small tortricid moth. It is primarily known as a pest of apple and related fruit trees, with larvae feeding internally on developing fruits. The species has been documented at blacklighting events in California, indicating nocturnal adult activity.
Astacidae
Astacid Crayfishes, Freshwater Crayfish
Astacidae is a family of freshwater crayfish comprising four extant genera: Astacus, Austropotamobius, Pontastacus, and Pacifastacus. Members are native to Europe, western Asia, and western North America. The family is distinguished by a gonopore positioned on the coxa of the third pair of walking legs in males (fifth pair in females), a trait shared with all Astacoidea. Several species, particularly Pacifastacus leniusculus (signal crayfish), have become invasive outside their native ranges, carrying crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci) that threatens native European populations.
Atalantycha bilineata
Two-lined Leatherwing, two-lined cantharid, two-lined leather-wing
Atalantycha bilineata, commonly known as the Two-lined Leatherwing or two-lined cantharid, is a species of soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae. It is found in North America and has been documented visiting apple flowers as a nocturnal pollinator. The species is recognizable by its distinctive color pattern and is frequently observed during citizen science events such as the City Nature Challenge.
Athetis tarda
Slowpoke Moth
Athetis tarda, commonly known as the slowpoke moth, is a small noctuid moth native to eastern North America. It is strongly associated with oak-dominated habitats. Adults are active during two distinct periods in spring and late summer, while larvae feed on decomposing oak leaf litter.
Athyrma ganglio
Athyrma ganglio is a species of owlet moth in the family Erebidae, distributed across North and South America. The species was described by Jacob Hübner in 1825. It is assigned to the subfamily Eulepidotinae, a group of generally medium-sized nocturnal moths. The MONA (Moths of North America) or Hodges number for this species is 8583.1.
Atta texana
Texas Leafcutter Ant, Town Ant, Parasol Ant, Fungus Ant, Cut Ant, Night Ant
Atta texana is a fungus-farming leafcutter ant and the northernmost species in the genus Atta, distributed across Texas, Louisiana, and northeastern Mexico. Colonies are large and polygynous, containing several queens and up to several million workers. Foragers harvest leaf material from over 200 plant species to cultivate symbiotic fungus gardens, making this species a significant agricultural and ornamental pest capable of defoliating a citrus tree within 24 hours.
Autographa californica
Alfalfa Looper
Autographa californica, the alfalfa looper, is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Plusiinae. It is a widespread agricultural pest in western North America, recognized by its looping larval locomotion and broad polyphagy. The species was first described by Adolph Speyer in 1875. Adults are medium-sized nocturnal moths with wingspans of 36–42 mm, flying from July to October. Larvae are notable for having prolegs on abdominal segments 5 and 6 but lacking them on segments 3 and 4, producing the characteristic looping gait.
Automeris io
Io moth, peacock moth
Automeris io is a colorful North American saturniid moth with sexual dimorphism in adult coloration: males are bright yellow, females reddish-brown to purple. Both sexes possess distinctive eyespots on the hindwings used in anti-predator displays. The caterpillars are gregarious, bright green with red and white lateral stripes, and possess venomous urticating spines that cause painful stings. Adults are nocturnal, lack functional mouthparts, and live 1–2 weeks. Populations have declined in parts of their range, particularly in New England, due to habitat loss and parasitism by introduced biological control agents.
Automeris zephyria
Zephyr Eyed Silkmoth
Automeris zephyria, the zephyr eyed silkmoth, is a species of giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae. It belongs to the eyed silkmoth genus Automeris, characterized by prominent eyespot markings on the hindwings used for predator defense. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1882. Like other members of its genus, adults lack functional mouthparts and do not feed during their brief adult stage.
Badumna
House Spiders, Black House Spider, Grey House Spider
Badumna is a genus of medium to large cribellate spiders in the family Desidae, first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1890. The genus is native to the Indo-Australian region, with most species endemic to Australasia. Several species, particularly B. longinqua and B. insignis, have become synanthropic and have been introduced to multiple continents, establishing populations in urban environments. The most well-known species, B. insignis, is commonly called the 'black house spider' and has been documented in Japan as an introduced species.
Badumna longinqua
Grey House Spider
Badumna longinqua, the grey house spider, is a medium-sized spider native to eastern Australia that has become a widespread invasive species. It is highly synanthropic, thriving in urban environments and artificial structures rather than natural habitats. The species constructs distinctive messy, ladder-like webs from retreats in cracks and crevices. Females may remain in the same web for their entire lives, while males disperse to seek mates during warmer months.
Balboa ampliata
dirt-colored seed bug
Balboa ampliata is a species of dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. It is a relatively large member of this family, with adults reaching conspicuous size. The species has been documented feeding on plant seeds and is attracted to lights at night. It occurs in prairie and foothill habitats in western North America, with records from Colorado and surrounding regions.
Banisia
Banisia is a genus of moths in the family Thyrididae, established by Walker in 1863. The genus is classified within the subfamily Striglininae and contains approximately 12 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Species within this genus exhibit the characteristic wing patterns and morphology typical of thyridid moths, including intricate reticulate or banded forewing markings. The genus has been documented from Africa, Asia, and Indian Ocean islands including the Seychelles.
Barynotus
Barynotus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils (Curculionidae: Entiminae) comprising 25 species distributed primarily in the Palaearctic region. These are relatively large weevils with predominantly nocturnal activity patterns. The genus exhibits diverse reproductive strategies, with some species being amphigonic and others parthenogenetic.
Batia lunaris
Lesser Tawny Crescent
Batia lunaris, commonly known as the Lesser Tawny Crescent, is a small gelechioid moth in the family Oecophoridae. It is the type species of genus Batia. Adults are nocturnal and fly in mid-summer, with a wingspan of 7–10 mm. The species is widespread across European woodlands.
Bellura
Bellura is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Walker in 1865. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed in North America. Caterpillars of at least some species are aquatic or semi-aquatic, feeding on aquatic plants such as water lilies. The genus is notable among Noctuidae for this aquatic larval ecology, which is relatively uncommon in the family.
Bellura brehmei
Narrow-leaved Cattail Diver Moth
Bellura brehmei is a North American moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as the Narrow-leaved Cattail Diver Moth. It is one of approximately 800 species of Lepidoptera with aquatic or semi-aquatic larvae. Like other members of its genus, the caterpillar likely inhabits wetland environments and feeds on aquatic vegetation, though specific details for this species remain poorly documented.
Bellura gortynoides
White-tailed Diver Moth, white-tailed diver
Bellura gortynoides, commonly known as the white-tailed diver moth, is a North American noctuid moth whose aquatic caterpillars live submerged in freshwater habitats. The larvae feed on aquatic plants, including water lilies, and breathe by periodically surfacing to capture air through specialized spiracles. Adults are strictly nocturnal. The species belongs to the poorly studied group of aquatic moths, which have received limited scientific attention despite their unusual ecology.
Bellura vulnifica
Black-tailed Diver Moth, Black-tailed Diver
Bellura vulnifica, commonly known as the black-tailed diver moth, is a North American species in the family Noctuidae. The species is part of the aquatic moth genus Bellura, whose larvae are known to inhabit freshwater environments and feed on aquatic vegetation. Adults are nocturnal. The species is assigned Hodges number 9523.1.
Belostomatidae
giant water bugs, toe-biters, Indian toe-biters, electric-light bugs, alligator ticks, alligator fleas
Belostomatidae is a family of large freshwater hemipteran insects comprising approximately 170 species worldwide. Members are the largest insects in the order Hemiptera, with some species exceeding 12 cm in length. They are aggressive predators found in ponds, marshes, and slow-flowing streams, feeding on aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and even small vertebrates. The family exhibits remarkable paternal care, with males of many species carrying eggs on their backs until hatching. Several species are consumed as food in Southeast Asia.
Besciva
Besciva is a genus of sheetweb weavers in the family Linyphiidae. The genus is known from at least one undescribed species ('n-sp') encountered in the northern reaches of Door County, Wisconsin, USA. Sheetweb weavers in this genus construct flat, convex, or concave webs depending on the species, with spiders hanging upside down to capture prey. Mature males cease web-spinning to seek mates.
Biston betularia
Peppered Moth
Biston betularia, the peppered moth, is a temperate night-flying geometrid moth native to Europe and northern Asia. The species is renowned as a textbook example of industrial melanism, with two principal color morphs: the pale, speckled 'typica' form and the dark 'carbonaria' form. Population frequencies of these morphs have shifted historically in response to environmental changes, particularly industrial pollution affecting substrate coloration. The species has been introduced to North America.
Blaps mucronata
Churchyard Beetle
Blaps mucronata is a tenebrionid beetle known as a pest of stored products. The species exhibits nocturnal activity patterns synchronized with human or animal activity cycles, particularly in enclosed environments like stables. It has been documented in Europe, with specific biological studies conducted in Germany. The beetle possesses defensive secretions and shows distinct habitat preferences for humid, dark environments.
Blattella
Blattella is a genus of small cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae, distributed worldwide. The genus includes both domestic pest species, notably the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), and wild species such as the Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai) and Japanese field roach (Blattella nipponica). Species within this genus exhibit diverse ecological preferences, ranging from human dwellings to outdoor habitats including mountainous regions and field environments.
Blepharomastix pseudoranalis
Blepharomastix pseudoranalis is a small crambid moth described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1914. It is known from limited records in Arizona, with adults active during mid-summer. The species is characterized by pale ochreous wings with brown scaling and dark forewing lines.
Bolbelasmus
Bolbelasmus is a genus of earth-borer beetles in the family Bolboceratidae, comprising at least 29 described species and 2 subspecies. It represents the most widely distributed genus among bolboceratine beetles, occurring across the Holarctic and Oriental regions. Species are predominantly soil-dwelling, with limited natural history documentation available for most taxa. The genus includes the endangered European species B. unicornis, which is listed under EU Habitat Directive Annexes II and IV.
Bolbocerosoma pusillum
Bolbocerosoma pusillum is a species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Bolboceratidae, described by Dawson and McColloch in 1924. The species is distributed across North America and comprises two recognized subspecies: the nominate form B. p. pusillum and B. p. townesi described by Howden in 1955. Like other members of the genus, this species is associated with burrowing behavior in soil and is attracted to light sources at night.
Bombycoidea
Hawk, Sphinx, Silk, Emperor, and Allied Moths
Bombycoidea is a superfamily of large-bodied moths comprising 10 families, including the silk moths (Bombycidae), giant silk moths (Saturniidae), sphinx or hawk moths (Sphingidae), and emperor moths (Saturniidae). Members are among the largest moths in the world, with adults typically possessing robust bodies and broad wings. Larvae frequently exhibit distinctive morphological features such as thoracic horns or tubercles. The superfamily is distinguished from close relatives in Lasiocampoidea by a combination of adult and larval characteristics.
Boridae
Conifer Bark Beetles
Boridae is a small family of tenebrionoid beetles comprising three genera: Boros (North America and northern Eurasia), Lecontia (endemic to North America), and Synercticus (Australia and New Guinea). These saproxylic beetles are strongly associated with coniferous trees, particularly standing dead pines. The family was previously classified within Salpingidae before being recognized as distinct. Despite their common name, they are not destructive forest pests but rather occupy specialized niches in dead wood decomposition.
Bostaera nasuta
Bostaera nasuta is a species of delphacid planthopper described by Ball in 1902. It belongs to the family Delphacidae, a group of small, sap-feeding insects characterized by a distinctive movable spur on the hind tibia. The species is known to occur in North America and has been documented at ultraviolet light traps, indicating nocturnal activity. It is one of relatively few species in the genus Bostaera.
Bothrideridae
cocoon-forming beetles, dry bark beetles
Bothrideridae is a family of small to medium-sized beetles in the superfamily Coccinelloidea, commonly known as cocoon-forming beetles or dry bark beetles. Members are characterized by elongated, cylindrical to somewhat flattened bodies and are primarily found under tree bark in woodland habitats. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with former subfamilies Teredinae, Xylariophilinae, and Anommatinae now placed in the separate family Teredidae. Bothrideridae has a worldwide distribution with greatest diversity in the Old World tropics. The family is notable for its ectoparasitoid larvae, which attack other wood-boring insects including cerambycid beetles, wood wasps, and carpenter bees. Several species, particularly in the genus Dastarcus, are important biocontrol agents used commercially to manage forest pests such as the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus), a vector of pine wilt disease.
Bothrotes plumbeus
Bothrotes plumbeus is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. Records indicate it has been collected in the southwestern United States, with observations from locations in New Mexico and surrounding regions. The species is associated with arid and semi-arid habitats, including grasslands and open woodlands. Like other tenebrionids, it is likely nocturnal and ground-dwelling, though specific behavioral details remain limited.
Brachycistidinae
Brachycistidinae is a subfamily of flower wasps (Tiphiidae) containing 10 genera and 85 species endemic to the Nearctic region. These wasps exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism: females are wingless and ant-like, living primarily underground, while males are winged and nocturnal. The subfamily has historically suffered from "dual taxonomy," where sexes were described as separate species due to their dissimilar appearance. Taxonomic resolution remains challenging due to structural similarities among species and lack of distinctive coloration.
Brachynemurini
Long-tailed Antlions
Brachynemurini is a tribe of antlions within the family Myrmeleontidae, containing 28 genera and approximately 117 described species. Members are commonly known as long-tailed antlions. The tribe shows considerable diversity in the Americas, with genera distributed across North, Central, and South America, including the Galápagos Islands. Notable genera include Brachynemurus and Scotoleon, each containing 22 species. The tribe was established to accommodate antlions with distinctive morphological features separating them from other Myrmeleontinae.
Brachynemurus hubbardii
Brachynemurus hubbardii is an antlion species in the family Myrmeleontidae, distributed across Central America and North America. The genus Brachynemurus belongs to a diverse group of antlions whose larvae typically do not construct the characteristic funnel-shaped pits associated with the more familiar genus Myrmeleon. Instead, Brachynemurus larvae bury themselves just below the soil surface and wait for prey to pass by. Adults are delicate, lacy-winged insects that resemble damselflies but possess short, clubbed antennae.
Brachynemurus ramburi
Brachynemurus ramburi is a species of antlion (family Myrmeleontidae) described by Nathan Banks in 1907. Like other antlions, it undergoes complete metamorphosis with a predatory larval stage and a delicate, aerial adult stage. The genus Brachynemurus is one of 18 genera of antlions recorded north of Mexico. Adults of this genus are typically nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Brachynemurus sackeni
Sacken's Antlion
Brachynemurus sackeni is a widespread, arid-adapted antlion species in the family Myrmeleontidae. Phylogeographic studies using mitochondrial COI sequences have revealed it comprises a cryptic species-complex with two distinct lineages that diverged approximately 3.8–4.7 million years ago, potentially associated with Neogene mountain-building events. This represents the first documented cryptic species-complex in Myrmeleontidae. The species is attracted to mercury-vapor lights and has been documented in juniper chaparral habitats.
Brachypsectra fulva
Texas beetle
Brachypsectra fulva, commonly known as the Texas beetle, is a species in the family Brachypsectridae. Adults are rarely observed but are attracted to light and active from May to August. The larvae are predatory, living under bark, in leaf litter, and rock crevices, where they ambush small arthropod prey. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Bradycinetulus
Bradycinetulus is a genus of earth-boring scarab beetles in the family Bolboceratidae, established by Cockerell in 1906. The genus contains at least three described species distributed in the Nearctic region. These beetles are robust, fossorial insects adapted for burrowing in soil. Field observations indicate adults are attracted to lights at night and have been collected from sand dune habitats and pack rat runs.
Bradycinetulus fossatus
fossate bolboceratine, fossate earth-boring dung beetle
Bradycinetulus fossatus is a large, robust bolboceratine geotrupid beetle found in sand dune and sandy grassland habitats of the south-central United States. The species is characterized by its chunky body form and fossorial (burrowing) adaptations typical of the subfamily. It is attracted to lights at night and has been documented in Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas. The species is part of a small genus of North American bolboceratines that are poorly studied relative to their ecological role in sandy ecosystems.
Broscus cephalotes
coastal ground beetle
Broscus cephalotes is a nocturnal, flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to coastal regions of temperate Europe and western Siberia, and was introduced to eastern Canada around 1975, subsequently spreading into the United States. The species is recognized as beneficial in agricultural contexts due to its predatory habits.
Brunneria borealis
Northern Grass Mantis, Brunner's Mantis, Brunner's Stick Mantis
Brunneria borealis is a slender green mantis native to the southern United States, notable as the only mantis species known to reproduce exclusively through parthenogenesis. All individuals are female; no males have been documented. Adults reach approximately 77 mm in length and possess reduced wings that likely preclude flight. The species inhabits grassland habitats and exhibits stick-like camouflage behavior.
Bucculatrix cuneigera
ribbed cocoon-maker moth
Bucculatrix cuneigera is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Bucculatricidae, described by Edward Meyrick in 1919. It occurs in eastern North America from Quebec and Ontario south to North Carolina. Adults have a wingspan of 9-10.5 mm and are active from May to July. The larvae are specialist feeders on Aster species, mining the leaves of their host plants.
Bucculatrix trifasciella
Three-banded ribbed cocoon-maker moth
Bucculatrix trifasciella is a small moth in the family Bucculatricidae, first described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1866. The larvae are leaf miners on oak (Quercus) species, creating distinctive feeding patterns within leaf tissue. The species is found in eastern North America, with records from the northeastern United States and Ontario, Canada.
Bulia deducta
Deduced Graphic
Bulia deducta is a moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Calpinae, first described by Herbert Knowles Morrison in 1875. It is distributed across western and central North America from central Mexico northward to the Great Plains and western United States. The species is notable for its association with Prosopis (mesquite) as a larval host plant and its extended adult flight season in arid regions.
Buthidae
fat-tailed scorpions, bark scorpions, arrowbreasted scorpions
Buthidae is the largest family of scorpions, containing approximately 100 genera and 1300 species as of 2025. Members are typically mid-sized to small, with weak, slender pedipalps and characteristically thickened tails. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution throughout tropical and subtropical environments worldwide. Buthidae includes nearly all medically significant scorpion species, with venoms containing potent neurotoxins that affect ion channels.
Cabera quadrifasciaria
Four-lined Cream Moth, Four-lined Cabera Moth
Cabera quadrifasciaria, commonly called the Four-lined Cream Moth, is a North American geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. The species was described by Packard in 1873. It is assigned Hodges number 6680 in the MONA (Moths of North America) numbering system. The common names reference the four pale lines that characterize the wing pattern of this cream-colored moth.
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
Carnation Tortrix, Carnation Leaf-roller
Cacoecimorpha pronubana is a highly polyphagous tortricid moth of Mediterranean origin, now widespread across Europe, North Africa, and introduced to North America and South Africa. The sole species in its genus, it is a significant pest of ornamental plants and horticultural crops. Larvae feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits, rolling leaves with silken webbing to create concealed feeding shelters. The species exhibits complex transgenerational responses to host plant changes, with parental diet affecting offspring development and reproduction.
Cadra
Cadra is a genus of small moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae. The genus is characterized by reduced forewing venation with veins 4, 7, and 9 absent, resulting in nine forewing veins total. Several species are significant stored product pests, particularly of dry plant materials including seeds, nuts, and dried fruits. The genus is closely related to Ephestia, and species are sometimes assigned interchangeably between the two genera in non-entomological literature.
Cadra figulilella
raisin moth
Cadra figulilella, the raisin moth, is a globally distributed pest of dried and ripening fruits in the family Pyralidae. First identified as a pest of Muscat raisins in California in 1928, it has since spread to tropical and Mediterranean climates worldwide. The species is economically significant due to larval damage to dates, raisins, figs, and other fruits both on the tree and in storage. Adults are short-lived and nocturnal, with females laying an average of 160 eggs that hatch into larvae capable of causing up to 90% fruit infestation in severe cases.
Caenochrysis deversor
Caenochrysis deversor is a species of cuckoo wasp in the family Chrysididae. The genus Caenochrysis comprises small, brilliantly metallic wasps that are parasitoids of other insects. Members of this genus are known to parasitize larvae of various hymenopteran hosts, particularly other wasps. The species was documented in the southwestern United States during field observations in ponderosa pine forests.
Caenurgina
grass moths, loopers
Caenurgina is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, containing several species commonly known as grass moths or loopers. The genus includes widespread North American species such as the forage looper (C. erechtea), clover looper (C. crassiuscula), and cerulean looper moth (C. caerulea). These moths are associated with open habitats including lawns, meadows, and agricultural fields.
Caenurgina annexa
Banded Grass Moth
Caenurgina annexa, commonly known as the banded grass moth, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Henry Edwards in 1890. The species is endemic to western North America, with adults active during spring months. The wingspan measures 28–30 mm.
Calamotropha paludella
Bulrush Veneer
Calamotropha paludella is a crambid moth with broad distribution across Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, and a recent accidental introduction to the eastern United States. It is commonly known as the Bulrush Veneer due to its larval association with Typha plants. The species is notable for its wetland habitat specialization and transcontinental range.
Calathus ruficollis
Red-collared Harp Ground Beetle
Calathus ruficollis is a flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae, distributed across western North America from the California Floristic Province to the Pacific Northwest, with introduced populations in Hawaii. The species is nocturnal and predaceous, with four recognized subspecies showing distinct geographic ranges. Phylogeographic studies indicate limited genetic structure across its range despite flightlessness, suggesting recent range expansion or dispersal by walking.
Callima
Callima is a genus of concealer moths in the family Oecophoridae, established by Clemens in 1860. The genus includes species such as Callima argenticinctella, commonly known as the orange-headed epicallima. These are small moths that are frequently encountered at blacklight setups during nocturnal surveys. The genus has been documented from multiple continents including North America and Europe.
Callima argenticinctella
Orange-headed Callima Moth, Orange-headed Epicallima Moth
A small concealer moth in the family Oecophoridae, with a wingspan of 10–13 mm. The forewings display distinctive yellowish-orange coloration with silvery black-margined lines and a deep reddish-orange basal area. The species is found in deciduous forests across eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Texas. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light and are active from spring through autumn.
Callirhipidae
Callirhipid Cedar Beetles, Cedar Beetles
Callirhipidae is a family of elateriform beetles containing approximately 175 valid species in 10 genera. The family is distributed throughout low-latitude regions worldwide, with notable absence from tropical Africa and Madagascar. The only North American representative is Zenoa picea, found across the eastern and central United States. Larvae develop in decaying hardwood, particularly oak and hickory, with a two-year life cycle. Adults are generally nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Callobius
tangled nest spiders
Callobius is a genus of cribellate spiders in the family Amaurobiidae, commonly known as tangled nest spiders. The genus was established by R.V. Chamberlin in 1947 and contains 35 species with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Eurasia. Members of this genus construct characteristic tangled, lacy webs that issue from a retreat, often in crevices or holes. They are frequently confused with other cribellate spiders such as Kukulcania (Filistatidae) due to similar web architecture.
Callobius bennetti
Bennett's Laceweaver, Hackled Mesh Weaver, hacklemesh weaver, night spider, tangled nest spider
Callobius bennetti is a cribellate spider in the family Amaurobiidae, known by multiple common names including Bennett's Laceweaver, Hackled Mesh Weaver, night spider, and tangled nest spider. The species is native to North America, with documented occurrences in Canada and the United States. It is sometimes mistaken for hobo spiders due to superficial similarities in appearance and habitat preferences. Like other amaurobiids, it constructs tangled, mesh-like webs and exhibits the characteristic cribellate silk production method using a calamistrum to comb silk from the cribellum.
Callosamia angulifera
Tuliptree Silkmoth, Giant Silkmoth
Callosamia angulifera is a large saturniid moth native to eastern North America. Adults are nocturnal, with flight activity occurring from June through August in northern populations and March through August in southern populations where two generations occur annually. The species exhibits strong host plant specificity, with larvae feeding exclusively on tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). Adults lack functional mouthparts and do not feed. The species is closely related to Callosamia promethea and C. securifera, with which it shares morphological similarities but differs in host plant use and diel activity patterns.
Callosamia promethea
Promethea Silkmoth, Spicebush Silkmoth
Callosamia promethea is a North American silk moth in the family Saturniidae, notable for being the only member of its family with sexually dimorphic activity patterns: males are diurnal while females are nocturnal. Adults do not feed. Larvae feed on a broad range of host plants across multiple families, including Rosaceae, Oleaceae, and Lauraceae. The species produces silk for cocoon construction and exhibits distinctive defensive behaviors including thanatosis and chemical secretion.
Caloptilia acerifoliella
Caloptilia acerifoliella is a leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. It is known from limited records in Colorado and Utah in the United States. The larvae feed on Acer species, creating blotch mines in leaves. The species was described by Chambers in 1875.
Caloptilia anthobaphes
A leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae, found in eastern North America. The larvae feed on Vaccinium species, creating mines in leaves. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light sources. The species was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921.
Caloptilia belfragella
Dogwood Caloptilia Moth
Caloptilia belfragella is a small moth in the family Gracillariidae, commonly known as the Dogwood Caloptilia Moth. Its larvae are leaf miners that feed on several host plants including dogwoods (Cornus), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), and blueberries (Vaccinium). The species occurs in eastern North America from Quebec south to Texas.
Caloptilia coroniella
Caloptilia coroniella is a small moth in the family Gracillariidae, known from eastern Canada and the northeastern and midwestern United States. The larvae are leaf miners that feed on birch species (Betula), creating distinctive blotch mines on the leaves. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light and have been documented during summer moth surveys.
Caloptilia sassafrasella
Sassafras Caloptilia Moth
Caloptilia sassafrasella is a small moth in the family Gracillariidae. The species is a specialist herbivore whose larvae mine leaves of sassafras trees (Sassafras spp.). Native to eastern North America, it has been documented from Canada south to Florida and west to Texas. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species was first described by Chambers in 1876.
Caloptilia suberinella
Caloptilia suberinella is a small moth in the family Gracillariidae, first described by Tengström in 1848. The species has a Palearctic distribution across northern and central Europe, extending eastward through Russia to China, with a recent confirmed record from British Columbia in North America. Like other members of its genus, it likely has leaf-mining larvae, though specific host plant associations for this species remain undocumented. Adults are nocturnal and have been observed at ultraviolet light sources.
Caloptilia umbratella
Caloptilia umbratella is a small moth in the family Gracillariidae, known from eastern North America. The larvae are leaf miners on maple species, specifically Acer rubrum and Acer saccharum. There are probably two generations per year. The species is attracted to ultraviolet light, a trait common among nocturnal moths in this family.
Caloptilia undescribed-nr-umbratella
An undescribed species in the genus Caloptilia, closely related to C. umbratella. Like other Caloptilia species, it is a leaf blotch miner moth whose larvae create distinctive feeding patterns on host plant leaves. The species remains taxonomically unresolved pending formal description.
Caloptilia vacciniella
Caloptilia vacciniella is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. The species is known from eastern North America, with records from Quebec, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Maine, Michigan, and Massachusetts. Larvae are specialized feeders on Vaccinium species, including lowbush blueberry, highbush blueberry, and hillside blueberry.
Caloptilia violacella
Tick-Trefoil Caloptilia Moth
Caloptilia violacella is a small gracillariid moth with a wingspan of approximately 10 mm. The species is distributed across the eastern and central United States, with records from Illinois, Missouri, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, New York, and Texas. Larvae are leaf miners that feed on leguminous host plants including pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), tick-trefoils (Desmodium species), and Meibomia dillenii. The common name "Tick-Trefoil Caloptilia Moth" reflects its association with Desmodium host plants.
Calosoma frigidum
Cold-country Caterpillar Hunter
Calosoma frigidum is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the cold-country caterpillar hunter. First described by William Kirby in 1837, this species occurs throughout southern Canada and the northern United States. Adults are nocturnal predators that climb trees to hunt caterpillars, hiding under debris during daylight hours. The species shows sensitivity to soil temperature changes, with elevated temperatures causing adults to abandon their burrows.
Calosoma sayi
Black Caterpillar Hunter, Say's Caterpillar Hunter
Calosoma sayi is a large ground beetle in the subfamily Carabinae, commonly known as the Black Caterpillar Hunter or Say's Caterpillar Hunter. It is one of the largest carabid beetles in North America, measuring 25–28 mm in length. Unlike many congeners, it lacks metallic coloration, instead appearing uniformly lustrous black. Both adults and larvae are active predators that specialize in hunting caterpillars and other soft-bodied insect larvae.
Calosoma scrutator
Fiery Searcher, Caterpillar Hunter
Calosoma scrutator is a large, predatory ground beetle native to North America, commonly known as the Fiery Searcher or Caterpillar Hunter. Adults reach 25–35 mm in length and display striking metallic coloration. The species is primarily nocturnal and climbs vegetation to hunt caterpillars, earning its common name. When disturbed, it excretes a foul-smelling defensive oil from pygidial glands. It serves as an important biological control agent for defoliating insect pests.
Calosoma tepidum
lukewarm beautiful black searcher
Calosoma tepidum is a large ground beetle in the family Carabidae, subfamily Carabinae, first described by LeConte in 1851. It belongs to the 'caterpillar hunter' group within the genus Calosoma, characterized by large size and predatory habits. The species is flightless despite possessing fully developed wings, a condition attributed to thoracic muscle reduction. It has been the subject of recent genomic research as part of a model system for studying wing evolution in insects.
Calosoma wilkesii
Wilkes's beautiful black searcher
Calosoma wilkesii is a flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as Wilkes's beautiful black searcher. It is one of approximately 120 species in the genus Calosoma, a group known as "caterpillar hunters" for their predatory habits on lepidopteran larvae. The species has been the subject of genomic research due to its brachypterous (short-winged) condition, which represents an evolutionary transition to flightlessness. It occurs in western North America from British Columbia to California.
Calpinae
Fruit-piercing Moths, Vampire Moths
Calpinae is a subfamily of nocturnal moths in the family Erebidae, distinguished by a highly modified proboscis adapted for piercing. Most species feed on fruit juices by piercing fruit skins, while males of several Calyptra species can pierce mammalian skin to feed on blood. The subfamily was historically classified within Noctuidae but was reclassified to Erebidae based on phylogenetic studies. It contains three monophyletic tribes: Calpini, Ophiderini, and Phyllodini. Some species reach wingspans exceeding 5 cm.
Calymmaria
basket-web weavers
Calymmaria is a genus of small North American spiders known for their distinctive inverted cone-shaped webs. These araneomorph spiders were first described in 1937 and contain 31 species, with most distributed along the Pacific coast of the United States and Canada. They are primarily nocturnal and construct unique 'basket' webs under bark, rocks, and other sheltered substrates.
Calymmaria emertoni
Calymmaria emertoni is a small true spider in the family Cybaeidae (formerly Hahniidae). It is one of approximately 31 Calymmaria species found north of Mexico, with most species restricted to the Pacific coast region. This species is notable for its distinctive basket-shaped web and nocturnal habits.
Calymmaria persica
Calymmaria persica is a species of true spider in the family Cybaeidae, found in the United States. It belongs to the marronoid clade, a diverse group of small to medium-sized spiders united by genetic rather than obvious morphological characteristics. The species constructs distinctive basket-shaped webs and is primarily nocturnal.
Calyptis
Calyptis is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Erebinae. The genus was established by Guenée in 1852 and contains three recognized species distributed across tropical regions. Members are nocturnal and belong to the diverse assemblage of underwing and related moths within the superfamily Noctuoidea.
Calyptra canadensis
Canadian owlet, meadow rue owlet moth
Calyptra canadensis, known as the Canadian owlet or meadow rue owlet moth, is a North American moth in the family Erebidae. It is the only member of the genus Calyptra found in the New World; all other 16 species occur in the Old World. Adults feed on fruit by piercing the skin to access juices. The species is notable for its proboscis modified for piercing, though unlike some related Old World species, blood-feeding has not been documented in C. canadensis.
Camponotus floridanus
Florida Carpenter Ant
Camponotus floridanus, the Florida carpenter ant, is a large, conspicuous ant species native to the southeastern United States. It is notable for its striking bicolored appearance—reddish-orange head and mesosoma contrasting with a black gaster—and its highly aggressive defensive behavior. The species exhibits pronounced worker polymorphism with distinct minor and major castes, and maintains an obligate mutualism with the endosymbiotic bacterium Blochmannia floridanus. Colonies are fast-growing and can reach thousands of individuals, with unique behaviors including surgical amputation of injured nestmate limbs to prevent infection.
Capnobotes
shield-backed katydids, longwings
Capnobotes is a North American genus of shield-backed katydids (family Tettigoniidae) containing approximately nine described species. Members are commonly known as "longwings" due to their elongated forewings. The genus was established by Scudder in 1897 and is primarily distributed across arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Species exhibit morphological diversity in body form and wing structure, with common names reflecting these traits (slender, sooty, spatulate, etc.).
Capnobotes fuliginosus
sooty longwing
Capnobotes fuliginosus, commonly known as the sooty longwing, is a large katydid species found in arid regions of western North America and Mexico. First described by Cyrus Thomas in 1872, this species reaches up to 75 mm in length and is characterized by its brownish-gray coloration, long wings, and notably darker hindwings that are displayed when the insect is startled. It produces a loud, continuous, shrill song and is known to be preyed upon by the wasp Palmodes praestans.
Carabus chamissonis
Fisher's worm and slug hunter
Carabus chamissonis is a ground beetle species restricted to tundra environments across northern North America. It occupies open, dry tundra habitats with better drainage than those used by the related Carabus truncaticollis. The species exhibits brachyptery (reduced wings) and nocturnal activity patterns. Adults overwinter within their own pupal cavities, an unusual behavior among ground beetles. Disjunct populations occur on isolated mountaintops in New England, far south of the main Arctic range.
Carabus finitimus
Haldeman's worm and slug hunter
Carabus finitimus is a bluish-colored ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It inhabits bottomland forests along rivers in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal. The common name "Haldeman's worm and slug hunter" reflects its predatory habits.
Carabus forreri
Forrer's worm and slug hunter
Carabus forreri is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, known from dry oak-pine forests in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal. The species is part of the large genus Carabus, which includes many predatory ground beetles.
Carabus goryi
Gory's worm and slug hunter
Carabus goryi is a North American ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as Gory's worm and slug hunter. The species inhabits cool, moist forests as well as agricultural settings including orchards and cultivated fields. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and exhibit gregarious behavior. They are predatory, feeding on soft-bodied insect larvae including those of the spongy moth (Lymantria dispar).
Carabus sylvosus
woodland ground beetle, sylvan worm and slug hunter, silvan worm and slug hunter
Carabus sylvosus, commonly known as the woodland ground beetle or sylvan worm and slug hunter, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to North America, where it inhabits wooded environments including deciduous mixed forests, coniferous forests, and orchards. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, preying on Lepidoptera pupae and scarabaeids. The species has been documented in Canada and the United States.
Caradrinini
Caradrinini is a tribe of moths within the family Noctuidae, subfamily Hadeninae. The tribe contains approximately 18 recognized genera, including well-known agricultural pests such as *Spodoptera* (armyworms) and *Callopistria*, as well as the type genus *Caradrina*. Members are primarily nocturnal and exhibit considerable morphological diversity.
Carausius morosus
Indian Walking Stick, Common Stick Insect, Laboratory Stick Insect
Carausius morosus is a parthenogenetic phasmid native to Tamil Nadu, India, widely distributed globally through accidental introductions and captive culture. Females reproduce without males; no wild males have been reported, though gynandromorphs occasionally occur in captivity. The species is nocturnal, feeding at night and remaining motionless during daylight hours. It has become established outside its native range in locations including Great Britain, Portugal, South Africa, and the United States, where it occasionally damages ornamental plants.
Cardisoma guanhumi
blue land crab, great land crab
Cardisoma guanhumi is a large terrestrial crab native to tropical and subtropical Atlantic coastlines of the Americas. Adults exhibit striking sexual dimorphism in coloration and claw morphology, with males developing enlarged claws and typically displaying deep blue coloration while females remain lighter. The species constructs deep burrows in coastal soils that extend to the water table, enabling survival in terrestrial environments despite reproductive dependence on marine habitats for larval development. Populations have declined across much of their range due to overharvesting and habitat degradation, leading to protected status in several countries including Puerto Rico and Colombia.
Carphoides
Carphoides is a genus of geometer moths established by McDunnough in 1920. The genus contains three described species: C. inconspicuaria, C. incopriaria, and C. setigera. These moths are classified within the subfamily Ennominae of the Geometridae family. The genus appears to be restricted to North America based on species distributions.
Carposinoidea
fruitworm moths, copromorphoid moths
Carposinoidea is a superfamily of small to medium-sized moths (10–50 mm wingspan) commonly known as fruitworm moths. The group was historically divided into two families (Carposinidae and Copromorphidae), though this division has been questioned by some authorities. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. Larvae are associated with a variety of host plants including gymnosperms and dicots, with some species considered agricultural pests.
Catalinia
Catalinia is a genus of small scorpions in the family Vaejovidae, established in 2017 following taxonomic revision of southwestern North American scorpion fauna. The genus comprises species formerly placed in the genus Pseudouroctonus, distinguished by reduced body size and unique morphological features. These scorpions inhabit rocky environments in arid regions of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. The genus name honors the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona, where the type species was discovered.
Catocala
underwing moths, underwings
Catocala is a large Holarctic genus of moths in the family Erebidae, containing over 250 species. Adults are medium to large with cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings when at rest. The genus is renowned among collectors for its diversity of hindwing patterns in orange, red, white, blue, or black. The common name "underwings" derives from the habit of hiding the colorful hindwings beneath the dull forewings. The genus name combines Greek words meaning "beautiful below" or "beautiful hindwings."
Catocala abbreviatella
Abbreviated Underwing
Catocala abbreviatella, the Abbreviated Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is a medium-sized underwing moth with a wingspan of 40–50 mm. Adults are active from July to August, with likely one generation per year. The species is distributed across the central United States, from Indiana south and west to Texas and Oklahoma, and north to Nebraska and Wisconsin.
Catocala aholibah
Aholibah Underwing Moth
Catocala aholibah, the Aholibah Underwing Moth, is a large underwing moth in the family Erebidae. Like other Catocala species, it possesses cryptic, speckled gray-black forewings that conceal bright orange hindwings used as a startle display against predators. The species has been documented at light stations in Colorado and is among the larger underwing moths in its genus.
Catocala alabamae
Alabama Underwing, Titan Underwing
Catocala alabamae, commonly known as the Alabama Underwing or Titan Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. The species is notable for its distinctive underwing pattern typical of the genus Catocala, where dull forewings conceal brightly colored hindwings. It occurs primarily in the southeastern and central United States, with adults active during spring and summer months. The species has been documented feeding on several host plants in the rose family as larvae.
Catocala amatrix
Sweetheart Underwing
Catocala amatrix, commonly known as the Sweetheart Underwing, is a large moth in the family Erebidae. Adults have a wingspan of 75–95 mm. The forewings are cryptically colored in gray-brown tones that provide camouflage against tree bark when the moth is at rest. When disturbed, the moth reveals strikingly colorful hindwings—typically orange-red with black bands—that serve as a startle defense against predators. The species occurs across eastern and central North America, with adults active from August to October. Larvae feed on several species of Populus (poplars and cottonwoods) and Salix (willows).
Catocala amica
girlfriend underwing
Catocala amica is a medium-sized underwing moth found across eastern and central North America. Adults are distinguished by bright yellow hindwings with a black marginal band and separate black dot near the anal angle, combined with spineless tibiae. The species is active from June to September and is attracted to ultraviolet light. Larvae feed exclusively on oak species (Quercus). The former subspecies C. a. lineella is now recognized as a distinct species, Catocala lineella.
Catocala amica-lineella
Girlfriend Underwing
Catocala amica-lineella is a species of underwing moth in the family Erebidae. Like other members of the genus Catocala, it exhibits the characteristic underwing pattern: cryptic, bark-mimicking forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings. The hindwings are typically marked with bold bands of orange, red, or black that are flashed when the moth is disturbed. The species name 'amica-lineella' distinguishes it from the closely related C. amica, with which it was historically confused.
Catocala andromache
Andromache Underwing
Catocala andromache, the Andromache Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It belongs to the genus Catocala, commonly known as underwing moths, which are characterized by their cryptic forewings and brightly colored hindwings. The species is found in the southwestern United States, specifically from southern California to Arizona. Like other underwings, it exhibits the genus's namesake trait of concealing its vibrant hindwings beneath dull forewings at rest.
Catocala angusi
Angus' Underwing
Catocala angusi, known as Angus' Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is distinguished by its cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings, a characteristic defense mechanism of underwing moths. The species occurs across the eastern and central United States, with adults active from July through October. Larval development is tied to hickory trees, specifically pecan and shagbark hickory.
Catocala antinympha
sweetfern underwing moth, sweetfern underwing
Catocala antinympha, the sweetfern underwing moth, is a North American underwing moth in the family Erebidae. It is distinguished by its cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings, a trait shared with other members of the genus Catocala. The species has a single generation per year and is closely associated with sweetfern (Comptonia peregrina), its sole known larval host plant. Its range spans northeastern North America from Quebec and Ontario to the mid-Atlantic states.
Catocala badia coelebs
The Old Maid Underwing
Catocala badia coelebs is a subspecies of underwing moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as The Old Maid Underwing. Like other members of the genus Catocala, it is characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings, which are exposed when the moth is disturbed. The subspecies was described by Grote in 1874 and is known from northeastern North America.
Catocala briseis
Briseis Underwing, Ribbed Underwing
Catocala briseis is a medium-sized underwing moth in the family Erebidae, distributed across the North American boreal forest region. Adults are active from July to September and possess the characteristic underwing morphology: cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings. The species was first described by William Henry Edwards in 1864.
Catocala carissima
carissima underwing
Catocala carissima, the carissima underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of Catocala cara but is now recognized as a distinct species. The species is distributed across the southeastern United States.
Catocala cerogama
Yellow-banded Underwing
Catocala cerogama, the yellow-banded underwing, is a North American moth in the family Erebidae. Adults are recognized by their brownish-gray forewings and distinctive even, deep yellow bands on the hindwings. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. Adults fly from July through October, and larvae feed on American basswood.
Catocala chelidonia
Catocala chelidonia is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Grote in 1881. It belongs to the genus Catocala, commonly known as underwing moths, characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and has three recognized subspecies with distinct geographic ranges. Adults are active during summer months, and larvae feed on oak species.
Catocala clintonii
Clinton's Underwing
Catocala clintonii, commonly known as Clinton's Underwing, is a species of underwing moth in the family Erebidae. It belongs to a genus renowned for its striking coloration concealed beneath cryptic forewings. The species occurs across eastern and central North America, from Canada south to Florida and west to Texas and Wisconsin. Like other underwings, it exhibits the characteristic resting posture with forewings folded together, hiding the brightly patterned hindwings until disturbed.
Catocala concumbens
Pink Underwing, Sleepy Underwing
Catocala concumbens, commonly known as the pink underwing or sleepy underwing, is a medium-sized moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is distinguished by its cryptic forewings and brightly colored hindwings, a characteristic defensive trait of the genus Catocala. The moth occurs in eastern North America, extending westward across the Prairie Provinces to eastern Alberta. Adults are active in August, with larvae feeding on Populus and Salix species.
Catocala connubialis
Connubial Underwing
Catocala connubialis, the connubial underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is a medium-sized underwing moth with a wingspan of 37–47 mm. The species is distributed across eastern and central North America, from Ontario and the Maritime provinces south to Florida and west to Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Adults are active from June to September, with likely one generation per year.
Catocala crataegi
Hawthorn Underwing, Chokeberry Underwing
Catocala crataegi is a medium-sized underwing moth in the family Erebidae, native to eastern North America. Adults display the characteristic Catocala pattern of cryptic forewings concealing brightly colored hindwings. The species is named for its larval association with hawthorns (Crataegus). It was formerly considered conspecific with Catocala pretiosa, but the latter was reinstated as a valid species in 1982.
Catocala dejecta
Dejected Underwing
Catocala dejecta, the Dejected Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in eastern and central North America, from Massachusetts and Connecticut south to Florida, west to Texas and Oklahoma, and north to southern Ontario. Adults have a wingspan of 56–73 mm and are active from June to October, with timing varying by location. The larvae feed on hickories (Carya glabra, Carya ovata) and oaks (Quercus species).
Catocala delilah
Delilah Underwing, Delilah Underwing Moth
Catocala delilah is a medium-sized underwing moth in the family Erebidae, native to the southern and midwestern United States. Adults are active from May to June, with likely one generation per year. The species is distinguished by its grayish-brown forewings with irregular black markings and bright yellowish-orange hindwings with complex black banding patterns. It belongs to a cryptic species complex within the genus Catocala, and was previously considered conspecific with western populations now recognized as separate species.
Catocala desdemona
Desdemona underwing
Catocala desdemona, the Desdemona underwing, is a medium-sized moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Henry Edwards in 1882. This species was formerly treated as a subspecies of Catocala delilah but is now recognized as distinct. It is characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings, a trait shared with other members of the genus Catocala. The species has a southwestern North American distribution extending from the United States into Central America.
Catocala epione
Epione Underwing
Catocala epione, the Epione Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is one of over 250 species in the genus Catocala, commonly known as underwing moths, recognized for their cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings. The species occurs in eastern and central North America and has been documented in forested habitats.
Catocala flebilis
Mourning Underwing, Mournful Underwing
Catocala flebilis, the mourning underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. Adults are medium-sized with a wingspan of 45–65 mm and are active from July to September. The species is distinguished by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings, a characteristic defense mechanism of underwing moths. Larvae feed specifically on Carya glabra and Carya ovata (hickory species).
Catocala frederici
Catocala frederici is a species of underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. It belongs to the genus Catocala, a diverse group of moths known for their cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and is active during the summer months.
Catocala gracilis
Graceful Underwing
Catocala gracilis, the Graceful Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. Adults have a wingspan of 40–45 mm and are active from July to September. The species has one generation per year. Larvae feed on Leucothoe, Vaccinium pallidum, and possibly Quercus.
Catocala grotiana
Grote's Underwing Moth, Grote's Underwing
Catocala grotiana is a large underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by James S. Bailey in 1879. The species is characterized by its cryptic forewings and brightly colored hindwings, a defensive trait common to the genus Catocala. It occurs in the western United States, with documented records from Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Washington, and areas north and east of California. Adults are active in late summer, with larvae feeding on Populus and Salix species.
Catocala hermia
Hermia Underwing, Hermia's Underwing Moth
Catocala hermia is an underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Henry Edwards in 1880. The species is endemic to the Great Plains of North America, ranging from southern Canada through the western United States. Adults are active in late summer, and larvae feed on poplar and willow species. Like other underwing moths, it possesses cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings used in startle displays.
Catocala hermia francisca
Catocala hermia francisca is a subspecies of underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Henry Edwards in 1880. As a member of the genus Catocala, it possesses the characteristic bold, colorful hindwings that are concealed at rest by cryptic forewings. The subspecific epithet "francisca" indicates an association with the San Francisco region of California. Like other underwing moths, it is nocturnal and belongs to a group commonly studied by lepidopterists for their distinctive wing patterns and habitat associations.
Catocala herodias
Herodias Underwing, Gerhard's Underwing
Catocala herodias is an underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Strecker in 1876. The species comprises two subspecies with disjunct distributions: the nominate form occurs in Texas and Oklahoma, while subspecies C. h. gerhardi ranges from Massachusetts to Virginia. Adults have a wingspan of 55–65 mm and fly from July to August. The gerhardi subspecies is listed as endangered in Connecticut.
Catocala herodias gerhardi
Pine Barrens Underwing
Catocala herodias gerhardi is a subspecies of underwing moth in the family Erebidae, described by Barnes and Benjamin in 1927. Like other members of the genus Catocala, it possesses cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings, which are revealed when the moth is disturbed. The subspecific epithet "gerhardi" distinguishes this population from the nominate form. Underwing moths are notable for their distinctive resting posture, with forewings held together over the back to hide the hindwings beneath.
Catocala herodias herodias
Herodias Underwing
Catocala herodias herodias is a subspecies of underwing moth in the family Erebidae. The genus Catocala, meaning "beautiful below," comprises over 250 species known for their cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings. When at rest, the forewings provide camouflage against tree bark; when disturbed, the moth reveals vivid hindwing patterns of orange, red, black, white, or blue that startle predators. This subspecies is part of the North American underwing fauna, with adults typically active during summer months. Like other Catocala, they are primarily nocturnal and often associated with wooded habitats.
Catocala ilia
Ilia Underwing, Beloved Underwing, Wife Underwing
Catocala ilia is a nocturnal moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Pieter Cramer in 1776. The species is notable for its highly variable forewing patterns and strikingly colored hindwings, which are typically concealed at rest. It occurs across eastern North America with a disjunct population in the southwestern United States represented by a distinct subspecies.
Catocala ilia zoe
Ilia Underwing
Catocala ilia zoe is a subspecies of underwing moth in the family Erebidae, native to western North America. It is one of several subspecies of Catocala ilia, a widespread North American underwing moth known for its cryptic forewings and brightly colored hindwings. The subspecies was described by Behr in 1874. Like other underwings, it is nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Catocala ilia-umbrosa
Ilia Underwing, Ilia Underwing Moth
Catocala ilia-umbrosa is a large underwing moth in the genus Catocala, family Erebidae. Like other underwing moths, it conceals brightly patterned hindwings beneath cryptic forewings at rest. The species has been documented at moth-lighting events in Colorado, including at Bear Creek Nature Center in July 2018. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet lights.
Catocala illecta
Magdalen Underwing
Catocala illecta, commonly known as the Magdalen Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings, a trait typical of underwing moths in the genus Catocala. The larvae feed on specific host plants including leadplant, honey locust, and black locust. Adults are active during late spring and early summer, with a single generation per year.
Catocala judith
Judith's Underwing
Catocala judith, or Judith's Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Strecker in 1874. It belongs to the genus Catocala, commonly known as underwing moths, which are characterized by dull forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings. The species is found in eastern North America, ranging from southern Quebec and Ontario south to Georgia and west to Oklahoma and Iowa. Like other underwings, it employs a startle defense by flashing its concealed hindwings when disturbed.
Catocala junctura
joined underwing, Stretch's underwing
Catocala junctura is a large underwing moth in the family Erebidae, distributed across temperate North America from the eastern United States through the Great Plains to the Southwest and Pacific Coast. Adults are active from June to September and possess the characteristic underwing morphology: cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings. The species is associated with riparian habitats where its larval host plants, willows and cottonwoods, grow abundantly.
Catocala lacrymosa
Tearful Underwing
Catocala lacrymosa, the Tearful Underwing, is a medium-large underwing moth in the family Erebidae. Adults are active from July to September with one generation per year. The species exhibits the characteristic underwing pattern of dull cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings. Larvae feed on hickory species (Carya).
Catocala luciana
Shining Underwing, Luciana Underwing Moth
Catocala luciana is a medium-sized underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Herman Strecker in 1874. The species is native to western North America, with a distribution spanning the Great Plains from southern Canada to the southwestern United States. Like other members of the genus Catocala, it possesses cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings, a characteristic defensive adaptation. Adults are active in late summer and early autumn.
Catocala mcdunnoughi
McDunnough's underwing
Catocala mcdunnoughi, known as McDunnough's underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae described by Auburn Edmund Brower in 1937. It is endemic to California, where adults are active from June to August with likely one generation per year. The larvae feed on Quercus chrysolepis (canyon live oak). Like other underwing moths, it exhibits the characteristic cryptic forewings and colorful hindwings typical of the genus.
Catocala meskei
Meske's Underwing, Meske's Underwing Moth
Catocala meskei is a large underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. Like other members of the genus Catocala, it exhibits the characteristic underwing pattern: cryptic, bark-mimicking forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings. The species has a transcontinental North American distribution spanning from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky Mountains. Adults are active during mid to late summer, and larvae feed on poplar and willow species.
Catocala messalina
Messalina underwing
Catocala messalina, the Messalina underwing, is a moth species in the family Erebidae. It is one of more than 250 species in the genus Catocala, commonly known as underwing moths due to their habit of concealing brightly colored hindwings beneath cryptic forewings. The species was described by Achille Guenée in 1852 and is restricted to the southeastern and south-central United States.
Catocala micronympha
Little Nymph Underwing, Little Bride Underwing
Catocala micronympha is a medium-sized underwing moth in the family Erebidae. The species is characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings, a defensive trait common to the genus Catocala. It occurs across eastern and central North America, with adults active from spring through late summer. The larval stage feeds exclusively on oak species.
Catocala muliercula
Little Wife Underwing
Catocala muliercula, known as the Little Wife Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is one of more than 250 species in the genus Catocala, commonly called underwing moths due to their habit of concealing brightly colored hindwings beneath cryptic forewings when at rest. This species occurs across eastern and central North America, from Massachusetts to Florida and west to Texas and New Mexico. Like other underwings, it is primarily nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Catocala obscura
Obscure Underwing
Catocala obscura, the obscure underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in eastern North America from southern Canada to the southeastern and midwestern United States. Adults are active from July to October, with a wingspan of 60–72 mm. The species is named for its relatively subdued hindwing pattern compared to other underwing moths.
Catocala obscura-residua
Obscure Underwing
Catocala obscura-residua is a species of underwing moth in the genus Catocala, family Erebidae. Like other underwing moths, it exhibits the characteristic resting posture where dull forewings conceal brightly colored hindwings. The genus Catocala contains over 250 species, with approximately half occurring in North America. These moths are nocturnal and are typically attracted to light sources, though they often remain on the periphery of light stations rather than landing directly on sheets.
Catocala ophelia
Ophelia Underwing
Catocala ophelia is a moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as the Ophelia Underwing. It inhabits dry forests in the southwestern United States. Adults are active from July to October with likely one generation per year. The species exhibits the characteristic underwing pattern of dull forewings concealing brightly colored hindwings.
Catocala parta
Mother Underwing Moth, Mother Underwing
Catocala parta, the mother underwing, is a North American moth in the family Erebidae. Adults are active from August to September and possess a wingspan of 70–78 mm. The species exhibits the characteristic underwing pattern of cryptic forewings concealing brightly colored hindwings. Larvae feed on Populus and Salix species.
Catocala relicta
White Underwing, Relict
Catocala relicta, commonly known as the White Underwing or Relict, is a large underwing moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1858, this species is notable for its cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings. Adults are active from July to September across a broad North American range spanning southern Canada to the southwestern United States. The larvae feed on multiple host plants including birch, hickory, poplar, oak, and willow species.
Catocala residua
Residua Underwing
Catocala residua is a North American underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1874. Adults are medium-sized with a wingspan of 60–73 mm and are active from July to September. The species is distinguished by its cryptic forewings and brightly patterned hindwings characteristic of the genus Catocala.
Catocala retecta-luctuosa
Retecta Underwing, Luctuosa Underwing
Catocala retecta-luctuosa is a species of underwing moth in the genus Catocala, family Erebidae. Like other underwing moths, it is characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings. The species is part of a diverse North American radiation of Catocala moths, many of which are challenging to distinguish without close examination. Its specific epithet reflects historical taxonomic treatment as a complex or related forms.
Catocala sappho
Sappho Underwing
Catocala sappho is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Strecker in 1874. It is a medium-sized underwing moth with a wingspan of 62–75 mm. Adults are active from May to July and again from September to October in highland areas. The species is found in the southeastern and central United States, ranging from Virginia and Tennessee south to Florida and west to Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Missouri, and Illinois. Larvae feed on Carya species (hickories and pecans).
Catocala serena
Serene Underwing
Catocala serena, the serene underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in eastern North America from southern Ontario and New England south to Tennessee, and west to Illinois and eastern Wisconsin. Adults are active from July to September with one generation per year. The larvae feed on shagbark hickory (Carya ovata) and black walnut (Juglans nigra).
Catocala subnata
Youthful Underwing
Catocala subnata, commonly known as the youthful underwing, is a large underwing moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1864, this species is characterized by its cryptic forewings that conceal brightly colored hindwings, a defensive trait shared with other members of the genus Catocala. The species has a broad distribution across eastern and central North America, with adults active during mid to late summer. Larvae feed on specific host trees in the walnut family.
Catocala ulalume
Ulalume Underwing
Catocala ulalume, the Ulalume Underwing, is a North American moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Herman Strecker in 1878. It is one of approximately 250 species in the genus Catocala, commonly known as underwing moths for their habit of concealing brightly patterned hindwings beneath cryptic forewings when at rest. The species is distributed across the southeastern and south-central United States, with adults active during summer months and larvae specializing on hickory host plants.
Catocala unijuga
once-married underwing, once-married underwing moth
Catocala unijuga is a large underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1858. Adults are characterized by cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings, a trait shared across the genus Catocala. The species is distributed across northern and western North America, with larvae feeding on poplars and willows. Adults fly from July to September in a single annual generation.
Catocala vidua
widow underwing
Catocala vidua, commonly known as the widow underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by James Edward Smith in 1797. It is a medium-large underwing moth with a wingspan of 70–80 mm. Adults are active from August to October, with one generation per year. The larvae feed on several tree species including hickories, walnuts, oaks, black locust, and willow.
Catocala violenta
Catocala violenta is a nocturnal moth in the family Erebidae, part of the diverse underwing moth genus Catocala. Adults fly during mid-summer with a single annual generation. The species occupies a restricted geographic range in the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico, where larvae feed specifically on Gambel's oak.
Catocala whitneyi
Whitney's Underwing
Catocala whitneyi is an underwing moth in the family Erebidae, first described by G. M. Dodge in 1874. Adults have a wingspan of 45–50 mm and are active from July to August in a single generation. The species is notable for its cryptic forewings that conceal brightly patterned hindwings, a defensive trait common to the genus Catocala.
Cecrita cubana
Cecrita cubana is a species of prominent moth in the family Notodontidae, described by Grote in 1866. It belongs to the genus Cecrita, a group of North American moths whose larvae are known as "prominents" due to their characteristic humps or projections. The species epithet "cubana" suggests a possible Caribbean association, though the species occurs in North America. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Celiptera frustulum
Black Bit Moth
Celiptera frustulum, known as the black bit moth, is a nocturnal moth in the family Erebidae. It occurs in eastern North America, with records extending north to Ontario. The species has two generations annually, with adults active in late spring and early summer. Its larvae are specialized feeders on black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia).
Cenophengus pallidus
Pale South Texas Glowworm
Cenophengus pallidus is a species of glowworm beetle in the family Phengodidae. It was described by Schaeffer in 1904 and is found in North America. The species is commonly known as the Pale South Texas Glowworm. Like other phengodid beetles, adults are bioluminescent, with females and larvae typically exhibiting the characteristic glowworm luminescence more prominently than males.
Cenopis mesospila
White-tailed Fruitworm, White-tailed Fruitworm Moth
A tortricid moth of eastern North America, historically classified under Sparganothis but now placed in Cenopis. Adults are small moths with distinctive patterning. The common name references both the adult's appearance and its larval association with fruit.
Cenopis niveana
Aproned Cenopis Moth
A tortricid moth of eastern North America, historically classified under Sparganothis. The species exhibits the characteristic bell-shaped resting posture of leafroller moths. Adults are active during warmer months, with over 800 observations documented.
Cenopis pettitana
Maple-Basswood Leafroller Moth
Cenopis pettitana, known as the Maple-Basswood Leafroller Moth, is a tortricid moth native to eastern North America. The species was originally described as Sparganothis pettitana by Robinson in 1869 and later transferred to the genus Cenopis. It is a leaf-rolling species whose larvae feed on maple and basswood foliage. The moth is relatively well-documented with over 5,500 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is common and frequently encountered in its range.
Centruroides
bark scorpion, bark scorpions
Centruroides is a highly speciose genus of buthid scorpions comprising at least 100 species distributed throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, the Antilles, and northern South America. Commonly known as bark scorpions, members of this genus are notable for their strong fluorescence under ultraviolet light—except immediately after moulting—and several species possess venom potent enough to cause human fatalities. The genus includes species adapted to diverse habitats ranging from tropical rainforests to arid regions, with some showing marked intra-domiciliary tendencies in urban environments.
Centruroides gracilis
Slender Brown Scorpion, Florida Bark Scorpion, Brown Bark Scorpion, Red Bark Scorpion, Slender Red Scorpion, Alacran Prieto, Alacran Azul
Centruroides gracilis is a medium to large scorpion in the family Buthidae, notable for its wide color variation and extensive introduced range. Females reach up to 10 cm, while males can exceed 15 cm. The species exhibits remarkable phenotypic plasticity, with individuals in single populations or even litters showing colors ranging from reddish to dark brown with contrasting leg and chelae coloration. It is native to northern Central America but has been introduced to numerous regions including Florida, the Caribbean, South America, Africa, and the Canary Islands, often occurring in synanthropic habitats.
Centruroides sculpturatus
Arizona Bark Scorpion
Centruroides sculpturatus, commonly known as the Arizona bark scorpion, is a small, light brown scorpion native to the Sonoran Desert. It is the only scorpion species in North America considered dangerously venomous to humans, with stings capable of causing severe pain, numbness, and in rare cases life-threatening symptoms in young children. The species exhibits fluorescent properties under ultraviolet light due to compounds in its exoskeleton. It is frequently used in educational outreach programs due to its docile handling behavior in captivity.
Centruroides vittatus
Striped Bark Scorpion
Centruroides vittatus is the most common scorpion in the United States, occurring throughout the midsection of the country and northern Mexico. This species exhibits notable behavioral flexibility, including plant climbing and temperature-modulated antipredator responses. Populations show geographic variation in venom toxicity, with eastern populations exhibiting reduced toxicity linked to lower sodium β toxin gene expression. The species has been documented harboring the endosymbiont Mycoplasma vittatus, the first Mycoplasma species identified from an arachnid.
Ceratocapsus
Ceratocapsus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, containing more than 130 described species. Members of this genus are typical visitors to blacklights at night, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns. As mirid plant bugs, they possess piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of the family. The genus was established by Reuter in 1876.
Ceratocapsus apicatus
Ceratocapsus apicatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Van Duzee in 1921. It is known from North America, with documented records from California. As a member of the Miridae, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of true bugs. The species is one of many in the diverse genus Ceratocapsus.
Ceratocapsus nigellus
Ceratocapsus nigellus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1923. It belongs to a diverse genus of mirid bugs found primarily in North America. The species is documented from the eastern and northeastern United States, including West Virginia. Like other members of the genus Ceratocapsus, it is attracted to lights at night and is considered a typical visitor to blacklight setups used in insect surveys.
Ceratocapsus pumilus
plant bug
Ceratocapsus pumilus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Uhler in 1887. It is found in North America, with records from the United States and Canada. As a member of the subfamily Orthotylinae, it belongs to a diverse group of mirid bugs that are commonly attracted to lights at night.
Ceratocapsus rubricornis
Ceratocapsus rubricornis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Knight in 1927. It is one of several Ceratocapsus species known to occur in North America. Like other members of its genus, it is attracted to blacklights at night, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns. The species epithet 'rubricornis' refers to reddish coloration of the antennae or horns.
Ceratomia undulosa
Waved Sphinx, Scorpion Moth
Ceratomia undulosa, commonly known as the waved sphinx, is a North American hawk moth (family Sphingidae) first described by Francis Walker in 1856. The species is notable for its specialized relationship with ash trees (Fraxinus) as a primary larval host, making it vulnerable to population declines following the spread of the emerald ash borer. Adults are strictly nocturnal and hide before dawn. The alternative common name "Scorpion Moth" stems from a misconception: the Guiana Striped Scorpion commonly preys on the moth's egg clusters, leading to erroneous beliefs that the moths give birth to scorpions.
Cerodontha magnicornis
Cerodontha magnicornis is a small leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. Larvae tunnel between the epidermal layers of grass blades and leaves of sedges and rushes, creating visible mines. Adults are attracted to blacklights and have been documented in early spring in North America. The genus Cerodontha contains numerous species with similar biology, many of which are difficult to distinguish without close examination.
Ceuthophilus californianus
California camel cricket
Ceuthophilus californianus, the California camel cricket, is a wingless orthopteran in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is native to California and adjacent regions of western North America. Like other camel crickets, it is adapted to dark, humid microhabitats and is primarily nocturnal. The species is part of a diverse genus of approximately 90 North American species, many of which are associated with caves, forests, and rocky terrain.
Ceuthophilus caudelli
Ceuthophilus caudelli is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae, first described by Hubbell in 1936. It belongs to a genus of approximately 90 native North American camel cricket species. Like other members of its genus, it is wingless, nocturnal, and associated with cool, damp habitats. The species is found in the southwestern United States.
Ceuthophilus conicaudus
conical-tailed camel cricket
Ceuthophilus conicaudus is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae, first described by Hubbell in 1936. It belongs to a genus of approximately 90 North American species commonly known as camel crickets or cave crickets. The specific epithet 'conicaudus' refers to a conical tail, distinguishing this species from relatives. Like other Ceuthophilus species, it is wingless, nocturnal, and associated with cool, damp habitats.
Ceuthophilus divergens
divergent camel cricket
Ceuthophilus divergens, the divergent camel cricket, is a wingless camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is native to North America, with documented records from Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Missouri. As a member of the genus Ceuthophilus, it shares the characteristic hump-backed appearance and exceptionally long antennae typical of camel crickets.
Ceuthophilus fusiformis
Fusiform Camel Cricket
Ceuthophilus fusiformis, the fusiform camel cricket, is a species of camel cricket native to North America, particularly the Central Plains. It is one of approximately 90 species in the genus Ceuthophilus, which represents the most common native camel crickets in North America. The species is characterized by its spindle-shaped (fusiform) body and coloration ranging from brown to tan and orange. Like other camel crickets, it is wingless, nocturnal, and adapted to dark, moist habitats.
Ceuthophilus guttulosus
Thomas' camel cricket
Ceuthophilus guttulosus, commonly known as Thomas' camel cricket, is a species of wingless orthopteran in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1869 and is native to North America. Like other members of the genus Ceuthophilus, it is adapted to cool, damp, dark habitats and possesses the characteristic hump-backed profile and elongated appendages typical of camel crickets.
Ceuthophilus guttulosus angulosus
Camel cricket, Cave cricket
Ceuthophilus guttulosus angulosus is a subspecies of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. As a member of the genus Ceuthophilus, it shares traits with other American camel crickets: wingless adults, humpbacked appearance, and elongated antennae adapted for navigation in dark environments. This subspecies has been documented in several eastern and midwestern U.S. states. Like other camel crickets, it is primarily associated with cool, damp, dark habitats and is nocturnal in activity.
Ceuthophilus guttulosus guttulosus
camel cricket, cave cricket
Ceuthophilus guttulosus guttulosus is a subspecies of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. Like other members of the genus Ceuthophilus, it is wingless and possesses exceptionally long antennae adapted for navigation in dark environments. The species exhibits the characteristic hump-backed appearance that gives camel crickets their common name. This subspecies has been recorded from several eastern and midwestern U.S. states.
Ceuthophilus guttulosus nigricans
Ceuthophilus guttulosus nigricans is a subspecies of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. Like other members of the genus Ceuthophilus, it is wingless, nocturnal, and adapted to dark, humid environments. The subspecies designation indicates darker coloration compared to the nominate form. It has been recorded in the eastern United States from Indiana to North Carolina.
Ceuthophilus guttulosus thomasi
Utah camel cricket
Ceuthophilus guttulosus thomasi is a subspecies of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is a native North American camel cricket belonging to the genus Ceuthophilus, which includes approximately 90 species. The subspecies was described by Hubbell in 1936. Like other camel crickets, it is wingless, nocturnal, and adapted to dark, damp environments. It is found in the eastern United States, with records from Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, New York, and Ohio.
Ceuthophilus hesperus
San Diego camel cricket
Ceuthophilus hesperus, commonly known as the San Diego camel cricket, is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is native to North America, with confirmed presence in California. Like other members of its genus, it is wingless and adapted to dark, moist habitats. The species was described by Hubbell in 1936.
Ceuthophilus maculatus
spotted camel cricket
Ceuthophilus maculatus, commonly known as the spotted camel cricket, is a wingless camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is distinguished by its humpbacked profile, spotted coloration, and notably long antennae. The species is native to North America and is frequently encountered in dark, humid microhabitats. Unlike many Orthoptera, males do not produce sound.
Ceuthophilus nodulosus
camel cricket, cave cricket
Ceuthophilus nodulosus is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is a wingless, humpbacked insect with exceptionally long antennae adapted for navigating dark environments. The species is found in North America, with records from Missouri, New Mexico, and Texas. Like other members of its genus, it inhabits cool, damp, dark microhabitats and is primarily nocturnal.
Ceuthophilus pallidus
plains camel cricket
Ceuthophilus pallidus, the plains camel cricket, is a native North American camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is distinguished from other Ceuthophilus species by its pale coloration and association with plains and grassland habitats rather than caves. The species is wingless and nocturnal, with exceptionally long antennae adapted for navigation in dark environments. It belongs to a genus of approximately 90 North American species, many of which are habitat specialists.
Ceuthophilus uhleri
Uhler's camel cricket
Ceuthophilus uhleri is a North American species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. Like other members of its genus, it is wingless and possesses exceptionally long antennae adapted for navigating dark environments. The species is found in the eastern and central United States, with records from Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. It inhabits cool, damp, dark microhabitats and is primarily nocturnal.
Ceuthophilus utahensis
Utah camel cricket
Ceuthophilus utahensis, the Utah camel cricket, is a wingless orthopteran in the family Rhaphidophoridae. The species is native to western North America, with documented occurrences in Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Like other camel crickets, it is adapted to dark, moist microhabitats. The species was described by Thomas in 1876.
Chalcoela iphitalis
Sooty-winged Chalcoela, Sooty-winged Chalcoela Moth
Chalcoela iphitalis is a small moth in the family Crambidae that functions as a brood parasite of social paper wasps. The species is notable for its striking coloration: the head, thorax, and anterior forewings are yellow-orange, while the posterior forewings and hindwings are gray-silver with black marginal spots. Adults are active from May to August across North America. The larvae are specialized predators of wasp pupae and pre-pupae within Polistes and Mischocyttarus nests, and represent a rare case of a lepidopteran acting as a parasitoid of hymenopterans.
Chalcoela pegasalis
wasp parasitizer moth
Chalcoela pegasalis, commonly known as the wasp parasitizer moth, is a small pyralid moth in the family Crambidae. The species was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is notable for its parasitoid lifestyle, with larvae developing inside the nests of paper wasps (Polistes species). The moth occurs across the Caribbean and eastern North America, with adults active during the warmer months.
Chanbria rectus
windscorpion, sun spider
Chanbria rectus is a species of solifuge (windscorpion or sun spider) in the family Eremobatidae, described by Muma in 1962. As a member of the order Solifugae, it is an arachnid characterized by large, powerful chelicerae and rapid movement. The species occurs in North America and is placed in the subfamily Therobatinae. Like other eremobatids, it is a fast-moving, primarily nocturnal predator adapted to arid and semi-arid environments.
Chauliodes
Spring and Summer Fishflies
Chauliodes is a genus of fishflies in the family Corydalidae, commonly known as spring and summer fishflies. The genus contains approximately five described species distributed in North America, including the well-known spring fishfly (C. rastricornis) and summer fishfly (C. pectinicornis). Adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to lights. The genus is distinguished from other fishflies by specific antennal and wing characteristics.
Cheiracanthium
Longlegged Sac Spiders, Yellow Sac Spiders
Cheiracanthium is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cheiracanthiidae, first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839. Commonly known as longlegged sac spiders or yellow sac spiders, the genus contains over 230 accepted species. These spiders are notable for their pale coloration, nocturnal hunting behavior, and habit of constructing silken retreats rather than permanent webs. They are frequently encountered in human dwellings, particularly in temperate regions, and have been the subject of controversy regarding their medical significance.
Cheiracanthium inclusum
black-footed yellow sac spider, American yellow sac spider, Agrarian Sac Spider
Cheiracanthium inclusum is a small, pale yellow spider native to the Americas, commonly known as the black-footed yellow sac spider or American yellow sac spider. It is an active nocturnal hunter that does not construct webs to capture prey, instead relying on speed and agility to pursue arthropods. The species builds small silk retreats during daylight hours and is frequently encountered both in natural vegetation and human dwellings. Despite historical misconceptions, its bite produces only localized symptoms without necrosis.
Cheiracanthium mildei
Northern Yellow Sac Spider, Long-legged Sac Spider
Cheiracanthium mildei is a medium-sized spider native to Europe and North Africa, introduced to North America and parts of South America. Adults measure 7–10 mm in body length with pale green or tan coloration, darker palpi and chelicerae, and characteristically long front legs up to twice the length of others. It constructs silken retreats rather than capture webs, hunting actively at night. The species is frequently encountered in human dwellings, particularly in northern regions of its introduced range, and has been documented to bite humans with generally mild effects.
Chihuahuanus
Chihuahuanus is a genus of scorpions in the family Vaejovidae, established in 2013 and endemic to northern Mexico. The genus comprises medium-sized scorpions that are not considered medically important to humans. Two described species, C. coahuilae and C. crassimanus, have been characterized for venom composition, revealing toxic fractions with lethal effects in mammals and insects and antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens.
Chihuahuanus coahuilae
Lesser Stripetail Scorpion
Chihuahuanus coahuilae, the Lesser Stripetail Scorpion, is a small scorpion species measuring 35–55 mm. It occurs in the Chihuahuan Desert region of Mexico and the southwestern United States. The species was originally described as Vaejovis coahuilae in 1968 and later transferred to the genus Chihuahuanus. It is a member of the family Vaejovidae, one of the most diverse scorpion families in North America.
Chilopoda
Centipedes
Chilopoda is a class of venomous, predatory arthropods comprising the centipedes. These elongated metameric animals possess one pair of legs per body segment, with leg counts ranging from 30 to 354 depending on species. Centipedes are distinguished from millipedes (class Diplopoda) by their single pair of legs per segment, flattened body profile, and venomous forcipules derived from modified first leg pairs. The class contains four extant orders: Scutigeromorpha (house centipedes), Lithobiomorpha (stone centipedes), Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes), and Scolopendromorpha (giant centipedes). All are obligate carnivores with predatory lifestyles.
Chimoptesis n-sp
Chimoptesis n-sp is an undescribed sheetweb weaver spider in the family Linyphiidae, recorded from Door County, Wisconsin. The specimen was observed on June 24, 2019, during a nocturnal survey of building exteriors. Linyphiidae spiders construct flat, convex, or concave sheet webs and hang inverted beneath them to capture prey.
Chlaenius
Vivid Metallic Ground Beetles
Chlaenius is a large and diverse genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising approximately 1,000 recognized species worldwide. The genus is most diverse in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions, though it also occurs extensively in the Palearctic, Near East, North Africa, and Nearctic realms. Members are commonly known as vivid metallic ground beetles due to their often striking metallic coloration. The genus is divided into numerous subgenera and includes species that serve as important biological indicators of soil health and agricultural practices.
Chlaenius ruficauda
Chlaenius ruficauda is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, native to North America with confirmed records from the United States and Mexico. As a member of the large genus Chlaenius, which contains approximately 1,000 species worldwide, this species shares the characteristic metallic coloration and predatory habits typical of the genus. The specific epithet 'ruficauda' refers to the reddish coloration of the abdomen or tail region. Like other Chlaenius species, it possesses chemical defense glands that emit aromatic compounds when disturbed.
Chlaenius tomentosus
Brown Chlaenius Carabid
Chlaenius tomentosus is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, native to North America. The species belongs to a large and diverse genus of predatory beetles found across multiple continents. Like other members of Chlaenius, it likely exhibits rapid running behavior and possesses chemical defense capabilities. The specific epithet "tomentosus" refers to a hairy or woolly appearance.
Chlaenius tricolor
Tricolored Harp Ground Beetle, Vivid Metallic Ground Beetle
Chlaenius tricolor is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, recognized by its vivid metallic coloration. The species ranges from southern Canada to Guatemala, with two recognized subspecies divided by the Rocky Mountains. It has been documented as a predator of slugs in agricultural settings and is considered sensitive to soil disturbance, making it a useful bioindicator of farming practices.
Chlorotabanus crepuscularis
Green Horse Fly
Chlorotabanus crepuscularis is the only green tabanid horse fly in North America. It is a blood-feeding species active primarily at night, with females using carbon dioxide sensing to locate mammalian hosts. The species has been recorded from Texas to Delaware, with peak adult activity in Florida occurring from May to mid-July. Larvae are predaceous and develop in moist soil and aquatic edge habitats.
Choristoneura obsoletana
Obsolete-banded Leafroller Moth
Choristoneura obsoletana is a leafroller moth in the family Tortricidae, found across the eastern and central United States with scattered western records. Adults have a wingspan of 21–24 mm and are active from April through December. The larvae feed on a diverse range of host plants including pawpaw, huckleberry, strawberry, blackberry, cattail, and several woody species such as paper birch, leatherleaf, and chokeberry.
Choristostigma
Choristostigma is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae, established by Warren in 1892. The genus contains approximately ten described species distributed across North America, including C. roseopennalis, which has been documented at ultraviolet and mercury-vapor light traps in mountain oak woodland habitats. Species within this genus are small to medium-sized crambid moths, though detailed morphological and biological information remains limited in the published literature.
Choristostigma elegantalis
Choristostigma elegantalis is a small crambid moth described by Warren in 1892. It is known from the western United States, with confirmed records from Arizona, California, and Washington. Adults are active from spring through early autumn, with forewings measuring 9–11.5 mm in length. The species exhibits distinctive pale yellow forewings marked with tawny patterns and yellowish-white hindwings with a dark central spot.
Choristostigma roseopennalis
Choristostigma roseopennalis is a small crambid moth described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is distributed across the southern and eastern United States and Mexico, with records from Arizona, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas. The species is distinguished by its bright coloration and has been documented at ultraviolet and mercury-vapor light traps in mountain oak woodland habitats.
Chrysina
Jewel Scarabs
Chrysina is a genus of large, charismatic scarab beetles commonly known as jewel scarabs. Adults are noted for their brilliant metallic iridescence, with coloration ranging from silver and gold to green, blue, and purple. The genus contains approximately 100 species distributed from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America to northern South America. Adults are nocturnal and readily attracted to lights. Larvae develop in decaying wood.
Chrysina gloriosa
glorious beetle, glorious scarab, Glorious Jewel Scarab
Chrysina gloriosa is a metallic green scarab beetle renowned for its striking iridescent appearance. Adults measure 20–30 mm in length and display bright green elytra with silver longitudinal stripes, though rare red and purple color forms occur. The species inhabits sky island mountain ranges in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where adults feed primarily on juniper foliage and larvae develop in decaying wood of Arizona sycamore. Active both diurnally and nocturnally, adults are most frequently encountered from June through August and are strongly attracted to ultraviolet light sources. The beetle's structural coloration arises from cholesteric liquid crystal organization of chitin molecules in the cuticle, producing optical properties that change with light incidence angle.
Chrysoperla rufilabris
Red-lipped Green Lacewing
Chrysoperla rufilabris, the red-lipped green lacewing, is a predatory insect in the family Chrysopidae native to eastern North America. Larvae are voracious predators of soft-bodied insects, particularly aphids, and are widely used as biological control agents in agricultural and ornamental systems. Adults are primarily nocturnal and are commonly attracted to artificial lights. The species has been extensively studied for its potential in integrated pest management, with research demonstrating its effectiveness against diverse prey including aphids, scale insects, and lepidopteran eggs.
Chrysoteuchia topiarius
Topiary Grass-veneer, Subterranean Sod Webworm, Cranberry Girdler
Chrysoteuchia topiarius is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of 17–20 mm, distributed across most of North America. Adults are active from late June to early August in a single annual generation. The species is known by multiple common names reflecting its larval habits: subterranean sod webworm refers to its grass-feeding larvae that live in silk-lined tunnels, while cranberry girdler indicates damage to cranberry plants. The species was first described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1866.
Chyphotes
Chyphotes is a genus of wasps in the family Chyphotidae comprising more than 50 described species distributed in the United States and Mexico. All females are wingless, and some males are also wingless. The genus is notable for its nocturnal activity pattern. Chyphotidae was formerly treated as a subfamily within Bradynobaenidae but is now recognized as a distinct family.
Chyphotidae
Chyphotid Wasps
Chyphotidae is a small family of wasps in the order Hymenoptera, recently separated from Bradynobaenidae based on molecular and morphological studies. The family contains two subfamilies: Chyphotinae (nocturnal) and Typhoctinae (diurnal). Females are wingless and resemble velvet ants (Mutillidae), but can be distinguished by a visible suture between the pronotum and mesonotum. Biological knowledge remains extremely limited, with only a single confirmed host association documented.
Chytolita morbidalis
Morbid Owlet, Morbid Owlet Moth
Chytolita morbidalis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as the Morbid Owlet. It is widely distributed across North America, ranging from coast to coast in the northern United States and Canada, extending south to North Carolina, Texas, and Florida. The species inhabits deciduous woodlands and forest edges. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Cicindelidia tenuisignata
Thin-lined Tiger Beetle
A tiger beetle species in the genus Cicindelidia, found in alkaline wetland margins and lake shores in the southwestern United States. Adults are active during late summer and fall, with records from September in New Mexico. The species is less commonly encountered than related alkali-adapted tiger beetles and is attracted to ultraviolet light at night.
Cicinnus
sack-bearer moths
Cicinnus is a genus of sack-bearer moths (family Mimallonidae) in the subfamily Cicinninae. Species in this genus are characterized by their uniformly pink or pale coloration and relatively simple wing patterns. The genus includes C. chambersi, described in 2020 from southeastern Arizona, which represents the first U.S. Cicinnus species described in nearly 50 years. C. melsheimeri is the most widespread North American species, while other species occur primarily in Mexico.
Cimex
bed bugs, bedbugs
Cimex is a genus of obligate hematophagous insects in the family Cimicidae, commonly known as bed bugs. The genus includes species specialized on different hosts, with C. lectularius (common bed bug) feeding primarily on humans and C. hemipterus (tropical bed bug) occurring in warmer regions. Other species such as C. pipistrelli, C. pilosellus, and C. adjunctus specialize on bats. Bed bugs are wingless, nocturnal parasites that have undergone global resurgence since the late 1990s, likely due to insecticide resistance, changes in pest control practices, and increased international travel.
Cisthene angelus
angel lichen moth
Cisthene angelus is a small moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Arctiinae, described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1904. It belongs to the lichen moth tribe Lithosiini, characterized by larvae that feed on lichens. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other tiger moths in the genus Cisthene, it likely produces ultrasonic clicks as a defense against bat predation, though this specific behavior has not been directly documented in C. angelus.
Cithaeronidae
Curly-legged Ground Spiders
Cithaeronidae is a small family of araneomorph spiders in the superfamily Gnaphosoidea, established by Simon in 1893. The family contains two genera—Cithaeron and Inthaeron—with approximately ten described species. Members are small, pale yellowish, fast-moving nocturnal hunters that construct silken retreats under rocks. Several species, notably Cithaeron praedonius, have been introduced to the Americas and Australia through human activity.
Clavigeritae
Clavigeritae is a supertribe of minute rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) comprising approximately 370 described species. These beetles are obligate myrmecophiles, living socially parasitic lives within ant colonies. The group exhibits extreme morphological specialization for this lifestyle, including body segment fusions and unique glandular structures. The 52-million-year-old fossil Protoclaviger trichodens from India represents the oldest known myrmecophilous beetle and reveals transitional features between ancestral and modern forms.
Clemensia umbrata
Little Shaded Lichen Moth
Clemensia umbrata is a moth in the family Erebidae, described by Packard in 1872. It is known as the Little Shaded Lichen Moth and occurs in forested regions of North America. The species belongs to the lichen moth tribe Lithosiini, whose larvae feed on lichens. Adults are nocturnal and are attracted to light.
Clepsis anderslaneyii
Clepsis anderslaneyii is a small tortricid moth described in 2009 from montane regions of southeastern Arizona. The species is known from three mountain ranges at elevations between 1,490 and 1,770 meters. Adults fly during summer months, with records from July to August. The species name honors the marriage of Sara Anderson and Malcolm Slaney.
Clepsis melaleucanus
Black-patched Clepsis Moth
Clepsis melaleucanus, the black-patched clepsis, is a tortricid moth species distributed across northern and eastern North America. As a member of the leafroller moth family Tortricidae, it shares the characteristic larval behavior of rolling or folding leaves to create shelters. The species has been recorded from Alberta to Newfoundland, extending south to North Carolina and Missouri. It is attracted to ultraviolet light sources, making it a regular visitor at moth observation events.
Clepsis peritana
garden tortrix, strawberry garden tortrix
Clepsis peritana is a small tortricid moth commonly known as the garden tortrix or strawberry garden tortrix. It occurs across North America from southern Canada through the United States, with additional populations in Spain and Cuba. The species is multivoltine, with adults active from March through September. Its larvae are leafrollers that feed on a diverse range of host plants including strawberries, citrus, and various ornamental and weedy species.
Clepsis virescana
Greenish Apple Moth, Light Brown Apple Moth
Clepsis virescana is a small tortricid moth native to North America. It inhabits shrubby open areas and aspen parkland across southern Canada and much of the United States. Adults fly from spring through late summer, with larvae feeding on leaves of Prunus and Rosa species.
Clivina fossor
Digger Slope-rumped Beetle
Clivina fossor is a ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae, described by Linnaeus in 1758. It is the largest species in its subfamily, characterized by fossorial (digging) adaptations including broad tarsal segments on the forelegs. The species exhibits a widespread Palaearctic distribution with introduced populations in North America, and shows flexible habitat use across grasslands, wetlands, woodlands, and agricultural areas. Adults are nocturnal and subterranean by day, while larvae live entirely underground.
Clubiona abboti
Clubiona abboti is a species of sac spider in the family Clubionidae, found in the United States and Canada. It is a nocturnal hunter that does not construct webs to capture prey. The species was described by L. Koch in 1866 and includes two recognized subspecies: C. a. abboti and C. a. abbotoides.
Clubiona johnsoni
Johnson's Sac Spider
Clubiona johnsoni is a species of sac spider in the family Clubionidae, described by Gertsch in 1941. It is found in the United States and Canada, with records from Alberta, Manitoba, and Ontario in Canada. Like other members of the genus Clubiona, it is a nocturnal hunting spider that does not build webs to capture prey. The species is distinguished from similar genera by possessing a distinct groove in the center of its carapace and a tuft of curved setae on the front edge of the abdomen.
Clubiona lutescens
yellow sac spider, sac spider
Clubiona lutescens is a sac spider in the family Clubionidae, found across Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus, Russia through Kazakhstan, Korea, and Japan. It has been introduced to North America. The species constructs silken retreats rather than prey-capture webs and hunts actively on foot. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed in both natural and human-modified habitats.
Clubiona riparia
Riparian Sac Spider
Clubiona riparia is a sac spider species in the family Clubionidae. It is known from a broad geographic range spanning northern Eurasia and North America. The specific epithet 'riparia' refers to its association with riparian habitats. Like other Clubiona species, it constructs silken retreats rather than prey-capture webs and hunts actively.
Clubiona saltitans
Clubiona saltitans is a sac spider in the family Clubionidae, described by Emerton in 1919. The species name "saltitans" (Latin for "jumping" or "dancing") may allude to its active movement. Sac spiders in this genus are wandering hunters that construct silken retreats rather than prey-capture webs. They are primarily nocturnal predators of small insects and other arthropods. The genus Clubiona is distinguished from similar sac spiders by the presence of a distinct groove in the center of the carapace and a tuft of curved setae on the front edge of the abdomen.
Cnemotettix spinulus
Cnemotettix spinulus is a species of camel cricket in the family Anostostomatidae, described by Rentz and Weissman in 1973. It belongs to a genus of small, wingless orthopterans found in western North America. The species is known from very few observations, reflecting either genuine rarity or cryptic habits. Like other members of Anostostomatidae, it is likely nocturnal and ground-dwelling.
Coelocnemis
darkling beetles, broad-necked darkling beetles
Coelocnemis is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, containing approximately seven described species distributed across western North America. These large, flightless beetles are primarily associated with coniferous forest habitats, particularly pine and oak-conifer woodlands, where they are active nocturnally. The genus is distinguished from superficially similar darkling beetles by distinctive morphological features, including parallel lines of yellow pubescence on the inner tibial surfaces.
Coelocnemis punctata
Coelocnemis punctata is a darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, one of seven species in the genus Coelocnemis found in western North America and adjacent southern Canada. The genus is characterized by distinct parallel lines of yellow pubescence on the inner surface of the tibiae, a feature used to distinguish it from the superficially similar genus Eleodes. Adults are flightless, with fused elytra that reduce water loss, and are typically associated with pine forests and oak-conifer woodlands rather than desert ecosystems.
Coelocnemis rugulosa
Coelocnemis rugulosa is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by Doyen in 1973. It belongs to a genus of seven species found in western North America and adjacent southern Canada. Like other Coelocnemis species, it is a flightless, nocturnal beetle adapted to xeric forest habitats. The genus is distinguished from the superficially similar Eleodes by having distinct parallel lines of yellow pubescence on the inner surface of the tibiae.
Coelocnemis sulcata
Coelocnemis sulcata is a nocturnal tenebrionid beetle found in coniferous woodlands of the southwestern United States. The species has been documented on the trunks of Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) at night, where it has been observed in mating pairs. It occurs at moderate to high elevations in southwestern Utah, with records from approximately 6000 feet. Activity peaks in late summer, with observations in September.
Coelostoma
Coelostoma is a diverse genus of water scavenger beetles in the family Hydrophilidae, first described by Brullé in 1835. The genus comprises approximately 111 described species and is considered one of the most species-rich genera within Hydrophilidae. Members are found across the Old World, primarily in the Oriental, Afrotropical, and Palearctic regions, with limited representation in the Australian region. The genus is absent from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, where related genera occupy similar ecological niches.
Coenopoeus
Coenopoeus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lamiinae, tribe Acanthocinini. The genus contains two described species: Coenopoeus niger and Coenopoeus palmeri. These beetles are associated with cactus habitats, with C. palmeri specifically documented as feeding on staghorn cacti (Cylindropuntia species). Adults are nocturnal and feed externally on cactus tissues, while larvae are internal miners within cactus stems.
Coenopoeus palmeri
Coenopoeus palmeri is a cactus-associated longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) and the sole member of its genus. Described by LeConte in 1873, it is specialized on staghorn cacti (Cylindropuntia spp.), with larvae mining internally within cactus stems and adults feeding externally at night. The species is found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, with adults active primarily in spring and summer.
Colobochyla interpuncta
Yellow-lined Owlet, Swamp Belle
Colobochyla interpuncta, known as the yellow-lined owlet or swamp belle, is a small erebid moth found in North American wetlands. Adults have a wingspan of 20–24 mm and are active from April through September, with multiple generations per year in southern portions of its range. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. Larvae are known to feed on willow (Salix).
Colomychus talis
distinguished colymychus moth
Colomychus talis is a crambid moth occurring in the southeastern United States and Mexico. Adults are active from May through August. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1878 and is recorded from ten U.S. states.
Coloradia velda
Velda Pine Moth
Coloradia velda is a species of giant silk moth in the family Saturniidae, described by Johnson and Walter in 1981. It belongs to the genus Coloradia, which comprises pine-feeding moths distributed across western North America. The species is known from limited records and appears to be associated with pine forests. Adults are nocturnal and do not feed; larvae feed on pine needles. The sex pheromone has been characterized chemically, with (E4,Z9)-tetradecadienal identified as a key component.
Colpotrochia trifasciata
A small ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Metopiinae, averaging 6-10 millimeters in body length. Females possess a very short ovipositor used to lay eggs in caterpillars, particularly leafrollers in the family Tortricidae. The wasp larva develops inside the host, consuming it without disrupting the caterpillar's life cycle until after it pupates; an adult wasp emerges from the host pupa rather than a moth. One of two Colpotrochia species recorded in Massachusetts, with a range extending from the Atlantic coast to barely west of the Mississippi River.
Comadia dolli
Comadia dolli is a small moth in the family Cossidae (carpenter or goat moths), first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1923. It is known from the southwestern United States, with records from Arizona, California, Nevada, and New Mexico. Adults are active during the summer months from May through August. The species is one of several in the genus Comadia, which are generally associated with desert and aridland habitats.
Comadia redtenbacheri
agave red worm, chinicuil, gusano rojo del maguey
Comadia redtenbacheri is a moth in the family Cossidae, commonly known as the agave red worm or chinicuil. It is a specialist phytophagous species whose larvae bore into Agave plants, particularly the rhizomes. The species has significant cultural and economic importance in Mexico as a traditional food source. Adults are small moths with forewings 12–14 mm in males and 13–16 mm in females. The species has a long, non-uniform life cycle that can exceed one year.
Conchylodes concinnalis
Double-ringed Conchylodes
Conchylodes concinnalis is a small crambid moth found in Mexico and the south-eastern United States, with western extensions to Arizona and southern California. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 23–24 mm and display distinctive white wings marked with black bands and spots. The species is active from March through September, with adults attracted to light. The specific epithet 'concinnalis' and common name 'Double-ringed Conchylodes' reference the prominent paired dark markings on the forewings.
Conchylodes ovulalis
Zebra Conchylodes Moth
Conchylodes ovulalis, commonly known as the Zebra Conchylodes Moth, is a small crambid moth notable for its striking black-and-white striped wing pattern. The species was described by Guenée in 1854 and occurs across a broad range from the eastern United States through Mexico and Central America to northern South America. Adults are frequently attracted to artificial light sources and are most commonly encountered during summer months. The distinctive zebra-striped coloration is presumed to function in camouflage, though experimental evidence for this is lacking.
Condica
Condica is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae. The designation "n-sp" indicates an undescribed or unidentified species within this genus. Species in Condica are generally medium-sized noctuid moths with cryptic coloration. The genus is part of the diverse owlet moth fauna of North America.
Condica albigera
boneset groundling
Condica albigera, commonly known as the boneset groundling, is a noctuid moth native to North America. The species is associated with boneset plants (Eupatorium species), which serve as host plants for its larvae. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The specific epithet 'albigera' refers to white markings on the wings.
Condica n-sp-three
Condica n-sp-three is an undescribed species within the genus Condica, a group of moths in the family Noctuidae. As a provisional designation ("n-sp-three"), this taxon has not received formal scientific description and lacks published morphological or ecological documentation. The genus Condica comprises small to medium-sized owlet moths primarily distributed in the New World. Species in this genus are generally nocturnal and exhibit cryptic coloration.
Coniontis
Coniontis is a genus of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) in the tribe Coniontini. The genus was established by Eschscholtz in 1829 and contains multiple species distributed primarily in western North America. These beetles are generally associated with arid and semi-arid habitats. The genus is well-represented in entomological collections and citizen science observations.
Coniontis lata
Coniontis lata is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1866. The genus Coniontis comprises elongate, somewhat flattened beetles found in western North America. Members of this genus are characterized by their parallel-sided body form and relatively smooth elytra. Like other tenebrionids, they are primarily nocturnal and associated with arid or semi-arid environments.
Conservula anodonta
Sharp Angle Shades
Conservula anodonta, known as the sharp angle shades, is a noctuid moth species native to North America. Adults are medium-sized with distinctive wing markings and are active during summer months. The species is associated with forested habitats and exhibits typical nocturnal behavior of its family, including attraction to light sources.
Coprini
Coprini is a tribe of dung beetles within the scarab subfamily Scarabaeinae, comprising over 900 species across 21 genera. Members are characterized as tunnelers that bury dung in shallow tunnels for nest construction. The tribe exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution with particular diversity in tropical regions. Taxonomic boundaries of Coprini remain provisional, with phylogenetic relationships and generic placements subject to ongoing revision.
Corethrellidae
frog-biting midges
Corethrellidae are a family of tiny hematophagous flies in the order Diptera. The family contains a single genus, Corethrella, with approximately 105 extant and seven fossil species worldwide. Females are obligate external parasites of frogs, locating hosts by eavesdropping on male anuran mating calls using their Johnston's organ. The family has a fossil record extending to the Lower Cretaceous, approximately 110 million years ago.
Corydalus texanus
Western Dobsonfly
Corydalus texanus is a large megaloopteran insect commonly known as the Western Dobsonfly. Adults are among the largest winged insects in their range, with males distinguished by elongated sickle-shaped mandibles used in combat with rivals. Females possess shorter but powerful jaws capable of delivering a painful bite. The aquatic larval stage, known as hellgrammites, are predaceous and serve as important indicators of stream health. Adults are attracted to lights and may be observed near water bodies at night.
Cossidae
carpenter millers, cossid millers, goat moths, carpenter moths
Cossidae, commonly known as carpenter millers or goat moths, is a family of large moths in the order Lepidoptera. The family contains over 110 genera with nearly 700 described species, with many more awaiting description. Members are found worldwide and are predominantly nocturnal, with the exception of the Southeast Asian subfamily Ratardinae. The family includes some of the largest moths by mass, such as Endoxyla cinereus, which can weigh up to 30 grams with a wingspan reaching 23 centimeters. Many species are economically significant as wood-boring pests, while others have cultural importance as food sources.
Cotalpa lanigera
Goldsmith beetle
Cotalpa lanigera, known as the Goldsmith beetle, is a scarab beetle in the subfamily Rutelinae. Adults measure 19–26 mm and are active nocturnally during late spring and early summer. The species is distributed across eastern and central North America, with records from Canada and the northeastern United States.
Coxina
Coxina is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Calpinae, established by Guenée in 1852. The genus contains eight described species distributed from the southern United States through Mexico, Central America, and South America to Argentina. Species in this genus are nocturnal and belong to the diverse owlet moth group.
Crambidia xanthocorpa
Yellow-bodied Lichen Moth
Crambidia xanthocorpa, commonly known as the Yellow-bodied Lichen Moth, is a species of lichen moth in the family Erebidae. Described by Lewis in 2014, it is a relatively recently recognized species within the genus Crambidia. The species is characterized by its distinctive yellow coloration, which is reflected in both its specific epithet (xanthocorpa, meaning 'yellow body') and its common name. It belongs to a genus of moths whose larvae are known to feed on lichens.
Crambus laqueatellus
Eastern Grass-veneer
Crambus laqueatellus, commonly known as the Eastern Grass-veneer, is a moth species in the family Crambidae. It was described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. The species is widespread across eastern and central North America, with adults active from spring through late summer. Larvae are grass-feeders, making this species a typical member of the grass-veneer group within Crambus.
Crangon septemspinosa
sand shrimp, seven-spined bay shrimp
Crangon septemspinosa is a small caridean shrimp distributed along the Atlantic coast of North America from Newfoundland to eastern Florida. Adults reach 7–7.5 cm in length and exhibit sand-colored camouflage. The species is nocturnal, with activity levels and respiration rates increasing at higher temperatures. It occupies diverse marine habitats from intertidal zones to depths of 450 m, including eelgrass beds, salt marshes, and estuaries. Reproductive timing varies geographically: northern populations show bimodal spawning in spring and late autumn, while southern Gulf of St. Lawrence populations reproduce more continuously through spring and summer with reduced autumn activity.
Creontiades
green mirids, verde plant bugs
Creontiades is a genus of plant bugs (family Miridae) comprising over 50 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Several species are significant agricultural pests, particularly of cotton, where they damage developing reproductive structures. The genus exhibits broad host plant associations, with some species showing high mobility between natural vegetation and crop systems.
Crocidosema aporema
bean shoot moth
Crocidosema aporema is a Neotropical tortricid moth and significant agricultural pest of legumes, particularly soybean, in the southern cone of South America. The species originated in Central America and has spread throughout South America, where it causes economic damage by larval feeding on vegetative plant parts, flowers, and developing seeds. Adults are nocturnal, with females exhibiting characteristic calling behavior during the scotophase to attract mates. The species is monoandrous and has been subject to increasing study due to its pest status and the need for integrated pest management strategies.
Cryphoeca
Cryphoeca is a genus of small araneomorph spiders first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1870. The genus name derives from Greek meaning "hidden," reflecting its reclusive habits beneath loose bark and within stone walls. The genus contains twelve described species with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and Asia. Cryphoeca species are nocturnal and among the larger members of their subfamily, reaching nearly eight millimeters in body length.
Cryphoeca montana
Cryphoeca montana is a species of true spider in the family Cybaeidae, originally described by Emerton in 1909. It is a nocturnal spider belonging to the subfamily Cryphoecinae, which was historically classified within the family Hahniidae. The species occurs in forested habitats of the United States and Canada, where it has been documented from under bark on dead trees, in leaf litter, moss, and beneath stones.
Cryptoglossa variolosa
Black Death-feigning Beetle
Cryptoglossa variolosa is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, commonly known as the Black Death-feigning Beetle. It occurs in arid regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States. The species is notable for its ability to feign death (thanatosis) when disturbed. It is one of several Cryptoglossa species adapted to desert environments.
Ctenolepisma
Ctenolepisma is a genus of primitive wingless insects in the order Zygentoma, family Lepismatidae. The genus comprises approximately 75 extant species distributed nearly worldwide in warm regions, with some species occurring both indoors and outdoors while others are found exclusively in natural habitats. Unlike the closely related silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) and firebrat (Thermobia domestica), many Ctenolepisma species are less dependent on human habitation. Australia lacks native species but hosts introduced populations. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with ICZN Opinion 2427 (2018) establishing the neuter gender of Lepisma and related genera, resulting in species epithet changes such as Ctenolepisma longicaudatum (formerly longicaudata).
Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
gray silverfish, long-tailed silverfish, paper silverfish
Ctenolepisma longicaudatum is a synanthropic silverfish species first described from South Africa in 1905, now distributed worldwide in human dwellings. It has become a significant indoor pest in Europe since the early 2000s, particularly in newly constructed buildings with stable climates. The species damages cellulose-based materials including books, documents, and textiles, and can survive extended periods without food.
Cucullia alfarata
Camphorweed Owlet, camphorweed cucullia
Cucullia alfarata is a noctuid moth species found in North America. The common name 'Camphorweed Owlet' references its association with camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), a known host plant for larvae of this genus. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species belongs to the subfamily Cuculliinae, a group whose larvae typically feed on the flowers and seeds of Asteraceae.
Cucullia umbratica
shark moth
Cucullia umbratica, commonly known as the shark moth, is a noctuid moth first described by Linnaeus in 1758. The species is widely distributed across Europe and has been recorded in North America. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The common name derives from the larval form, which has a distinctive shark-like profile.
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern House Mosquito
Culex quinquefasciatus, the southern house mosquito, is a medium-sized brown mosquito distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is a significant disease vector, transmitting pathogens including West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti), and potentially Zika virus. The species is taxonomically part of the Culex pipiens species complex and is one of the most abundant peridomestic mosquitoes globally. Its genome was sequenced in 2010, revealing 18,883 protein-coding genes.
Cutina distincta
Distinguished Cypress Owlet, Distinct Cutina Moth
Cutina distincta is a species of owlet moth in the family Erebidae, native to North America. The species is assigned Hodges number 8729 in the North American moth numbering system. Commonly known as the distinguished cypress owlet or distinct cutina moth, it belongs to a genus of relatively small, nocturnal moths. The specific epithet 'distincta' refers to its distinguishing characteristics, though detailed morphological descriptions are not well documented in available sources.
Cybaeus signifer
Night-hunting Woodland Spider
Cybaeus signifer is a species of true spider in the family Cybaeidae, described by Eugène Simon in 1886. It is distributed across the United States and Canada. The species belongs to the marronoid group of spiders, a diverse clade that has been subject to recent phylogenetic revision using genetic data from museum specimens.
Cychrus tuberculatus
tuberculate rare snail-eating beetle
Cychrus tuberculatus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Carabinae, commonly known as the tuberculate rare snail-eating beetle. First described by T.W. Harris in 1839, this species is notable for its specialized diet of snails and its brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal adults. It inhabits coniferous forests, forest clearings, and moraines in western North America, with documented populations in British Columbia, Quebec, California, Oregon, and Washington. The species is considered rare and has specific habitat requirements tied to forested environments.
Cyclocephala parallela
Cyclocephala parallela is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by Casey in 1915. It belongs to the genus Cyclocephala, commonly known as masked chafers, whose larvae are significant turfgrass pests. The species occurs in parts of Florida and adjacent southeastern states, where its white grub larvae feed on grass roots.
Cyclocephala robusta
Cyclocephala robusta is a species of masked chafer beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1863. It belongs to the subfamily Dynastinae, though unlike many members of this group it lacks the large horns characteristic of the subfamily. The species is native to the south-central and southeastern United States. Like other Cyclocephala species, it likely has a life cycle involving root-feeding larval stages and adult beetles that do not feed on plants.
Cyclocephalini
Masked Chafers and Rice Beetles
Cyclocephalini is a tribe of scarab beetles within the subfamily Dynastinae, comprising 14 genera and over 500 species. The tribe includes the most speciose genus of dynastines, Cyclocephala, with more than 350 species. Members are primarily Neotropical in distribution and are commonly known as masked chafers and rice beetles. These beetles are strongly associated with flowers, serving as pollinators and florivores, with many species exhibiting specialized relationships with palm inflorescences and other flowering plants.
Cyclophora dataria
A small geometrid moth found in western North American oak woodlands. Adults have a wingspan of 23–25 mm and are active in late spring and summer. The larvae feed exclusively on Quercus species and can be found in July and August. As a member of Geometridae, larvae possess reduced prolegs (two or three pairs), producing the characteristic looping locomotion of inchworms.
Cydia latiferreana
Filbertworm Moth
Cydia latiferreana, the filbertworm moth, is a small tortricid moth (wingspan approximately 18 mm) found across most of North America. Adults are active from July to October, with timing varying by location. The species is a significant agricultural pest, particularly of hazelnut orchards in the Pacific Northwest, and also infests acorns of multiple oak species. Larvae develop inside nuts, reducing germination success and crop viability.
Cylas
sweet potato weevils
Cylas is a genus of sweet potato weevils comprising over 20 described species, classified in the monogeneric tribe Cyladini within the subfamily Brentinae. The genus contains major agricultural pests, particularly Cylas formicarius, which is considered the most serious pest of sweet potato worldwide. Several species including C. formicarius, C. brunneus, and C. puncticollis are known to infest sweet potato crops, causing substantial economic losses through damage to storage roots and vines.
Cylas formicarius
Sweet Potato Weevil
Cylas formicarius is a globally significant pest of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), causing 30-100% yield losses in over 80 countries. The species exhibits a highly cryptic lifestyle: larvae feed internally within vines and tubers, making chemical control ineffective once infestation occurs. Adults are nocturnal and migratory, with sexual dimorphism in antennae structure. The weevil has been designated a quarantine pest worldwide due to its economic impact on food security and agricultural trade.
Cymatophora approximaria
Giant Gray Moth
A large geometrid moth native to North America, notable for its substantial size and muted gray coloration. Adults are active during warmer months and are attracted to light. The species is relatively well-documented through citizen science observations.
Cymodusa distincta
Cymodusa distincta is a small species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae. The species was described by Cresson in 1864 and has been documented in Canada, with distribution records from Edmonton and Elbow. It has been observed during blacklighting surveys in spring, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns typical of many ichneumonid wasps.
Cyphoderris
Hump-winged Grigs
Cyphoderris is a genus of primitive orthopterans known as hump-winged grigs, representing a relict lineage of the ancient family Haglidae (now Prophalangopsidae). These cold-adapted, nocturnal insects are restricted to high-elevation coniferous forests and sagebrush meadows of western North America. Males produce acoustic signals by rubbing their forewings together to attract females. The genus exhibits unusual reproductive biology in which females feed on male metathoracic wing tissue during copulation, and males provide substantial proteinaceous spermatophores. Only three species are currently recognized: C. strepitans, C. buckelli, and C. monstrosa.
Cysteodemus
Desert Spider Beetles, inflated beetle, black bladder-bodied meloid
Cysteodemus is a genus of desert spider beetles in the family Meloidae, containing at least two described species: C. armatus (inflated beetle) and C. wislizeni (black bladder-bodied meloid). The genus is characterized by a highly inflated, bladder-like body form that gives these beetles their common names. Species are found in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Sexual behavior in Cysteodemus represents an intermediate condition between the two major subfamilies of blister beetles, featuring simple courtship, prolonged mating, and high female receptivity.
Daihinibaenetes arizonensis
Arizona giant sand treader cricket
Daihinibaenetes arizonensis is a wingless orthopteran in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to sand dune habitats near Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. It is among the largest members of its genus, with collected specimens exceeding 2 cm in length. The species exhibits nocturnal activity and specialized fossorial behavior, digging burrows up to 18 inches deep in sand. It is active primarily in spring and is presumed to perish during summer heat.
Daihiniodes hastifera
Arizona sand-treader cricket
Daihiniodes hastifera is a flightless cricket known as the Arizona sand-treader cricket. It belongs to the family Rhaphidophoridae, commonly called camel crickets or cave crickets. The species is endemic to arid regions of western North America. Its common name reflects its specialized adaptation to sandy desert habitats.
Danosoma brevicorne
Short-horned Click Beetle
Danosoma brevicorne is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. It has been recorded from multiple Canadian provinces including Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. The species appears to be nocturnally active and has been observed in association with woody debris and forested habitats.
Darapsa myron
Virginia creeper sphinx, Green Grapevine Sphinx
Darapsa myron is a sphinx moth native to central and eastern North America. Adults have a wingspan of 2–3 inches, with green-brown striped forewings and orange hindwings. Larvae, known as hornworms, feed on Virginia creeper and grape family plants. The species produces multiple broods annually, with larvae capable of maturing in as few as three weeks. Adults are nocturnal, visiting lights and sugar baits, and are most active from sunset to midnight.
Dasylophia saturata
Dasylophia saturata is a species of moth in the family Notodontidae, described by Barnes in 1901. It belongs to the subfamily Nystaleinae, a group of prominent moths. The genus Dasylophia is characterized by distinctive morphological features including prominent tufts and modified setae on the body. As with other notodontid moths, adults are nocturnal and larvae feed on woody plants.
Daulia arizonensis
Daulia arizonensis is a small moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1957. The species has a wingspan of approximately 18 mm. It exhibits a disjunct distribution pattern, occurring in the southwestern United States (Arizona and Texas) and extending southward through Mexico to Argentina.
Deilelater
Glowing Click Beetles
Deilelater is a genus of bioluminescent click beetles established in 1975 by Cleide Costa. Most of its seven species were transferred from the genus Pyrophorus. Adults possess lateral luminous spots on the prothorax and a small lamellate abdominal luminous organ. The genus occurs from the southeastern United States through Mexico, Central America, and western South America.
Deinopidae
Net-casting Spiders, Ogre-faced Spiders
Deinopidae is a family of cribellate spiders known for their distinctive net-casting hunting strategy. They construct small rectangular capture webs held between their elongated front legs, which they stretch to two or three times their relaxed size before propelling themselves forward to entangle prey. The family includes three genera: Deinopis and Asianopis (ogre-faced spiders with enlarged posterior median eyes for night vision), and Menneus (humped-back spiders lacking enlarged eyes). These spiders are sit-and-wait predators with excellent night vision, hunting primarily after dark while resting cryptically during daylight hours.
Deinopis
net-casting spiders, gladiator spiders, ogre-faced spiders, American Ogre-faced Spiders
Deinopis is a genus of net-casting spiders characterized by their distinctive hunting strategy of throwing a rectangular cribellate web at prey. The genus is distinguished by enlarged posterior median eyes that are among the most light-sensitive of any animal, enabling nocturnal hunting. These spiders exhibit specialized sensory adaptations including the use of trichobothria and slit sensillae on their legs to detect prey vibrations and sounds. The genus has a tropical and subtropical distribution with a complex biogeographic history involving Gondwanan origins and subsequent dispersal events.
Deleaster dichrous
Deleaster dichrous is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) native to the Western Palaearctic, with established introduced populations in northeastern North America. Adults measure 6.5–8 mm and display distinctive coloration with dark brown head and abdomen contrasting with orange antennae, legs, and thorax. The species occupies diverse open habitats from grasslands to coastal areas and exhibits nocturnal tendencies, with adults active primarily in spring and summer.
Dendrocerus
Dendrocerus is a genus of megaspilid wasps in the family Megaspilidae, comprising more than 100 described species. Members of this genus are hyperparasitoids, primarily attacking aphid parasitoids in the family Braconidae (Aphidiinae), particularly Aphidius species. The genus is characterized by elaborate branched antennae and specialized morphological adaptations for host location and exploitation. Some species exhibit nocturnal activity patterns and unique extrication structures for emerging from hosts.
Dendroides canadensis
fire-colored beetle, Canada Fire-colored Beetle
Dendroides canadensis, commonly known as the fire-colored beetle or Canada Fire-colored Beetle, is a species in the family Pyrochroidae. Adults range from 7 to 16 mm in length and display distinctive coloration with black head and elytra contrasting with reddish-brown thorax and legs. The species is notable for having both freezing tolerance and freezing susceptibility (supercooling) adaptations, representing the first documented instance of overwintering by switching between these two mechanisms. Larvae inhabit the cambial layer under bark of decaying hardwood logs.
Dermaptera
Earwigs
Earwigs comprise the insect order Dermaptera, with approximately 2,000 species in 12 families. They are distinguished by forceps-like cerci at the abdomen tip and hindwings folded beneath short forewings, giving rise to the order name meaning 'skin wings.' Most species are nocturnal, hiding in dark moist places during daylight. While some groups are tiny parasites lacking typical pincers, the majority are free-living and found on all continents except Antarctica.
Desmia desmialis
Desmia desmialis is a small crambid moth described from Arizona in 1914. The species is recognized by its distinctive wing pattern featuring multiple white patches on brown forewings and semiparallel dark lines on the hindwings. It belongs to a genus containing several similar North American species, including the grape leaffolder Desmia funeralis.
Desmiphora hirticollis
A longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lamiinae, characterized by dense tufts of erect hairs that provide remarkable crypsis against tree bark. Adults are strictly nocturnal and hide on the undersides of freshly cut logs during daylight hours. The species occurs from southern Texas through South America, with documented associations with trees in the family Boraginaceae as larval hosts.
Diachrysia balluca
green-patched looper, hologram moth
Diachrysia balluca is a large noctuid moth occurring in northeastern North America, recognized by its metallic green forewing patches. Adults are active from May through September, with peak abundance in July. The species inhabits mature poplar and mixedwood forests, where larvae feed on woody plants including quaking aspen and Canadian woodnettle. It produces one brood annually.
Diaphania lualis
Diaphania lualis is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of approximately 19 mm. It occurs in the Caribbean, Mexico, and the southern United States. Adults have been documented in Florida during two distinct periods: September through January and May through June.
Diaphania nitidalis
pickleworm, pickleworm moth
Diaphania nitidalis is a significant agricultural pest of cucurbit crops, particularly damaging to squash, cucumbers, and melons. Adults are nocturnal moths with iridescent brown wings marked by yellow bands and white borders. Larvae feed voraciously on reproductive tissues, flowers, and fruits, often burrowing into fruit flesh. The species is tropical in origin and intolerant of cold temperatures, limiting its permanent range to southern North America and tropical regions, though it migrates northward seasonally.
Diapheromera covilleae
creosote bush walkingstick
Diapheromera covilleae, the creosote bush walkingstick, is a wingless stick insect endemic to the Sonoran Desert region. Adults range from 5–10 cm in length with pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are larger, grey in coloration, and 3–4 cm longer than males, which are brown. The species exhibits strong host-plant fidelity to creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and related desert vegetation. It is strictly nocturnal and highly cryptic, making detection difficult despite being locally abundant.
Diastema n-sp
Diastema n-sp is a sheetweb weaver spider in the family Linyphiidae, recorded from the exterior of a woodshed in northern Door County, Wisconsin during a nocturnal survey. The specimen was an unidentified male observed on June 24, 2019, in a cool, wet forested area on the shore of Lake Michigan. No further details about this particular species' biology are available from this record.
Dichagyris arabella
cutworm, dart moth
Dichagyris arabella is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Dyar in 1901. It is classified within the subfamily Noctuinae and is native to North America. The species has been documented through limited observations, with 14 records on iNaturalist. Like other members of the genus Dichagyris, it is likely nocturnal and associated with open habitats.
Dichelonyx truncata
Dichelonyx truncata is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae, tribe Dichelonychini. It is native to western North America, with records from the western United States and southwestern Canada. The species was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1856. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with open, often xeric habitats in the interior west.
Dichomeris delotella
Dichomeris delotella is a small gelechiid moth described by August Busck in 1909. It occurs in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Adults are active from spring through early autumn, with phenology varying by region.
Dichorda
Dichorda is a genus of emerald moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Geometrinae. The genus was erected by Warren in 1900 and currently contains nine recognized species distributed primarily in North America. Species such as Dichorda iridaria (showy emerald moth) are known for their distinctive green coloration and are attracted to ultraviolet light at night. The genus is part of the diverse Geometridae family, commonly known as inchworm or geometer moths.
Dichoxenus
Dichoxenus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae. A 2024 taxonomic revision recognized 25 species, including 17 newly described from Mexico and the southern United States. The genus was expanded through synonymy of Anametis and transfer of several species from other genera. Most species are nocturnal and associated with vegetation, though some occur in leaf litter and three species are known or suspected to be cave-dwelling.
Dichoxenus setiger
Dichoxenus setiger is a broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae, tribe Byrsopagini. The species was described by Horn in 1876. A 2024 taxonomic revision of the genus Dichoxenus clarified that D. setiger does not include the former subspecies D. setiger arkansasensis, which was synonymized with D. granulatus. The genus comprises 25 species distributed in North America, primarily Mexico and the southern United States.
Dicromantispa
Dicromantispa is a genus of mantidflies in the family Mantispidae, comprising approximately 10 described species. Mantidflies in this genus are predatory insects characterized by raptorial forelegs adapted for capturing prey. They are attracted to artificial light sources and are active during warmer months. The genus was established by Hoffman in 2002.
Dicromantispa sayi
Say's mantidfly
Dicromantispa sayi, commonly known as Say's mantidfly, is a small predatory insect in the family Mantispidae. Adults measure 14–15 mm and are recognized by their raptorial forelegs resembling those of praying mantises. The species exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism in coloration, with females typically darker than males. It is found across North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, where it inhabits forest edges and prairies. Adults are active from mid-July through early September, peaking at the end of July. The species has a specialized life cycle in which larvae are obligate predators of spider eggs.
Dictis striatipes
Striped Spitting Spider
Dictis striatipes is a spitting spider in the family Scytodidae, known for the common name "Striped Spitting Spider." The species has been introduced to regions outside its native range, including Hawaii, Mexico, and Yemen. As a member of Scytodidae, it possesses the characteristic spitting ability that defines this family—immobilizing prey by ejecting a mixture of silk, venom, and adhesive from the chelicerae. It is a synanthropic species often found in human-modified environments.
Dictyonia
Dictyonia n-sp is an undescribed species of sheetweb weaver spider (family Linyphiidae) documented from Door County, Wisconsin, USA. It was recorded during a nocturnal survey of building exteriors in a forested lakeshore habitat. As a member of Linyphiidae, it constructs a flat, sheet-like web and hunts by hanging inverted on the web surface.
Diestrammena
Asian camel cricket, cave cricket, greenhouse camel cricket
Diestrammena is a genus of camel crickets (family Rhaphidophoridae) native to Asia, including Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Several species have become invasive in North America, particularly in residential basements, garages, and caves. These wingless crickets are characterized by their humpbacked appearance, extraordinarily long antennae, and powerful jumping legs. Research has shown that Asian camel crickets now dominate indoor environments in many parts of the eastern United States, having largely displaced native camel cricket species.
camel-cricketcave-cricketinvasive-speciesbasement-pestAsiaNorth-Americacave-ecosystemscavengerwinglessautotomygut-microbiomekeystone-speciesDiestrammena-japanicaDiestrammena-asynamoraTachycines-asynamorusRhaphidophoridaeOrthopteranocturnalthigmotaxisurban-ecologycave-adaptationmorphological-plasticitycompetitive-displacementgreenhouse-pestfish-baitDigrammia
granite moths, angle moths
Digrammia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, erected by Carl Freiherr von Gumppenberg in 1887. The genus is now frequently treated as a synonym of Semiothisa, though many species continue to be referenced under the Digrammia name. It includes approximately 50 described species, many of which bear common names referencing their angular wing patterns or granitic coloration. Species such as Digrammia californiaria (California granite moth), D. colorata (creosote moth), and D. continuata (curve-lined angle moth) are among the better documented members.
Digrammia atrofasciata
Broad-lined Angle
Digrammia atrofasciata is a species of geometrid moth described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1876. It belongs to the family Geometridae, commonly known as inchworm or geometer moths. The species is found in North America and has been documented through over 2,700 observations on iNaturalist. Like other members of its genus, it is a nocturnal species attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Digrammia burneyata
Digrammia burneyata is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, first described by McDunnough in 1939. It belongs to a genus of moths commonly known as granite moths, characterized by their cryptic coloration. The species is recorded from North America, though specific details about its biology and ecology remain limited. Its Hodges number is 6376.
Digrammia continuata
curve-lined angle
Digrammia continuata, commonly known as the curve-lined angle, is a moth species in the family Geometridae. It occurs across North America from New Brunswick to Florida, west to California and north to Manitoba. The species is part of a diverse genus of geometrid moths often referred to as "granite moths" or "angles."
Digrammia denticulata
Digrammia denticulata is a species of geometrid moth first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1883. It belongs to the genus Digrammia, which comprises North American granite moths. The species has been recorded from the Canadian prairie provinces and is part of the diverse Geometridae family, commonly known as inchworm or geometer moths. Like other members of its genus, it is attracted to ultraviolet light and has been documented through blacklighting surveys.
Digrammia eremiata
Digrammia eremiata is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. The genus Digrammia includes species commonly referred to as "granite moths" or "angles," though specific common names for D. eremiata are not documented. The species is part of a diverse North American moth fauna that has been studied through blacklighting surveys and museum collections. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Digrammia excurvata
Digrammia excurvata is a species of geometrid moth first described by Packard in 1874. It belongs to the genus Digrammia, which includes numerous North American species commonly known as granite moths. The species is documented from North America, though specific details regarding its biology and ecology remain limited in published sources.
Digrammia imparilata
Digrammia imparilata is a species of geometrid moth described by Ferguson in 2008. It belongs to the genus Digrammia, a group commonly known as granite moths. The species is known from North America. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Digrammia minuta
Digrammia minuta is a small geometer moth in the family Geometridae, native to North America. The genus Digrammia includes numerous small, cryptically colored species that rely on camouflage against bark and vegetation. Like other members of this genus, D. minuta is likely active at night and attracted to artificial light sources. Very little specific information has been published about the biology of this particular species.
Digrammia muscariata
Oak Angles and Allies
Digrammia muscariata is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It has been recorded at blacklighting displays in California, where it is attracted to ultraviolet light sources. The species was originally described as Tephrina muscariata by Guenée in 1858. Three subspecies are recognized: D. m. muscariata, D. m. respersata, and D. m. teucaria.
Digrammia ocellinata
Faint-spotted Angle, Locust Looper
Digrammia ocellinata is a geometrid moth commonly known as the faint-spotted angle or locust looper. First described by Achille Guenée in 1857, it occurs across the eastern United States and southern Canada. The species is notable for its larval association with leguminous trees, particularly black locust and honey locust.
Digrammia pictipennata
Digrammia pictipennata is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Hulst in 1898. It belongs to the genus Digrammia, which contains species commonly known as granite moths. The species is recorded from both North America and Central America. Like other members of its family, it is a nocturnal moth attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Digrammia rippertaria
northern granite
Digrammia rippertaria, commonly known as the northern granite, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Duponchel in 1830 under the basionym Phasiane rippertaria. It is distributed across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America, with confirmed records from Canadian provinces including Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The species belongs to the genus Digrammia, which includes other granite moths.
Digrammia setonana
Digrammia setonana is a species of geometrid moth described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1927. It belongs to the family Geometridae, a large group commonly known as inchworm or geometer moths. The species is native to North America and is part of the diverse genus Digrammia, which includes numerous species with cryptic, stone-mimicking wing patterns. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Digrammia subminiata
Vermilion Granite Moth, vermillion granite, dark-waved angle
A small geometrid moth of western North America, first described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1873. Adults are active in late spring and summer. The species is associated with willow hosts.
Digrammia triviata
Digrammia triviata is a species of geometrid moth first described in 1917 by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough. It belongs to the family Geometridae, commonly known as inchworm or geometer moths. The species is distributed across North America. As with other members of the genus Digrammia, it is a nocturnal species attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Digrammia yavapai
New Mexico Locust Angle
Digrammia yavapai is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Grossbeck in 1907. It is known from North America and has been assigned MONA/Hodges number 6393. The species is part of a diverse genus of moths commonly known as "granite moths" or "angle moths" due to their characteristic wing patterns.
Dioryctria auranticella
ponderosa pineconeworm moth
Dioryctria auranticella is a small pyralid moth whose larvae develop inside the cones of ponderosa pine and knobcone pine. Adults are active in mid-summer and are attracted to lights. The species is restricted to western North America, where it functions as a cone pest with potential impact on pine seed production.
Dioryctria subtracta
Dioryctria subtracta is a small snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Carl Heinrich in 1956. It is known only from New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The species belongs to a genus whose larvae are commonly called coneworm moths due to their habit of feeding within conifer cones. Adult moths are attracted to lights at night.
Dioryctria taedivorella
Lesser Loblolly Pine Coneworm Moth, Lesser Loblolly Pineconeworm Moth
Dioryctria taedivorella is a small snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described in 1989 from specimens in the southeastern United States. The species is a specialist feeder on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), with larvae developing within pine cones. It represents one of approximately 40 North American species in the genus Dioryctria, most of which are conifer cone or shoot feeders.
Diplocentrus
Toothed Scorpions
Diplocentrus is a genus of scorpions in the family Diplocentridae, commonly known as toothed scorpions. The genus contains more than 60 described species distributed primarily in Central America, Mexico, and the southwestern United States. Species in this genus are characterized by their elongated pedipalps and distinctive tooth-like structures on the chelicerae. The genus includes both mainland and island-dwelling species, with documented occurrences in the Chisos Mountains of Texas and Islas de la Bahía in Honduras.
Diploschizia impigritella
yellow nutsedge moth, five-barred glyphipterid moth
A minute sedge moth with a wingspan of 7–9 mm, described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1862. Adults are active from early May to early November across much of North America. The larvae are stem borers in yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), making this species a potential biocontrol agent against this agricultural weed.
Diplotaxis abnormis
Diplotaxis abnormis is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The species was described by Fall in 1909 and belongs to the tribe Diplotaxini. It is distributed in the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico) and northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora). Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, it is likely a nocturnal species that congregates on vegetation to detect pheromone trails for mate location.
Diplotaxis beyeri
Diplotaxis beyeri is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae, and tribe Diplotaxini. The species was described by Schaeffer in 1907. It occurs in the southwestern United States and northeastern Mexico. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, adults are typically nocturnal and may be found on low vegetation.
Diplotaxis bidentata
Diplotaxis bidentata is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America. The species is a small chafer that has been observed congregating on low vegetation, apparently to detect pheromone trails in search of mates.
Diplotaxis blanchardi
Diplotaxis blanchardi is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae, described by Vaurie in 1956. The species is known from scattered records across the central and eastern United States. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to lights. The species has been documented in sand dune habitats and grassland environments.
Diplotaxis brachyptera
A small scarab beetle in the genus Diplotaxis, family Scarabaeidae, described by Patricia Vaurie in 1960. The species name 'brachyptera' (short-winged) suggests reduced flight capability. Records indicate presence in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other Diplotaxis species, adults are likely nocturnal and may aggregate on vegetation.
Diplotaxis brevicollis
short-necked scarab
Diplotaxis brevicollis is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The species is distributed across western North America from Canada through the Rocky Mountains to Mexico. Adults are known to aggregate on low vegetation, apparently to detect pheromone trails for mate location. The specific epithet 'brevicollis' refers to the short-necked appearance of this beetle.
Diplotaxis brevisetosa
Diplotaxis brevisetosa is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, tribe Diplotaxini, described by Linell in 1897. It is a small chafer beetle occurring in the Nearctic region, specifically known from Texas. Like other members of its genus, it is attracted to lights at night and has been observed congregating on low vegetation. The specific epithet 'brevisetosa' refers to short setae (bristles), a distinctive morphological feature of this species.
Diplotaxis connata
Diplotaxis connata is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Schaeffer in 1905. It belongs to the tribe Diplotaxini within the subfamily Melolonthinae. The species is known from North America, with records from Arizona. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, adults are typically attracted to lights at night and may be found on low vegetation.
Diplotaxis cribulosa
Diplotaxis cribulosa is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1856. The species is classified in the subfamily Melolonthinae and tribe Diplotaxini. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate D. c. cribulosa and D. c. sinaloa described by Vaurie in 1958. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, this species is attracted to lights at night, where males have been observed congregating on low vegetation to detect pheromone trails of females.
Diplotaxis curvaticeps
Diplotaxis curvaticeps is a species of scarab beetle described by Fall in 1909. It belongs to the subfamily Melolonthinae, a group commonly known as May or June beetles and chafers. The species is distributed across parts of Central America and North America, with documented occurrences in the southwestern United States (Texas) and several Mexican states including Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, and Tamaulipas. As a member of the genus Diplotaxis, it is part of a group of small scarab beetles often associated with sandy habitats and nocturnal activity patterns.
Diplotaxis fimbriata
May beetle, junebug
Diplotaxis fimbriata is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly referred to as a May beetle or junebug. The species was described by Fall in 1909 and occurs in the western Nearctic region. It is found in California (USA) and Baja California (Mexico), representing a relatively restricted geographic range within the genus Diplotaxis. Like other members of the tribe Diplotaxini, adults are likely nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Diplotaxis fissilabris
A small scarab beetle in the genus Diplotaxis, first described by Fall in 1909. Members of this genus are commonly known as chafers and are typically nocturnal, attracted to lights. The specific epithet "fissilabris" refers to a cleft or split lip, likely describing a distinctive labral feature. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
Diplotaxis frondicola
May beetle, junebug
Diplotaxis frondicola is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae, commonly known as a May beetle or junebug. It belongs to a large genus of small chafers distributed across North America. The species was first described by Thomas Say in 1825. Like other Diplotaxis species, adults are typically attracted to lights at night and are often observed on vegetation.
Diplotaxis harperi
Diplotaxis harperi is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by Blanchard in 1851. It belongs to the subfamily Melolonthinae, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles. The species is distributed across North America, with records from numerous U.S. states spanning from the Atlantic coast to the Great Plains and Southwest. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, it is likely nocturnally active and associated with vegetation.
Diplotaxis haydenii
Diplotaxis haydenii is a small scarab beetle (family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae) in the tribe Diplotaxini. The genus Diplotaxis comprises small chafers, and D. haydenii is one of approximately 200 species in this primarily New World genus. It is known from western North America, with records from the Rocky Mountain region and adjacent areas. Like other Diplotaxis species, adults are attracted to lights at night and have been observed congregating on low vegetation.
Diplotaxis knausii
Diplotaxis knausii is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Schaeffer in 1907. It belongs to the subfamily Melolonthinae (chafers) and tribe Diplotaxini. The species is known from arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Diplotaxis lengii
Diplotaxis lengii is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The genus Diplotaxis contains numerous small chafers, many of which are attracted to lights at night. This species was described by Fall in 1909 and is known from the southern United States, particularly Louisiana and Texas. Members of this genus are often observed congregating on low vegetation, apparently to intercept pheromone trails in search of mates.
Diplotaxis liberta
Diplotaxis liberta is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The species occurs across eastern North America from Canada to the southeastern United States, with additional records from the Caribbean. Adults are nocturnal and have been observed aggregating on low vegetation, apparently to detect pheromone trails while searching for mates. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, this species is difficult to identify without examination of male genitalia.
Diplotaxis mentalis
Diplotaxis mentalis is a small scarab beetle species described by Henry C. Fall in 1909. It belongs to the chafer subfamily Melolonthinae and tribe Diplotaxini. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, adults are nocturnally active and frequently attracted to lights.
Diplotaxis mimosae
Diplotaxis mimosae is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae, and tribe Diplotaxini. The species was described by Fall in 1909. It is known from the southwestern United States (Arizona) and northwestern Mexico (Sonora). Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, it is likely attracted to pheromones and may be found on low vegetation.
Diplotaxis moerens
Diplotaxis moerens is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by LeConte in 1856. The species is distributed across Central America and North America. Two subspecies are recognized: D. m. moerens and D. m. peninsularis. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, adults are small chafers that are frequently attracted to lights at night.
Diplotaxis muricata
Diplotaxis muricata is a small scarab beetle species in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The genus Diplotaxis comprises chafers—small to medium-sized scarabs often attracted to lights at night. The species was described by Schaeffer in 1907 and is known from the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Like other Diplotaxis species, adults are likely nocturnal and may be found on low vegetation.
Diplotaxis obscura
Diplotaxis obscura is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is distributed across western and central North America, with records from the United States and Canada. The species belongs to the genus Diplotaxis, a group of small chafers often attracted to lights at night. Limited specific ecological information is available for this species.
Diplotaxis pubipes
Hairy-footed Diplotaxis
Diplotaxis pubipes is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The species was described by Schaeffer in 1907 and is known from the southern United States (Texas) and Mexico (San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz). Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, it is attracted to lights at night and has been observed congregating on low vegetation, presumably to detect pheromone trails of potential mates.
Diplotaxis pumila
Diplotaxis pumila is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae, described by Fall in 1909. It belongs to the genus Diplotaxis, a group of chafers known for their nocturnal aggregation behavior on vegetation where males intercept female pheromone trails. The species is documented from the southwestern United States, particularly Arizona. Like other members of its genus, it is likely attracted to lights at night and may be active during summer months following rainfall events.
Diplotaxis rudis
Diplotaxis rudis is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by LeConte in 1859. It belongs to the subfamily Melolonthinae and tribe Diplotaxini. The species is found in North America, with records from Kansas, North Dakota, and Texas. Very little specific information about its biology or ecology has been documented in the available literature.
Diplotaxis saylori
Diplotaxis saylori is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae, first described by Cazier in 1940. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, it is a chafer beetle with adults that are attracted to lights at night. The species is known from the southwestern United States, specifically Arizona. Little detailed biological information has been published for this particular species.
Diplotaxis sordida
Diplotaxis sordida is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1825. It is a small chafer beetle found across eastern and central North America, from Canada through the eastern United States. The species is part of the diverse genus Diplotaxis, which includes numerous similar small scarab species that are often attracted to lights at night. Like other members of its genus, D. sordida is likely nocturnally active and associated with herbaceous vegetation.
Diplotaxis subangulata
Diplotaxis subangulata is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae, described by LeConte in 1856. The genus Diplotaxis comprises small chafers, and this species occurs across western North America from British Columbia to Baja California, with records throughout the southwestern United States. Adults have been observed congregating on low vegetation, apparently to intercept pheromone trails in search of mates. The species is attracted to lights at night.
Diplotaxis subcostata
Diplotaxis subcostata is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The species was described by Blanchard in 1851 and is distributed across the eastern and southern United States. Like other members of the genus Diplotaxis, it is attracted to lights at night and has been observed congregating on low vegetation, possibly in association with pheromone trails.
Diplotaxis truncatula
Diplotaxis truncatula is a small scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. The species was described by LeConte in 1856 and is distributed across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It belongs to a genus of chafers commonly attracted to lights at night.
Disteniinae
disteniid longhorn beetles
Disteniinae is a subfamily of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) comprising approximately 400 described species, primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Adults are characterized by their elongated, slender bodies, long filiform antennae that often exceed body length, and frequently metallic coloration. The group has undergone significant taxonomic revision, having been treated historically as a tribe within Lepturinae or Cerambycinae, as a separate subfamily, and even as a distinct family (Disteniidae) before current consensus places it as a subfamily within Cerambycidae. The North American fauna is depauperate, with Elytrimitatrix undata being the sole representative in the United States.
Dolba hyloeus
Pawpaw Sphinx
Dolba hyloeus, the pawpaw sphinx, is a moth in the family Sphingidae. It is the only species in the genus Dolba. The species is found throughout the eastern United States, where it has been documented from Maine to Florida and west to Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Texas. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The common name reflects the larval association with pawpaw trees (Asimina species).
Dolomedes scriptus
striped fishing spider
Dolomedes scriptus, the striped fishing spider, is a large semi-aquatic hunting spider native to North America. Females can exceed 6 cm in legspan. The species is distinguished by pale brown coloration with lighter stripes on the legs and a longitudinal stripe along each side of the body. It is closely related to D. tenebrosus and shares the genus's characteristic ability to hunt on and near water surfaces.
Donacaula n-sp-three
Donacaula n-sp-three is an undescribed species within the Crambidae family, currently recognized only by a provisional designation. Species in this genus are associated with wetland and marsh habitats, where larvae develop on emergent aquatic plants. Adults are generally nocturnal and attracted to light. The specific identity and distribution of this nominal species remain unresolved pending formal taxonomic description.
Doru aculeatum
spine-tailed earwig
Doru aculeatum, commonly known as the spine-tailed earwig, is a native North American species in the family Forficulidae. It is the only native earwig species in the northern United States, ranging into southern Canada. The species is notable for the male's distinctive short thornlike spine between the cerci, a feature absent in other regional earwigs. It occurs in wooded and grassy habitats and is frequently attracted to outdoor lights at night.
Drapetisca
sheetweb weavers
Drapetisca is a genus of dwarf sheetweb spiders in the family Linyphiidae, first described by Anton Menge in 1866. Members are exceptionally small, with females measuring 4–5 mm and males 3–4 mm in body length. These spiders are highly specialized tree trunk dwellers that construct minimal, nearly invisible sheet webs. The genus currently comprises approximately 7 species distributed across the Holarctic region, including North America, Europe, Asia, and Japan.
Drapetisca alteranda
Northern Long-toothed Sheetweaver
Drapetisca alteranda is a small sheetweb weaver spider in the family Linyphiidae, notable for its highly specialized microhabitat on tree trunks. Females measure only 4-4.5 mm in body length. The species is nocturnal and exceptionally well-camouflaged, sitting motionless on extremely thin sheet webs that are nearly invisible against bark. It is atypical among linyphiids in its hunting posture and web structure, resembling ambush-hunting spiders rather than typical sheetweb weavers.
Drassodes
Stone Spiders
Drassodes is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as stone spiders. They are medium-sized spiders typically found in dry habitats beneath rocks or bark. The genus contains approximately 162 species and is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere.
Drassodes auriculoides
Drassodes auriculoides is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Barrows in 1919. It is known from the United States and belongs to a genus of nocturnal, ground-dwelling hunters that do not build webs to capture prey. The species epithet 'auriculoides' refers to ear-like structures, likely describing a morphological feature of the copulatory organs. As with many Drassodes species, detailed natural history information remains limited.
Drassyllus covensis
Drassyllus covensis is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Exline in 1962. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized nocturnal spiders commonly found in leaf litter and soil habitats. The species is known from the United States, though specific details about its biology remain poorly documented.
Drassyllus proclesis
Drassyllus proclesis is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Chamberlin in 1922. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized nocturnal spiders commonly found in leaf litter and soil habitats. The species is documented from the United States, though specific details about its biology remain limited.
Drassyllus prosaphes
Drassyllus prosaphes is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Chamberlin in 1936. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized nocturnal hunting spiders commonly found in leaf litter and soil habitats. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other members of Gnaphosidae, it lacks a permanent web and actively pursues prey.
Drasteria convergens
Drasteria convergens is a species of moth in the family Erebidae, first described from the San Bernardino Mountains in California. It is a relatively small nocturnal moth with a wingspan of approximately 42 mm. The species belongs to a genus known for owlet moths that often employ startle defense tactics with concealed brightly-colored hindwings.
Drasteria divergens
Drasteria divergens is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Behr in 1870. The species has a wingspan of approximately 44 mm. Adults are active from March through August in California, with a broader distribution spanning from California to Colorado and northward to British Columbia. This species belongs to a genus known for underwing moths that typically display cryptic forewings and brightly colored hindwings used in startle defense.
Drasteria edwardsii
A moth in the family Erebidae found along the Pacific coast of North America from Washington through Oregon to California. Adults are active in late summer and fall, with bright coloration on the hindwings that is concealed at rest and flashed as a startle defense. The species is named in honor of Henry Edwards, a prominent 19th-century entomologist.
Drepanidae
Hooktip and False Owlet Moths, hook-tip moths
Drepanidae is a family of moths comprising approximately 660 described species worldwide. The family is divided into three subfamilies—Drepaninae (hook-tips), Thyatirinae (false owlets), and Cyclidiinae—which share a distinctive type of hearing organ. Many species exhibit a characteristic hook-shaped apex on the forewing, the trait responsible for their common name. The larvae are notable for their tapered, pointed posterior and a resting posture with both head and tail elevated.
Drepanoidea
Hooktip Moths and Allies, hook tip moths
Drepanoidea is a superfamily of Lepidoptera comprising approximately 1,000 species commonly known as hooktip moths and allies. The group includes the families Drepanidae (hooktip moths), Eupterotidae, and Bombycidae, though family-level composition varies among classifications. Members are characterized by distinctive wing shapes and are primarily nocturnal. The superfamily has been subject to significant taxonomic revision, with relationships to Geometroidea remaining a focus of phylogenetic research.
Dynastes grantii
Grant's Hercules Beetle, Western Hercules Beetle
Dynastes grantii is a large rhinoceros beetle native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adult males possess prominent thoracic horns used in combat, while females lack horns entirely. The species exhibits distinctive grayish-white elytra often marked with irregular black spots. With a body length ranging from 3.5 to 6.0 cm, it is among the largest beetles in its range. The species has a prolonged life cycle, with larvae requiring approximately two years to develop before pupation.
Dypterygia
Dypterygia is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, tribe Dypterygiini. The genus comprises approximately 16 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with records from Europe, North America, and Asia. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light; at least some species respond to fermenting bait mixtures. Larval stages and host plant associations remain poorly documented for most species.
Dysdera
woodlouse hunter, sowbug killer, slater-eating spider, woodlouse spider, pillbug hunter
Dysdera is a genus of spiders in the family Dysderidae, first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804. The genus originated from Central Asia to Central Europe and has since spread globally through human commerce. Members are specialized predators of woodlice (terrestrial isopods), using enlarged chelicerae and long fangs to pierce their armored prey. The genus exhibits remarkable adaptive radiation, particularly on oceanic islands—most notably the Canary Islands, where 48 endemic species occur. Dysdera crocata, the cosmopolitan woodlouse hunter, is the only widespread species outside its native range and the sole representative in North America.
Dysdera crocata
Woodlouse Spider, Woodlouse Hunter, Sowbug Hunter, Sowbug Killer, Pillbug Hunter, Slater Spider
Dysdera crocata is a specialized spider predator native to the Mediterranean region of Europe that has become established worldwide through human commerce. It is the only representative of the family Dysderidae in North America. Despite its formidable appearance—featuring disproportionately large chelicerae and long fangs—it poses no significant danger to humans. The species has been the subject of recurring internet hoaxes falsely claiming it is a new, deadly spider. It is primarily nocturnal and strongly associated with human-modified environments, particularly where its woodlouse prey abounds.
Dysderidae
woodlouse hunters, sowbug-eating spiders, cell spiders, woodlouse hunter spiders
Dysderidae is a family of araneomorph spiders commonly known as woodlouse hunters or sowbug-eating spiders. The family is found primarily in Eurasia and North Africa, with one species, Dysdera crocata, introduced worldwide. Members are characterized by six eyes arranged in a semicircle, enlarged chelicerae with long fangs, and haplogyne genitalia lacking a sclerotized epigyne in females. The two largest genera, Dysdera and Harpactea, comprise most of the family's approximately 665 species.
Dysodia
Window-winged Moths
Dysodia is a genus of window-winged moths in the family Thyrididae, characterized by translucent square or rectangular spots on their wings. These moths are larger and heavier-bodied than the related genus Thyris, and are strictly nocturnal. At least four species occur in the United States, with additional undescribed species present in southern Texas. The genus belongs to a predominantly tropical family with over 760 species worldwide.
Dysodia
Window-winged moths
Dysodia is a pantropical genus of moths in the family Thyrididae, described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. The genus is found on all continents except Australia and contains approximately 30 species. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights. Larvae are leaf-rollers that use silk to tie leaves of host plants.
Dyspteris abortivaria
Bad-wing Moth, the bad-wing
Dyspteris abortivaria, commonly known as the Bad-wing Moth, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. The common name refers to its distinctive wing morphology, where the hindwings are notably reduced in size compared to the forewings. It is found throughout North America and is one of the more frequently observed geometrid moths, with over 6,000 documented observations.
Eacles imperialis imperialis
Imperial moth
Eacles imperialis imperialis is a subspecies of giant silk moth in the family Saturniidae. Adults are large, colorful moths with yellow and purple-brown patterning. Unlike many related silk moths, larvae do not spin silk cocoons; instead they burrow into soil to pupate. The subspecies has experienced significant population declines in parts of New England, including extirpation from Connecticut, though it remains widespread across much of North, Central, and South America.
Eacles imperialis nobilis
Texas Imperial Moth
Eacles imperialis nobilis is a variety of the Imperial moth, commonly known as the Texas Imperial Moth. As a member of the giant silk moth family Saturniidae, it is a large, nocturnal species with vestigial adult mouthparts and larvae that feed on diverse woody vegetation. The variety designation suggests geographic differentiation within the broader Eacles imperialis complex, which ranges from Canada to Argentina. Like other Imperial moth populations, this variety faces threats from light pollution, habitat destruction, pesticides, and introduced parasitoid flies.
Eacles oslari
Oslar's eacles, Oslar's Imperial Moth
Eacles oslari is a large silk moth in the family Saturniidae, native to the Sky Islands region of southeastern Arizona and adjacent northern Mexico. Adults display variable wing coloration ranging from yellow to purple-brown. The species was described by Walter Rothschild in 1907 and named after Ernest J. Oslar, the first entomology curator of the Colorado Museum of Natural History. Adults are active during the summer monsoon season and are known to be vulnerable to bat predation.
Eburia
Eburia is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, tribe Eburiini) established by Lacordaire in 1830. Species within this genus are attracted to ethanol and wine-based baits, with E. quadrigeminata being frequently documented in bait trap studies across Missouri and surrounding regions. The genus occurs in both eastern and western North America, with some evidence suggesting regional species replacement patterns.
Ectrichodiinae
Millipede Assassin Bugs
Ectrichodiinae are a large subfamily of assassin bugs comprising more than 600 species in approximately 115 genera. They are specialized predators of millipedes, capable of circumventing the noxious chemical defenses of their prey. The subfamily exhibits notable diversity in coloration, with both cryptic and aposematic patterns, including bright metallic blue, red, or yellow and black combinations. Females frequently show wing reduction and extreme sexual dimorphism.
Ectropis crepuscularia
Small Engrailed, Engrailed
Ectropis crepuscularia, commonly known as the Small Engrailed, is a geometer moth in the family Geometridae. The species exhibits extreme variation in color and pattern, ranging from distinct markings to nearly plain individuals. It occurs across a broad geographic range including North America, Europe, and Asia, with two generations per year in most regions. The species has been subject to taxonomic debate regarding whether it represents a single species or a complex of closely related forms.
Ecyrus
Ecyrus is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lamiinae, tribe Pogonocherini. The genus was established by LeConte in 1852 and contains eight recognized species distributed in North America, primarily in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light.
Ecyrus dasycerus
Rough-coated Longhorned Beetle
Ecyrus dasycerus is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1827. It is known from North America, with records from the United States and Mexico. The species exhibits two recognized subspecies: the nominate E. d. dasycerus and E. d. floridanus described by Linsley in 1935. Like other members of the subfamily Lamiinae, it is a wood-associated beetle whose larvae develop in dead or dying woody plants.
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penicillatus
Ecyrus penicillatus is a species of longhorn beetle (family Cerambycidae) described by Henry Walter Bates in 1880. The species occurs in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and the southern United States. It is a member of the subfamily Lamiinae and tribe Pogonocherini. Observations indicate adults are attracted to ultraviolet light at night.
Edia semiluna
A small crambid moth described by John Bernhardt Smith in 1905. Forewings measure 8–10 mm in length. Adults have been recorded in May, August, and October. The species occurs in southern Arizona and Mexico.
Efferia apache
Efferia apache is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Wilcox in 1966. The genus Efferia comprises predatory flies known for their aggressive hunting behavior. Records indicate this species has been observed in western Texas, specifically in juniper chaparral habitat at Gold Mine Canyon in Val Verde County. Adults have been collected at mercury-vapor lights, suggesting nocturnal or crepuscular activity patterns. The species name "apache" likely references the Apache peoples or geographic regions of the southwestern United States.
Efferia latruncula
Efferia latruncula is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, first described by Williston in 1885. It belongs to the large genus Efferia, which contains numerous species distributed primarily in arid and semi-arid regions of North and South America. Like other robber flies, it is a predatory insect that captures other arthropods in flight. The specific epithet 'latruncula' is Latin for 'little robber' or 'brigand,' reflecting the predatory habits characteristic of the family.
Efferia tagax
Arizona Club-legged Hammertail
Efferia tagax is a robber fly species in the family Asilidae, first described by Williston in 1885. It occurs in the southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, where it has been recorded at mercury-vapor lights in juniper chaparral habitat. The species belongs to a diverse genus of predatory flies commonly known as club-legged hammertails. Like other Efferia species, it likely exhibits typical robber fly predatory behavior, ambushing and capturing other insects in flight.
Egira dolosa
Lined Black Aspen Woodling
Egira dolosa is a noctuid moth species described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1880. It occurs across North America, with confirmed records in Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan) and the United States (Vermont). The species belongs to the genus Egira, which includes several species whose larvae feed on woody plants. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Egira februalis
mottled oak woodling moth, mottled oak woodling
Egira februalis is a noctuid moth commonly known as the mottled oak woodling. It is a late-winter to early-spring flier found in oak-dominated habitats of western North America. The species exhibits lichen-mimicking coloration and is nocturnal, readily attracted to artificial lights. Its larvae are specialized feeders on oaks (Quercus spp.).
Elaphidionopsis
Elaphidionopsis is a monotypic genus of longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) established by Linsley in 1936. The genus contains a single species, Elaphidionopsis fasciatipennis, described by Linsley and Chemsak. The genus belongs to the tribe Elaphidiini within the subfamily Cerambycinae. Based on field observations, adults of the type species have been collected at mercury-vapor and ultraviolet lights in juniper chaparral habitats in west Texas.
Elaphria
Midgets
Elaphria is a genus of small moths in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as "midgets." The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1818 and contains approximately 100 described species distributed primarily in the Americas. These moths are typically attracted to light and are frequently encountered by entomologists using blacklight traps.
Elaphria cornutinis
Dark-winged Festive Midget
Elaphria cornutinis, known as the Dark-winged Festive Midget, is a small owlet moth in the family Noctuidae. The species belongs to a genus of moths commonly referred to as "midgets" due to their diminutive size. Like other Elaphria species, it is nocturnal and has been documented at blacklight traps. The specific epithet "cornutinis" suggests a relationship to horn-like structures, though detailed morphological descriptions are limited in available sources.
Elaphria exesa
Exesa Midget Moth
Elaphria exesa, commonly known as the Exesa Midget Moth, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It was first described by Guenée in 1852. The species is native to North America and is attracted to blacklight, a common method for observing nocturnal moths. It is assigned Hodges number 9682 in the North American moth numbering system.
Elaphria trolia
A small North American owlet moth in the family Noctuidae. Adults are attracted to light sources. The species is part of the diverse Elaphria genus, which includes several similar-looking small moths often active in autumn.
Elaphria versicolor
Variegated Midget
Elaphria versicolor, commonly known as the variegated midget, is a small noctuid moth native to north-eastern North America. The species has a wingspan of approximately 22 mm and is active from May to July. Larvae feed on conifers and certain hardwood trees.
Eleodes acuta
desert stink beetle
Eleodes acuta is a large desert stink beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. It is closely related to and frequently confused with E. suturalis, with which it shares similar size, coloration, and habitat preferences. The species occurs in the Great Plains and southwestern United States, including areas of South Dakota and New Mexico. It is primarily nocturnal and exhibits the defensive head-stand behavior characteristic of the genus Eleodes.
Eleodes delicata
clown beetle
Eleodes delicata is a species of clown beetle (family Tenebrionidae) described by Blaisdell in 1929. It belongs to a large genus of darkling beetles known for defensive head-stand behavior. The species is recorded from Mexico, though detailed biological information appears limited in published literature. Like other Eleodes species, it is presumed to be nocturnal and ground-dwelling.
Eleodes hirsuta
Hairy Stink Beetle, Hairy Eleodes
Eleodes hirsuta is a large darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to western North America, recognized by its conspicuously hairy body and defensive chemical-secreting behavior. The species belongs to the 'clown beetle' group, known for their characteristic head-stand posture when threatened. Adults are primarily nocturnal and active during warmer months in arid and semi-arid grassland habitats.
Eleodes obscura
Obscure Darkling Beetle
Eleodes obscura is a large darkling beetle species in the genus Eleodes, native to western North America. Adults measure 23–31 mm in length and are characterized by dull black coloration with grooved elytra. The species occupies a broad geographic range extending from south-central British Columbia to northern Mexico and eastward to the Great Plains. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed climbing tree trunks at night.
Eleodes obscura sulcipennis
Eleodes obscura sulcipennis is a subspecies of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. It has been documented in coniferous woodland habitats of southwestern Utah, where adults are active on the trunks of Ponderosa pine and Utah juniper at night. The subspecies was described by Mannerheim in 1843 and is currently accepted as valid.
Eleodes pimelioides
desert stink beetle, stout darkling beetle
Eleodes pimelioides is a small species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. It has been observed in alpine coniferous forest habitats, where it is active at night. The species is part of the diverse Eleodes genus, commonly known as desert stink beetles or clown beetles, though this particular species appears to favor cooler, higher-elevation environments rather than true desert conditions.
Eleodes suturalis
Red-backed Darkling Beetle
Eleodes suturalis, commonly known as the red-backed darkling beetle, is a large, flightless darkling beetle endemic to the Great Plains of North America. It is distinguished by a prominent reddish-brown stripe running along the suture of its distinctly flattened elytra. The species exhibits the characteristic defensive headstand behavior of the genus Eleodes, raising its abdomen and secreting a foul-smelling liquid when threatened. It is among the most conspicuously abundant darkling beetles in its range and has been proposed as a visual mimic of the Great Plains giant tiger beetle (Amblycheila cylindriformis).
Ellipsoptera cuprascens
Coppery Tiger Beetle
Ellipsoptera cuprascens is a tiger beetle species found in North America, particularly associated with sandy riverine habitats along large rivers such as the Missouri and Mississippi. The species exhibits distinctive coppery coloration and is known for its nocturnal activity and attraction to ultraviolet light, a trait that distinguishes it from many diurnal tiger beetles. It is closely related to E. macra, with which it shares habitat preferences and geographic range in some areas.
Elytrimitatrix
Elytrimitatrix is a genus of disteniid beetles established by Santos-Silva & Hovore in 2007, previously treated as part of the genus Distenia. The genus contains approximately 50 described species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region, with one species, E. undata, occurring broadly across eastern and central North America. The group has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with many species described since 2007. Adults are attracted to fermenting baits and ultraviolet light, and larvae develop in dead wood of various hardwoods and pine.
Elytrimitatrix undata
Wavy Longhorn Beetle
Elytrimitatrix undata is the only member of the subfamily Disteniinae (or family Disteniidae) occurring in the United States. This longhorned beetle was formerly classified in the genus Distenia but was split out by Santos-Silva & Hovore in 2007 based on morphological differences. The species occurs broadly across eastern and central North America and is regularly attracted to lights during warm summer nights. Adults are moderate-sized beetles with distinctive wavy elytral patterns.
Embaphion contractum
Embaphion contractum is a darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) in the genus Embaphion, a group characterized by their distinctly explanate (flattened and expanded) body form. The species is found in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America. Like other tenebrionids, it is primarily nocturnal and exhibits slow, deliberate movement rather than rapid flight.
Embaphion elongatum
Embaphion elongatum is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, first described by Horn in 1870. The genus Embaphion is characterized by beetles with explanate (flattened and expanded) body margins, giving them a distinctive, almost disc-like appearance. This species is part of a group of darkling beetles adapted to arid and semi-arid environments of western North America. Members of this genus are nocturnal and have been observed in sand dune habitats.
Embaphion glabrum
Embaphion glabrum is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, first described by Blaisdell in 1909. The species has been documented in sandy habitats of the southwestern United States, particularly in Utah. Observations indicate nocturnal activity, with adults found crawling on sandy ground beneath ponderosa pine trees at night.
Embaphion muricatum
Embaphion muricatum is a darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. The species is characterized by a notably explanate, or flattened and expanded, body form that gives it a distinctive appearance among tenebrionids. It has been documented from sand dune habitats in the southwestern United States and from prairie regions in Canada. Observations indicate it is active during late summer and early fall, with adults frequently encountered at night.
Embaphion planum
Embaphion planum is a darkling beetle species in the family Tenebrionidae, first described by Horn in 1870. The genus Embaphion is characterized by distinctly explanate (flanged or flattened) elytra that give these beetles a broad, flattened appearance. Species in this genus are primarily nocturnal and associated with arid and semi-arid habitats. E. planum is one of several Embaphion species found in North American desert and grassland ecosystems.
Emesaya brevipennis
thread-legged bug
Emesaya brevipennis is a thread-legged assassin bug in the subfamily Emesinae, distributed across the New World from North America through Central America to South America. The species comprises three subspecies, all occurring in North America north of Mexico. The nominate subspecies E. b. brevipennis is the most widely distributed and has been documented as bivoltine in southern Illinois, with five instars. This species exhibits specialized predatory behavior, including kleptoparasitism of spider prey and intraguild predation on conspecifics.
Empicoris
thread-legged assassin bug
Empicoris is a cosmopolitan genus of thread-legged assassin bugs in the subfamily Emesinae. These predatory true bugs are characterized by their elongated, slender legs and cryptic appearance. The genus contains at least 18 described species distributed worldwide. Empicoris species are nocturnal predators that frequent lights at night, likely hunting smaller insects attracted to artificial illumination.
Empicoris culiciformis
thread-legged assassin bug
Empicoris culiciformis is a predatory true bug in the family Reduviidae, characterized by its delicate build and raptorial forelegs. The species has a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, the Palearctic, North Africa, and North America. It is rarely encountered due to its cryptic lifestyle in concealed habitats.
Empicoris errabundus
thread-legged assassin bug
Empicoris errabundus is a thread-legged assassin bug in the family Reduviidae. It is found across the Caribbean, Central America, and North America. Members of this genus are small, slender predatory insects that have been observed at ultraviolet light sources, likely hunting smaller insects attracted to the light.
Empicoris orthoneuron
thread-legged bug
Empicoris orthoneuron is a thread-legged assassin bug in the family Reduviidae, characterized by its elongated, slender body form adapted for predation. The species has been recorded across a broad geographic range spanning Central America, North America, and South America. It is one of many small, nocturnal predatory insects attracted to ultraviolet light sources. The species is currently treated as a synonym of Empicoris errabundus in some taxonomic databases.
Empicoris rubromaculatus
Thread Bug
Empicoris rubromaculatus is a thread-legged assassin bug in the family Reduviidae, commonly known as the thread bug. It is characterized by its elongated, slender body and exceptionally long, thread-like legs. The species has been documented in North America and Oceania, with distribution records from the Azores islands including Faial, Flores, Pico, São Miguel, and Santa Maria. It has been observed at ultraviolet light sources, suggesting nocturnal activity.
Enaphalodes atomarius
Robust Oak Borer
Enaphalodes atomarius, commonly known as the robust oak borer, is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. First described by Dru Drury in 1773 from New York City, this beetle is known to be attracted to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor lights in mesic lowland deciduous forests. It has been documented in bait traps using ethanol and red wine mixtures in xeric dolomite prairie remnants and dry upland deciduous forests.
Enicospilus
Enicospilus is a megadiverse genus of large ichneumonid wasps comprising over 700 described species worldwide. Members exhibit 'ophionoid facies' with orange-brown bodies, extremely large ocelli arranged in a triangle, and long antennae. These wasps are unusual among Hymenoptera for their nocturnal or crepuscular activity and strong attraction to artificial lights. They are koinobiont endoparasitoids of moderately large lepidopteran larvae, including families such as Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, and Saturniidae. Species delimitation is notoriously difficult due to limited diagnostic morphological characters, resulting in frequent taxonomic confusion including synonyms and misidentifications.
Enicospilus flavostigma
Enicospilus flavostigma is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae, first described by Hooker in 1912. Like other members of its genus, it is a nocturnal parasitoid wasp with a uniformly orange or reddish-orange coloration. The species belongs to a group of large, gangly ichneumon wasps characterized by long antennae, prominent ocelli arranged in a triangle on the head, and reduced or very short ovipositors. Enicospilus species are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae.
Enicospilus guatemalensis
Enicospilus guatemalensis is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, originally described from Guatemala. The genus Enicospilus belongs to the subfamily Ophioninae, characterized by large, gangly wasps that are often uniformly orange in color with long antennae, large ocelli arranged in a triangle on the head, and very short or nearly absent ovipositors. Species in this genus are nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial lights.
Enicospilus peigleri
Enicospilus peigleri is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae, described by Gauld in 1988. It belongs to a genus of nocturnal parasitoid wasps characterized by large ocelli, long antennae, and typically uniform orange coloration. Like other Enicospilus species, it is attracted to artificial light sources at night. The species is part of a diverse genus with wide geographic distribution, though specific details about E. peigleri remain limited in published literature.
Enicospilus purgatus
Ophionine ichneumon wasp
Enicospilus purgatus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae. It is a large, gangly wasp typically orange in coloration with long antennae and large ocelli arranged in a triangle on the head. Unlike the related genus Netelia, E. purgatus has a very short ovipositor that is often not readily visible. The species is nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial lights. It is a solitary parasitoid wasp with females capable of stinging when handled.
Ennomos magnaria
Maple Spanworm Moth, Notched Wing Moth, Notched-wing Geometer, Notch-wing Moth
A medium-sized geometrid moth with distinctive autumn leaf-like camouflage. Adults are active from July through early November, with a single generation per year. The species is notable for its notched wing margins and nocturnal habits, often resting on buildings during daylight hours.
Eoparargyractis floridalis
Eoparargyractis floridalis is a small moth in the family Crambidae, described by William Harry Lange in 1956. It belongs to the subfamily Acentropinae, a group commonly known as water moths due to their association with aquatic habitats. The species is known from limited records in the southeastern United States.
Epermeniidae
fringe-tufted moths
Epermeniidae, commonly called fringe-tufted moths, is a family of small Lepidoptera containing approximately 14 genera. The family is placed in its own superfamily Epermenioidea, though its systematic position among the apoditrysian group "Obtectomera" remains uncertain. Members are characterized by distinctive projecting scale tufts on the inner margin of the hindwing and whorls of bristles on the legs. The group has been extensively revised by Dr. Reinhard Gaedike, with major genera including Epermenia, Ochromolopis, and Gnathifera.
Ephestiodes
snout moths
Ephestiodes is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1887. The genus includes approximately eight described species, with Ephestiodes gilvescentella (dusky raisin moth) being the most frequently encountered and well-documented. Species in this genus are primarily found in North America and are commonly attracted to ultraviolet light during nocturnal surveys.
Epiblema tripartitana
Epiblema tripartitana is a small tortricid moth in the leafroller family Tortricidae. The species has been documented in Colorado and Vermont, with observations at light stations during summer moth surveys. Its common name references the three-part or tripartite wing pattern. The moth exhibits distinctive coloration that has been described as resembling bird droppings, a form of protective camouflage.
Epicauta costata
Four-ribbed Blister Beetle
Epicauta costata is a blister beetle in the family Meloidae, commonly known as the Four-ribbed Blister Beetle. The species was described by LeConte in 1854. It is distributed across Central America and North America. Like other meloids, it produces cantharidin, a defensive compound that causes blistering upon contact with skin.
Epimecis hortaria
tulip-tree beauty
Epimecis hortaria, commonly known as the tulip-tree beauty, is a geometer moth native to North America. It is one of the larger species in its family, with a wingspan reaching 43–55 mm. The species exhibits two distinct color morphs and has a broad flight season spanning early spring through autumn.
Epipleminae
Scoopwing Moths, Epiplemiine Moths
Epipleminae is the largest and most diverse subfamily of the family Uraniidae (Lepidoptera), comprising over 600 species in approximately 70 genera. These small, drab-colored nocturnal moths are distinguished by several unique morphological and behavioral traits, including a sexually dimorphic tympanal organ with structural details unlike any other lepidopteran group. The subfamily exhibits a primarily pantropical distribution with limited extension into temperate regions. Historically, Epipleminae were frequently misclassified within Geometridae or Drepanidae due to superficial phenetic similarities.
Epirrhoe sperryi
Sperry's Argent & Sable, small argent and sable
Epirrhoe sperryi is a geometrid moth in the subfamily Larentiinae, found in North America. The species is known from the Canadian prairie provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. It belongs to a genus characterized by black-and-white patterned forewings, though specific diagnostic features for this species remain poorly documented in published literature.
Eremobates ajoanus
windscorpion, sun spider, camel spider
Eremobates ajoanus is a species of solifuge (windscorpion) in the family Eremobatidae, described by Muma and Brookhart in 1988. Like other members of the order Solifugae, it is a nocturnal arachnid predator characterized by large, powerful chelicerae used to capture and subdue prey. The species is found in arid regions of North America, particularly in the southwestern United States and adjacent areas.
Eremobates angustus
windscorpion, sun spider, camel spider, solifuge
Eremobates angustus is a species of solifuge (windscorpion or sun spider) in the family Eremobatidae, described by Muma in 1951. Solifuges are arachnids distinct from spiders and scorpions, characterized by their large, powerful chelicerae and rapid running ability. This species is part of a group of nocturnal, predatory arachnids found in arid and semi-arid regions of North America.
Eremobates corpink
Coral Pink Sand Dunes Straight-faced Windscorpion
Eremobates corpink is a species of solifuge (windscorpion) in the family Eremobatidae, described in 2004 from the Coral Pink Sand Dunes region of southwestern Utah. Like other solifugids, it is a nocturnal, non-venomous arachnid with large, powerful chelicerae used to capture and kill prey. The species is named for its type locality in the distinctive pink sand dune ecosystem.
Eremobates gerbae
windscorpion, solifuge, sun spider, wind scorpion, camel spider
Eremobates gerbae is a species of solifuge (windscorpion) in the family Eremobatidae, described by Brookhart & Cushing in 2002. Solifuges are arachnids characterized by their large, powerful chelicerae (jaws) and are primarily nocturnal predators of small arthropods. They are not venomous and pose no medical threat to humans despite their fearsome appearance. E. gerbae is one of numerous species in the genus Eremobates, which is particularly diverse in arid regions of western North America.
Eremobates inkopansis
solifuge, sun spider, wind scorpion
Eremobates inkopansis is a species of solifuge (order Solifugae), an arachnid group commonly known as sun spiders or wind scorpions. Like other members of the family Eremobatidae, this species possesses disproportionately large chelicerae used to capture and subdue prey. Solifugids are frequently mistaken for scorpions or spiders due to their appearance but represent a distinct arachnid lineage. They are primarily nocturnal predators of the arid southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico.
Eremobates norrisi
windscorpion, sun spider, camel spider
Eremobates norrisi is a species of solifuge (windscorpion) in the family Eremobatidae, described by Muma & Brookhart in 1988. Solifuges are arachnids distinct from spiders and scorpions, characterized by their large, powerful chelicerae and rapid running ability. Like other members of the genus Eremobates, this species is adapted to arid and semi-arid environments in North America.
Eremobates pallidus
pale windscorpion
Eremobates pallidus is a species of windscorpion (Solifugae) described by Muma and Brookhart in 1988. The specific epithet "pallidus" refers to its pale coloration. Windscorpions, also known as sun spiders or camel spiders, are arachnids characterized by their large chelicerae and rapid running speed. This species belongs to the family Eremobatidae, one of the most diverse families within the order Solifugae, which are primarily distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of North America.
Eremobates palpisetulosus
windscorpion, sun spider, camel spider
Eremobates palpisetulosus is a species of solifuge (windscorpion) in the family Eremobatidae, first described by Fichter in 1941. Solifuges are arachnids distinct from spiders and scorpions, characterized by their large, powerful chelicerae and rapid running speed. This species has been studied as part of desert arachnid community ecology, particularly in sympatric relationships with other desert predators including wolf spiders, tarantulas, whipscorpions, and scorpions.
Eremobatidae
Straight-faced Windscorpions, Sun Spiders, Wind Scorpions, Solpugids
Eremobatidae is a family of solifuges (camel spiders/wind scorpions) endemic to North America, first described by Karl Kraepelin in 1901. The family contains eight genera and approximately 187 species distributed across western North America and Central America. These arachnids are characterized by their exceptional speed, large chelicerae used for capturing prey, and adaptation to arid environments. They are non-venomous predators that rely on mechanical force to subdue prey.
Eremoblatta
sand cockroaches
Eremoblatta is a genus of sand cockroaches in the family Corydiidae (formerly Polyphagidae). These cockroaches are adapted to arid, sandy environments. The genus was established by Rehn in 1903. Records indicate presence in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
Eremothera sculpturata
windscorpion, sun spider, camel spider
Eremothera sculpturata is a species of solifuge (windscorpion) in the family Eremobatidae, described by Muma in 1951. It belongs to a group of arachnids commonly known as windscorpions, sun spiders, or camel spiders—fast-moving, predatory arachnids that are not true scorpions despite their common name. The species is part of the North American fauna of solifuges, which are primarily nocturnal and adapted to arid and semi-arid environments.
Eriophora ravilla
Tropical Orbweaver, tropical orb weaver
Eriophora ravilla, commonly known as the tropical orb weaver, is a strictly nocturnal spider in the family Araneidae. Unlike many orb weavers that are active during the day, this species hides in curled leaves during daylight hours and emerges at night to construct large webs up to 1 meter wide, which it consumes by morning. The species is distributed across the circum-Caribbean region from the southern United States through Central America to Brazil.
Erythroneura infuscata
Leafhopper
Erythroneura infuscata is a small leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Adults measure 2.8-3.0 mm in length and exhibit distinctive dark coloration with contrasting pale and red markings. The species is primarily black with small pale spots on the wings and body, a prominent white patch on the costal margin of each wing followed by a red mark, and whitish legs and face. It inhabits mixed hardwood forests and is attracted to light at night. The species is known from several eastern and central U.S. states.
Ethmia
Ethmia is a large genus of small gelechioid moths comprising over 250 described species globally. The genus serves as the type genus for family Ethmiidae (sometimes treated as subfamily within Elachistidae or Oecophoridae). Species are characterized by distinctive black, white, and gray patterned forewings, and most larvae feed on plants in the Boraginaceae family, with Gesneriaceae recorded as an additional host family in the Neotropics. The genus exhibits greatest diversity in arid and semi-arid regions, with substantial radiations in southwestern North America and the Neotropics.
Ethmia marmorea
Ethmia marmorea is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, distributed across western North America from the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. The species exhibits distinctive wing patterning with a longitudinal dividing line separating dark and light areas. Adults are active during summer months, with likely a single generation per year. Larval biology remains poorly documented for this species.
Ethmia trifurcella
Ethmia trifurcella is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, distributed across eastern and central North America. The species is characterized by distinctive forewing patterning with a sinuate longitudinal line dividing dark and pale areas. Larvae are specialized herbivores that construct tubular shelters on host plant leaves.
Eucanthus subtropicus
Eucanthus subtropicus is an earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae, described by Henry Howden in 1955. The species is found in southeastern North America, with records from Alabama through the Carolinas and Florida. Like other members of the genus, it excavates burrows in soil for larval development. Adults are attracted to light and have been collected in sand dune habitats.
Euchlaena
Euchlaena Moths
Euchlaena is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1823. The genus contains approximately 19 recognized species distributed primarily in North America. Adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial light sources. Several species have distinctive common names reflecting their coloration or morphology, such as the Deep Yellow Euchlaena Moth and the Obtuse Euchlaena Moth.
Euchlaena deplanaria
Deep Yellow Euchlaena Moth
Euchlaena deplanaria is a species of geometrid moth native to eastern and central North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 34 mm and are active from February through October, indicating a broad flight season. The species is attracted to artificial light sources and has been documented in diverse habitats from deciduous forests to mixed conifer woodlands. It belongs to the genus Euchlaena, which includes several similarly patterned species that can be challenging to distinguish without close examination.
Euchlaena mollisaria
Euchlaena mollisaria is a geometrid moth species found in western North America. Adults are medium-sized with a wingspan of approximately 46 mm. The species is active from late spring through early autumn. It is attracted to artificial light sources.
Euchlaena obtusaria
Obtuse Euchlaena Moth
Euchlaena obtusaria is a geometrid moth found across North America in mixed wood forests. Adults have a wingspan of 27–48 mm and are active from spring through late summer. Larvae feed on Rosa and Impatiens species. The species was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1813.
Euchromius ocellea
Belted Grass-veneer, necklace veneer
Euchromius ocellea is a cosmopolitan migratory moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Haworth in 1811. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, with occasional rare migrations to temperate areas such as the UK and Netherlands. The species is notable for its ornate wing patterning and its larval association with grass crops including maize and sorghum.
Euclea incisa
Green Oak-slug Moth
Euclea incisa is a species of slug caterpillar moth in the family Limacodidae. The species is known to be attracted to artificial light sources at night. Like other members of the genus Euclea and family Limacodidae, the caterpillars are likely slug-like in form and possess stinging spines or setae, though specific larval details for this species are not well documented. The species has been recorded in Kansas.
Euclemensia
Euclemensia is a genus of small moths in the family Cosmopterigidae, subfamily Antequerinae. The genus contains at least five described species distributed in North America, including the Kermes Scale Moth (Euclemensia bassettella), which has been documented feeding on scale insects. These are minute moths, with adults typically measuring only a few millimeters in wingspan. The genus was established by Grote in 1878.
Eudesmia arida
Arid Eudesmia Moth
Eudesmia arida is a small moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Skinner in 1906. It occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico, where adults are active during summer and early autumn. The species has a wingspan of 23–30 mm.
Eudocima
Fruit-piercing Moths
Eudocima is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, established by Gustaf Johan Billberg in 1820. The genus contains numerous tropical species and is notable for the fruit-piercing behavior of its adults, which use their specialized mouthparts to puncture fruit and feed on juices. This feeding habit has made several species significant agricultural pests. The genus has undergone taxonomic revisions, with species historically placed in various other genera.
Eugonobapta nivosaria
Snowy Geometer Moth, Snowy Geometer
Eugonobapta nivosaria, commonly known as the Snowy Geometer Moth, is a species of geometrid moth found in eastern North America. The species was first described by Guenée in 1857 and is recognized by its distinctive white or pale coloration. It is a well-documented species with over 3,600 observations recorded on iNaturalist, indicating it is relatively common and conspicuous within its range. The moth occurs in deciduous and mixed forest habitats where its larvae feed on various woody plants.
Eulithis mellinata
The Spinach
Eulithis mellinata, commonly known as The Spinach, is a moth in the family Geometridae. Its distribution across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions is patchy and locally restricted due to dependence on a specialized larval food plant. The species is fairly common in England and Wales but rare in Scotland and Ireland. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Eumorpha achemon
Achemon Sphinx, Grape Sphinx
Eumorpha achemon, commonly known as the Achemon Sphinx or Grape Sphinx, is a large sphinx moth native to North America. Adults are notable for their attractive pink hindwings, which contrast with their cryptic forewings. The species is considered uncommon throughout its range and is the only member of its genus found in California. Larvae are large hornworms that feed exclusively on grape leaves.
Eumorpha intermedia
Intermediate Sphinx
Eumorpha intermedia is a sphinx moth (Sphingidae) described by Benjamin Preston Clark in 1917. It is found in the southeastern United States, with adults active from spring through fall. The species is most readily distinguished from close relatives by wing coloration and pattern, particularly the pink-tinged forewing underside. Larvae feed on woody vines in the grape family.
Eupackardia calleta
Calleta Silkmoth, Ocotillo Silkmoth
Eupackardia calleta, the Calleta silkmoth, is a distinctive Saturniidae species and the sole member of its genus. Found in the southwestern United States and Mexico, this moth is strongly associated with ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), which serves as its primary larval host. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species is notable for its striking appearance and restricted distribution tied to desert and semi-arid habitats.
Eupithecia
pug moths, pugs
Eupithecia is the largest genus of moths in the family Geometridae, with over 1,400 described species. Members are commonly known as pugs and are found on every continent except Australasia. Adults are small (typically 12–35 mm), with muted colors and a distinctive resting posture where forewings are held flat at right angles to the body. Species-level identification is difficult and often requires examination of dissected genitalia.
Eupithecia
pug moths, pugs
Eupithecia is a large genus of small moths in the family Geometridae, commonly known as "pugs." They are characterized by narrow wings and a distinctive resting posture. The genus is notably diverse and presents significant identification challenges, with many species requiring dissection of genitalia for definitive determination. Eupithecia species are frequently attracted to lights and have been documented visiting flowers, including apple blossoms, where they contribute to nocturnal pollination.
Eupithecia absinthiata
Wormwood Pug
Eupithecia absinthiata, commonly known as the Wormwood Pug, is a small moth in the family Geometridae. It belongs to the large genus Eupithecia, whose members are often called 'pugs' and are recognized by their narrow wings and distinctive resting posture. The species has been documented as a nocturnal visitor to apple flowers, contributing to pollination services. It occurs across the Palearctic region, the Near East, and North America.
Eupithecia acutipennis
Eupithecia acutipennis is a small geometrid moth first described by George Duryea Hulst in 1898. It is endemic to California and belongs to the diverse 'pug' moth genus Eupithecia, characterized by narrow wings and a distinctive resting posture. Adults are active during fall, winter, and early spring, with flight records spanning October through April. The species is one of many Eupithecia found in western North America.
Eupithecia albimontanata
Eupithecia albimontanata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, commonly known as a 'pug' moth due to its narrow wings and characteristic resting posture. The species was described by McDunnough in 1940 and is found in the southwestern United States. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 19 mm. Like other Eupithecia species, it has been observed visiting flowers at night.
Eupithecia anticaria
pug moth
Eupithecia anticaria is a small moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Francis Walker in 1862. It is widely distributed across North America, from eastern Canada to the western United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 18 mm and is active as an adult from May to July. It has been documented visiting apple flowers, contributing to nocturnal pollination services.
Eupithecia assimilata
currant pug
Eupithecia assimilata, commonly known as the currant pug, is a small moth in the family Geometridae. The species occurs across the Nearctic and Palearctic regions, including Europe, North America, and extending east to the Ural Mountains, Ussuri region, and Sakhalin. It has been documented as a nocturnal visitor to apple flowers, contributing to pollination services. The species was first described by Henry Doubleday in 1856.
Eupithecia bryanti
Bryant's Pug
Eupithecia bryanti is a pug moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Taylor in 1906. It is distributed across western North America from Alaska and Canada through the western United States to California. Adults are active from spring through summer.
Eupithecia catalinata
Eupithecia catalinata is a small geometrid moth described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1944. It occurs in the southwestern United States, specifically Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The species has a wingspan of approximately 23 mm. Adults are active during July and August.
Eupithecia classicata
Eupithecia classicata is a geometrid moth described by Pearsall in 1909. It occurs in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, specifically in Arizona and Durango. The species belongs to the 'pug' moths, a group recognized by their narrow wings and distinctive resting posture. Larvae feed on Arbutus arizonica flowers or leaf buds. Adults have been observed visiting apple flowers, suggesting a potential role in nocturnal pollination.
Eupithecia columbrata
Eupithecia columbrata is a species of pug moth in the family Geometridae, first described by McDunnough in 1940. The genus Eupithecia, commonly known as 'pugs,' is recognized by narrow wings and a distinctive resting posture. Members of this genus are among the most diverse and challenging to identify within Geometridae, with many species requiring microscopic examination of genitalia for definitive identification. Eupithecia moths have been documented as nocturnal visitors to flowering plants, including apple blossoms, contributing to pollination services.
Eupithecia harrisonata
Eupithecia harrisonata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, commonly known as a 'pug' moth. It occurs in western North America from British Columbia to California. Adults are active in spring (March to May) and again in summer (July to August). Like other Eupithecia species, it has been observed visiting flowers and may contribute to nocturnal pollination.
Eupithecia helena
Eupithecia helena is a small geometrid moth in the genus Eupithecia, commonly known as pug moths. It is found in the western United States from Arizona and New Mexico north through Utah to Montana. Adults are active during summer months, with records from July to August. The species has been documented visiting apple flowers, contributing to nocturnal pollination services.
Eupithecia intricata
Freyer's Pug Moth
Eupithecia intricata, commonly known as Freyer's Pug Moth, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. The species occurs across a broad geographic range spanning Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, and North America. As a member of the genus Eupithecia, it is characterized by the narrow wings and distinctive resting posture typical of "pug" moths. The species was first described by Zetterstedt in 1839 under the basionym Larentia intricata.
Eupithecia johnstoni
Johnston's Pug
Eupithecia johnstoni is a small moth in the family Geometridae, commonly known as a pug moth. It is found across western and central North America, from British Columbia and Alberta to California and Colorado, with additional records from Michigan and the Maritimes. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 18 mm and are active from March through August. The species has been documented visiting apple flowers, contributing to nocturnal pollination services.
Eupithecia lafontaineata
Eupithecia lafontaineata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, described by Bolte in 1990. It belongs to the large genus Eupithecia, commonly known as pug moths. The species is found in western North America, with adults active during summer months. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits the narrow-winged morphology and distinctive resting posture characteristic of pug moths.
Eupithecia longidens
Eupithecia longidens is a small moth in the family Geometridae, commonly known as a 'pug' moth. It is native to the southwestern United States, with confirmed records from Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. The species has a wingspan of approximately 19 mm. Like other members of the genus Eupithecia, it exhibits a distinctive resting posture with narrow wings held tightly against the body.
Eupithecia longipalpata
Long-palp Pug
Eupithecia longipalpata is a species of pug moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Packard in 1876. It is distinguished from other members of the palpata group by its larger wingspan of 23–26 mm. The species occurs in western North America from coastal British Columbia south to northern California. Larvae feed exclusively on conifer needles, with documented hosts spanning multiple genera including Abies, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Thuja, Picea, and Pinus.
Eupithecia miserulata
Common Eupithecia, Common Eupithecia Moth
Eupithecia miserulata, the Common Eupithecia, is a small North American moth in the family Geometridae. Adults have a wingspan of 12–20 mm and are active from March to November depending on location. The species exhibits considerable geographic variation across its range, with three recognized subspecies. It has been documented visiting apple flowers and may contribute to nocturnal pollination services.
Eupithecia multistrigata
Eupithecia multistrigata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, first described by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. It is widespread across western North America, ranging from the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan south through the western United States to Arizona and New Mexico. The species has a wingspan of approximately 20 mm. Like other members of the genus Eupithecia, commonly known as "pugs," it exhibits the characteristic narrow wings and distinctive resting posture typical of this diverse group of inchworm moths.
Eupithecia mystiata
Eupithecia mystiata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Samuel E. Cassino in 1925. It belongs to the large genus Eupithecia, commonly known as 'pug' moths due to their distinctive narrow wings and resting posture. The species has been documented as a nocturnal visitor to apple flowers, contributing to nighttime pollination services. Adults are active in early spring.
Eupithecia nimbosa
Pug moth
Eupithecia nimbosa is a small geometrid moth described by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. It occurs throughout the Rocky Mountains from Arizona to the Canada–US border. Like other members of its genus, it has narrow wings and a distinctive resting posture. The species has been documented visiting apple flowers at night, contributing to nocturnal pollination of fruit crops.
Eupithecia perfusca
Pug moth
Eupithecia perfusca is a small moth in the family Geometridae, first described by George Duryea Hulst in 1898. It is found in western North America. The species has a wingspan of approximately 21 mm. Larvae feed on Salix (willow), Alnus (alder), and Betula (birch) species. Adults have been observed visiting apple flowers, suggesting a role in nocturnal pollination.
Eupithecia persimulata
Eupithecia persimulata is a small geometrid moth in the genus Eupithecia, commonly known as "pugs." It is found in the southwestern United States, specifically in south-western Texas and Arizona. The species has a wingspan of approximately 18 mm. Adults are active in August and have been documented visiting apple flowers, contributing to nocturnal pollination services.
Eupithecia pertusata
Eupithecia pertusata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, commonly known as pug moths. It is restricted to the southwestern United States, occurring in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The species has a wingspan of approximately 17 mm. Like other Eupithecia species, it is nocturnal and has been documented visiting flowers, contributing to nighttime pollination services.
Eupithecia phyllisae
Eupithecia phyllisae is a small moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Rindge in 1963. It is endemic to the southwestern United States, known only from New Mexico and Arizona. The species is named in honor of Phyllis Rindge, the wife of the author. Like other members of the genus Eupithecia, it is a nocturnal moth attracted to light sources.
Eupithecia pinata
Eupithecia pinata is a species of moth in the family Geometridae, described by Samuel E. Cassino in 1925. It is known from North America, with records from Arizona. Like other members of the genus Eupithecia, it is a pug moth, a group characterized by small size and relatively plain wing patterns. The species has been documented visiting apple flowers in Arkansas, where it was observed as part of a nocturnal pollinator community.
Eupithecia pretansata
Pug moth
Eupithecia pretansata is a small geometrid moth in the pug moth genus Eupithecia. It is known from a restricted range in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, specifically the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona and Chihuahua. Like other Eupithecia species, it exhibits the characteristic narrow wings and distinctive resting posture typical of pug moths. The species was described by Grossbeck in 1908.
Eupithecia quakerata
Eupithecia quakerata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Pearsall in 1909. It is known from the southwestern United States, with records from Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The species has a wingspan of approximately 18 mm and belongs to the large genus Eupithecia, commonly known as 'pug' moths.
Eupithecia satyrata
Satyr Pug
Eupithecia satyrata, commonly known as the satyr pug, is a small geometrid moth with a broad distribution spanning northern and central Europe, Russia, central Asia, Tibet, North Africa, and North America. Adults exhibit considerable variation in wing pattern, with ground colors ranging from ash to grey or brownish. The species is univoltine, with adults active from March through September. Larvae feed on the flowers of diverse plant genera including Achillea, Scabiosa, Solidago, Senecio, and Erica tetralix. The species has been documented as a nocturnal visitor to apple flowers, contributing to pollination services.
Eupithecia segregata
Pug moth
Eupithecia segregata is a small moth in the family Geometridae described by Pearsall in 1910. It is one of many 'pug' moths in the genus Eupithecia, recognized by their narrow wings and distinctive resting posture. The species shows considerable phenotypic variation and exhibits altitudinal variation in flight period timing.
Eupithecia sharronata
Eupithecia sharronata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, described by Bolte in 1990. It is known from multiple Canadian provinces and has been documented as a nocturnal visitor to apple flowers, contributing to pollination. The species belongs to the diverse 'pug' genus Eupithecia, whose members are recognized by their narrow wings and characteristic resting posture.
Eupithecia unicolor
Pug Moth
Eupithecia unicolor is a small geometrid moth native to western North America. Adults are active from spring through late autumn, with a wingspan of approximately 21 mm. The species is notable for its narrow wings and characteristic resting posture typical of pug moths. Larvae feed on coniferous trees including juniper, western redcedar, and Alaska cedar.
Eupithecia vargoi
Eupithecia vargoi is a species of inchworm moth in the family Geometridae. Like other members of the genus Eupithecia, it is characterized by narrow wings and a distinctive resting posture. The species has been documented visiting apple flowers at night, contributing to nocturnal pollination of fruit crops. It belongs to a diverse genus of small moths commonly known as "pugs," many of which are challenging to identify to species level without detailed examination.
Eupithecia zelmira
Eupithecia zelmira is a small geometrid moth described by Swett and Cassino in 1920. It occurs in the western United States, specifically Oregon and California. Adults are active across an unusually broad period, with records from February through July and again in December. The species has been documented visiting apple flowers, contributing to nocturnal pollination services.
Eupithecia zygadeniata
Eupithecia zygadeniata is a North American moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Alpheus Spring Packard in 1876. Adults are active in June and July. The species is known from Texas and Montana. Larvae feed within the seed capsules of Schoenocaulon texanum, a plant in the family Melanthiaceae.
Eurrhypini
Eurrhypini is a tribe of grass moths within the family Crambidae. Members of this tribe are small to medium-sized moths with narrow wings and slender bodies. They are associated with grassy and wetland habitats, where their larvae feed on monocotyledonous plants. The tribe includes several genera distributed across temperate and tropical regions.
Eusattus
sand darkling beetle
Eusattus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, established by J.L. LeConte in 1851. Species within this genus are associated with sandy habitats in western North America. The genus is represented by at least one well-documented species, Eusattus reticulatus, which has been observed in juniper-oak-pinyon woodland on sandstone escarpments.
Eusattus productus
Eusattus productus is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1858. The genus Eusattus comprises small to medium-sized tenebrionids associated with sandy or loose soil habitats. The species is known from Mexico, with records indicating occurrence in arid or semi-arid regions. Like other members of the genus, it is likely nocturnal and ground-dwelling, though specific behavioral observations remain limited.
Eustixia pupula
Spotted Peppergrass Moth
Eustixia pupula, the Spotted Peppergrass Moth, is a small crambid moth and the sole species in its genus. It occurs across eastern North America from Massachusetts to Florida and west to Texas, with records extending north to Ontario. The species is attracted to artificial light and has been documented in residential yards and urban settings.
Eutrichillus
Eutrichillus is a genus of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae, established by Henry Walter Bates in 1885. The genus comprises six described species distributed in North America, including Eutrichillus biguttatus, E. brevipilus, E. canescens, E. comus, E. neomexicanus, and E. pini. Members of this genus are associated with coniferous trees, particularly pines.
Eutrichillus biguttatus
Eutrichillus biguttatus is a longhorn beetle in the subfamily Lamiinae, described by LeConte in 1852. It belongs to the tribe Acanthocinini and is native to North America. The species has been documented from Canada (Québec) and the northeastern United States (Vermont).
Eutrichillus neomexicanus
Eutrichillus neomexicanus is a species of longhorn beetle in the subfamily Lamiinae, first described by Champlain and Knull in 1925. Field observations indicate adults are attracted to recently dead Pinus edulis (Colorado pinyon pine) and are active nocturnally. The species has been collected at lights and observed on dead pine branches in pinyon/juniper/oak woodland habitats.
Euxoa atomaris
Euxoa atomaris is a noctuid moth species first described by Smith in 1890. Adults are active from July to September and have a wingspan of 30–34 mm. The species is distributed across western North America from the northern Great Plains to the southwestern United States. Three subspecies are recognized: E. a. atomaris, E. a. detesta, and E. a. esta.
Euxoa auxiliaris
Army Cutworm Moth, Miller Moth
Euxoa auxiliaris, the army cutworm moth, is a seasonal migrant and agricultural pest in the Great Plains of North America. The larval stage damages field crops by cutting stems and feeding on foliage, while adults undertake remarkable long-distance migrations to alpine talus slopes in the Rocky Mountains to escape summer heat. These aggregations serve as a critical, high-calorie food source for grizzly bears during their pre-hibernation hyperphagia. Adults are commonly called 'miller moths' due to the fine, easily-shed wing scales that resemble flour dust.
Euxoa bifasciata
Euxoa bifasciata is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Smith in 1888. The species is found in North America and is assigned Hodges number 10796. Three subspecies are recognized: E. b. bifasciata, E. b. bisagittifera Benjamin, and E. b. lowensis Benjamin. Like other Euxoa species, it is a nocturnal moth whose larvae are known as cutworms.
Euxoa costata
Euxoa costata is a noctuid moth species found in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is particularly abundant in ponderosa pine forests east of the Cascade Mountains. The species has a wingspan of approximately 34 mm. Like other members of the genus Euxoa, it is a nocturnal species attracted to light.
Euxoa inconcinna
cutworm, dart moth
Euxoa inconcinna is a species of cutworm moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America and has been recorded in Colorado. The species is part of a large genus of dart moths, many of which are agricultural pests as larvae. Adults are attracted to light sources.
Euxoa lineifrons
Euxoa lineifrons is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. The species was described by Smith in 1890. Like other Euxoa species, it is a nocturnal moth whose larvae are known as cutworms. The MONA or Hodges number for this species is 10784, a standardized numbering system used for North American Lepidoptera identification.
Euxoa medialis
median-banded dart
Euxoa medialis, the median-banded dart, is a noctuid moth first described by Smith in 1888. It occurs across western North America from southern Manitoba to south-central Mexico. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 40 mm and are active in September in Alberta. The species belongs to the cutworm moth genus Euxoa, whose larvae are agricultural pests.
Euxoa mimallonis
Sordid Dart, Ruddy-winged Dart
Euxoa mimallonis is a noctuid moth known by the common names Sordid Dart and Ruddy-winged Dart. The species occurs across North America with a broad transcontinental range spanning from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. Adults are active from July through September, with a single generation per year. The species belongs to a genus containing numerous cutworm species, though specific larval ecology for this species is not well documented.
Euxoa ochrogaster
red-backed cutworm, red-backed cutworm moth
Euxoa ochrogaster, the red-backed cutworm, is a Noctuidae moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning Iceland, northern Europe, and North America from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to Arizona and New Mexico. Adults are active from late July to early September, with flight phenology tied to accumulated degree-days above 12.5°C. The larvae are generalist feeders on broad-leaved plants and grasses, including Plantago species, and are economically significant as pests of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in North America. Laboratory studies indicate eggs possess a moderately severe diapause terminated more quickly at 5°C, with development rates varying inversely with temperature.
Euxoa pleuritica
fawn brown dart
Euxoa pleuritica is a noctuid moth known as the fawn brown dart, found across northern North America from southern Canada through the northern United States. The species is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut. Adults are active during summer months, with one generation per year. Larvae have been documented feeding on Salsola kali.
Euxoa serricornis
cutworm, dart moth
Euxoa serricornis is a species of cutworm moth in the family Noctuidae, found in North America. It belongs to a genus whose larvae are known as cutworms—generalist feeders that sever plant stems at or near the soil surface. The species is one of many Euxoa spp. that can be agricultural pests, though specific documentation of E. serricornis damage is sparse. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Euxoa servitus
Slave Dart
Euxoa servitus, commonly known as the slave dart, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is one of many Euxoa species that can damage agricultural crops, particularly small grains and sorghum. The larvae are typical cutworms that feed at night and hide in soil during the day. The species is assigned MONA (Moth Photographers Group) or Hodges number 10854.
Euxoa simona
cutworm moth, dart moth
Euxoa simona is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1932. It belongs to the large genus Euxoa, which contains numerous similar-looking species of owlet moths. The species is known from North America, with confirmed records from the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Like other Euxoa species, it is nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Euxoa terrenus
cutworm, dart moth
Euxoa terrenus is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It occurs in North America, where the larvae feed as generalist herbivores on various plants. The species is one of many Euxoa species known as cutworms, with larvae that typically feed at night and hide in soil during the day. Adult moths are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Faculta
Palo Verde Webworm (F. inaequalis)
Faculta is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Busck in 1939. The genus contains three described species: F. inaequalis, F. synthetica, and F. triangulella. F. inaequalis, commonly known as the Palo Verde Webworm, is the best-known species due to its conspicuous larval behavior of spinning silken tubes on host trees. The genus is restricted to arid regions of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico.
Faculta inaequalis
Palo Verde webworm
Faculta inaequalis is a small gelechiid moth commonly known as the Palo Verde webworm. The species is endemic to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, where its larvae construct conspicuous silken tubes on Palo Verde trees. Despite being abundant and easily observed, many aspects of its biology remain poorly documented. The moth poses no significant economic threat to its host plants.
Fania nanus
Fania nanus is a small moth in the family Cossidae, described by Strecker in 1876. It is known from a limited distribution in the southern United States, with records from Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Adults are active from May to August and have a wingspan of approximately 28 mm.
Feralia februalis
A small noctuid moth of the Pacific West, notable for its sea-green mottled coloration that resembles lichen. Adults fly from late winter through early spring and are strongly attracted to lights. The species is narrowly endemic to oak-associated habitats and has been identified as management-sensitive due to its dependence on Quercus species as larval host plants.
Fissicrambus
Grass-veneers
Fissicrambus is a genus of grass-veneer moths in the family Crambidae, established by Bleszynski in 1963. The genus contains approximately 17 described species distributed primarily in North America. Several species, notably F. mutabilis, are recognized as agricultural pests of turfgrass, wheat, and corn. Larvae are commonly known as sod webworms due to their habit of constructing silk-lined burrows in soil.
Flatormenis
Northern Flatid Planthopper
Flatormenis is a genus of flatid planthoppers in the family Flatidae, established by Melichar in 1923. The genus contains approximately 15 described species distributed across North and Central America. These planthoppers are characterized by their broad, flattened bodies and wings held in a tent-like or roof-like position over the body. They are nocturnally active and frequently attracted to artificial light sources.
Flatormenis proxima
Northern Flatid Planthopper, Mealy Flatid Planthopper
Flatormenis proxima, commonly known as the northern flatid planthopper or mealy flatid planthopper, is a species of flatid planthopper in the family Flatidae. The species is attracted to blacklights and has been documented in autumn blacklight surveys in North America. As a member of the order Hemiptera, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of true bugs.
Forficula auricularia
European earwig, common earwig
Forficula auricularia is an omnivorous earwig native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, now invasive across North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It is recognized by forceps-like cerci—curved in males, straight in females—and concealed hindwings that unfold to resemble human ears, inspiring both its common name and specific epithet. The species exhibits extended maternal care, with females guarding eggs and nymphs in underground nests. Population dynamics vary geographically: temperate populations typically produce one brood annually, while warmer regions may support two broods.
Forficulidae
common earwigs
Forficulidae is a large family of earwigs containing over 70 genera and more than 500 described species. Members possess the characteristic forceps-like cerci at the abdomen tip that define the order Dermaptera. The family includes notable species such as the European earwig (Forficula auricularia), which has been introduced globally and studied extensively for its agricultural impacts. Forficulidae was formerly treated as a suborder (Forficulina) but is now classified within the suborder Neodermaptera.
Galgula
The Wedgling
Galgula is a genus of noctuid moths comprising at least three described species. The most well-documented species, Galgula partita, has been observed visiting apple flowers and contributing to nocturnal pollination of agricultural crops. These moths are small, nocturnal insects attracted to ultraviolet light sources. The genus belongs to the subfamily Noctuinae within the large family Noctuidae.
Galgula partita
Wedgling Moth
A small noctuid moth with a wingspan of 20–26 mm, found across North America south to Guatemala and the Caribbean, with introduced populations on the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands. Adults are active from March to November in southern regions and May to September in northern regions, with multiple generations per year. Larvae feed on Oxalis species. The species has been documented as a nocturnal visitor to apple flowers, contributing to pollination services.
Galleria mellonella
Greater Wax Moth, Honeycomb Moth
Galleria mellonella is a globally distributed moth in the family Pyralidae, best known as a destructive pest of honeybee colonies. The larvae tunnel through honeycomb, consuming wax, pollen, honey, and cast skins of bee larvae, causing significant economic damage to apiculture. Adults are nocturnal, with males producing ultrasonic mating calls at 75 kHz. The species has become an important model organism in biomedical research due to its innate immune system functionally similar to mammals, and has attracted recent attention for the ability of its larvae to degrade polyethylene plastic through salivary enzymes.
Gammarotettix genitalis
Gammarotettix genitalis is a camel cricket species described by Caudell in 1916. It belongs to the subfamily Gammarotettiginae, a group of North American camel crickets characterized by distinctive genitalic features. The species has been documented across California with over 400 iNaturalist observations. It inhabits dark, moist microhabitats typical of rhaphidophorid crickets.
Gazoryctra novigannus
Smooth Ghost Moth
Gazoryctra novigannus, commonly known as the Smooth Ghost Moth, is a species of ghost moth in the family Hepialidae. It was first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1926. The species occurs across western and central North America, from Quebec westward to the Rocky Mountains and south to Arizona. As with other hepialid moths, adults are non-feeding and larvae are presumed to feed on roots or decaying organic matter, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Geolycosa
Burrowing Wolf Spiders
Geolycosa is a genus of burrowing wolf spiders (family Lycosidae) established by Montgomery in 1904. These spiders are characterized by their obligate burrowing lifestyle, constructing deep cylindrical burrows in sandy or loose soils. Some species build distinctive turrets around burrow openings using sticks and debris. The genus includes approximately 70 species distributed across North America, with some species extending into the Levant. Geolycosa species are medium to large spiders with morphological adaptations for digging, including enlarged chelicerae and stout anterior legs.
Geolycosa escambiensis
Geolycosa escambiensis is a burrowing wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, described by Wallace in 1942. Like other members of the genus Geolycosa, this species constructs deep, silk-lined burrows in sandy soils and spends the majority of its life underground. The species is known from the southeastern United States, with the specific epithet suggesting a connection to Escambia County or the Escambia River region. Burrowing wolf spiders are characterized by their enlarged anterior median eyes, stout front legs adapted for digging, and elevated cephalothorax.
Geolycosa gosoga
Geolycosa gosoga is a species of burrowing wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is endemic to the United States, with records from the southwestern and south-central regions including New Mexico and surrounding areas. As a member of the genus Geolycosa, it constructs deep, silk-lined burrows in sandy soils and is primarily nocturnal.
Geolycosa micanopy
Geolycosa micanopy is a burrowing wolf spider species in the family Lycosidae, described by Wallace in 1942. It is known from the United States. As a member of the genus Geolycosa, it constructs deep, silk-lined burrows in sandy substrates. A laboratory study has examined burrow establishment behavior in young individuals of this species in relation to microhabitat conditions and prey availability.
Geolycosa pikei
Pike's Burrowing Wolf Spider
Geolycosa pikei is a burrowing wolf spider endemic to the United States, characterized by its cryptic sandy coloration and specialized fossorial lifestyle. The species constructs deep, silk-lined burrows in sandy substrates, primarily along seashores but also inland. It exhibits rapid wound healing through hemolymph coagulation. Females are larger (18–22 mm) than males (~14 mm). The spider is primarily nocturnal, hunting at dusk by running over sand surfaces.
Geolycosa rafaelana
Rafaela Burrowing Wolf Spider
Geolycosa rafaelana is a burrowing wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, found in western desert and scrubland habitats of the United States. As a member of the genus Geolycosa, it constructs deep, silk-lined burrows in sandy soils and is primarily nocturnal. The species was described by Chamberlin in 1928 and appears to be associated with arid environments in the southwestern U.S.
Geolycosa riograndae
Geolycosa riograndae is a species of burrowing wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, first described by Wallace in 1942. It belongs to a genus characterized by deep, silk-lined burrows and fossorial habits. The species is known from the United States, with records primarily from the southwestern region including New Mexico. Like other Geolycosa species, it exhibits the elevated cephalothorax and stout digging appendages typical of burrowing wolf spiders.
Geolycosa xera archboldi
Archbold's Burrowing Wolf Spider
Geolycosa xera archboldi is a subspecies of burrowing wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. Like other members of the genus Geolycosa, it constructs and inhabits deep, silk-lined burrows in sandy soils. The subspecies designation suggests geographic isolation and potential ecological specialization. Adults are nocturnal hunters that may be detected at night by the reflective glow of their eyes when illuminated by artificial light.
Geotrupes stercorarius
dor beetle, dumbledore, Common Dor Beetle
Geotrupes stercorarius is an earth-boring dung beetle in the family Geotrupidae, commonly known as the dor beetle or dumbledore. It is widespread throughout Europe and has been introduced to parts of North America. Adults are coprophagous, feeding primarily on the dung of herbivorous animals with a documented preference for horse dung. The species exhibits distinctive parental care behavior, with both sexes cooperating to construct deep burrows beneath dung and provision brood chambers for larval development.
Gertschosa
Gertschosa is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, established by Norman I. Platnick and M. U. Shadab in 1981. The genus contains four species distributed across the Caribbean, Central America, and southern North America. Its members are nocturnal hunting spiders that do not construct webs for prey capture.
Gillmeria pallidactyla
Yarrow Plume Moth
Gillmeria pallidactyla, commonly known as the Yarrow Plume Moth, is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae. It has a Holarctic distribution across North America and Eurasia. Adults are active from June to August, hiding in low vegetation during daylight hours and becoming active at dusk. The larvae are stem borers that overwinter in roots and feed on Achillea species in spring.
Givira theodori
Theodore Carpenterworm Moth
Givira theodori is a moth in the family Cossidae, commonly known as carpenter millers. It is found in the southwestern United States, with records from Arizona, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas. The species was named in honor of Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell, who collected the original specimens. It is a relatively small cossid moth with a wingspan of approximately 26 mm.
Glaresis
Enigmatic Scarab Beetles
Glaresis is a genus of small beetles in the family Glaresidae, commonly called "enigmatic scarab beetles." These beetles are closely related to Scarabaeidae but are placed in their own family based on distinctive morphological features. Adults are nocturnal and have been collected at lights in arid and sandy habitats worldwide except Australia. The larvae and most aspects of their biology remain unknown despite unsuccessful laboratory rearing attempts in the 1980s.
Gloveria medusa
Medusa Moth
Gloveria medusa is a species of lappet moth in the family Lasiocampidae, described by Strecker in 1898. The species epithet references Medusa from Greek mythology, reflecting a naming pattern in the genus Gloveria. As a member of the Lasiocampidae family, it is a medium to large-sized moth with larvae that possess characteristic lappets (fleshy projections) along their bodies. The genus Gloveria is named in honor of entomologist Townend Glover.
Gluphisia
Gluphisia is a genus of moths in the family Notodontidae, first described by Boisduval in 1828. Species in this genus are commonly referred to as 'prominent moths' and are attracted to artificial light sources, including blacklights used in moth surveys. The genus includes six recognized species distributed across North America and Eurasia.
Gluphisia avimacula
Four-spotted Gluphisia Moth, four-spotted gluphisium, avimacula pebble
Gluphisia avimacula is a species of prominent moth in the family Notodontidae, first described by George H. Hudson in 1891. It is distributed across North America, with confirmed records from Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan) and the United States (Vermont). The species is attracted to ultraviolet light sources and is active during summer months. Like other members of the genus Gluphisia, it is a nocturnal moth with distinctive wing patterning.
Gluphisia septentrionis
Common Gluphisia Moth
Gluphisia septentrionis is a species of prominent moth in the family Notodontidae, commonly known as the Common Gluphisia Moth. It is a North American species with a broad distribution across northern and central regions of the continent. The species is frequently attracted to ultraviolet light sources, making it a common subject of observation during moth-watching events. It is one of the more frequently observed members of its genus, with substantial occurrence records in citizen science databases.
Gluphisia severa
Banded Pebble Moth
Gluphisia severa is a North American moth in the family Notodontidae, commonly known as the banded pebble moth. First described by Henry Edwards in 1886, it is one of approximately 3,800 species of prominent moths. The species has been documented through citizen science platforms with over 475 observations, indicating it is regularly encountered by observers. Like other members of the genus Gluphisia, it is nocturnal and attracted to artificial light sources.
Gnaphalodes trachyderoides
A longhorn beetle and the sole species in its genus, characterized by a robust, somewhat flattened body and antennae that are notably shorter than those of many cerambycids. The species name 'trachyderoides' references its resemblance to the genus Trachyderes. It occurs from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America.
Gnaphosidae
Ground spiders, Stealthy Ground Spiders
Ground spiders (family Gnaphosidae) comprise nearly 2,000 described species in over 100 genera, making them the seventh-largest spider family worldwide. They are characterized by cylindrical spinnerets at the tip of the abdomen, often described as 'showerhead-like' with multiple orifices for silk extrusion. Most species are nomadic hunters that do not construct webs to capture prey, instead prowling through leaf litter, ground cover, and vegetation. Many are agile climbers and can be found on foliage, walls, and tree trunks. The family includes notable genera such as Sergiolus, Herpyllus, Gnaphosa, and Zelotes.
Gnorimoschema gallaeasterella
Gnorimoschema gallaeasterella is a small gelechiid moth described by D.S. Kellicott in 1878. The species is known for forming spindle-shaped galls on its host plants. It occurs across a broad geographic range in North America, with records spanning from Quebec and Alberta in Canada south to California and Tennessee. Adults are active from summer through early autumn.
Gonodonta bidens
fruit-piercing moth
Gonodonta bidens is a fruit-piercing moth in the family Erebidae, found in North America. The species is classified under the MONA/Hodges number 8542.1. Three subspecies are recognized: G. b. bidens, G. b. meridionalis (Todd, 1959), and G. b. tenebrosa (Todd, 1959). As a member of the genus Gonodonta, it belongs to a group of moths known for their specialized feeding behavior on ripe or overripe fruit.
Graphisurus
Graphisurus is a genus of longhorned beetles (Cerambycidae) containing five North American species. Members are medium-sized beetles with distinctive elytral patterning. The genus exhibits notable host plant fidelity, with individual species specializing on particular tree genera: G. triangulifer primarily on Celtis (hackberry), G. despectus on Carya (hickory), and G. fasciatus on Quercus (oak). Adults are typically nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Griburius rileyi
Bold-spotted Griburius
Griburius rileyi is a recently described species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae. The species was described by Sassi in 2023 and is distinguished by bold spotted patterns on its elytra. Like other members of the genus Griburius, adults are associated with oak woodlands and are attracted to ultraviolet light sources. The specific epithet honors Edward Riley, a prominent coleopterist and indefatigable collector of beetles, particularly known for his contributions to cerambycid and chrysomelid taxonomy.
Grotella binda
Grotella binda is a noctuid moth species described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1907. It belongs to the genus Grotella within the subfamily Grotellinae. The species is documented from North America, with Arizona as its type locality. Like other members of its genus, it is a small to medium-sized moth active at night.
Grotella blanca
Grotella blanca is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by William Barnes in 1904. It belongs to the genus Grotella, which comprises small to medium-sized nocturnal moths. The species is known from North America with its type locality in Arizona.
Grotella soror
Grotella soror is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1912. It is a North American species with its type locality in Arizona. The species belongs to the genus Grotella, a small group of moths within the subfamily Grotellinae. Like other members of its genus, it is nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Grotella vagans
Grotella vagans is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1922. It belongs to the genus Grotella, a small group of moths within the subfamily Grotellinae. The species is known from western North America, with Nevada as its type locality. Like other noctuid moths, it is nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Grotellaforma lactea
Grotellaforma lactea is a small noctuid moth described by Stretch in 1885. The species was originally placed in the genus Cisthene before being transferred to the monotypic genus Grotellaforma. It is known from arid regions of the southwestern United States, with type specimens collected in California and Arizona. The specific epithet 'lactea' refers to the milk-white coloration of the adult.
Gryllacrididae
raspy crickets, leaf-rolling crickets
Gryllacrididae is a family of non-jumping orthopterans in the suborder Ensifera, commonly known as raspy crickets or leaf-rolling crickets. The family occurs worldwide and contains over 600 species across more than 90 genera, organized into two subfamilies: Gryllacridinae and Hyperbaeninae. Members are distinguished by their unique ability to produce silk independently from other insects, which they use to construct shelters from folded leaves or to seal burrows in soil, sand, or wood. Historically, the family was broadly defined to include Stenopelmatidae and Rhaphidophoridae, which are now recognized as separate families.
Gryllidae
True crickets
Gryllidae, commonly known as true crickets, is a family of insects in the order Orthoptera, suborder Ensifera. Members are characterized by long, thread-like antennae, cylindrical bodies, enlarged hind femora adapted for jumping, and forewings modified for sound production. The family has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with many former subfamilies (including tree crickets, ground crickets, and sword-tail crickets) elevated to family status. True crickets exhibit worldwide distribution except Antarctica and are known for their acoustic communication, with males producing species-specific calling songs to attract females.
Gryllita
Gryllita is a genus of crickets in the family Gryllidae, subfamily Gryllinae, established by Hebard in 1935. The genus contains at least 26 described species, with most described by Otte & Perez-Gelabert in 2009. Species are distributed in the southwestern United States and Mexico, with some Caribbean records. The type species is Gryllita arizonae, commonly known as the Arizona cricket.
Grylloblatta campodeiformis
Northern Rock Crawler
Grylloblatta campodeiformis, the northern rock crawler, is a wingless, cold-adapted insect endemic to western North America. It was the first grylloblatid species described scientifically (Walker, 1914) and serves as the type species for both its genus and family. The species occupies a broader range of habitats than previously assumed, from high-altitude glacial margins to subalpine forests and even low-elevation dry zones. Four subspecies are currently recognized, distributed across the Canadian Rockies and adjacent mountain ranges in British Columbia, Alberta, Montana, and Washington.
Gyponana gladia
Gyponana gladia is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by DeLong in 1942. Like other members of its genus, it possesses distinctive brochosomes—nanoparticles produced in the Malpighian tubules that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on the body and wings. The species has been documented at blacklight traps in autumn, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns. It is one of many small, often overlooked leafhopper species that contribute to the high diversity of Hemiptera in North American temperate regions.
Habroscelimorpha
Habro Tiger Beetles
Habroscelimorpha is a genus of tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae, established by Dokhtouroff in 1883. The genus historically contained approximately seven species distributed across the Neotropical and Nearctic regions, though recent taxonomic revisions have transferred most Neotropical species to other genera. Species remaining in Habroscelimorpha are primarily associated with coastal and saline habitats, including salt marshes, mud flats, and sandy beaches. Several species exhibit strong attraction to ultraviolet light, a trait that distinguishes them from many other tiger beetle genera and facilitates nocturnal observation and collection.
Hadrurus
Giant Hairy Desert Scorpion, Desert Hairy Scorpion
Hadrurus is a genus of large scorpions in the family Hadruridae, native to sandy deserts and xeric habitats of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Members of this genus rank among the largest scorpions in the world, exceeded in size only by Hadogenes, Pandinus, Heterometrus, and Hoffmannihadrurus. The genus currently contains seven recognized species, including the well-known Hadrurus arizonensis, commonly called the Giant Hairy Desert Scorpion. These scorpions are characterized by their robust, hairy bodies with yellowish coloration, though Hadrurus spadix notably exhibits a dark, nearly black prosoma and mesosoma.
Hadrurus anzaborrego
Anza-Borrego Hairy Scorpion
Hadrurus anzaborrego is a large scorpion endemic to the western Colorado Desert of southern California and extreme northern Baja California. It is a medium-sized member of the genus Hadrurus, reaching up to 11 cm in length. The species exhibits two distinct color phenotypes: light individuals are pale yellow, while dark individuals have a melanic posterior carapace and mesosoma. Both forms display a characteristic dark, v-shaped pattern near the eyes. The species name derives from Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, where the holotype was collected.
Hadrurus arizonensis
giant desert hairy scorpion, giant hairy scorpion, Arizona Desert hairy scorpion
Hadrurus arizonensis is the largest scorpion in North America, reaching up to 14 cm in length. This arachnid inhabits the Sonoran and Mojave deserts, where it constructs elaborate burrows up to 2.5 meters deep. It is a nocturnal predator that employs a 'sit and wait' hunting strategy, using sensory hairs to detect ground vibrations. Despite its imposing size, its venom is relatively mild with an LD50 of 168-198 mg/kg, comparable in pain to a honeybee sting. The species is viviparous, with young remaining on the mother's back for over a week after birth.
Hadrurus spadix
Black Hairy Scorpion, Black-back Scorpion
Hadrurus spadix is a large scorpion reaching approximately 15 cm in length, native to the southern deserts of North America. It is distinguished from the closely related giant desert hairy scorpion (Hadrurus arizonensis) by its entirely black prosoma (cephalothorax). This species is a dedicated burrower, spending considerable time excavating and enlarging subterranean galleries in sandy substrates. Its venom is considered low in toxicity to humans, though the sting remains painful.
Hahncappsia fordi
Hahncappsia fordi is a small moth in the family Crambidae, described by Hahn William Capps in 1967. The species is restricted to the southwestern United States and adjacent northwestern Mexico, with records from California, Arizona, and Sonora. Adults are active from spring through early autumn, with a wingspan of 17–20 mm. Sexual dimorphism in size is minimal, with males averaging slightly larger than females.
Haimbachia squamulellus
Scaled Haimbachia Moth
Haimbachia squamulellus is a small moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Zeller in 1881. It occurs in eastern and central North America, ranging from Maryland south to Florida and west to Texas and Illinois. The species is one of approximately 15 recognized species in the genus Haimbachia, a group of grass-associated crambid moths. Adults are active during warmer months, though specific phenology varies across its range.
Halobates micans
Common Sea Skater
Halobates micans is a wingless marine water strider and the only pelagic insect genus member found in the Atlantic Ocean. It is circumglobal in tropical and subtropical seas, living exclusively at the sea-air interface. Adults measure 3.6–4.5 mm with males larger than females. The species exhibits remarkable adaptations for open ocean life including water-repellent body hairs, UV-absorbent cuticle, and exceptional skating agility. It is the most widespread Halobates species, occurring from approximately 40°N to 40°S in the Atlantic and also present in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Halocoryza
Halocoryza is a genus of small, intertidal ground beetles (Carabidae) restricted to tropical and subtropical coastal habitats. The genus comprises four described species distributed across shorelines of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, including Caribbean islands and the Gulf of Mexico. All species are nocturnal predators associated with sandy or coralline substrates near mangroves, coral reefs, or seaweed accumulations. The genus is characterized by reduced flight capability, slow running speed, and adaptations for burrowing in coastal sediments.
Halonoproctidae
Saddle-legged Trapdoor Spiders
Halonoproctidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders elevated from subfamily status in 2018 based on molecular phylogenetic studies that demonstrated Ctenizidae was paraphyletic. The family includes six genera and approximately 145 species of trapdoor spiders distributed across North and Central America, the Caribbean, southern Europe, North Africa, Asia, and Australasia. These spiders construct silk-lined burrows with trapdoors and are characterized by medium to large body size, somber coloration, and distinctive morphological features including sigillae on the sternum and modified spines on the legs.
Haplidus
Haplidus is a genus of longhorned beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and tribe Hesperophanini. The genus was established by LeConte in 1873 and contains seven described species distributed in North America. Species in this genus are associated with coniferous hosts, particularly pines. Haplidus testaceus, the type species, has been collected from dead Pinus edulis (Colorado pinyon pine) branches, suggesting larval development in dead or dying pine wood.
Harpalini
ground beetles
Harpalini is a large tribe of ground beetles (family Carabidae, subfamily Harpalalinae) containing over 1,900 described species across approximately 103 genera. Members are predominantly nocturnal ground beetles distributed across all major biogeographic regions including the Palaearctic, Oriental, Afrotropical, Neotropical, Nearctic, and Australian regions. The tribe includes economically significant genera such as Harpalus, a diverse group with numerous Palaearctic species, and Trichotichnus, which comprises over 260 species worldwide. Taxonomic research on Harpalini focuses heavily on species descriptions, distribution records, and generic revisions, with recent work describing new species from China, Brazil, India, and Australia.
Harpalus
Harpalus is a large and diverse genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, containing over 420 described species and subspecies. It is the largest genus of the tribe Harpalini and one of the most diverse genera in the entire ground beetle family. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species found across multiple continents. A recent worldwide classification based on adult morphology divides Harpalus into seventy subgenera grouped into nineteen subgroups and ten groups, including thirty-six newly described subgenera. Members of this genus are primarily ground-dwelling predators and granivores found in agricultural fields, grasslands, and open habitats.
Harpalus cordifer
Harpalus cordifer is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, subfamily Harpalalinae, described by Notman in 1919. It belongs to the large genus Harpalus, one of the most diverse genera of ground beetles in North America. The species is documented from Alaska and northern North America, with records extending into Canada and the contiguous United States. Like other members of the genus, it is a nocturnal ground beetle likely associated with open, disturbed habitats where it preys on small invertebrates and may consume seeds.
Harpalus retractus
Harpalus retractus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, subfamily Harpalinae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1863. It is recorded from Mexico and the United States. Like other members of the genus Harpalus, it is a nocturnal ground beetle. The species is part of a large genus containing over 400 species worldwide, with many species being granivorous as adults.
Harpalus rubripes
Red-legged Harpalus
Harpalus rubripes is a medium-sized ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, characterized by its distinctive reddish legs that give the species its name. Native to the Palearctic region, it has established populations across much of Europe, extending eastward through Siberia and Central Asia to Anatolia. The species was introduced to North America, with records dating from 1987 onward. Like other members of the genus Harpalus, it is primarily nocturnal and ground-dwelling.
Harpalus texanus
Harpalus texanus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae, described by Casey in 1914. As a member of the large genus Harpalus, it belongs to the family Carabidae, one of the most diverse beetle families. The species is known from the United States, with records indicating presence in North America. Like other Harpalus species, it is likely a nocturnal ground-dwelling beetle, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Harpalus ventralis
Harpalus ventralis is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1848. The species is native to North America, with records from Canada and the United States. Like other members of the genus Harpalus, it is a nocturnal, ground-dwelling beetle.
Heliocheilus julia
Barbie Moth
Heliocheilus julia is a noctuid moth species described by Grote in 1883. The species is known from limited geographic records in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Its life history remains undocumented, including unknown larval host plants and immature stages. Adults are attracted to lights and fly during late summer. The proposed common name "Barbie Moth" has not achieved formal recognition.
Hellinsia longifrons
Snout Plume Moth
Hellinsia longifrons is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, commonly known as the Snout Plume Moth. It occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have a wingspan of 25–28 mm and display distinctive gray-brown coloration with white markings on the thorax and abdomen. The species is associated with the host plant Acourtia microcephala.
Hemeroblemma
Hemeroblemma is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Calpinae, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1818. The genus contains six recognized species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region. Species within this genus are nocturnal and belong to the diverse owlet moth assemblage.
Hemeroblemma opigena
Hemeroblemma opigena is a moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is distributed from Florida through the Caribbean to Brazil. Females have a wingspan of approximately 80 mm. Adults are active in March in Florida.
Hemeroplanis incusalis
Anvil-wing Moth
Hemeroplanis incusalis is a moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Grote in 1881. It is commonly known as the Anvil-wing Moth, a name likely referencing the shape of its forewings. The species belongs to the subfamily Boletobiinae and tribe Phytometrini. It is a nocturnal insect with established populations across North America.
Hemerotrecha
windscorpion, sun spider, camel spider
Hemerotrecha is a genus of solifuges (windscorpions) in the family Eremobatidae, first described by Nathan Banks in 1903. The genus comprises more than 30 described species distributed in arid regions of North America. These fast-moving, non-venomous arachnids are characterized by their large chelicerae and lack of silk-producing structures. They are active predators that hunt primarily at night.
Herpyllus
Parson spider
Herpyllus is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz in 1832. The genus contains 33 species distributed across North America, Central America, and parts of Asia. Members are commonly known as 'parson spiders' due to their distinctive black-and-white coloration resembling clerical vestments. The most well-known species, Herpyllus ecclesiasticus (Eastern Parson Spider), is widespread in eastern North America and frequently enters human dwellings.
Herpyllus cockerelli
Herpyllus cockerelli is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, distributed across the United States and Mexico. Like other Herpyllus species, it is nocturnal and frequently associated with human structures. The species was described by Nathan Banks in 1901.
Hesperumia
sulphur moth
Hesperumia is a genus of geometrid moths established by Packard in 1873. The genus contains four recognized species distributed across western North America, with adults typically active during summer months. Larval stages are poorly documented, but the genus is associated with various host plants including buckwheat and other herbaceous vegetation. Adults of at least one species, H. sulphuraria, are attracted to light sources.
Heterophleps triguttaria
three-spotted fillip
Heterophleps triguttaria, commonly known as the three-spotted fillip, is a small geometrid moth in the subfamily Larentiinae. The species is recognized by the three dark spots on its forewings that give it its common name. It is widely distributed across North America and is among the more frequently observed geometrid moths, with thousands of citizen science records.
Heteropoda
Giant Huntsman Spiders
Heteropoda is a genus of huntsman spiders (family Sparassidae) comprising approximately 189 species, primarily distributed across tropical Asia and Australia. The genus includes some of the largest living spiders, with H. maxima reaching legspans up to 30 cm. H. venatoria, the pantropical huntsman spider, has achieved cosmopolitan distribution through human transport and is frequently encountered in international cargo, particularly banana shipments.
Hibana
ghost spiders, yellow ghost spider
Hibana is a genus of anyphaenid sac spiders established by Antônio Brescovit in 1991. The genus contains 18 described species distributed from the United States through Central America to Brazil, including the Caribbean. These small, pale, nocturnal spiders are commonly known as ghost spiders due to their coloration and elusive habits. Hibana includes the yellow ghost spider (Hibana velox), formerly classified under Aysha. The genus is notable for its cursorial hunting behavior and restricted area searching following food consumption.
Hibana cambridgei
Hibana cambridgei is a small ghost spider in the family Anyphaenidae. Like other members of its genus, it is pale in coloration and nocturnal in habit. The species is native to North America and has been recorded from the United States and Mexico. Very few specific observations of this species have been documented in scientific literature.
Hibana futilis
ghost spider
Hibana futilis is a small cursorial spider in the family Anyphaenidae, commonly known as ghost spiders. Adults reach a maximum body length of slightly over 8 millimeters. The species is nocturnal, hunting insects on foliage at night and hiding in silk-lined curled leaves by day. It is found from the United States through Central America to Venezuela and Cuba. Research has documented its restricted area searching behavior following consumption of both prey and non-prey food, suggesting cognitive flexibility in foraging.
Hibana gracilis
garden ghost spider, ghost spider
Hibana gracilis, commonly known as the garden ghost spider, is a small nocturnal hunting spider in the family Anyphaenidae. Adults reach a maximum body length of about 8 millimeters, with most individuals around 6 millimeters. The species is found throughout the United States and Canada, where it hunts insects on foliage and constructs silken retreats in curled leaves during daylight hours.
Hibana incursa
ghost spider
Hibana incursa is a species of ghost spider in the family Anyphaenidae, first described by Chamberlin in 1919. It is a small, pale-colored, nocturnal hunting spider distributed from the United States through Panama. Like other ghost spiders, it does not build webs to capture prey but instead actively prowls vegetation for insects.
Hibana velox
Yellow Ghost Spider
Hibana velox, commonly known as the yellow ghost spider, is a small nocturnal hunting spider native to North America. Formerly classified as Aysha velox, this species belongs to the family Anyphaenidae and is recognized for its pale coloration and active predation on small insects. It occupies diverse habitats ranging from natural vegetation to human dwellings, and has been documented as an effective biological control agent against agricultural pests such as the citrus leafminer.
Hippolytidae
broken-back shrimp, cleaner shrimp, anemone shrimp, hump-backed shrimps
Hippolytidae is a family of marine caridean shrimp commonly known as broken-back shrimp, cleaner shrimp, or anemone shrimp. The family was redefined in 2023, with several former genera transferred to other families (Bythocariidae, Lysmatidae, Merguiidae, Thoridae), leaving 16 genera in Hippolytidae sensu stricto. Some members engage in cleaning symbiosis with fish, removing parasites and debris from host bodies. The family shows both diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns, with behavioral differences in cleaning site preferences.
Histeridae
clown beetles, hister beetles
Histeridae is a cosmopolitan family of predatory beetles containing more than 410 genera and 4,800 described species worldwide. Members are commonly known as clown beetles or hister beetles. They are immediately recognizable by their shortened elytra that leave two abdominal tergites exposed, and their elbowed antennae with clubbed, lamellate ends. The family exhibits remarkable ecological diversity, with species occupying niches ranging from carrion and dung to ant and termite colonies, forest litter, and tree bark. Their predatory habits on fly larvae and other arthropods have made them valuable for biological control and forensic entomology.
Hogna antelucana
Hogna antelucana is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is a ground-dwelling, nocturnal hunter found in the United States. As a member of the genus Hogna, it is a relatively large wolf spider with well-developed eyes adapted for low-light conditions. The species was described by Montgomery in 1904.
Hogna carolinensis
Carolina wolf spider, giant wolf spider
Hogna carolinensis, the Carolina wolf spider, is the largest wolf spider in North America. Females reach 22–35 mm in body length, males 18–20 mm. This species inhabits self-made or appropriated burrows in open habitats across a broad geographic range. Females carry egg sacs attached to their abdomen during the approximately two-week incubation period, and spiderlings cling to the mother's back for several days after hatching. The species is notable for its eye shine when illuminated at night, effective thermoregulation abilities, and unique venom containing lycotoxins with antimicrobial properties.
Hogna lenta
Field Wolf Spider
Hogna lenta is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, commonly known as the Field Wolf Spider. It is native to the southeastern United States, with particular abundance in Florida. This large, ground-dwelling spider constructs vertical burrows in sandy substrates and hunts using vibration detection. The species has been used in neuroanatomical research to study catecholaminergic neuron distribution in spider central nervous systems.
Hogna osceola
Hogna osceola is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, first described by Gertsch and Wallace in 1937. It is a burrow-living wolf spider found in sandy habitats of western Texas and adjacent regions. Like other members of the genus Hogna, it exhibits the characteristic eye arrangement of wolf spiders with enlarged posterior median eyes that produce eyeshine visible at night when illuminated. The species appears to be associated with sand dune systems, where individuals construct silk-lined burrows.
Holoverticata
Woodlice and Pillbugs
Holoverticata is an infraorder of isopod crustaceans encompassing the familiar terrestrial woodlice and pillbugs. Members of this group are distinguished by their dorsoventrally flattened bodies, seven pairs of walking legs, and ability to occupy moist terrestrial habitats. The group includes species capable of conglobation (rolling into a ball) as well as those that remain flattened. This infraorder represents the most successful lineage of crustaceans to colonize land.
Homaledra octagonella
Octagonal Casemaker Moth
Homaledra octagonella is a small moth species in the family Pterolonchidae, commonly known as the Octagonal Casemaker Moth. The species was described by Walsingham in 1882. Members of this genus are known for constructing distinctive larval cases from plant material. The family placement has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some sources historically placing it in Coleophoridae.
Homoeosoma
sunflower moth
Homoeosoma is a genus of pyralid moths (family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae) containing multiple species associated with plants in the Asteraceae family. The genus includes significant agricultural pests, particularly of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), as well as species feeding on weedy composites such as ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) and thistles. Several species have been studied extensively for their host plant relationships, chemical ecology, and potential for biological control of invasive weeds.
Homolobinae
Homolobinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps containing three genera: Exasticolus, Homolobus, and Westwoodiella. Members are relatively large braconids, often nocturnal, and function as koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. The subfamily was previously expanded to include Charmontinae as a tribe. They can be distinguished from similar Macrocentrinae by the presence of an occipital carina.
Hoplistoscelis
damsel bugs
Hoplistoscelis is a genus of damsel bugs in the family Nabidae, first described by Reuter in 1890. The genus contains approximately eight described species distributed in North America. Members of this genus are small predatory true bugs, typically nocturnal hunters that prey on other insects. They are economically significant as natural pest control agents in agricultural systems.
Hoplistoscelis heidemanni
damsel bug
Hoplistoscelis heidemanni is a small predatory true bug in the damsel bug family Nabidae. As with other nabids, it is a nocturnal predator that subdues other insects, including prey larger than itself. The species is recorded from North America. Damsel bugs in this genus are among the smaller members of the family, with adults typically under 12 millimeters in length.
Hoplistoscelis pallescens
damsel bug
Hoplistoscelis pallescens is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as damsel bugs. Adults measure less than 12 millimeters in length. Like other nabids, it is a nocturnal predator that subdues prey, including insects larger than itself. The species has been documented in the northeastern United States, including Massachusetts and Vermont.
Hoplistoscelis sericans
damsel bug
Hoplistoscelis sericans is a species of damsel bug in the family Nabidae. It is found in North America and is one of approximately 41 species of damsel bugs documented north of Mexico. Damsel bugs in this genus are small, predatory true bugs that are economically important as biological control agents in agricultural systems.
Hormoschista latipalpis
Double-lined Brown Moth
Hormoschista latipalpis, commonly known as the Double-lined Brown Moth, is the sole species in its monotypic genus Hormoschista. First described by Francis Walker in 1858, this moth belongs to the family Erebidae (formerly placed in Noctuidae). It is distributed across eastern North America and the Caribbean. The species is nocturnal and attracted to light.
Hyaliodes harti
Hart's plant bug
Hyaliodes harti is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1941. It occurs in eastern North America, with records from the United States and Canada. The species belongs to a genus of mirid plant bugs that are often associated with vegetation and can be attracted to artificial light sources. As with many mirids, specific ecological details remain poorly documented in published literature.
Hyalophora
Giant Silk Moths, Silkmoths
Hyalophora is a genus of giant silk moths in the family Saturniidae, containing some of the largest and most visually striking moths in North America. The genus includes the cecropia moth (H. cecropia), North America's largest native moth, along with several other notable species such as the Columbia silkmoth and Glover's silkmoth. Adults are characterized by their large size, broad wings with distinctive eyespot patterns, and reduced mouthparts—they do not feed. Larvae are equally impressive, with bright coloration and prominent tubercles or spines. The genus was established by James Duncan and John O. Westwood in 1841.
Hyalophora euryalus
Ceanothus silkmoth, Ceanothus silk moth
Hyalophora euryalus, the ceanothus silkmoth, is a large saturniid moth native to western North America. Adults lack functional mouthparts and do not feed, living solely to reproduce. The species is notable for its broad host plant range spanning multiple plant families. Larvae possess urticating hairs and scoli that can cause skin irritation. The moth has a single generation per year, with adults active from January through July depending on latitude and elevation.
Hyalophora euryalus euryalus
Ceanothus silk moth, Western cecropia moth
Hyalophora euryalus euryalus is a subspecies of giant silk moth in the family Saturniidae, native to western North America. Adults are among the largest moths in the region, with wingspans reaching up to 15 centimeters. The subspecies is distinguished by its reddish-brown wing coloration with prominent eyespots and white crescent markings. Like other Hyalophora species, adults lack functional mouthparts and do not feed, living only long enough to mate and reproduce. Larvae are notable for their large size, colorful tubercles, and urticating spines.
Hydropionea fenestralis
Hydropionea fenestralis is a small crambid moth described in 1914, with forewings 12–15 mm in length. Adults display a distinctive reticulated wing pattern and are active from May to October. The species was long considered a mystery regarding its larval biology until 2023, when researchers documented it as a seed borer in Agave salmiana fruits in central Mexico—an unusual host association given its phylogenetic placement in Glaphyriinae. The moth occurs in mountainous regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico, with confirmed records from Arizona, Mississippi, Durango, Veracruz, and Puebla.
Hylobius transversovittatus
Purple Loosestrife Root Borer
A root-boring weevil native to Europe, Asia, northwest Africa, and parts of Australia. Adults and larvae feed exclusively on purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Introduced to North America in 1992 as a classical biological control agent to manage invasive populations of its host plant in wetlands.
Hypagyrtis esther
Esther Moth
Hypagyrtis esther, commonly known as the Esther Moth, is a species of geometrid moth first described by William Barnes in 1928. The species exhibits a broad distribution across the eastern and central United States. Adults display extended flight periods with regional variation in timing. Larvae are specialized feeders on pine foliage.
Hyparpax venus
Venus Moth
Hyparpax venus is a species of moth in the family Notodontidae, described by Berthold Neumoegen in 1892. It is native to North America and belongs to the prominent moth group, which are characterized by their distinctive resting postures and often tufted or hairy bodies. The species name 'venus' references the Roman goddess of beauty, a common naming convention in this genus.
Hypena
Hypena is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, first described by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1802. The genus comprises over 680 species worldwide, predominantly distributed in tropical regions. Species in this genus are non-migratory and overwinter as pupae. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly the green cloverworm (Hypena scabra), which is a major defoliator of soybeans in the eastern United States. The genus also includes biological control agents such as Hypena opulenta, introduced to North America to control invasive swallow-worts.
Hypena abalienalis
white-lined hypena, white-lined bomolocha moth, white-lined snout
Hypena abalienalis, commonly known as the white-lined hypena or white-lined bomolocha moth, is a small to medium-sized moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, this species occurs across eastern North America from southern Canada through the northern United States. Adults are active primarily from spring through mid-summer, with multiple generations per year. The species is distinguished by characteristic wing markings and is frequently attracted to artificial light sources.
Hypena baltimoralis
Baltimore Hypena, Baltimore Bomolocha
A moth of the family Erebidae, described by Guenée in 1854. Adults fly from April to October with multiple generations per year, more numerous in southern portions of its range. The species is strongly associated with deciduous forests and maple-feeding larvae.
Hypena bijugalis
Dimorphic Snout, Dimorphic Bomolocha, Dimorphic Hypena, Toothed Snout-Moth
Hypena bijugalis, commonly known as the Dimorphic Snout, is a moth species in the family Erebidae, subfamily Hypeninae. It occurs across southern Canada from Nova Scotia to Vancouver Island, and throughout the United States to Florida. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with distinct differences in appearance between males and females. It is a nocturnal species attracted to light sources.
Hypena edictalis
Large Bomolocha, Large Snout
Hypena edictalis, commonly known as the Large Bomolocha or Large Snout, is a moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, this species occurs across eastern and central North America. Adults are active from June to August, with one generation in northern populations and partial second generations in more southerly regions. The species is notable for its moderate size and distinctive wing patterning.
Hypena eductalis
Red-footed Snout, Red-footed Bomolocha Moth, Alder Smoke
A small moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1859. Formerly placed in the genus Lomanaltes, now synonymized under Hypena. The species exhibits two generations per year in much of its eastern range. Larvae are specialized feeders on alder leaves.
Hypena humuli
Hop Looper, Hop Vine Moth, Hop Vine Snout
Hypena humuli, commonly known as the hop looper or hop vine moth, is a moth species in the family Erebidae. First described by Thaddeus William Harris in 1841, it has a broad distribution across North America from coast to coast in Canada south to Florida and Arkansas in the east and California in the west. The species is an emerging agricultural pest of hops (Humulus lupulus), with larvae feeding on hop foliage. It has been studied for its phenology and natural enemy associations in Washington State hop yards.
Hypena palparia
Variegated Snout-moth, Mottled Bomolocha, Mottled Snout
Hypena palparia is a medium-sized moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1861. The species occurs across much of North America, from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific, with adults active primarily in early summer. Larvae feed on the leaves of specific woody plants including ironwood (Ostrya virginiana) and hazelnuts (Corylus species). The moth is known by multiple common names reflecting its patterned appearance and snout-like labial palps.
Hypena scabra
Green Cloverworm Moth, Black Snout, Green Cloverworm
Hypena scabra, commonly known as the green cloverworm moth or black snout, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is an abundant species across much of North America east of the Rocky Mountains, with multiple generations per year. The larvae are significant agricultural pests, particularly of soybeans and other legumes, though they feed on a wide variety of plants. Adults are active from early spring through late fall, or year-round in warmer regions.
Hypena vetustalis
tropical bomolocha moth
Hypena vetustalis, commonly known as the tropical bomolocha moth, is a species of owlet moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in North America and has been assigned the MONA/Hodges number 8454.1. The species was first described by Guenée in 1854. As a member of the genus Hypena, it shares the triangular wing posture at rest characteristic of this group.
Hypenopsis macula
Black-spotted Schrankia
Hypenopsis macula, commonly known as the black-spotted schrankia moth, is a small erebid moth found across much of North America and into Central America. The species was first described by Herbert Druce in 1891 under the name Schrankia macula, and has since been reclassified to the genus Hypenopsis. It occurs in a broad range of habitats from the eastern United States through the Southwest and into Mexico and Central America.
Hypenula
litter moths
Hypenula is a genus of litter moths in the subfamily Herminiinae, family Erebidae. These moths are associated with forest floor habitats where their larvae feed on decaying plant matter. The genus was established by Grote in 1876 and contains multiple species distributed in North America.
Hypercompe scribonia
Giant Leopard Moth, Great Leopard Moth, Giant Woolly Bear (larval stage), Black Woolly Bear (larval stage), Eyed Tiger Moth
Hypercompe scribonia, the giant leopard moth, is the largest eastern tiger moth in North America. Adults are striking white moths with black circular spots and bars, while larvae are known as giant woolly bears—large, densely hairy black caterpillars with red rings visible between body segments when curled. The species is nocturnal, with males frequently attracted to lights. Larvae overwinter and complete development in spring, feeding on a broad range of herbaceous and woody plants.
Hypexilis
Hypexilis is a genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and tribe Graciliini. The genus was established by Horn in 1885 and contains two described species: H. longipennis Linsley, 1935 and H. pallida Horn, 1885. Members of this genus are known from western North America, particularly in montane juniper-oak-pinyon woodland habitats.
Hypnoidus nocturnus
Nocturnal Click Beetle
Hypnoidus nocturnus is a species of click beetle (Elateridae) commonly known as the Nocturnal Click Beetle. It is distributed across northern and western North America, including Alaska, western Canada, and associated regions. The species is characterized by its small size, dark coloration, and the ability to produce a clicking sound by flexing its body—a defensive mechanism shared with other members of the family. Observations of this species remain limited, with few documented records in public databases.
Hypocoena basistriga
White-veined Sedge Moth
Hypocoena basistriga is a small noctuid moth with a distinctive pattern of white-veined forewings against a dark brown background. It inhabits mesic environments across western North America, from Alaska to the western Great Lakes region. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in late summer and early fall. Larval biology remains undocumented, though related species are stem borers in monocots.
Hypoptinae
carpenter moths, goat moths
A subfamily of carpenter moths (Cossidae) distributed primarily in the Neotropical region, with some genera extending into North America. The subfamily includes approximately 10 recognized genera, including Givira, Langsdorfia, and Hypopta. Hypoptinae are characterized by their generally robust body form and nocturnal habits. Many species exhibit distinctive wing patterns ranging from dark, mottled coloration to pale, nearly white forms. The subfamily has been subject to recent taxonomic revision, with new species and genera described from Andean and Brazilian localities.
Hypothyce
May beetles, Junebugs
Hypothyce is a genus of scarab beetles in the subfamily Melolonthinae, containing four described species in the United States. All species are restricted to isolated sandhill habitats along the North American Coastal Plain. The genus exhibits pronounced geographic isolation, with each species known from a single state: Texas, Georgia, or Alabama. Several species remain poorly known, with females undescribed for three of four species.
Hypsopygia
Hayworms
Hypsopygia is a genus of pyralid moths described by Jacob Hübner in 1825. Members are relatively large compared to other pyralids. The genus has undergone extensive taxonomic revision, with several former genera (Dolichomia, Herculia, Ocrasa, Orthopygia, Pseudasopia) now mostly merged into it. Species exhibit diverse ecological strategies: some are nest parasites of social wasps, while others are pests of stored hay and dried vegetation. Several species are attracted to light and are nocturnal.
Hypsopygia costalis
Gold Triangle, Clover Hayworm Moth, Clover Hay Moth
A small pyralid moth native to Europe, now established in eastern North America. Adults display a distinctive golden triangular marking on the forewings. The species is notable as a pest of stored hay and dried vegetation, with larvae feeding on clover and alfalfa hay. Adults are nocturnal, active from July through November in the British Isles, with earlier emergence (May–July) reported elsewhere. The genome has been sequenced, revealing 818 Mb across 31 chromosomal pseudomolecules.
Hyssia
Hyssia is a genus of noctuid moths established by Guenée in 1852. Species in this genus are nocturnal. The genus contains at least six described species distributed across the Palearctic region.
Hystrichophora
Hystrichophora is a genus of small moths in the family Tortricidae, first described by Walsingham in 1879. These moths belong to the subfamily Olethreutinae and tribe Enarmoniini. Members of this genus are leafroller moths, with larvae that roll or tie leaves to create shelters. The genus is part of the diverse Tortricidae family, which contains many economically significant agricultural pests.
Idia
litter moths, American idia moths
Idia is a genus of litter moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. These moths are primarily nocturnal and are commonly attracted to light sources. The genus includes the well-known American Idia Moth (Idia americalis) and related species. Members of this genus are found across North America and are frequently documented in citizen science projects such as iNaturalist.
Idia aemula
Common Idia, Powdered Snout, Waved Tabby
A small litter moth in the family Erebidae, recognized by its gray forewings with intricate dark lines and a distinctive pale to orange-brown reniform spot. Adults are nocturnal and active from spring through fall, with multiple generations per year. The larvae feed on dead leaves, contributing to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The species is widespread across eastern North America and has been reported in the Palearctic region.
Idia concisa
American Idia Moth
Idia concisa, commonly known as the American Idia Moth, is a species of litter moth in the subfamily Herminiinae. It is a nocturnal species attracted to artificial light sources. The species is part of a taxonomically complex group within the genus Idia, where identification often requires careful examination of genitalic structures. Adults are active during warmer months and are frequently encountered by moth enthusiasts using blacklight or porch light setups.
Idia denticulalis
Toothed Idia Moth
Idia denticulalis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Leon F. Harvey in 1875. The species is widely distributed across eastern and central North America, from Quebec south to Alabama and Texas. Adults are active from spring through late summer, with generation timing varying by latitude. Larvae feed on lichen and detritus.
Idia diminuendis
Orange-spotted Idia Moth
Idia diminuendis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described in 1918. It occurs across eastern and central North America. The species has two generations per year in most of its range and is attracted to light.
Idia forbesii
Forbes' Idia Moth
Idia forbesii is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by George Hazen French in 1894. The species is widely distributed across eastern North America, with populations exhibiting univoltine life cycles in northern regions and multivoltine cycles in southern regions. Adults are active from late spring through fall depending on latitude.
Idia gopheri
Gopher Tortoise Moth, Tortoise Commensal Noctuid Moth
Idia gopheri is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by J. B. Smith in 1899. The species is notable for its specialized association with gopher tortoise burrows, where its larvae develop. It has a restricted distribution centered on Florida, with potential range extension into adjacent southeastern states.
Idia rotundalis
Rotund Idia Moth, Chocolate Idia
Idia rotundalis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. First described by Francis Walker in 1866, it is widespread across eastern North America. The species exhibits latitudinal variation in voltinism, with one generation annually in northern populations and two or more generations in southern populations. Larvae are detritivores that feed on dead leaves and other organic debris.
Ilexia intractata
Black-dotted Ruddy Moth
A medium-sized geometrid moth with ruddy-brown forewings marked by scattered black dots. The common name refers to this distinctive spotted pattern. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species is well-documented across eastern North America with over 7,500 iNaturalist observations.
Indiopsocus ceterus
common barklouse
Indiopsocus ceterus is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae, first described by Mockford in 1974. It is a small, winged insect that inhabits bark and foliage surfaces. The species is known from the Caribbean Sea region and North America, including Cuba and the United States. It has been documented at blacklight stations, indicating nocturnal activity.
Indiopsocus coquilletti
common barklouse
Indiopsocus coquilletti is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae. It is found in Central America and North America, including the United States and Mexico. Barklice in this family are commonly encountered on bark, foliage, and other surfaces where they feed on organic debris.
Indiopsocus lacteus
Indiopsocus lacteus is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae, described by Mockford and Young in 2015. The species name "lacteus" (milky or milk-white) likely refers to its pale coloration. Like other members of the genus Indiopsocus, it belongs to the common barklice, a group of small, soft-bodied insects often found on tree bark, rocks, and other surfaces. The species has been documented in North America, including observations in Kansas.
Indiopsocus palmatus
common barklouse
Indiopsocus palmatus is a species of barklouse in the family Psocidae, described by Mockford & Young in 2015. Barklice in this genus are small, soft-bodied insects commonly found on tree bark and foliage. They are frequently attracted to artificial light sources at night. The species name refers to a hand-like or palmate structure, likely describing a morphological feature of the species.
Insara
western bush katydids
Insara is a genus of katydids commonly known as western bush katydids, established by Walker in 1869. The genus belongs to the tribe Insarini within the subfamily Phaneropterinae of family Tettigoniidae. Species in this genus are found primarily in western North America and Mexico, with at least 20 described species recognized. The genus is notable as a host for predatory wasps, particularly Sphex lucae, which paralyzes species such as Insara elegans (elegant bush katydid) to provision its nests.
Iphthiminus
Iphthiminus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, subfamily Tenebrioninae. The genus contains at least four described species distributed in North America. Members are primarily associated with coniferous forests, where they inhabit decaying wood and feed on fungal resources. They are nocturnal and have been observed on the trunks and stumps of recently fallen or cut pines.
Iphthiminus opacus
Cloudy Darkling Beetle
A darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, found in eastern North America from Canada through the northeastern United States. Adults are nocturnal and have been observed on coniferous trees, particularly pines. The species is part of a genus that includes several North American species associated with forested habitats.
Ipnista n-sp
Ipnista n-sp is an unidentified species of sheetweb weaver spider in the family Linyphiidae, documented from a single male specimen observed in Door County, Wisconsin. The spider was found during a nocturnal survey of building exteriors in a forested lakeshore habitat. As an unidentified male, it represents an undescribed or unrecognized species within this diverse family of small web-building spiders.
Iridopsis defectaria
Brown-shaded Gray, brown-shaded gray moth
Iridopsis defectaria is a geometrid moth commonly known as the Brown-shaded Gray. It is widely distributed across eastern and central North America, ranging from Pennsylvania west to Iowa and Kansas, south to Texas, and east to Florida. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species was previously classified under the genus Anacamptodes, which has since been synonymized with Iridopsis.
Isarthrus
Isarthrus is a genus of beetles in the family Eucnemidae (false click beetles), established by LeConte in 1852. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized beetles characterized by their association with decaying wood. The genus is poorly documented in scientific literature, with only eight observations recorded on iNaturalist as of the data cutoff. Isarthrus belongs to a family whose larvae are primarily wood-borers in dead or dying hardwoods.
Ithome concolorella
kiawe flower moth
Ithome concolorella, commonly known as the kiawe flower moth, is a small microlepidopteran species in the family Cosmopterigidae. First described by V.T. Chambers in 1875, it is native to the southern United States but has been introduced to Hawaii and Ascension Island. The species has become a notable pest of leguminous tree flowers in its introduced range.
Korscheltellus gracilis
Conifer Swift Moth
Korscheltellus gracilis, the Conifer Swift Moth, is a hepialid moth native to eastern and central North America. Adults are active at dusk and exhibit a primitive mating system where males form aerial lek swarms to attract females. Larvae are root-feeders primarily associated with coniferous trees, particularly balsam fir and red spruce, though they can survive on deciduous hosts. The species is considered a forest pest due to larval damage to tree roots and associated pathogen entry points.
Korscheltellus lupulina
Common Swift Moth
Korscheltellus lupulina, commonly known as the Common Swift Moth, is a hepialid moth native to Europe and parts of northern Asia. It was previously classified in the genus Hepialus but was moved to Korscheltellus based on morphological and phylogenetic studies. The species is frequently observed and often abundant across its range. It is one of several swift moth species characterized by rapid, darting flight patterns and reduced mouthparts in the adult stage.
Kukulcania geophila
crevice weaver
Kukulcania geophila is a species of crevice weaver spider in the family Filistatidae, distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other members of its genus, it constructs distinctive lacy, cribellate webs that emerge from sheltered retreats in crevices. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism, with females being larger, dark-colored, and long-lived compared to males. Two subspecies are recognized: K. g. geophila and K. g. wawona.
Lacanobia grandis
Grand Arches Moth
Lacanobia grandis, commonly known as the Grand Arches Moth, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is a nocturnal species attracted to light traps. The species has been documented in long-term moth monitoring studies, where it has shown variable abundance patterns typical of many noctuid moths.
Lacinipolia
owlet moths
Lacinipolia is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, established by McDunnough in 1937. The genus contains approximately 80 species, primarily distributed in North America. Adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to blacklights. Species identification typically requires examination of genitalia or other microscopic features, as external morphology alone is often insufficient for reliable determination.
Lacinipolia
owlet moths
Lacinipolia is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae. Adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to blacklights. Species within this genus exhibit considerable variation in coloration, including mottled gray forms with reflective wing scales and green forms that likely provide camouflage against lichen-covered substrates. Species-level identification based on external appearance alone is generally not possible.
Lacinipolia agnata
Lacinipolia agnata is an owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Smith in 1905. Adults are attracted to blacklights at night. The species belongs to a genus whose members are difficult to distinguish visually, requiring examination of genitalia or other microscopic features for positive identification.
Lacinipolia aileenae
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia aileenae is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, described by Selman & Leuschner in 2001. It belongs to a genus whose members are commonly known as cutworm or dart moths. The species is documented from North America, with a MONA/Hodges number of 10406.6. Like other Lacinipolia species, adults are attracted to blacklights and show considerable variation in coloration.
Lacinipolia basiplaga
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia basiplaga is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, described by Smith in 1905. It belongs to the cutworm or dart moth group, a common name referring to the soil-dwelling caterpillars that cut through plant stems at ground level. The species is found in North America. Adults are attracted to light and are among the larger moths in the genus Lacinipolia. Species-level identification within this genus typically requires examination of genitalia or other microscopic features, as visual appearance alone is insufficient.
Lacinipolia circumcincta
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia circumcincta is a noctuid moth species native to North America, originally described by Smith in 1891. As a member of the cutworm moth group, adults are attracted to ultraviolet light sources and are active during summer months. The species is part of a genus whose members are difficult to distinguish visually from one another.
Lacinipolia comis
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia comis is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as a cutworm or dart moth. It was first described by Grote in 1876. The species is found in North America and is assigned MONA/Hodges number 10408. Like other members of the genus Lacinipolia, adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Lacinipolia davena
red-spot polia, Red-spot Polia Moth
Lacinipolia davena is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as the red-spot polia. It is one of the larger moths in the genus Lacinipolia, which are frequently attracted to blacklights at night. The species was first described by Smith in 1901. Adults are difficult to distinguish from other Lacinipolia species by appearance alone.
Lacinipolia longiclava
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia longiclava is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as a cutworm or dart moth. It is one of approximately 100 species in the genus Lacinipolia, which are primarily distributed across North America. The species was originally described by Smith in 1891 under the basionym Mamestra longiclava. Like other members of its genus, adults are attracted to light and are difficult to distinguish from congeners based on external appearance alone.
Lacinipolia lustralis
Lustrous Arches
Lacinipolia lustralis is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as the Lustrous Arches. It is found in North America, with records from Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan) and the United States (Vermont). Like other members of the genus Lacinipolia, it is nocturnal and attracted to lights. The species was originally described by Grote in 1875 under the basionym Dianthoecia lustralis.
Lacinipolia marinitincta
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia marinitincta is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Harvey in 1875. It belongs to the genus Lacinipolia, which contains medium-sized owlet moths that are often difficult to distinguish visually at the species level. The species is known from North America, with observations documented in the western United States including Colorado. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Lacinipolia meditata
Thinker Moth
Lacinipolia meditata, commonly known as the thinker moth, is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae. It is a medium-sized nocturnal moth found across North America. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light sources, a common trait among noctuid moths. The species is part of a genus whose members can be difficult to distinguish visually without close examination.
Lacinipolia mimula
Lacinipolia mimula is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Grote in 1883. It is part of the owlet moth genus Lacinipolia, which contains numerous similar species that are difficult to distinguish by appearance alone. The species has been recorded in North America. Like other members of its genus, adults are nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Lacinipolia patalis
Lacinipolia patalis is a species of owlet moth (family Noctuidae) found in North America. It was described by Grote in 1873, originally placed in the genus Xylomiges. The species is part of the subfamily Noctuinae and tribe Eriopygini. Like other members of its genus, it is nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Lacinipolia quadrilineata
Four-lined Arches
Lacinipolia quadrilineata is a species of owlet moth (Noctuidae) commonly known as the Four-lined Arches. First described by Grote in 1873 from the basionym Mamestra quadrilineata, this moth occurs across North America. The genus Lacinipolia belongs to the tribe Eriopygini within the subfamily Noctuinae. Adults are attracted to lights at night and are active during the summer months.
Lacinipolia renigera
Kidney-spotted Minor, Bristly Cutworm, Bristly Cutworm Moth
Lacinipolia renigera is a small owlet moth (Noctuidae) with a wingspan of 21–30 mm, smaller than most other members of its family. Adults rest with hindwings tucked beneath forewings, creating a tented or arrowhead-like silhouette. The species is endemic to most of North America, flying from May to October depending on location. Larvae feed on herbaceous plants and are considered a pest of agricultural crops including cabbage, lettuce, and corn.
Lacinipolia sharonae
Sharon's Cutworm, Sharon's Dart
Lacinipolia sharonae is a species of cutworm moth in the family Noctuidae, described in 2001. It is part of the diverse owlet moth genus Lacinipolia, which contains numerous similar-looking species that are difficult to distinguish without close examination. The species is found in North America and has been assigned the MONA/Hodges number 10406.3. Like other members of its genus, adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Lacinipolia spiculosa
Lacinipolia spiculosa is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, described by Grote in 1883. It is found in North America and is one of several larger owlet moths in the genus Lacinipolia that are attracted to blacklights at night. Species in this genus are difficult to distinguish from one another by appearance alone.
Lacinipolia stenotis
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia stenotis is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, described by Hampson in 1905. It belongs to a genus of cutworm or dart moths found in North America. The species is part of the diverse Noctuinae subfamily, which contains many nocturnal moths attracted to light. Like other members of its genus, it cannot be reliably identified to species by appearance alone.
Lacinipolia strigicollis
Collared Arches Moth
Lacinipolia strigicollis, commonly known as the collared arches moth, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. The species was described by Wallengren in 1860 and is found in North America. It is assigned MONA/Hodges number 10415. The genus Lacinipolia contains multiple species that are difficult to distinguish visually without close examination.
Lacinipolia umbrosa
Lacinipolia umbrosa is an owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, native to North America. Like other members of the genus Lacinipolia, adults are nocturnal and attracted to light sources. The species was described by Smith in 1888 and is accepted as valid in current taxonomy. Available information on this species is limited, with few documented observations in public databases.
Lacinipolia viridifera
Green Owlet Moth
Lacinipolia viridifera is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1937. The species is characterized by green coloration in at least some individuals, distinguishing it from the typically gray or mottled congeners in the genus Lacinipolia. Like other members of this genus, it is nocturnal and attracted to light sources. The specific epithet 'viridifera' refers to the green coloration ('viridis' = green, 'fero' = bearing).
Lacinipolia vittula
cutworm moth, dart moth
Lacinipolia vittula is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as cutworm or dart moths. The species was described by Grote in 1882 and occurs in North America. Like other members of its genus, adults are attracted to lights at night and exhibit variable coloration, with some individuals appearing mottled gray with reflective wing scales and others green.
Laemostenus terricola
Laemostenus terricola is a cavernicolous ground beetle native to Europe, capable of maintaining substantial populations in old hedge habitats within intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes. The species exhibits eurychronous phenology with year-round surface activity, though peak activity occurs in late summer and early autumn. It shows strong ecological association with rabbit burrows, which serve as important microhabitat features. The species is considered endangered in parts of its range, including Berlin and Germany as a whole.
Lambdina pellucidaria
pitch pine looper, eastern pine looper, yellow-headed looper, yellow-headed looper moth
Lambdina pellucidaria is a geometrid moth found in eastern North America, commonly known as the pitch pine looper or yellow-headed looper. The species is associated with pine habitats and has been documented feeding on pitch pine, red pine, and other hard pines, as well as oak. Adults are active from March to June with regional variation, and exhibit nocturnal pheromone-mediated mating activity between midnight and 3 AM. Larvae are distinctive loopers that mine needles rather than consuming them completely, a trait that aids in identification.
Lanelater
Lanelater is a genus of click beetles (family Elateridae, subfamily Agrypninae) established by Arnett in 1952. The genus includes at least 10 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. Species have been documented in India, Pakistan, and other regions, with some species such as Lanelater fuscipes recognized as significant agricultural pests whose larvae (wireworms) damage field crops by feeding on below-ground plant structures. A new species, Lanelater majeednsis, was recently described from Khairpur district, Sindh, Pakistan.
Lanugo cestus
Lanugo cestus is a species of giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae. It is native to the Neotropical region and exhibits the large size and reduced mouthparts characteristic of many saturniid moths. Adults are primarily nocturnal and do not feed. The species has received limited scientific study, and many aspects of its biology remain undocumented.
Larinia
Grass Orb-web Spiders
Larinia is a genus of orb-weaving spiders (family Araneidae) comprising 69 species as of 2026. These medium-sized spiders are characterized by their elongated, straw-coloured bodies and association with grassland habitats. They construct loosely woven orb-webs in vegetation, typically at heights matching surrounding plants. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with species documented across multiple continents including Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Australia.
Larinioides sclopetarius
bridge-spider, gray cross spider, grey cross spider, bridge orbweaver
Larinioides sclopetarius is a relatively large orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae with Holarctic distribution. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is strongly associated with human-made structures, particularly bridges, where it builds webs near artificial light sources over water. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in body mass and leg proportions, with males maturing faster and earlier than females. It is notable for its high density aggregations in urban environments, where light-attracted insect prey supports populations of up to 100 individuals per square meter in optimal feeding locations.
Lascoria orneodalis
Enigmatic Owlet
Lascoria orneodalis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The species is known to feed on Lycopersicon (nightshades) during its larval stage. It has been documented across North America and Caribbean regions including Jamaica.
Lasioglossum texanum
Nocturnal Sweat Bee, Texas Sweat Bee
Lasioglossum texanum is a nocturnal sweat bee (family Halictidae) notable for its unusual foraging behavior. Unlike most bees, it actively collects pollen during evening hours and continues after dark until approximately 10:00 PM when moonlight is available. It is a ground-nesting solitary bee with highly specialized pollen preferences, foraging exclusively from flowers of the four-point evening-primrose (Oenothera rhombipetala).
Lasionycta caesia
Lasionycta caesia is a noctuid moth restricted to high-elevation alpine habitats in the Pacific Northwest. It was described in 2009 as part of a comprehensive revision of the genus Lasionycta. The species occurs exclusively in rocky alpine tundra near tree line in the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington and the British Columbia Coast Range, extending north to 58° latitude. Adults are active for a brief period from mid-July to mid-August.
Lasionycta conjugata
Lasionycta conjugata is a noctuid moth species described by Smith in 1899. It is restricted to high-elevation habitats in the Rocky Mountains, occurring from central Utah and Colorado northward to the Montana-Wyoming border. The species is nocturnal and active during mid-summer.
Lasionycta fergusoni
Lasionycta fergusoni is a nocturnal moth in the family Noctuidae, described by Crabo & Lafontaine in 2009. It inhabits subalpine forests across the Pacific Northwest and western Canada, from southern Washington through British Columbia and Alberta to southern Yukon. Adults are active from late June to mid-August. The species is part of a genus revision that described 17 new North American species.
Lasionycta silacea
Lasionycta silacea is a noctuid moth described by Crabo & Lafontaine in 2009 as part of a major revision of the genus Lasionycta. It inhabits high-elevation coniferous forests near the treeline in the Pacific Northwest and adjacent Rocky Mountains. The species is nocturnal and has a relatively restricted geographic range spanning from the British Columbia Coast Range and Washington Cascades to extreme southwestern Alberta.
Lebia abdita
Lebia abdita is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Madge in 1967. The species is known from arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Like other members of the genus Lebia, it is likely associated with vegetation and may be attracted to lights at night.
Lebia atriventris
Lebia atriventris is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1823. It is one of approximately 700 species in the genus Lebia, which is characterized by small, often brightly colored beetles commonly known as colorful foliage ground beetles. The species is documented from the United States and Canada. Members of this genus are typically found in vegetation and are attracted to lights at night.
Lebia balli
Lebia balli is a species of foliage ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Reichardt in 1972. The species belongs to the genus Lebia, a group of small, often brightly colored beetles commonly known as colorful foliage ground beetles. Like other members of this genus, L. balli is likely attracted to lights at night. The species is recorded from Mexico.
Lebia cf-scapula
Lebia cf-scapula is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, subfamily Lebiinae. The genus Lebia comprises colorful foliage ground beetles, many of which exhibit bright metallic coloration on their elytra. These beetles are relatively small in stature but visually conspicuous due to their reflective wing covers. They are nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial light sources.
Lebia deceptrix
Lebia deceptrix is a species of colorful foliage ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Madge in 1967. Like other members of the genus Lebia, it is relatively small but often displays bright metallic coloration on its wing covers. The species occurs in North America. As a foliage ground beetle, it is likely associated with vegetation rather than strictly ground-dwelling habits.
Lebia esurialis
Lebia esurialis is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae. The species is distributed across the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean islands including Cuba and the Bahamas. Like other members of the genus Lebia, it is likely attracted to lights at night. The species was described by Casey in 1920.
Lebia grandis
Large Foliage Ground Beetle
Lebia grandis is a North American ground beetle and the largest species in its genus on the continent. Adults are specialist predators of Colorado potato beetle eggs and larvae, consuming up to 23 eggs or 3 third-instar larvae daily. First-instar larvae are obligate parasitoids of Leptinotarsa pupae, developing within host pupal chambers in soil. The species has primarily nocturnal habits and a cryptic life cycle that delayed recognition of its ecological importance for approximately a century after its formal description.
Lebia insulata
Lebia insulata is a species of colorful foliage ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Madge in 1967. The genus Lebia comprises relatively small beetles that draw attention with often bright metallic wing covers. Like other members of this genus, L. insulata is attracted to lights at night. The species occurs in the United States, with records from North America.
Lebia lecontei
Lebia lecontei is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Madge in 1967. The genus Lebia comprises colorful foliage ground beetles that are frequently attracted to lights at night. Members of this genus are known for their often bright metallic wing covers that draw attention despite their relatively small size. The species epithet honors the entomologist John Lawrence LeConte.
Lebia lecta
Lebia lecta is a species of colorful foliage ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by George Henry Horn in 1885. Members of the genus Lebia are relatively small beetles that draw attention with often bright metallic wing covers. The genus is known for being attracted to lights at night. This species occurs in North America, with records from the United States.
Lebia lobulata
A small, metallic ground beetle in the genus Lebia, characterized by its colorful appearance and foliage-associated habits. Members of this genus are frequently attracted to lights at night. The species occurs across North America, with records from both the United States and Canada.
Lebia perita
Lebia perita is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Casey in 1920. It belongs to the genus Lebia, a group of small, often colorful foliage ground beetles. The species is known from North America, with records from the United States and Canada. Like other members of its genus, it is likely attracted to lights at night.
Lebia pulchella
Beautiful Banded Lebia, beautiful banded lebium
Lebia pulchella is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, known for its colorful metallic appearance. The species occurs across a broad North American range from southern Canada to southern Texas. It is one of many foliage-associated ground beetles in the genus Lebia that are frequently attracted to lights at night.
Lebia scalpta
Lebia scalpta is a species of foliage ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Henry Walter Bates in 1883. It is one of numerous small, often brightly colored species in the genus Lebia. The species is known from both Central America and North America, with records from Mexico and the United States. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to artificial light sources.
Lebia scapula
Lebia scapula is a species of foliage ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by George Henry Horn in 1885. The genus Lebia comprises relatively small, often brightly colored beetles that are attracted to lights at night. This species is known from North America, with records from the United States and Mexico.
Lebia subrugosa
Lebia subrugosa is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Chaudoir in 1871. It belongs to the genus Lebia, a group of small, often brightly metallic beetles commonly known as colorful foliage ground beetles. The species has been documented from Guatemala, Mexico, and the United States, indicating a distribution spanning southern North America and Central America. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Lebia tricolor
Lebia tricolor is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1823. It is a member of the colorful foliage ground beetle genus Lebia, characterized by small size and often bright metallic coloration. The species is found in North America, with records from the United States and Canada. As with other Lebia species, it is attracted to lights at night.
Lebia viridipennis
green-winged lebia
Lebia viridipennis, the green-winged lebia, is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America, including Canada and the United States. The species belongs to the genus Lebia, a group of colorful foliage ground beetles often noted for their bright metallic wing covers.
Lebia vittata
Colorful foliage ground beetle
Lebia vittata is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the colorful foliage ground beetle. It is found in North America, with records from Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The species is attracted to lights at night, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns. Like other members of the genus Lebia, it is relatively small but draws attention with bright metallic wing covers.
Lecontia
conifer bark beetles
Lecontia is a genus of conifer bark beetles in the family Boridae, containing a single species, Lecontia discicollis. These beetles are found in Central America and North America, where they inhabit the bark of dead conifers. The genus is notable for its specialized association with fire-killed or stressed conifer trees, particularly in the years following forest fires.
Lecontia discicollis
Burnt Conifer Bark Beetle
Lecontia discicollis is a distinctive conifer bark beetle in the family Boridae, the sole member of its genus in North America. It is a slow-moving, jet black beetle with a convex, bullet-like shape and bead-like antennae. The species is strongly associated with fire-killed conifers, particularly ponderosa pine, where adults and larvae occupy a narrow ecological niche in moist, white-rotted wood near and below ground level. Despite being locally common in suitable habitat, it is rarely encountered due to its specialized requirements.
Lepisma
silverfish
Lepisma is a genus of primitive wingless insects in the family Lepismatidae. The most familiar species is Lepisma saccharina, commonly known as the silverfish, which is a cosmopolitan commensal of humans. Members of this genus are characterized by their flattened, torpedo-shaped bodies, long antennae, and three caudal filaments. The genus name has neuter gender per ICZN Opinion 2427 (2018), affecting species epithet endings.
Lepisma saccharinum
Common Silverfish, Silverfish
Lepisma saccharinum, commonly known as the silverfish, is a small, wingless insect in the order Zygentoma. It derives its common name from its silvery coloration and fish-like undulating movements. This species is cosmopolitan in distribution and frequently found in human dwellings, where it feeds on starchy materials.
Lepismatidae
Typical Silverfishes
Lepismatidae is a family of primitive, wingless insects in the order Zygentoma, containing approximately 190-340 described species worldwide. The family includes the two most familiar domestic species: the silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) and the firebrat (Thermobia domestica). These ancient insects represent some of the earliest diverging lineages within Insecta, with origins dating back hundreds of millions of years. Members are characterized by elongated, flattened bodies covered in scales, three caudal filaments, and a complete absence of wings throughout their life cycle.
Leptophyes punctatissima
Speckled Bush-cricket
Leptophyes punctatissima, commonly known as the Speckled Bush-cricket, is a flightless bush-cricket species distributed across most of Europe. It belongs to the subfamily Phaneropterinae and exhibits distinctive acoustic behavior where both sexes stridulate. Males produce calling songs to which females respond with brief chirps, creating a duetting communication system. The species has been studied extensively for its auditory physiology and directional hearing capabilities.
Lepturges
Lepturges is a genus of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Lamiinae, established by Henry Walter Bates in 1863. The genus contains exclusively Neotropical species distributed from central Mexico to southern Paraguay. Species are small to medium-sized cerambycids with typical lamiine morphology. Some species have been recorded from temperate North America, including Missouri and Vermont, though these may represent occasional vagrants or previously undocumented populations rather than established ranges. The genus is associated with woody vegetation, with at least one species (Lepturges limpidus) linked to host plants in the family Malvaceae.
Lepturges confluens
Dark-stained Longhorned Beetle
Lepturges confluens is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Samuel Stehman Haldeman in 1847. The species is known to be attracted to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor lights during nocturnal activity. It has been documented in mesic lowland deciduous forests and is associated with oak-dominated habitats. The species occurs in eastern North America, with records from the United States and Canada.
Lesmone
owlet moths
Lesmone is a genus of owlet moths in the family Erebidae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1818. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed primarily across the Neotropical region, with some species extending into the southern United States. Several species have received common names, including the detracted owlet moth (L. detrahens) and gray-winged owlet moth (L. griseipennis). The genus shows considerable diversity in South and Central America.
Lethocerinae
giant water bugs
Lethocerinae is a subfamily of giant water bugs within Belostomatidae, comprising large aquatic predatory insects distributed across the Palearctic, Oriental, and Australian regions. The subfamily includes two genera: Lethocerus and Kirkaldyia. Members are characterized by their large size—among the largest in Hemiptera—and are distinguished from other belostomatid subfamilies by morphological and genetic differences. Species within this group face conservation concerns in parts of their range due to harvesting for human consumption.
Lethocerus
giant water bugs, toe biters, electric light bugs
Lethocerus is a genus of large predatory aquatic true bugs in the family Belostomatidae. Members are among the largest true bugs, with some species exceeding 12 cm in length. The genus is distinguished from related genera by specific morphological features of the fore femur and parasternites. Unlike other giant water bugs, females do not deposit eggs on males' backs; instead, eggs are laid on emergent vegetation above the waterline and guarded by males. The genus shows greatest diversity in the Americas, with limited representation in Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia.
Lethocerus americanus
American giant water bug, electric light bug, toe biter, fish killer
Lethocerus americanus is a large aquatic true bug native to southern Canada and the northern United States. Adults measure 5–6 cm in length, with females averaging larger than males. The species is a generalist predator in freshwater habitats and is known for its powerful bite, which it uses to subdue prey and defend itself. It is attracted to electric lights at night, earning it the common name 'electric light bug.'
Lethocerus medius
giant water bug
Lethocerus medius is a giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae, distinguished by its substantial size and unique parental care behavior. Males reach 49–58 mm, while females are larger at 62–63 mm. Unlike related species in the subfamily Belostomatinae that brood eggs on their backs, males of this species exhibit postzygotic parental care by guarding eggs deposited on objects above the water surface, moistening them, shading them, and protecting them from predators. This species occurs across a broad range from the southern United States through Mexico to Central America and throughout the Caribbean.
Leucaniini
Wainscot Moths
Leucaniini is a tribe of noctuid moths within the subfamily Noctuinae, commonly known as wainscot moths. The tribe contains at least 40 described species distributed across multiple genera including Leucania, Mythimna, and Tiracola. Members are nocturnal and frequently collected using light traps. Some species, particularly within Tiracola, are agricultural pests with documented economic impact.
Liburniella ornata
Ornate Planthopper
Liburniella ornata, commonly known as the Ornate Planthopper, is a small delphacid planthopper species found across much of North America. The species is documented in blacklight surveys and is active during late autumn, with observations extending into October and November. As a member of the family Delphacidae, it shares the characteristic morphology of planthoppers including a distinctive head shape and wing structure. The species has been recorded in diverse habitats ranging from urban yards to natural areas, attracted to artificial light sources at night.
Lichenophanes
horned powder-post beetles
Lichenophanes is a genus of horned powder-post beetles in the family Bostrichidae, established by Lesne in 1899. The genus contains more than 40 described species distributed across the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Nearctic regions. Species are nocturnal wood-borers that develop in dead hardwood trees during initial stages of fungal decomposition. Adults are attracted to artificial light and possess cryptic coloration that camouflages them in bark cracks during daylight hours.
Ligia
rock lice, sea slaters, wharf roach
Ligia is a genus of large isopods in the family Ligiidae, commonly known as rock lice or sea slaters. These crustaceans inhabit intertidal and supralittoral zones on rocky coastlines worldwide, with most species showing limited dispersal capacity and allopatric distribution patterns. Some species have become fully terrestrial in high-humidity environments. The genus exhibits complex phylogeographic patterns in East Asia, with cryptic species and overlapping lineages documented through molecular studies.
Ligia baudiniana
Central American Seaslater
A large intertidal isopod (sea slater) native to the Greater Caribbean region, reaching 25–30 mm in body length. Distinguished from congeners by long uropods exceeding two-thirds body length and brush-like structures on the first pair of legs in males. Exhibits strong habitat fidelity to natural mangrove forests and rocky intertidal zones, with documented sensitivity to coastal development. Serves as intermediate host for digenean trematodes.
Ligia exotica
sea roach, wharf roach, wharf louse
Ligia exotica is a large intertidal isopod commonly known as sea roach or wharf roach. It inhabits rocky coasts and harbor walls in the supralittoral zone just above the high water mark. The species has a complex taxonomic history with uncertain native origins, though molecular evidence points to East and Southeast Asia as the center of diversity. It has spread globally via human maritime activity and comprises multiple cryptic genetic lineages that may represent distinct species.
Ligia occidentalis
Western Sea Slater
Ligia occidentalis is a supralittoral isopod inhabiting rocky shorelines along the eastern Pacific coast. The species occupies the high intertidal zone, hiding in crevices above the high tide line during daytime to avoid desiccation and emerging nocturnally to feed. It is distinguished from the sympatric Ligia pallasii by longer uropods, larger eyes set closer together, and a sleeker body form. The species harbors mycoplasma-like bacteria as hepatopancreas symbionts and shows remarkable morphological stasis across highly genetically divergent allopatric lineages.
Ligia oceanica
sea slater, common sea slater, sea roach
Ligia oceanica is a large intertidal isopod reaching up to 35 mm in length, making it the largest species in the suborder Oniscidea. Native to rocky Atlantic coasts of Europe, it has been introduced to eastern North America and Atlantic islands. This semelparous species inhabits the supralittoral zone, hiding in rock crevices by day and emerging nocturnally to feed. Molecular phylogenetics suggests closer affinity to marine isopod suborders Valvifera and Sphaeromatidea than to terrestrial woodlice, challenging traditional classification.
Ligia pallasii
Sleepy Seaslater, Rock Louse, Sleepy Sea Slater
Ligia pallasii is a large, semiterrestrial isopod in the family Ligiidae, commonly known as the sleepy seaslater or rock louse. It is among the largest sea slaters, reaching 25–30 mm in body length. This species inhabits the high intertidal zone along the Pacific coast of North America, from the Aleutian Islands to northern California. It exhibits nocturnal scavenging behavior, feeding primarily on algae and organic matter, and seeks shelter in moist microhabitats during daylight hours to avoid desiccation.
Ligiidae
Rock Lice, Sea Slaters
Ligiidae is a family of large, dorsoventrally flattened terrestrial isopods commonly known as rock lice or sea slaters. These crustaceans inhabit rocky intertidal zones and adjacent coastal habitats, where they hide during daylight hours and emerge at night to scavenge. They represent the sole family within the infraorder Diplocheta and are distinguished from other woodlice by their elongated body form, large size (up to 30 mm), long antennae, and preference for marine-influenced environments. The family exhibits poor desiccation resistance and limited dispersal ability, leading to pronounced population isolation and cryptic genetic diversity across their range.
Ligyrus ruginasus
Ligyrus ruginasus is a scarab beetle in the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), described by LeConte in 1856. It belongs to a genus of relatively small dynastines that lack the prominent horns seen in larger relatives. The species is distributed across arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
Limonius infuscatus
Western field wireworm
Limonius infuscatus, commonly known as the Western field wireworm, is a nocturnal click beetle native to the northwestern United States. The larval stage, referred to as a wireworm, is a soil-dwelling pest known to damage agricultural crops. The species belongs to the family Elateridae, characterized by the ability of adults to produce an audible click when righting themselves from a supine position.
Lintneria
Lintneria is a genus of sphinx moths (Sphingidae) established by Butler in 1876. Species in this genus are medium to large-sized hawkmoths found primarily in the Americas. The genus was historically merged with Sphinx but was reinstated as distinct based on morphological and molecular evidence. Lintneria species are characterized by specific wing venation patterns and genitalic structures that separate them from closely related genera.
Lipocosmodes fuliginosalis
Sooty Lipocosmodes Moth
Lipocosmodes fuliginosalis is a small crambid moth and the sole member of its genus. It occurs across eastern North America from Quebec to Florida and west to Texas and Illinois. The specific epithet fuliginosalis refers to its sooty, dark coloration. It is classified in the subfamily Glaphyriinae, a group of small moths often associated with leaf litter and herbaceous vegetation.
Lithobius
stone centipedes, common centipedes, brown centipedes, typical stone centipedes
Lithobius is a large genus of centipedes in the family Lithobiidae, containing over 500 species and numerous subspecies. Adults possess 18 body segments and 15 pairs of legs, with body lengths ranging from approximately 2–5 cm. The genus was erected by William Elford Leach in 1814 and serves as the type genus for the family Lithobiidae. These centipedes are primarily nocturnal predators found in soil, leaf litter, and beneath stones or bark across temperate regions worldwide.
Lithobius forficatus
brown centipede, garden centipede, stone centipede
Lithobius forficatus is a common stone centipede in the family Lithobiidae, native to Europe but introduced to North America, the Hawaiian Islands, and Colombia. Adults reach 18–30 mm in length with 15 pairs of legs. The species is freeze-tolerant in winter, nocturnal, and an active predator of small invertebrates. It is frequently found in gardens and woodland habitats under stones and decaying wood.
Lithobius melanops
Garden Lithobius, European steppe centipede
Lithobius melanops is a small stone centipede in the order Lithobiomorpha, native to Europe but introduced to many regions worldwide. Adults measure 11–17 mm in length with a dorsoventrally flattened, fusiform body. The species is distinguished by a combination of morphological traits including 32–44 antennal articles, 10–13 ocelli with a notably enlarged posterior ocellus, and specific tergite projections. It inhabits dry, open habitats and is a nocturnal predator of soil invertebrates.
Lithomoia germana
American Brindle, American Brindle Moth
Lithomoia germana, commonly known as the American Brindle, is a noctuid moth with a broad distribution across northern North America. Adults are bivoltine, active in spring and again in late summer to early autumn. The species is notable for hibernating as an adult, an overwintering strategy that allows early spring emergence. Larvae feed on woody plants in Salicaceae and Betulaceae, while adults visit goldenrod flowers for nectar.
Lithophane franclemonti
Franclemont's Pinion
Lithophane franclemonti, commonly called Franclemont's Pinion, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It was described by Metzler in 1998 and is found in North America. The species is assigned MONA/Hodges number 9888.1. It belongs to the genus Lithophane, a group of moths known for their late-season flight periods and cryptic winter-adult biology.
Lithosiini
Lichen Moths
Lithosiini is a tribe of lichen moths within the family Erebidae, containing approximately 2,752 species. The taxon was originally described by Gustaf Johan Billberg in 1820 as Lithosiinae at subfamily rank, but was reclassified to tribe status following the reorganization of the former family Arctiidae into the subfamily Arctiinae within Erebidae. Members are commonly known as lichen moths due to their typical cryptic coloration resembling lichen substrates. The tribe is divided into multiple subtribes, though the systematics remain in need of revision.
Litoprosopus coachella
palm flower moth, palm budworm
Litoprosopus coachella, commonly known as the palm flower moth or palm budworm, is a moth species in the family Erebidae. The species is notable for its larval stage, which feeds on palm flowers and buds, particularly of ornamental fan palms. Mature caterpillars abandon host plants to pupate, frequently entering human dwellings where they spin cocoons incorporating carpet fibers and other materials. The species is widely distributed in North America, with substantial populations in urban areas of the southwestern United States where palm landscaping is common. Adult moths are dull-colored and nocturnal.
Lobocleta peralbata
Speckled Wave
Lobocleta peralbata is a small geometrid moth known as the Speckled Wave, with a wingspan of 11–20 mm. It is widespread across the southeastern and southwestern United States. Adults are active nearly year-round, from December through September. The species belongs to the subfamily Sterrhinae, which includes many small wave moths with delicate patterning.
Lomographa
Lomographa is a genus of geometrid moths in the tribe Baptini, erected by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus contains multiple species distributed across the Palearctic region, with some extending into North America. The best-studied species is Lomographa bimaculata (White-pinion Spotted), which has served as a model for genomic studies. Adult moths are generally small with white or pale wings and distinctive dark markings.
Loxosceles
Recluse Spiders, Brown Spiders, Fiddle-backs, Violin Spiders, Reapers
Loxosceles is a genus of venomous spiders in the family Sicariidae, comprising approximately 149 species of cryptic, reclusive, nocturnal arachnids. These spiders are characterized by their six eyes arranged in three pairs, a distinctive violin-shaped marking on the cephalothorax in many species, and cytotoxic venom that can cause necrotic lesions in some bite victims. The genus has a primarily neotropical distribution, with significant diversity in Brazil and the southwestern United States, though some species have been introduced to other regions through human activity.
Loxosceles apachea
Apache Recluse
Loxosceles apachea, the Apache recluse, is a species of recluse spider in the family Sicariidae. It is found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other recluse spiders, it possesses cytotoxic venom that can cause necrotic lesions in rare cases, though bites are uncommon and typically occur only when the spider is trapped against skin. The species is poorly studied compared to the more widespread brown recluse (L. reclusa).
Loxosceles deserta
Desert Recluse
Loxosceles deserta, commonly known as the desert recluse, is a venomous brown spider in the family Sicariidae. It is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The species is frequently misidentified as the brown recluse (L. reclusa) or L. unicolor, despite occupying a geographically distinct range. Its venom contains cytotoxic compounds that can cause necrotic skin lesions in humans, though bites are rare and typically defensive.
Loxosceles devia
Texas Recluse
Loxosceles devia, commonly known as the Texas recluse, is a species of recluse spider in the family Sicariidae. It is native to the southern United States and Mexico. Like other members of the genus Loxosceles, it possesses venom that can cause necrotic skin lesions in humans, though bites are rare and typically occur only when the spider is trapped against skin. The species is closely related to other recluse spiders and shares their characteristic shy, reclusive behavior.
Loxosceles rufescens
Mediterranean recluse spider, violin spider, brown spider
Loxosceles rufescens is a globally invasive recluse spider native to the Mediterranean region. It has established populations across six continents through human-mediated dispersal, often in synanthropic environments. The species is medically significant due to cytotoxic venom containing phospholipases D that can cause loxoscelism—characterized by dermonecrosis, hemolysis, and potential systemic complications. Despite its fearsome reputation, bites are defensive and relatively uncommon even where populations are established.
Macalla glastianalis
Macalla glastianalis is a species of pyralid moth in the subfamily Epipaschiinae, described by Schaus in 1922. It belongs to the genus Macalla, a group of moths whose larvae are known to feed on poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). The species has been recorded in the United States with 87 observations documented on iNaturalist. Like other members of its genus, it is presumably nocturnal and attracted to light.
Macaria occiduaria
The Barred Gray
Macaria occiduaria is a geometrid moth in the tribe Macariini, commonly known as the Barred Gray. The species is characterized by gray forewings with distinct dark transverse lines and a relatively broad wingspan for its genus. It is native to western North America and has been documented in a moderate number of observations. Adults are active during summer months.
Macaria pustularia
Lesser Maple Spanworm Moth
Macaria pustularia, commonly known as the Lesser Maple Spanworm Moth, is a geometrid moth species distributed across eastern and central North America. The species is well-documented with over 20,000 observations, indicating it is relatively common and conspicuous. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The common name references its association with maple host plants and the 'spanworm' habit of its larvae, which move with a looping gait characteristic of geometrid caterpillars.
Macaria signaria
dusky peacock, pale-marked angle, spruce-fir looper, Northern Conifer Angles
Macaria signaria is a small geometrid moth with a wingspan of 20–28 mm. Two subspecies are recognized: M. s. signaria across Eurasia and M. s. dispuncta in North America. The species is associated with coniferous forests and has been documented feeding on spruce and larch as larvae.
Machilinae
Machilinae is a subfamily of bristletails within the family Machilidae, comprising one of the two major lineages of the jumping bristletail family. Members are small, wingless insects with the characteristic arched thorax and springing organ (furcula) that enables their distinctive jumping locomotion. The subfamily has been historically distinguished from the other machilid subfamily, Petrobiinae, primarily by subtle differences in abdominal appendage structure and scale patterns. Machilinae species are found across temperate and Mediterranean regions, often occupying rocky, coastal, or urban habitats.
Macrobaenetes algodonensis
Algodones Sand Treader Cricket
Macrobaenetes algodonensis, the Algodones Sand Treader Cricket, is a species of camel cricket described by Tinkham in 1962. It belongs to the family Rhaphidophoridae, a group of wingless, hump-backed crickets commonly known as camel or cave crickets. The species is endemic to the Algodones Dunes region of southeastern California, where it inhabits sandy desert environments. As a member of the genus Macrobaenetes, it shares adaptations for life in loose sand with related sand treader crickets.
Macrocentrinae
Macrocentrinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitic wasps comprising eight recognized genera. Members are relatively large braconids characterized by small teeth on the trochantellus and often exhibit pale coloration and nocturnal habits. They are solitary or gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars, with documented associations primarily with pyralid moth larvae. Several species have been deployed in biological control programs against agricultural pests.
Macrochilo litophora
Brown-lined Owlet, Angulate Fan-foot, Brown-lined Owlet Moth
Macrochilo litophora is a small litter moth in the subfamily Herminiinae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. It occurs across the eastern and central United States. The species exhibits regional variation in voltinism, with one generation annually in northern populations and two generations in parts of the Midwest. Larvae are detritivores, feeding on dead plant material.
Macrochilo louisiana
Louisiana Owlet, Louisiana Macrochilo, Louisiana Snout-moth
Macrochilo louisiana is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by William Trowbridge Merrifield Forbes in 1922. It is widely distributed across North America, ranging from Quebec and Maine south to Florida, west to Texas, and north to Alberta. Adults are active from June to September in northern populations and from February onward in southern populations. The species has a wingspan of 20–27 mm.
Maladera formosae
Asiatic garden beetle
Maladera formosae, the Asiatic garden beetle, is an invasive scarab beetle native to East Asia that was introduced to North America in 1921. It has become a significant agricultural pest, particularly in the Great Lakes region where it damages field corn, soybeans, and commercial mint. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with soil-dwelling larvae that feed on plant roots and nocturnal adults that consume foliage and flowers. Both life stages cause economically important damage, with larvae responsible for early-season crop losses and adults defoliating ornamental and crop plants.
Manduca florestan
Florestan sphinx
Manduca florestan, commonly known as the Florestan sphinx, is a large hawkmoth in the family Sphingidae. Adults are notable for their robust build and are attracted to mercury-vapor and ultraviolet light sources in oak-juniper woodland habitats. The species exhibits considerable geographic variation in flight period timing, with year-round activity in tropical regions and more restricted seasonal emergence in temperate areas.
Manduca muscosa
Muscosa Sphinx
Manduca muscosa, the muscosa sphinx, is a large sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae. Adults have a wingspan of 100–126 mm and exhibit darker, olive-toned coloration compared to related species. The species occurs from southern Arizona through Central America, with larvae feeding on multiple host plants including Verbesina gigantea and members of the Asteraceae family.
Manduca quinquemaculatus
Five-spotted Hawk Moth, Tomato Hornworm
Manduca quinquemaculatus, commonly known as the five-spotted hawk moth or tomato hornworm, is a large sphinx moth whose caterpillar is a significant agricultural pest. The adult moth has a wingspan up to 5 inches (12 cm) and is a strong flier active at night. The larval stage feeds primarily on tomatoes and other Solanaceae plants, causing extensive defoliation when populations are high. The species is closely related to and often confused with the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta).
Manduca rustica
Rustic Sphinx
Manduca rustica, the rustic sphinx, is a large hawkmoth (Sphingidae) first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. The species is notable for its broad geographic distribution across the Americas, ranging from the southern United States through Central and South America to Uruguay. It exhibits considerable ecological flexibility, inhabiting diverse environments from rainforests to deserts, and has been documented using host plants from at least five plant families. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Mantispidae
mantidflies, mantispids, mantid lacewings, mantis-flies
Mantispidae is a family of neuropteran insects comprising approximately 400 species in around 400 genera, distributed worldwide with highest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Adults are predators characterized by raptorial forelegs—convergent with mantises but independently evolved—used to capture small arthropod prey. The family exhibits diverse larval life histories: Mantispinae are ectoparasitoids of spider egg sacs; Symphrasinae parasitize ground-nesting hymenopterans and scarab beetle larvae; Calomantispinae are predatory on small arthropods; and Drepanicinae life history remains largely unknown. First-instar larvae (planidia) employ specialized host-location strategies including direct penetration of egg sacs or phoretic transport on female spiders.
Mantoididae
Mantoididae is a small, early-diverging family of praying mantises (Mantodea) comprising three extant genera and approximately 14 species. The family is consistently recovered as sister to all other mantises except Chaeteessidae. Members exhibit specialized hymenopteran mimicry, with some species displaying transformational mimicry during development. The family is restricted to the Neotropics.
Marathyssa
Beautiful Marathyssa Moth (for M. pulcherrimus)
Marathyssa is a genus of moths in the family Euteliidae, established by Francis Walker in 1865. The genus contains approximately 20 described species distributed across the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Several species occur in North America, including the type species M. basalis. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some sources historically placing it in Noctuidae.
Martyringa latipennis
Square-spotted Martyringa Moth
Martyringa latipennis is a small moth in the family Lecithoceridae, commonly known as the Square-spotted Martyringa Moth. It is found across the eastern and central United States, with adults active from late spring through mid-summer. The species is recognized by its distinctive wing pattern featuring pale ochreous forewings with brownish-fuscous clouding and a characteristic pale fascia.
Mastigoproctus
whip scorpion, vinegaroon
Mastigoproctus is a genus of large whip scorpions (vinegaroons) in the family Thelyphonidae. These arachnids are characterized by their elongated antenniform front legs, robust pedipalps, and ability to spray defensive acetic acid. The genus includes approximately 25 accepted species distributed across the Americas, from the southwestern United States through Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and into northern South America. Despite their intimidating appearance, they are not venomous and lack venom glands entirely.
Mastigoproctus cinteotl
Mastigoproctus cinteotl is a species of vinegaroon (whip scorpion) in the family Thelyphonidae, described in 2018. It belongs to a genus of large, primarily nocturnal arachnids found in the Americas. Like other vinegaroons, it possesses a pair of elongated, whip-like front legs used as sensory appendages, and can discharge a defensive spray of acetic acid from glands at the base of the tail. The species is part of a group often kept in captivity for educational purposes due to their docile nature and distinctive appearance.
Mastigoproctus floridanus
Florida vinegaroon
Mastigoproctus floridanus, commonly known as the Florida vinegaroon, is a species of whip scorpion (order Uropygi) in the family Thelyphonidae. It is native to Florida and represents one of several vinegaroon species found in North America. Like other vinegaroons, it possesses a pair of large pedipalps modified into pincers and a long, whip-like flagellum used for sensory detection. The species is primarily nocturnal and, when disturbed, can spray a defensive secretion containing acetic acid from glands at the base of the flagellum, producing a vinegar-like odor.
Mastigoproctus giganteus
giant whip scorpion, giant vinegaroon, grampus, Texas giant vinegaroon
Mastigoproctus giganteus is a large arachnid in the order Uropygi, commonly known as the giant whip scorpion or vinegaroon. It is the only member of family Thelyphonidae found in the United States, occurring from the southern U.S. through Mexico. The species is nocturnal and occupies humid microhabitats in arid and semi-arid environments. It is notable for its ability to spray a defensive secretion containing 85% acetic acid, which produces a strong vinegar-like odor. The species is long-lived, with females producing a single brood of approximately 40 offspring that receive extended maternal care.
Mastigoproctus tohono
Tohono whipscorpion, Tohono vinegaroon
Mastigoproctus tohono is a species of whip scorpion (order Uropygi) described in 2018 from populations previously attributed to Mastigoproctus giganteus. It is distinguished by specific setal patterns and epistoma positioning. The species produces acetic acid spray as a chemical defense, creating a vinegar-like odor. It inhabits arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
Mastinocerini
Mastinocerini is a tribe of glow-worm beetles within the family Phengodidae, comprising at least 190 described species across 24 genera. Members of this tribe are distributed primarily in the New World, with significant diversity in Central and South America. The tribe was established by LeConte in 1881 and includes the type genus Mastinocerus. These beetles are notable for their bioluminescent larvae, which use light production to lure prey.
Mastophora hutchinsoni
American bolas spider, Cornfield Bolas Spider
Mastophora hutchinsoni is a bolas spider in the orb-weaver family Araneidae, notable for its highly specialized hunting strategy that abandons the typical orb web in favor of a single adhesive droplet on a silk thread. Adult females use aggressive chemical mimicry to attract male moths by releasing species-specific sex pheromone blends, then capture prey by swinging this 'bolas' at hovering moths. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism, with females developing into large, globular spiders while males remain small and retain juvenile hunting behaviors. It occurs throughout eastern North America and has been extensively studied in Kentucky populations.
Mastophora leucabulba
Mastophora leucabulba is a bolas spider in the orb-weaver family Araneidae. Adult females hunt using a single sticky silk droplet suspended from a dragline rather than building an orb web. Males and juvenile females lack this specialized hunting method and capture prey directly with their legs. The species occurs from the United States to Honduras.
Mastophora phrynosoma
Toadlike Bolas Spider
Mastophora phrynosoma is a bolas spider in the orb-weaver family Araneidae. Adult females hunt without building a web, instead using a single silk line with one or more sticky droplets to capture prey. Males and juvenile females lack this specialized hunting method and capture prey directly with their legs. The species is found in the United States.
Meconema meridionale
Southern Oak Bush-cricket
Meconema meridionale is a small bush-cricket in the family Tettigoniidae, native to southern Europe and expanding northward. It measures 14–17 mm in body length (excluding antennae). The species is carnivorous, arboreal, and nocturnal. It has been documented as a predator of the invasive horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella). Since 2001, it has established populations in the United Kingdom, representing a northward range expansion linked to climate change.
Megacheuma brevipenne
Megacheuma brevipenne is a longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae. The species was formerly treated as a subspecies of Tragidion armatum (as Tragidion armatum brevipenne) but has been elevated to full species rank as Megacheuma brevipenne. It is characterized by antennae significantly shorter than the abdomen, distinguishing it from related species. The beetle exhibits Batesian mimicry of tarantula hawk wasps (Pepsis and Hemipepsis).
Megalodacne
pleasing fungus beetles
Megalodacne is a genus of large fungivorous beetles in the family Erotylidae, distinguished by their size (9–22 mm), large eyes, and distinctive color patterns of yellow, orange, or red markings on the elytra. Adults and larvae feed on hard bracket fungi, particularly Ganoderma and Fomes species. The genus was established by George Robert Crotch in 1873 and is classified in the subfamily Megalodacninae alongside Episcapha and Episcaphula. Species occur across North America, Asia, Africa, and Southeast Asia, with some exhibiting nocturnal behavior and attraction to light.
Megalodacne heros
pleasing fungus beetle
Megalodacne heros is a species of pleasing fungus beetle in the family Erotylidae, found in North America. The species exhibits nocturnal activity patterns and is associated with fungal habitats. Commonly known as the pleasing fungus beetle, it is one of the more frequently observed members of its genus, with over 3,700 observations recorded on iNaturalist.
Megalographa
Megalographa is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae (owlet moths). The genus is primarily known from the Americas, with most species distributed in North and Central America. Species in this genus are generally medium-sized nocturnal moths. The genus name refers to the large size of the wing markings relative to body size.
Megalopyge
flannel moths, puss moths
Megalopyge is a genus of moths in the family Megalopygidae, commonly known as flannel moths or puss moths. The genus contains approximately 50 described species distributed primarily in the Americas. Larvae are densely covered in hair-like setae that conceal venomous spines, making them medically significant due to severe stinging reactions in humans. Adults are relatively small, stout-bodied moths with reduced mouthparts.
Megasoma punctulatum
Arizona elephant beetle
Megasoma punctulatum, commonly known as the Arizona elephant beetle, is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is a member of the genus Megasoma, which includes some of the largest and heaviest beetles in the Americas. Like other members of its genus, this species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, with males bearing prominent horns on the head and pronotum that are used in combat with other males. The species is found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
Megasoma vogti
Texas elephant beetle, Texas megasoma
Megasoma vogti is a large rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the Texas elephant beetle. It belongs to a genus renowned for containing some of the heaviest-bodied beetles in the world. The species is native to southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, where adults are attracted to lights at night. Like other members of the genus, males possess prominent horns used in combat with rival males.
Melanolestes picipes
Black Corsair, Black May Beetle-Eater
Melanolestes picipes, commonly called the Black Corsair, is a predatory assassin bug in the family Reduviidae. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are fully winged and strong fliers, while females typically have reduced or absent hind wings and merely pad-like forewings. Adults measure 15–20 mm in body length. Northern populations are uniformly jet black; southern specimens may display red or orange abdominal margins or entirely red abdomens. The species is among the most abundant assassin bugs in the United States and is frequently attracted to outdoor lights at night.
Melasini
Melasini is a tribe of false click beetles within the family Eucnemidae, established by Fleming in 1821. Members of this tribe are classified under the subfamily Melasinae, a group characterized by their inability to produce the clicking sound typical of true click beetles (Elateridae). The tribe encompasses multiple genera of small to medium-sized beetles found primarily in forested habitats.
Melipotini
Graphic Owlets
Melipotini is a tribe of moths within the family Erebidae, commonly known as Graphic Owlets. The tribe contains multiple genera of nocturnal moths. Members are characterized by their distinctive wing patterns and coloration. The tribe has been documented extensively on iNaturalist with over 77,000 observations.
Melipotis
Melipotis is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, first described by Jacob Hübner in 1818. The genus contains approximately 50 recognized species distributed primarily in the Americas. Adults are nocturnal and have been observed visiting flowers, including dandelions. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including modified palps and leg structures.
Melipotis acontioides
Royal Poinciana Moth
Melipotis acontioides, commonly known as the Royal Poinciana Moth, is a nocturnal moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. It has a broad distribution spanning the southern United States, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean, with a distinct subspecies endemic to the Galápagos Islands. The larvae are specialized feeders on certain leguminous trees.
Melipotis fasciolaris
Fasciolated Melipotis, Bewitching Melipotis, Fasciolated Graphic
Melipotis fasciolaris is a moth in the family Erebidae with a wingspan of 33–43 mm. Adults are known to visit flowers and have been observed as pollinators of fetterbush lyonia. The larvae feed exclusively on leaves of Prosopis species. The species occurs across a broad geographic range from the southeastern United States through Central America and the Caribbean to South America.
Melipotis nigrobasis
Melipotis nigrobasis is a species of moth in the family Erebidae, described by Guenée in 1852. It is distributed across North America. The species is assigned MONA/Hodges number 8602. Like other members of the genus Melipotis, it belongs to the subfamily Erebinae, a diverse group of nocturnal moths.
Mellilla xanthometata
Orange Wing, orangewing moth
Mellilla xanthometata, commonly known as the Orange Wing or orangewing moth, is a small geometrid moth native to eastern North America. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus Mellilla, which was established by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. The species was originally described by Francis Walker in 1862 under the name Fidonia xanthometata. Adults are attracted to artificial lights and have been documented during moth-watching events such as National Moth Week.
Meloe americanus
Buttercup Oil Beetle, American Oil Beetle
Meloe americanus is a flightless blister beetle native to North America, commonly known as the buttercup oil beetle or American oil beetle. Adults are entirely black with occasional blue metallic iridescence, measuring 7–17 mm in length. The species exhibits a complex life cycle involving hypermetamorphosis, with triungulin larvae employing phoresy to reach host bee nests where they develop as parasites. Adults are active during late autumn through early spring, with peak emergence in December and April. The beetle is notable for its chemical defense: it secretes cantharidin, a potent blistering agent toxic to mammals at high concentrations.
Melolonthinae
June Beetles, June bugs, cockchafers, May beetles
Melolonthinae is a large and diverse subfamily of scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) containing over 11,000 species in more than 750 genera, distributed worldwide. Adults range from 3 to 58 mm in length and are typically brown or black, often with setae or scales. The subfamily includes economically important pests such as the Melolontha cockchafers and Phyllophaga May beetles, whose larvae feed on plant roots while adults feed on foliage or may be non-feeding. Many species exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism in antennae, with males bearing large lamellate antennae to detect female sex pheromones.
Merope
earwigfly, forcepfly
Merope is a genus of scorpionflies (Mecoptera) in the family Meropeidae, commonly known as earwigflies or forcepflies. The genus contains Merope tuber, the only living member of Meropeidae in North America. Males possess large segmented forceps-like cerci that resemble the pincers of earwigs. The family is exceptionally rare, with only three extant species described worldwide, and the immature stages remain unknown to science.
Merope tuber
forcepfly, earwigfly
Merope tuber is the sole species in the genus Merope and the only living member of the family Meropeidae in North America. The species occurs in eastern North America from Ontario to Georgia and west to Kansas, with recent records from Florida. Adults are nocturnal and secretive, rarely encountered due to their ground-dwelling habits. The species is notable for the large genital forceps present on male abdomens, which resemble the cerci of earwigs. Immature stages remain unknown, and much of the species' biology is poorly understood.
Metalectra diabolica
diabolical fungus moth
Metalectra diabolica is a small moth in the family Erebidae, first described in 1924. It occurs in the southeastern and south-central United States, with adults active primarily during spring and summer months. The species is known to feed on fungi during its larval stage.
Meteorinae
meteorine wasps
Meteorinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps, though since 2015 most scientists have treated this clade as the tribe Meteorini within Euphorinae. The group is characterized by koinobiont endoparasitoid biology, attacking larval Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. The subfamily's name derives from the distinctive pupal stage, in which the cocoon hangs suspended from a long silk thread when parasitizing lepidopteran hosts. Several species have been employed in biological control programs against forest and agricultural pests.
Methia
Methia is a genus of longhorned beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae, and tribe Methiini. The genus was established by Newman in 1842 and contains approximately 40 described species distributed primarily in North and Central America, with some species extending into South America. Species within this genus are typically small to medium-sized cerambycids. Adult Methia have been documented as attracted to ultraviolet and mercury vapor lights, suggesting nocturnal or crepuscular activity patterns.
Methia mormona
Methia mormona is a species of longhorned beetle (family Cerambycidae) described by Linell in 1897. The species belongs to the tribe Methiini and has been documented from southwestern North America, including New Mexico and adjacent regions. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet and mercury vapor lights at dusk, with observations indicating peak activity during the summer months in montane juniper-oak-pinyon woodland habitats.
Microcentrum californicum
California Angle-winged Katydid, California Anglewing
Microcentrum californicum, the California Angle-winged Katydid, is the smallest member of its genus, with adults measuring 41-52 millimeters. Males possess a brown stridulation area on the shoulders, similar to the Lesser Angle-wing Katydid, but the species' geographic range prevents confusion. It is nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Microcentrum retinerve
lesser angle-winged katydid, Lesser Anglewing
Microcentrum retinerve, commonly known as the lesser angle-winged katydid, is a North American species in the family Tettigoniidae. Adults range from 44-53 millimeters in length, smaller than the related Greater Angle-wing Katydid (M. rhombifolium). Males produce a calling song consisting of 3-5 rapid pulses repeated about once per second. The species is found in deciduous forest habitats from the eastern United States west to Missouri and extreme east Texas.
Microcentrum rhombifolium
greater angle-wing katydid, broad-winged katydid, angular-winged katydid
A large, leaf-mimicking katydid native to North America, recognized by its rhombus-shaped green wings and distinctive 'ticking' call. Adults reach 50–65 mm in length and are most active in late summer and autumn. The species is among the most convincing leaf mimics in its family, with broad, reticulate-veined tegmina that provide excellent crypsis in deciduous vegetation. Males produce intermittent calling songs and courtship songs consisting of repeated ticks once a female is attracted.
Micromus posticus
brown lacewing
Micromus posticus is a species of brown lacewing in the family Hemerobiidae. It is a predatory insect found across the Caribbean, Central America, and North America. Both larvae and adults feed on aphids, making it a potentially beneficial species in agricultural and garden settings. The species has been documented through blacklighting observations and is one of the more commonly encountered brown lacewings in its range.
Microphotus octarthrus
desert firefly
Microphotus octarthrus, commonly known as the desert firefly, is a species of bioluminescent beetle in the family Lampyridae. It was described by Fall in 1912. The species is found in arid regions of North America and is one of relatively few firefly species adapted to desert environments. Like other lampyrids, it produces light through chemical bioluminescence, though specific patterns and functions for this species remain poorly documented.
Microtomus purcis
Eastern White-winged Assassin, bark assassin bug
Microtomus purcis is a strikingly colored assassin bug in the family Reduviidae, found in North America. The species is notable for its aposematic coloration—black body with creamy-white wing bases and bright red abdominal segments and hind legs. Despite its conspicuous appearance, it is primarily nocturnal and spends daylight hours concealed under loose bark of dead trees. The species has been documented from the Ozark Highlands and surrounding regions, with adult activity recorded from September through March and nymphs found in late autumn.
Mimetus
Pirate spiders, Cannibal spiders
Mimetus is a genus of pirate spiders in the family Mimetidae, comprising approximately 71 species distributed worldwide. These small arachnids (3–7 mm body length) are obligate spider predators, employing specialized hunting tactics to infiltrate webs of other spiders and kill them through leg bites. They exhibit distinctive morphology including globular abdomens with curved bristle-like hairs and elongated anterior legs. The genus is recognized for its ecological role as an intraguild predator and its convergent resemblance to comb-footed spiders (Theridiidae).
Mimetus aktius
pirate spider
Mimetus aktius is a species of pirate spider in the family Mimetidae, first described by Chamberlin & Ivie in 1935. Like other members of its genus, it is an araneophagic predator that infiltrates the webs of other spiders rather than building its own. The species is known from the United States, specifically recorded in North America. As with many Mimetus species, detailed biological information remains limited in published literature.
Mimetus puritanus
Common Pirate Spider, Pirate Spider
Mimetus puritanus is a small araneophagous spider in the family Mimetidae, commonly known as the Common Pirate Spider. It is the most frequently encountered pirate spider species in the eastern United States. Unlike web-building spiders, M. puritanus infiltrates the webs of other spiders—particularly cobweb weavers and orb weavers—to prey upon them. The species exhibits specialized predatory adaptations including fused jaws that restrict gape width, leading it to attack prey spiders by biting their legs sequentially. Adults measure 3–7 mm in body length and are primarily nocturnal.
Mimorista trimaculalis
Mimorista trimaculalis is a small crambid moth described by Grote in 1878. It occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States. Adults are active during the warm season, with records spanning May through September. The species name refers to the three spots (tri-maculalis) characteristic of its wing pattern.
Mimoschinia
rufous-banded pyralid moth
Mimoschinia is a monotypic genus of crambid moths containing a single species, Mimoschinia rufofascialis, commonly known as the rufous-banded pyralid moth or barberpole caterpillar. The species exhibits a broad geographic range spanning the Caribbean, western Canada, the southwestern and western United States, and Mexico. The genus is characterized by small size, with adults displaying a wingspan of 14–18 mm and showing extended seasonal activity from January through October.
Mimoschinia rufofascialis
Rufous-banded Crambid Moth, Rufous-banded Pyralid Moth, Barberpole Caterpillar
Mimoschinia rufofascialis, commonly known as the Rufous-banded Crambid Moth, is the sole species in its genus. This crambid moth has been documented across a broad North American range from western Canada through the southwestern United States and into Mexico, as well as in the Caribbean. The species is attracted to artificial light sources and has been observed during summer moth surveys.
Miturgidae
Prowling Spiders
Miturgidae is a family of araneomorph spiders commonly known as prowling spiders. The family includes approximately 160-200 species across 33 genera worldwide. Members are small to medium-sized, active hunters that do not construct permanent webs for prey capture. The family has undergone substantial taxonomic revision, with the former family Zoridae synonymized and the genus Cheiracanthium (longlegged sac spiders) transferred to the separate family Cheiracanthiidae.
Mogoplistidae
Scaly Crickets and Allies
Mogoplistidae is a family of scaly crickets within the superfamily Grylloidea, comprising over 370 species in approximately 30 genera worldwide. The family is considered monophyletic and sister to the true crickets (Gryllidae). Members are distinguished by scales covering the abdomen and parts of the thorax, resembling those of Lepidoptera. The family includes three subfamilies: Mogoplistinae, Malgasiinae (restricted to Madagascar and Indian Ocean islands), and the extinct †Protomogoplistinae known from Burmese amber.
OrthopteraGrylloideascaly-cricketscoastalbeach-specialistdriftwood-dependentrare-speciesUK-protected-speciesMediterraneanAtlantic-coastMadagascar-endemicBurmese-amber-fossilscale-coveringLepidoptera-like-scalesomnivorousnocturnallong-ovipositoregg-development-one-yearshingle-habitatcobble-beachesstrandline-invertebrateconservation-concernbeach-cleaning-threatdriftwood-burning-threatMohavacris
desert long-horned grasshopper
Mohavacris is a monotypic genus of grasshoppers in the family Tanaoceridae, containing a single described species, M. timberlakei. The genus is endemic to desert regions of California and belongs to a small family of long-horned grasshoppers adapted to arid environments. Members of this family are characterized by their elongated antennae and nocturnal habits, distinguishing them from typical short-horned grasshoppers.
Moneilema
cactus longhorn beetles, cactus beetles
Moneilema is a genus of large, flightless, black longhorn beetles endemic to North American deserts. The genus contains twenty species distributed across the western United States and northern Mexico. Adults and larvae are exclusively associated with cacti in the subfamily Opuntioideae, including prickly pears (Opuntia) and chollas (Cylindropuntia). The beetles are notable for their remarkable mimicry of darkling beetles in the genus Eleodes, including similar appearance and defensive head-standing behavior despite lacking chemical defenses.
Moneilema blapsides
cactus beetle
Moneilema blapsides is a flightless, darkling beetle-mimicking longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae. First described by Newman in 1838, it belongs to a genus of cactus beetles found primarily in arid regions of North America. Like other Moneilema species, it exhibits Batesian mimicry of Eleodes darkling beetles, including the characteristic head-standing defensive posture when disturbed.
Monema flavescens
Oriental moth
Monema flavescens is a medium-sized moth in the family Limacodidae (slug moths or cup moths), native to East Asia. Adults exhibit yellowish coloration typical of the genus, with males having a wingspan of 30–32 mm and females 35–39 mm. The larvae are polyphagous defoliators of broadleaf trees, bearing urticating spines that can affect human health. The species has one to two generations per year depending on region, with adults active from late June to August. It has been introduced to Massachusetts, USA, and is considered a potential quarantine pest for Europe.
Monochamus clamator
spotted pine sawyer
Monochamus clamator, the spotted pine sawyer, is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae described by LeConte in 1852. The species exhibits several recognized subspecies across western North America and has been documented in pine woodland habitats. Research indicates host plants serve as a selective pressure driving genetic divergence in this species. Adults have been observed at blacklights and on stressed or dead pine trees.
Monochamus clamator latus
Spotted Pine Sawyer
Monochamus clamator latus is a subspecies of the spotted pine sawyer, a large longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae. Adults are active during summer months and are attracted to blacklights. The species breeds in dead, dying, or stressed coniferous trees, particularly pines. Adults have been observed on trunks of stressed Pinus ponderosa, with males exhibiting mate-guarding behavior.
Monochamus clamator nevadensis
Spotted Pine Sawyer
Monochamus clamator nevadensis is a subspecies of the spotted pine sawyer, a longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It belongs to a genus of large woodboring beetles that infest coniferous trees, particularly pines. The subspecies was described by Dillon & Dillon in 1941 and is distributed in western North America, including Nevada and surrounding regions. Like other Monochamus species, it develops in dead, dying, or stressed coniferous wood and is attracted to blacklights at night.
Monochamus clamator rubigineus
Spotted Pine Sawyer (for species complex)
Monochamus clamator rubigineus is a subspecies of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Bates in 1880. It belongs to the Spotted Pine Sawyer species complex, which are large woodboring beetles associated with coniferous forests. Adults are active during summer months and are attracted to blacklights. The species breeds in dead, dying, or stressed pine trees.
Moodna ostrinella
Darker Moodna Moth
Moodna ostrinella is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, first described by Clemens in 1860. It is one of several species in the genus Moodna, a group of small moths characterized by elongated labial palps that form a snout-like projection. The species is broadly distributed across eastern and central North America, with records extending from Canada to the southern United States.
Motyxia
Sierra luminous millipedes, motyxias
Motyxia is a genus of blind, cyanide-producing millipedes endemic to three mountain ranges in California. All 11 species exhibit bioluminescence, making them one of only three known bioluminescent millipede groups worldwide. Adults range 3–4 cm in length with 20 body segments and prominent lateral keels (paranota). The genus was established by Chamberlin in 1941 and belongs to the tribe Xystocheirini within the family Xystodesmidae.
Myrmecocystus testaceus
Brick Honeypot Ant
Myrmecocystus testaceus is a nocturnal ant species native to the southern United States, commonly known as the Brick Honeypot Ant. As a member of the genus Myrmecocystus, it possesses the distinctive replete caste—specialized workers that store liquid food in their greatly distended abdomens, serving as living food reserves for the colony. The species nests in sandy soils and has been documented as a host for the myrmecophilous beetle Cremastocheilus.
Myrmeleontidae
Antlions, Antlion lacewings, Doodlebugs, Owlflies
Myrmeleontidae is a family of neuropteran insects comprising approximately 2,000 species, commonly known as antlions or antlion lacewings. The family is best known for the distinctive predatory behavior of its larvae, which in many species construct conical pit traps in sandy soil to capture prey. Adults are aerial insects with delicate, often patterned wings, and are frequently mistaken for dragonflies or damselflies. The family includes two traditional subfamilies: Myrmeleontinae (antlions) and Ascalaphinae (owlflies), though the latter is sometimes treated as a separate family. Antlions exhibit remarkable diversity in larval hunting strategies, with pit-digging behavior restricted to certain genera while others employ ambush or roaming predation.
Mythimna unipuncta
true armyworm moth, white-speck moth, common armyworm, rice armyworm
Mythimna unipuncta is a migratory noctuid moth found across North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Larvae feed on grasses and cereal crops, causing significant agricultural damage during outbreaks. Adults are nocturnal and nectivorous, feeding on flower nectar and ripe or decaying fruit. The species exhibits seasonal migration, traveling north in spring and south in fall to optimize mating conditions. Larvae display characteristic armyworm behavior, moving en masse between fields when food sources are depleted.
Nabidae
Damsel Bugs
Nabidae is a family of predatory true bugs known as damsel bugs, containing over 500 species in approximately 20 genera. These soft-bodied, elongate insects are terrestrial predators that use raptorial forelegs to capture and hold prey, similar to mantids. They are economically important in agriculture due to their predation on crop pests including aphids, lepidopteran eggs, and other small insects. Many species are attracted to lights at night, and some exhibit wing polymorphism with fully winged, short-winged, or wingless forms.
Nabis
damsel bug
Small predatory true bugs in the family Nabidae. Adults typically under 12 mm. Nocturnal hunters that subdue prey larger than themselves using raptorial front legs. Attracted to artificial lights, possibly to exploit other insects drawn there. Economically significant as natural pest control agents in agricultural systems.
Nabis
damsel bugs
Nabis is a genus of damsel bugs in the family Nabidae, comprising predatory true bugs found worldwide. Members are small, slender insects typically under 12 mm in length, recognized by their raptorial front legs adapted for capturing prey. They are primarily nocturnal predators that use a combination of ambush and active hunting strategies to subdue insects larger than themselves. The genus is economically significant as a biological control agent in agricultural systems, particularly in cotton and greenhouse crops.
Nabis alternatus
Western Damsel Bug
Nabis alternatus, commonly known as the western damsel bug, is a predatory true bug in the family Nabidae. It occurs across western North America and into Central America. As a member of the damsel bug family, it is a small, active predator that feeds on other insects. The species has been documented in agricultural settings where it contributes to biological control of pest populations.
Nabis americoferus
Common Damsel Bug
Nabis americoferus, the common damsel bug, is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae. It occurs across North America and Central America, with well-documented populations in eastern Ontario and agroecosystems of the United States. The species produces two generations per year in temperate regions, overwinters as adults in field margins, and colonizes crop fields in late spring. It is an economically important biological control agent, feeding on agricultural pests including aphids, leafminers, and mirid bugs.
Nabis americolimbatus
damsel bug
Nabis americolimbatus is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as a damsel bug. The species was described by Carayon in 1961 and has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in both North America and Europe. Like other damsel bugs, it is a nocturnal predator that feeds on other insects.
Nabis capsiformis
Pale Damsel Bug
Nabis capsiformis, commonly known as the pale damsel bug, is one of the most widespread species in the genus Nabis. It is a generalist predator found across six continents including Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania. The species is particularly abundant in agricultural ecosystems where it serves as a biocontrol agent. Both nymphs and adults are effective predators using raptorial front legs to capture prey.
Nabis flavomarginatus
Broad Damsel Bug
Nabis flavomarginatus is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as the Broad Damsel Bug. It exhibits a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, East Asia, and North America including Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The species inhabits wet, open grassland habitats with high proportions of grasses, sedges, and rushes, and shows a preference for cooler microclimates compared to other Nabinae. It is an effective predator in agricultural and natural systems, with cicadas documented as frequent prey.
Nabis lovettii
Lovett's damsel bug
Nabis lovettii is a species of damsel bug in the family Nabidae, a group of small predatory true bugs. Damsel bugs are nocturnal predators that subdue insects larger than themselves using raptorial forelegs. Members of the genus Nabis are among the most abundant small predators in North American ecosystems and are considered economically important for biological pest control in agricultural systems. Nabis lovettii has been documented in western North America.
Nabis nigrovittatus
Damsel bug
Nabis nigrovittatus is a predatory damsel bug in the family Nabidae. It is a small, nocturnal true bug that hunts other insects. The species has been recorded in Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Like other nabids, it is considered economically important for biological pest control in agricultural systems.
Nabis propinquus
Marsh Damsel Bug
Nabis propinquus, commonly known as the Marsh Damsel Bug, is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae. Like other damsel bugs, it is a nocturnal predator that subdues other insects, including prey larger than itself. The species has been observed in marshy habitats and is attracted to lights at night, presumably to hunt other insects drawn to illumination. As with most nabids, it possesses a muscular, swollen front femur armed with teeth to secure prey, and a short rostrum compared to plant-feeding true bugs.
Nabis roseipennis
sculpted damsel bug, damsel bug
Nabis roseipennis is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as the sculpted damsel bug. It is one of the most abundant damsel bugs in cotton and soybean agroecosystems across the southeastern United States. The species is univoltine, with adults active from mid-July through September, and functions as a generalist predator of various agricultural pests. It has been extensively studied for its role in biological control and its tritrophic interactions with resistant crop plants.
Nabis rufusculus
Short-winged Nabis
Nabis rufusculus is a species of damsel bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as the Short-winged Nabis. It is a small predatory true bug found in North American agroecosystems, particularly alfalfa and soybean fields. The species has been studied for its phenology and abundance patterns alongside congeners N. americoferus and N. roseipennis. Like other damsel bugs, it is an economically important predator in agricultural systems.
Nabis subcoleoptratus
Black Damsel Bug
Nabis subcoleoptratus, commonly known as the Black Damsel Bug, is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae. Like other damsel bugs, it is a nocturnal predator that feeds on other insects. The species is part of the genus Nabis, which contains numerous species across North America. Damsel bugs are economically important as natural predators in agricultural systems, helping control pest populations.
Nabis vanduzeei
Nabis vanduzeei is a species of damsel bug in the family Nabidae, a group of small predatory true bugs. Like other members of the genus Nabis, this species is a nocturnal predator that subdues insects often larger than itself using raptorial forelegs. The species is documented from limited observations, with 14 records on iNaturalist. Damsel bugs in this genus are economically significant as biological control agents in agricultural systems.
Nadata gibbosa
White-dotted Prominent, Rough Prominent, Tawny Prominent
Nadata gibbosa is a common moth in the family Notodontidae, found across North America from northern boreal forests to Florida. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights, with flight activity beginning soon after dusk. The species is most abundant in deciduous forests at elevation. Its caterpillars serve as hosts for the parasitoid wasp Ammophila procera.
Nalassus
A genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) comprising more than 70 species distributed across the Palearctic and North America. Species occupy diverse habitats from coniferous forests to alpine zones and steppe landscapes. The genus exhibits pronounced ecological specialization, with distinct species groups adapted to forest, alpine, or steppe environments and corresponding trophic niches.
Nallachius
pleasing lacewings
Nallachius is a genus of pleasing lacewings in the family Dilaridae, established by Navás in 1909. The genus contains more than 20 described species distributed primarily in the Neotropical region. Members are characterized by their distinctive wing venation and relatively broad wings compared to other dilarid genera. Adults are typically nocturnal and attracted to light.
Neandra
pole borer
Neandra is a genus of longhorned beetles in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Parandrinae. The genus contains at least two described species: Neandra brunnea and Neandra marginicollis. These beetles are atypical for cerambycids, possessing short, bead-like antennae rather than the elongated antennae characteristic of most longhorned beetles. They are known to bore in decaying wood and are attracted to lights at night.
Neandra brunnea
pole borer, longhorned beetle
Neandra brunnea, commonly known as the pole borer, is a species of longhorn beetle in the subfamily Parandrinae. It is unusual among cerambycids for its relatively short, bead-like antennae rather than the elongated antennae typical of the family. Adults range from 8–20 mm in length and are yellowish-brown to reddish-brown in coloration. The species is distributed across eastern North America, with adults active from March through November. Larvae bore into decaying wood, including wooden poles and posts in contact with moist soil.
Nebria coloradensis
Colorado gazelle beetle
Nebria coloradensis is a flightless ground beetle endemic to the mountainous regions of Colorado. Adults possess reduced wings (brachypterous) and are active nocturnally. The species inhabits wet ground in alpine and subalpine environments.
Nebria diversa
sea beach gazelle beetle
Nebria diversa is a coastal ground beetle endemic to sandy Pacific beaches of western North America. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), restricting dispersal to coastal habitats. The species is nocturnal and occupies a narrow ecological niche beneath driftwood and debris on open sandy shorelines.
Nebria eschscholtzii
Eschscholtz's gazelle beetle
Nebria eschscholtzii, commonly known as Eschscholtz's gazelle beetle, is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae. It occurs in western North America, ranging from Alaska through the Pacific Northwest to California. The species inhabits riparian zones along stream edges from lowland to upland elevations. Adults are nocturnal and carnivorous.
Nebria frigida
frigid gazelle beetle
Nebria frigida is a ground beetle species in the subfamily Nebriinae, described by R.F. Sahlberg in 1844. It exhibits a Holarctic distribution spanning the Palearctic and Nearctic realms. Adults are nocturnal and carnivorous. The species inhabits cold-temperate and boreal regions, with populations established across northern Eurasia and western North America.
Nebria gebleri
Gebler's gazelle beetle
Nebria gebleri is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Dejean in 1831. It is found in North America, with a distribution spanning Alaska, Canada, and the western United States. The species comprises six recognized subspecies, each associated with specific mountain ranges. Adults are nocturnal and carnivorous.
Nebria gregaria
gregarious gazelle beetle
Nebria gregaria is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the gregarious gazelle beetle. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and carnivorous. The species is restricted to riparian habitats and is found in Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, eastern Russia, and China.
Nebria kincaidi
Kincaid's gazelle beetle
Nebria kincaidi is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, first described by Schwarz in 1900. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and carnivorous. The species comprises two recognized subspecies with distinct geographic distributions in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska.
Nebria labontei
Labonte's gazelle beetle
Nebria labontei is a ground beetle endemic to the mountains of Oregon, United States. It belongs to the genus Nebria, a group commonly known as gazelle beetles for their running speed. The species was described by Kavanaugh in 1984 and is one of several Nebria species restricted to western North American mountain ranges.
Nebria lacustris
Lacustrine Gazelle Beetle
Nebria lacustris is a small ground beetle in the subfamily Nebriinae, commonly known as the lacustrine gazelle beetle. The species is characterized by its black body and orange legs, with adults measuring 9–12 mm in length. It is known for its rapid movement and nocturnal activity pattern. The species occurs in southern Canada and the eastern and central United States.
Nebria lituyae
Lituya's gazelle beetle
Nebria lituyae, known as Lituya's gazelle beetle, is a ground beetle species in the subfamily Nebriinae. It is endemic to a restricted alpine region spanning Alaska and British Columbia. The species inhabits moist ground on hill summits at high elevations. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and carnivorous.
Nebria mannerheimii
Mannerheim's gazelle beetle
Nebria mannerheimii, commonly known as Mannerheim's gazelle beetle, is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae. It occurs in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, where it inhabits riparian environments along streams and rivers. Adults are nocturnal predators.
Nebria ovipennis
oval gazelle beetle
Nebria ovipennis is a ground beetle endemic to California and Nevada, where it inhabits meadows and snowfield margins in upland and mountainous areas. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and carnivorous. The species belongs to the subfamily Nebriinae, a group often associated with cool, moist habitats at higher elevations.
Nebria pallipes
Pale-legged Gazelle Beetle
Nebria pallipes is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, distributed across eastern North America from lowland to upland areas. Adults are nocturnal, gregarious, and carnivorous. The species was described by Thomas Say in 1823.
Nebria suturalis
seamed gazelle beetle
Nebria suturalis, commonly known as the seamed gazelle beetle, is a flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae. The species exhibits wing dimorphism with both forms incapable of flight. Adults are strictly nocturnal and carnivorous. It is restricted to high-elevation habitats, occurring on mountain tops across a disjunct range in northeastern North America and the Rocky Mountains.
Nebria vandykei
Van Dyke's gazelle beetle
Nebria vandykei is an alpine ground beetle in the family Carabidae, endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and carnivorous. The species occupies a specialized niche along stream margins and snowfield edges, habitats subject to extreme environmental stress. Research indicates this species has undergone adaptive evolution in response to cold, heat, and desiccation stress, with selection acting on stress response pathways despite a history of rapid demographic shifts.
Nectopsyche albida
White Miller Caddisfly
Nectopsyche albida is a species of long-horned caddisfly in the family Leptoceridae. It is found in North America. The species is associated with lentic (still-water) habitats including lakes and ponds.
Nectopsyche diarina
White Miller Caddisfly
Nectopsyche diarina is a species of caddisfly in the family Leptoceridae, first described by Ross in 1944. The genus Nectopsyche is commonly referred to as "white millers," a name derived from the pale coloration of adults. Like other members of this genus, N. diarina is attracted to ultraviolet light, making it observable during nocturnal blacklight surveys. The species occurs in North America within the Nearctic region.
Nectopsyche exquisita
exquisite long-horned caddisfly
Nectopsyche exquisita is a species of long-horned caddisfly in the family Leptoceridae, characterized by its distinctive wing patterning and banded antennae. Adults are medium-sized caddisflies with striking yellow and white hair patterns on the wings. The species is found in eastern North America near slow-moving aquatic habitats. Adults are attracted to light and have been documented in urban settings.
Neivamyrmex harrisii
Harris' Legionary Ant
Neivamyrmex harrisii is a species of legionary ant in the family Formicidae. Like other members of the genus Neivamyrmex, it is a nomadic, mostly nocturnal ant that raids the nests of other ant species to prey on larvae and pupae. The species is part of a group of ants that includes army ants, characterized by their raiding behavior and lack of permanent nests. Colonies are known to be sedentary during winter months.
Neivamyrmex mandibularis
legionary ant
Neivamyrmex mandibularis is a species of legionary ant in the subfamily Dorylinae. Like other Neivamyrmex species, it is nomadic and primarily nocturnal, raiding nests of other ant species to prey on larvae and pupae. The species is part of a genus containing the only army ants native to North America north of Mexico. Workers are subterranean and rarely observed by the general public, while winged reproductive males are occasionally attracted to lights at night.
Neivamyrmex nigrescens
Black Legionary Ant
Neivamyrmex nigrescens is a North American army ant and the most widely distributed species in its genus across the United States. Colonies are nomadic and primarily nocturnal, conducting raids on other ant nests to prey on larvae and pupae. The species has been extensively studied due to its broad range, making it one of the best-known Neivamyrmex species. Colony relocation events have been observed during morning hours in cooler seasons, contrasting with strictly nocturnal emigrations in summer.
Neivamyrmex opacithorax
army ant
Neivamyrmex opacithorax is a species of army ant in the family Formicidae. It is one of two army ant species documented in Missouri, where it has been observed in dolomite glades. The species is strictly nocturnal during summer months but has been observed on the surface during cool, overcast fall days. Like other legionary ants, it exhibits nomadic behavior and raids nests of other ant species.
Nemesiidae
Tubetrapdoor and Wishbone Spiders, wishbone spiders
Nemesiidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1889 and elevated to family status in 1985, having previously been considered part of Dipluridae. The family comprises relatively large, darkly colored spiders with elongated bodies and robust legs, commonly known as wishbone spiders due to the distinctive shape of their burrows. Members are primarily fossorial, constructing silk-lined burrows often equipped with hinged trapdoors for ambush predation. The family includes ten genera and approximately 195 species distributed across diverse habitats including coastal sands, forests, and mountainous regions on multiple continents.
Neococytius cluentius
Cluentius sphinx
Neococytius cluentius, commonly known as the Cluentius sphinx, is a large hawkmoth in the family Sphingidae. It is the sole species in its genus. The species has a broad distribution across the Neotropics, extending northward into the southern United States. Adults are powerful fliers and are attracted to light.
Neoconocephalus ensiger
Sword-bearing Conehead, Swordbearer
Neoconocephalus ensiger is a katydid species in the conehead tribe Copiphorini, recognized by the male's elongated, sword-like ovipositor-like structure at the abdomen tip. Males produce loud, distinctive songs through stridulation of modified forewings. The species occurs in grassland and prairie habitats across eastern and central North America. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed molting to adulthood at night near ultraviolet light sources.
Neohermes californicus
California fishfly
Neohermes californicus is a species of fishfly in the family Corydalidae, first described by Walker in 1853 as Chauliodes californicus. It belongs to the order Megaloptera, a small group of primitive holometabolous insects that includes fishflies, dobsonflies, and alderflies. The species is found in North America, particularly in western regions including California. Fishflies in this genus are associated with aquatic habitats during their larval stages. Adults are typically nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Neoligia subjuncta
Connected Brocade
Neoligia subjuncta, commonly known as the Connected Brocade, is a species of noctuid moth in the subfamily Noctuinae. It occurs across northern North America, with documented populations in the Canadian prairies and northern New England. The species is assigned MONA/Hodges number 9412. As a member of the cutworm moth group, it is presumed to have nocturnal adult activity and larval development in herbaceous habitats.
Neomida
Neomida is a genus of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) containing approximately 18 described species. The genus was established by Latreille in 1829. At least one species, Neomida bicornis, has been documented in residential areas in the central United States, where adults are attracted to artificial light sources at night.
Neomida bicornis
Two-horned Darkling Beetle
Neomida bicornis, commonly known as the Two-horned Darkling Beetle, is a small species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. The species is characterized by the distinctive horn-like projections on its head, from which its specific epithet derives. It has been documented across eastern and central North America, with observations ranging from Canada to the United States. The species is attracted to artificial light sources at night.
Neoscona
Spotted Orb-weavers, Barn Spiders
Neoscona is a genus of orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae) containing over 100 described species, commonly known as spotted orb-weavers and barn spiders. The genus was erected by Eugène Simon in 1895 to separate species from the obsolete genus Epeira. Neoscona species are among the most common orb-weavers in North America and are found throughout most parts of the world. They construct vertical orb webs with approximately twenty radii and an open hub, typically hunting at night and retreating to the web periphery or a curled leaf during the day.
Neoscona crucifera
Hentz orbweaver, spotted orbweaver, barn spider
Neoscona crucifera is a large orb-weaver spider in the family Araneidae, commonly known as the Hentz orbweaver or spotted orbweaver. The species is notable for its large, conspicuous webs built on buildings and other structures near outdoor lights, where it captures nocturnal flying insects. Females are significantly larger than males and exhibit considerable color variation, most commonly appearing rusty-red or golden orange. The spider is widespread across eastern and central North America, with populations extending into the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is most visible in late summer and early fall when mature females become diurnal to maximize prey capture.
Neoscona domiciliorum
Red-femured Spotted Orbweaver, Spotted Orbweaver, Redfemured Spotted Orbweaver
Neoscona domiciliorum is a medium-sized orbweaver spider endemic to the eastern and southeastern United States. The species name 'domiciliorum' (Latin for 'of dwellings') reflects its frequent occurrence on buildings, though it also inhabits moist woodlands. Females construct large vertical orb webs up to 50 cm in diameter, typically building at dusk and dismantling before dawn. The spider is recognized by distinctive coloration including red femora on the legs and a pale cruciform pattern on the abdomen.
Neoscona oaxacensis
Western Spotted Orbweaver, Zig-zag Spider
Neoscona oaxacensis is a large orb-weaving spider distributed across the Americas from the United States to South America, including the Galápagos Islands. Females reach 9–18 mm in body length, males 6–13 mm. The species exhibits highly variable dorsal abdominal patterning, with a distinctive black-and-white pattern that aids identification. It constructs spiral orb webs to capture flying insects and is active primarily from late spring through autumn. The species was first described from Oaxaca, Mexico in 1863.
Neoxorides
Neoxorides is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Poemeniinae. The genus was established by Clément in 1938 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with some species formerly placed here now reassigned to other genera such as Podoschistus. Members are ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae. The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with records from Europe and North America.
Nephelodes minians
Bronzed Cutworm Moth, Shaded Umber Moth
Nephelodes minians is a noctuid moth commonly known as the Bronzed Cutworm Moth or Shaded Umber Moth. The species is widely distributed across North America, with adults active from mid-summer through autumn. Larvae are recognized agricultural pests that feed on grasses and cereal crops.
Netelia
Orange Ichneumon Wasp, Netelia Wasp
Netelia is a large genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Tryphoninae, comprising over 330 described species grouped into 12 subgenera. These medium to large wasps are typically orange to brownish-yellow in coloration with conspicuously long antennae and legs. Females possess a prominent ovipositor used to parasitize caterpillar hosts. Unlike many ichneumonids, Netelia females can deliver a painful sting when handled carelessly, using it to temporarily paralyze hosts before egg deposition. The genus is cosmopolitan in distribution and frequently attracted to artificial lights at night.
Netelia johnsoni
Netelia johnsoni is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Tryphoninae, described by Ashmead in 1900. It is a nocturnal parasitoid wasp with a painful defensive sting that has been documented from Edmonton, Canada, though the genus Netelia is more broadly distributed across North America north of Mexico with 73 species in six subgenera. Females use their sting primarily to temporarily paralyze caterpillar hosts for oviposition, but will sting humans if handled carelessly or trapped against skin.
Netelia leo
Netelia leo is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Tryphoninae, first described by Cushman in 1924. Like other members of the genus Netelia, females possess a functional sting and are capable of delivering painful stings when handled or trapped against skin. The species is nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial lights. Females are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of caterpillars, temporarily paralyzing hosts with their sting before laying stalked eggs on the exterior of the larva.
Nicrophorus americanus
American burying beetle, giant carrion beetle
Nicrophorus americanus is a federally threatened burying beetle endemic to North America and the largest member of its genus. Adults are nocturnal, strong fliers capable of traveling up to one kilometer per night while searching for carrion. The species exhibits elaborate biparental care, with both sexes cooperating to locate, bury, and prepare vertebrate carcasses for their offspring. Once abundant across 35 U.S. states and parts of Canada, it now occupies less than 10% of its historic range due to habitat loss, carrion scarcity, and other factors.
Nippononebria altisierrae
high sierra false gazelle beetle
Nippononebria altisierrae, commonly known as the high sierra false gazelle beetle, is a black-colored ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It was originally described as Nebria altisierrae by Kavanaugh in 1984 and later transferred to the genus Nippononebria. The species belongs to the subgenus Vancouveria and is endemic to California's mountainous regions.
Nippononebria virescens
greenish false gazelle beetle
Nippononebria virescens is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the greenish false gazelle beetle. It is native to western North America, where it inhabits meadow habitats. Adults are nocturnal and carnivorous. The species is relatively poorly documented, with limited observational records.
Nocloa rivulosa
Rivulet Nocloa
Nocloa rivulosa is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1906. The common name "Rivulet Nocloa" refers to the wavy, stream-like patterning on the forewings. It belongs to the subfamily Amphipyrinae and tribe Psaphidini within the owlet moth family. The species is documented across North America with over 120 iNaturalist observations.
Noctuidae
owlet moths, cutworms, armyworms
Noctuidae is a large family of moths in the superfamily Noctuoidea, currently comprising approximately 1,089 genera and 11,772 species. The family is taxonomically unstable, having recently lost several subfamilies (Lymantriinae, Catocalinae, Calpinae) to the family Erebidae, making it now the second-largest family in Noctuoidea rather than the largest in Lepidoptera. Adults are predominantly nocturnal with cryptic brown, grey, or black coloration, though some tropical subfamilies exhibit bright coloration. Larvae are commonly known as cutworms or armyworms, with many species being significant agricultural pests.
Nomophila nearctica
Lucerne Moth, Clover Nomophila, False Webworm, Celery Stalkworm, American Celery Webworm
Nomophila nearctica is a crambid moth with broad distribution across North America and southward into the Neotropics. Adults are active from spring through late autumn. The species is notable for its narrow, elongated wing profile and association with low-growing herbaceous vegetation. Larvae feed on a range of plants including grasses, legumes, and celery, making it occasionally significant in agricultural contexts.
Notoxus balteatus
Notoxus balteatus is a species of ant-like flower beetle in the family Anthicidae, described by Casey in 1895. The genus Notoxus is characterized by a distinctive elongated snout-like projection (rostrum) extending from the head, a trait that separates these beetles from superficially similar ant-mimicking beetles in other families. Records indicate this species occurs in North America and Middle America. Like other anthicids, adults are likely associated with flowers and vegetation where they feed on pollen and small insects.
Notoxus conformis
monoceros beetle
Notoxus conformis is a species of monoceros beetle in the family Anthicidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The species belongs to a genus characterized by a distinctive horn-like projection on the pronotum.
Notoxus desertus
Desert Ant-like Flower Beetle
Notoxus desertus is a species of monoceros beetle in the family Anthicidae. It is distributed across Central America and North America, including Ontario, Canada. The species is commonly known as the Desert Ant-like Flower Beetle. Like other members of the genus Notoxus, it exhibits ant-mimicking morphology and is attracted to lights at night.
Notoxus monodon
antlike flower beetle, monoceros beetle
Notoxus monodon is a small beetle in the family Anthicidae, commonly called the antlike flower beetle or monoceros beetle. It is one of many species in the genus Notoxus that share a distinctive elongated horn-like projection on the pronotum. The species is documented from North America, where it occurs in association with flowering vegetation. Like other anthicids, it exhibits ant-mimicking body proportions and movements.
Notoxus murinipennis
Mouse-winged Anthicid
Notoxus murinipennis is a species of monoceros beetle in the family Anthicidae, commonly known as the mouse-winged anthicid. The species occurs across Central America and North America. Members of the genus Notoxus are characterized by a distinctive forward-projecting horn on the pronotum, giving them their common name of monoceros beetles. This species was first described by J.E. LeConte in 1824.
Notoxus sparsus
Notoxus sparsus is a species of ant-like flower beetle in the family Anthicidae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1859. Members of the genus Notoxus are characterized by a distinctive elongated rostrum with antennal insertions located near its tip, a trait that separates them from superficially similar ant-like beetles in other families. The species occurs in North America and Middle America, though specific details about its biology remain poorly documented. Like other anthicids, adults are likely active on the ground surface or in low vegetation.
Nycteola
Nycteola is a genus of spiders in the family Nucteniidae. These spiders are nocturnal orb-weavers that construct webs under eaves and near artificial light sources. They are typically found in association with human structures and buildings.
Nyctoporis
Nyctoporis is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, established by Eschscholtz in 1831. The genus comprises five described species distributed in North America. These beetles belong to the subfamily Pimeliinae and tribe Nyctoporini. Members of this genus are part of the diverse tenebrionid fauna characteristic of arid and semi-arid regions of western North America.
Nyctoporis carinata
armored night-walker, flightless darkling beetle
Nyctoporis carinata is a flightless darkling beetle endemic to California, found in leaf litter and rocky debris along the coast and Coast Ranges. Adults measure 12–16 mm and are characterized by fused, non-functional wing covers (elytra) that render them permanently flightless. The species exhibits a heavily sculptured exoskeleton with indentations, bumps, and ridges. Preliminary genetic analysis suggests possible conspecificity with Nyctoporis vandykei.
Nyctoporis cristata
Nyctoporis cristata is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, first described by Eschscholtz in 1831. It belongs to the tribe Nyctoporini, a group of tenebrionid beetles often associated with arid and semi-arid environments. The species epithet 'cristata' refers to a crested or ridged feature, likely describing a morphological characteristic of the pronotum or elytra. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to be nocturnal and ground-dwelling.
Ochodaeidae
Sand-loving Scarab Beetles
Ochodaeidae is a small family of scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) commonly known as sand-loving scarab beetles. The family is distributed globally and contains two subfamilies: Chaetocanthinae and Ochodaeinae. Members are distinguished by crenulated or serrated mesotibial spurs. The biology and habits of most species remain poorly known, with many collected in sandy areas at night.
Ocypode
Ghost Crabs
Ocypode is a genus of ghost crabs comprising 21 species distributed across tropical and subtropical sandy shores worldwide. Members are characterized by deep box-like bodies, elongated eyestalks often tipped with horn-like projections in several species, and pronounced claw asymmetry with one cheliped substantially larger than the other. They construct deep burrows in intertidal sandy or muddy substrates and exhibit primarily nocturnal activity patterns. The genus was established in 1795 and remained the sole genus in subfamily Ocypodinae until 2013, when Hoplocypode was segregated based on gonopod morphology.
Ocypus olens
Devil's Coach-horse Beetle, Devil's Coach-horse, Devil's Footman, Devil's Steed
Ocypus olens, commonly known as the Devil's Coach-horse Beetle, is a large rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae. Originally described as Staphylinus olens in 1764, this species has a long history of association with folklore and superstition across Europe, particularly in Ireland where it was known as 'Dar Daol' (the Devil's beetle). The beetle is a formidable predator with an intimidating defensive posture—raising its curled abdomen like a scorpion when threatened. In North America, it has been introduced to California where field studies suggest it may serve as a biological control agent for the brown garden snail (Helix aspersa), an agricultural pest.
Oecophorini
Oecophorini is a tribe of small to medium-sized moths within the family Oecophoridae. These concealer moths exhibit considerable diversity in form and coloration. The tribe is part of the subfamily Oecophorinae, which itself has disputed taxonomic boundaries. Members are characterized by their folded wing posture at rest and often intricate wing patterns.
Oeme
Oeme is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) established by Newman in 1840. The genus contains two recognized species: Oeme costata LeConte, 1873 and Oeme rigida (Say, 1826). Members of this genus are associated with coniferous trees, particularly pinyon pines. Oeme costata has been documented from single-leaf pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla) in the Spring Mountains of Nevada, where adults are active nocturnally on tree trunks. The genus belongs to the tribe Oemini within the subfamily Cerambycinae.
Oeme costata
Oeme costata is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1873. It belongs to the tribe Oemini and is one of approximately 17 species in the genus Oeme. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States, with observations from high-elevation pinyon-juniper woodlands. It exhibits nocturnal activity, having been observed on tree trunks at night.
Oeme rigida
Rigid Oeme
Oeme rigida is a longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) described by Thomas Say in 1826. The species is native to western North America, with records from the United States and Mexico. Two subspecies are recognized: O. r. rigida (nominate) and O. r. deserta Casey, 1924. Adults have been collected from dead pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) branches, suggesting larval development in coniferous wood.
Olethreutes versicolorana
Olethreutes versicolorana is a small tortricid moth species in the family Tortricidae, first described by Clemens in 1860. It belongs to a diverse genus of leafroller moths, many of which are associated with specific host plants. Like other members of Olethreutinae, this species is likely nocturnal and attracted to light sources. The specific epithet 'versicolorana' suggests variable coloration, though detailed species-level documentation remains limited in publicly available sources.
Oligia strigilis
Marbled Minor
Oligia strigilis, the Marbled Minor, is a noctuid moth distributed across Britain, Europe, and Central Asia, with accidental introduction and rapid spread in northeastern North America. It is one of three similar Oligia species in the UK that require genitalia examination for reliable identification. The species has declined by 76% in Britain since the 1970s despite potential range expansion. Melanic forms occur frequently and have been of significant evolutionary interest.
Olixon banksii
Olixon banksii is a species of rhopalosomatid wasp described by Brues in 1922. It belongs to a small family of nocturnal wasps whose larvae are ectoparasitoids of crickets. The species occurs in the Nearctic region, with records from the United States and Mexico.
Olixon melinsula
Olixon melinsula is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Rhopalosomatidae, described in 2012 from specimens collected in the southern United States. It belongs to a genus of nocturnal wasps whose larvae are ectoparasitoids of crickets. The species is known from a small number of records in Florida, Louisiana, Paraguay, and Texas.
Omophron dentatum
Toothed Round Sand Beetle
Omophron dentatum, known as the toothed round sand beetle, is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It occurs in Central America and western North America, including California and Baja California. Adults are nocturnal and both life stages construct burrows in sandy substrates near water margins. The species is associated with riparian habitats at the edges of rivers, brooks, and ponds.
Omophron gilae
Gila River round sand beetle
Omophron gilae is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is commonly known as the Gila River round sand beetle. The species is found in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, where it inhabits sandy margins of water bodies. Adults are nocturnal and exhibit gregarious behavior.
Omophron grossum
Large Round Sand Beetle
Omophron grossum, commonly known as the large round sand beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It inhabits river margins in central and southwestern North America. Adults are nocturnal and gregarious, sheltering in ground burrows during daylight hours. The species is distinguished by its rounded body form characteristic of the genus Omophron.
Omophron labiatum
large-lipped round sand beetle
Omophron labiatum is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the large-lipped round sand beetle. It occurs in North America, where it inhabits margins of ponds, lakes, and rivers in coastal lowlands. Adults are nocturnal and gregarious, hiding in ground burrows during daylight hours. The larvae have been reported to feed on grains and corn, leading to occasional pest status in agricultural contexts.
Omophron nitidum
Shiny Round Sand Beetle
Omophron nitidum is a small ground beetle native to the United States. Adults are nocturnal, sheltering in burrows and leaf litter during daylight hours. The species has been recorded breeding from late summer through December. It is one of several North American species in the genus Omophron, which are adapted to sandy habitats.
Omophron robustum
Robust Round Sand Beetle
Omophron robustum, commonly known as the robust round sand beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America, specifically in the central and northern United States and southern Canada. The species inhabits sandy beaches of lakes, rivers, and brooks. Adults are nocturnal and gregarious, hiding in burrows or under debris during the day.
Omophron solidum
solid round sand beetle
Omophron solidum, known as the solid round sand beetle, is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It inhabits sandy beaches along water bodies in California and Oregon. Adults are nocturnal and gregarious, retreating into burrows during daylight hours.
Omorgus fuliginosus
Omorgus fuliginosus is a hide beetle in the family Trogidae, found in North and Central America. Adults measure 13–15 mm in length. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions from Texas south through Mexico to Costa Rica and El Salvador. Like other Trogidae, it is associated with carrion and animal remains.
Omorgus howelli
Howell's hide beetle
Omorgus howelli is a hide beetle in the family Trogidae, native to the southern United States. First described in 1957, it was historically classified under the genus Trox but was reassigned to Omorgus in 2006 based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. The species occurs in Florida and Texas, with additional records from Mexico and Peru. Like other Trogidae, it is associated with decomposing animal remains.
Omorgus nodosus
skin beetle
Omorgus nodosus is a species of skin beetle in the family Trogidae. It has been documented in sandy habitats of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it is active nocturnally. The species feeds on dried animal matter, with observations of individuals feeding on dried dog feces. It occurs in association with sand dune ecosystems, where it has been found walking on sand surfaces at night.
Omorgus scabrosus
Omorgus scabrosus is a species of hide beetle in the family Trogidae, found across much of North America from Canada to Mexico. The species belongs to a family specialized in feeding on dried animal remains. Its distribution spans diverse habitats including grasslands, woodlands, and desert edge environments.
Omorgus scutellaris
Omorgus scutellaris is a species of hide beetle in the family Trogidae. It occurs in the south-central United States and northern Mexico. Like other trogids, it is associated with decomposing animal matter. The species has been documented from sand dune habitats in Texas and is attracted to ultraviolet light.
Omorgus tesselatus
Omorgus tesselatus is a species of hide beetle in the family Trogidae, first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1854. Like other members of this family, it is a scavenger associated with decomposing animal matter. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America and Mexico. Adults have been observed active at night in sandy habitats, where they may be encountered walking on the ground or attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Omorgus texanus
Omorgus texanus is a skin beetle in the family Trogidae, first described by LeConte in 1854. The species is known from Texas in the United States and extends south into northeastern Mexico (Nuevo León, Tamaulipas). Like other members of the genus, it is associated with dry, sandy habitats and has been observed feeding on dried animal matter. The species is part of a diverse genus of hide beetles that play important roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling in arid environments.
Omus
Night-stalking Tiger Beetles
Omus is a genus of flightless, nocturnal tiger beetles (subfamily Cicindelinae) endemic to the west coast of North America. Members are uniformly dark-colored and characterized by reduced or absent hind wings, restricting them to ground-dwelling locomotion. The genus comprises at least five recognized species, including O. audouini, O. californicus, O. cazieri, O. dejeanii, and O. submetallicus. These beetles occupy diverse habitats from forest floors to upper salt marshes, with some species showing strong associations with specific plant communities.
flightlessnocturnalwest-coast-endemictiger-beetlesalt-marshforest-floorprolonged-copulationconservation-concernCanada-species-at-riskmorphological-character-displacementAmblycheiliniCicindelinaeCarabidaeColeopteralarval-burrowsDouglas-aster-indicator-speciesniche-partitioningmale-mandible-dimorphismsyn-copulatory-courtshiprain-shadow-habitatSierra-NevadaCascade-RangeCoast-RangeBritish-ColumbiaOregonCaliforniaWashingtonOmus audouini
Audouin's Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus audouini, commonly known as Audouin's Night-stalking Tiger Beetle, is a nocturnal tiger beetle species in the family Cicindelidae. It exhibits pronounced sexual size dimorphism with females larger than males, and possesses mandibles that serve dual functions for prey capture and mating amplexus. The species shows niche partitioning with sympatric O. dejeanii through body size and mandible length differences following Hutchinsonian Ratios. It is of conservation concern in Canada due to its extremely limited distribution.
Omus californicus
California night-stalking tiger beetle
Omus californicus is a nocturnal tiger beetle species endemic to western North America, recognized for its distinctive night-stalking predatory behavior. The species exhibits notable taxonomic complexity with six recognized subspecies distributed across California, Oregon, and adjacent regions. Adults are elusive, active primarily during nighttime hours, and are associated with forested and montane habitats. The species has been subject to taxonomic confusion with related taxa, particularly regarding subspecies boundaries.
Omus californicus angustocylindricus
Narrow Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus californicus angustocylindricus is a subspecies of night-stalking tiger beetle endemic to California. It is one of several subspecies within the Omus californicus complex, characterized by its narrow, elongated body form. Adults are nocturnal and difficult to observe, with activity patterns tied to seasonal conditions. Larvae construct burrows in forested habitats, typically found along logging roads or under cover objects. The subspecies is considered rare and has been documented from limited localities in northern California, particularly in Plumas County.
Omus californicus californicus
California Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus californicus californicus is the nominate subspecies of the California night-stalking tiger beetle, a flightless, nocturnal carabid beetle endemic to California. Adults are active primarily in spring and early summer, with larvae occupying permanent burrows in soil. The species exhibits strong habitat fidelity to specific substrates and moisture conditions. Unlike diurnal tiger beetles in the genus Cicindela, Omus species are crepuscular to nocturnal hunters that do not rely on vision for prey capture.
Omus californicus intermedius
Intermediate Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus californicus intermedius is a subspecies of night-stalking tiger beetle endemic to western North America. As a member of the genus Omus, it exhibits nocturnal adult behavior and fossorial larval habits. The subspecies was described by Leng in 1902 and occurs in the intermediate zone between the ranges of the nominate subspecies and O. c. angustocylindricus. Adults are rarely encountered due to their nocturnal activity pattern and cryptic behavior, making larval burrows the most reliable indicator of local presence.
Omus californicus lecontei
Omus californicus lecontei is a subspecies of night-stalking tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae. As a member of the genus Omus, it is characterized by nocturnal adult activity and fossorial larval habits. The subspecies is part of the taxonomically challenging Omus californicus complex, which has historically caused confusion with related taxa such as Omus submetallicus. Adults are typically encountered through targeted searching of larval burrows rather than general collecting methods.
Omus californicus subcylindricus
Subcylindrical Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus californicus subcylindricus is a subspecies of night-stalking tiger beetle in the family Carabidae. It is one of several subspecies within the Omus californicus complex, which exhibits considerable morphological and geographic variation across its range in western North America. The subspecies was described by Nunenmacher in 1940 and is distinguished by its subcylindrical body form compared to other members of the complex.
Omus cazieri
Mount Ashland Night-stalking Tiger Beetle, Cazier's night-stalking tiger beetle
Omus cazieri is a nocturnal tiger beetle species endemic to the western United States, specifically known from southwestern Oregon and adjacent northern California. It belongs to the genus Omus, a group of flightless, night-active tiger beetles distinguished by their cylindrical body form and reduced eyes. The species is named in honor of entomologist Mont Cazier.
Omus dejeanii
Greater Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus dejeanii is a flightless tiger beetle and the largest species in its genus, measuring 15–20 mm. It inhabits dense coastal forests from British Columbia to northern California. The species is nocturnal and exhibits exceptionally long mating durations averaging 29.4 hours, far exceeding most other tiger beetles. Males possess enlarged mandibles used both for prey capture and for grasping females during prolonged amplexus.
Omus laevis
Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus laevis is a synonym of Omus californicus californicus, a nocturnal tiger beetle species in the genus Omus. Members of this genus are restricted to the Pacific region of North America and are characterized by their nocturnal activity pattern, which distinguishes them from most other tiger beetles. The species is part of a taxonomically complex group historically treated as variable subspecies of O. californicus.
Omus sequoiarum
Omus sequoiarum is a species of flightless tiger beetle in the genus Omus, described by Crotch in 1874. It is currently treated as a synonym of Omus californicus californicus, though some sources maintain it as a distinct species. Like other Omus species, it is nocturnal and associated with forested habitats in western North America. The species epithet 'sequoiarum' references its association with sequoia (redwood) forests.
Omus submetallicus
Lustrous Night-stalking Tiger Beetle, Smith's Brome
Omus submetallicus is a nocturnal tiger beetle species in the family Cicindelidae, found in western North America. Adults are active at night and have been observed hunting in intertidal zones, capturing amphipods at low tide. The species has historically been confused with Omus californicus lecontei, leading to taxonomic uncertainty and unclear conservation status. Two subspecies are recognized: O. submetallicus submetallicus and O. submetallicus niger.
Oniscidea
Woodlice, Pillbugs, Rock Slaters
Oniscidea is the suborder of terrestrial isopod crustaceans commonly known as woodlice, pillbugs, and rock slaters. This diverse group comprises over 5,000 described species that have successfully colonized land from ancestral marine isopod stock. They are characterized by a dorsoventrally flattened, segmented exoskeleton with seven pairs of walking legs, and occupy a wide range of habitats from forests and grasslands to caves and urban environments. Most species are nocturnal detritivores that play important roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling.
Operophtera brumata
Winter Moth
Operophtera brumata, the winter moth, is a geometrid moth native to Europe and the Near East that has been introduced to North America. It is notable among temperate Lepidoptera for adult activity during late fall and early winter. Females are flightless, while males are fully winged. The species is a significant pest of deciduous trees and an important food source for birds such as Blue Tits, which feed their young almost exclusively on winter moth caterpillars. The USA National Phenology Network includes this species in its Pheno Forecast program to aid pest management.
Ophion
nocturnal ichneumon wasps
Ophion is a genus of nocturnal ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Ophioninae. Members are typically orange to yellow in coloration and are endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae. The genus exhibits exceptionally high morphological similarity among species, making identification difficult without molecular or detailed morphometric analysis. Most species are attracted to artificial lights at night. The genus has a worldwide distribution with greatest diversity in temperate regions.
Ophion idoneus
Ophion idoneus is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae, first described by Viereck in 1905. Like other members of the genus Ophion, it belongs to a morphologically challenging group of parasitoid wasps that have historically been difficult to distinguish from related species. The species is known from western Canada, with records from Alberta and British Columbia. Ophion wasps are nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial lights.
Ophion nigrovarius
Ophion nigrovarius is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae, described by Provancher in 1874. Like other members of the genus Ophion, this species is nocturnal and frequently attracted to lights. The Ophion genus has long presented taxonomic challenges due to morphological uniformity among species, with O. nigrovarius being one of many species that remained difficult to distinguish until the application of molecular and morphometric methods. It is part of a diverse North American fauna that has seen significant revision through modern systematic approaches.
Ophion slossonae
Ophion slossonae is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Ophioninae, described by Davis in 1893. It belongs to a genus notorious for taxonomic difficulty, with museum collections containing numerous unidentified specimens. The species was one of only eleven Ophion species known from North America for over a century until modern molecular and morphometric techniques enabled the description of additional species. Like other Ophioninae, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to artificial lights.
Ophioninae
Short-tailed Ichneumonid Wasps
Ophioninae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of ichneumonid wasps comprising approximately 32–33 genera with exceptional diversity in tropical regions. These wasps are primarily koinobiont endoparasitoids of larval Lepidoptera, though at least one species parasitizes Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera). They are notable among parasitic wasps for possessing ovipositors capable of stinging vertebrates in self-defense. Adults are typically large, slender, and orange with compressed, curved abdomens, very large ocelli, and long antennae. They are predominantly nocturnal and strongly attracted to artificial light sources.
Opiliones
harvestmen, harvesters, daddy longlegs, granddaddy longlegs, shepherd spiders
Opiliones is an ancient order of arachnids comprising over 6,650 described species, with estimates suggesting more than 10,000 extant species worldwide. The order includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi. Fossil evidence from 410 million-year-old Devonian deposits demonstrates that harvestmen have remained morphologically conservative since their early evolution. Despite superficial resemblance to spiders, Opiliones represent a distinct arachnid lineage with unique anatomical and behavioral characteristics.
arachnidharvestmandaddy-longlegsancient-lineageomnivorenocturnalgregariouscave-dwellingpaternal-carechemical-defenseautotomymodel-organismconservation-concernvenomlesstracheal-respirationdirect-copulationshort-range-endemictroglobiteaposematiccrypsismimicrythanatosisviscoelastic-adhesiveanurophagyvertebrate-predatorOpogona
Opogona n-sp is an undescribed species in the family Tineidae, a group of small moths commonly known as fungus moths or clothes moths. The genus Opogona contains several economically significant species, including the Opogona crown borer (O. omoscopa), which has been documented attacking strawberries and bird of paradise plants in California. This undescribed species has been recorded in blacklighting surveys conducted at the Bohart Museum of Entomology at UC Davis, indicating it is part of the nocturnal moth fauna of the region. As a newly recognized but not yet formally described species, its biology and distribution remain incompletely known.
Opogona omoscopa
Detritus Moth, Opogona Crown Borer
Opogona omoscopa is a small moth in the family Tineidae with a wingspan of 18–22 mm. It has a broad native distribution spanning western Australia, New Zealand, southeast Asia, Africa, and islands of the Indian Ocean, and has been introduced to Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The species is attracted to ultraviolet light and has been documented at blacklighting events in California.
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
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Ormia is a genus of nocturnal tachinid flies renowned for their exceptional sound localization abilities. Females are phonotactic parasitoids that locate hosts by detecting calling songs, then deposit larvae on or near crickets and katydids. The genus has become a model system in auditory neuroscience and bioinspired engineering due to its mechanically coupled ears that achieve directional precision rivaling human hearing despite minute interaural distances. Research has focused primarily on Ormia ochracea, though multiple species have been studied for biological control applications.
Ormia ochracea
Ormia ochracea is a small yellow nocturnal tachinid fly renowned for its exceptional directional hearing and acoustic parasitism of field crickets. Females locate singing male crickets through phonotaxis, then deposit planidial larvae that develop internally and kill the host within approximately 7 days. The fly's auditory system employs mechanically coupled tympanal membranes that amplify nanosecond-scale interaural time differences, enabling sound localization precision comparable to humans despite an interear distance of less than 1 mm. This unique physiology has made O. ochracea a prominent model organism for auditory neuroscience and bioinspired microphone design.
Orthodes bolteri
Orthodes bolteri is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, described by Smith in 1900. The species has been documented at blacklight stations during bioblitz events in Colorado, including at Red Rock Canyon Open Space in 2019. Taxonomic placement has shifted over time, with the species formerly placed in Mamestra and Xestia. It occurs in North America and Middle America.
Orthodes majuscula
Rustic Quaker
Orthodes majuscula, commonly known as the Rustic Quaker, is a noctuid moth described by Herrich-Schäffer in 1868. It is widespread throughout the New World, ranging from eastern North America through Central America to South America. Adults are active from May to August and have a wingspan of 28–35 mm.
Orthopodomyia
tree hole mosquito, ornate mosquito
A genus of wild mosquitoes comprising 36 species distributed primarily in tropical and temperate regions. Adults are predominantly nocturnal and essentially wild in habit. Most species are not recognized as epidemiologically important vectors due to limited bionomic knowledge. The genus is phylogenetically close to tribe Mansoniini based on molecular evidence.
Orthoporus
Orthoporus is a genus of spirostreptid millipedes comprising approximately 80 species distributed from the southern United States through Central America to Brazil and Argentina. The genus includes the well-known desert millipede Orthoporus ornatus, which has been studied for its behavioral thermoregulation in arid environments. Members of this genus are characterized by their cylindrical bodies and two pairs of legs per body segment, typical of millipedes. Several species are maintained in educational collections due to their docile nature and distinctive appearance.
Orthosoma
brown prionid
Orthosoma is a monotypic genus of longhorned beetles (family Cerambycidae) containing the single species Orthosoma brunneum, commonly known as the brown prionid. The genus is classified in the subfamily Prioninae and tribe Prionini. Adults are attracted to lights and have been documented in fermenting bait traps. The genus name Orthosoma was previously used for a microsporidian genus, which has since been renamed Orthosomella due to this preoccupation.
Orthosoma brunneum
Brown Prionid
Orthosoma brunneum is a large, brown longhorned beetle in the subfamily Prioninae, commonly known as the brown prionid. It is the sole species in its genus and is widely distributed across eastern North America. Adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to ultraviolet lights. Larvae develop in decaying logs and have been shown to tolerate and behaviorally respond to high carbon dioxide concentrations typical of their wood-boring habitat.
Orthotylus angulatus
Orthotylus angulatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Uhler in 1895. It belongs to a large and diverse genus of mirid bugs found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The species has been documented in western North America, particularly in Colorado and Utah. Like other members of Orthotylus, it is likely associated with herbaceous vegetation, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Orthotylus coagulatus
Orthotylus coagulatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It belongs to a large genus of mirid bugs found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The species has been documented in the western United States, with records from Colorado and Nevada. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with vegetation and may be attracted to lights at night.
Orthotylus necopinus
Orthotylus necopinus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Van Duzee in 1916. It is known from North America, with documented records from New Hampshire and West Virginia in the United States. Like other members of the genus Orthotylus, it belongs to a diverse group of mirid bugs commonly attracted to lights at night. Very little specific biological information is available for this particular species.
Orthotylus ramus
A small plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1927. The species is recorded from several eastern and central U.S. states. Like other members of the genus Orthotylus, it is associated with vegetation and has been observed visiting lights at night. The biology of this species remains poorly documented.
Oruza albocostata
Oruza albocostata is a moth species in the family Erebidae, originally described as Anisodes albocostata by Herbert Druce in 1899. It occurs in North America and is assigned MONA/Hodges number 9026. The species has been documented through 58 iNaturalist observations, indicating it is encountered with moderate frequency by naturalists.
Oryctini
rhinoceros beetles
Oryctini is a tribe of large, robust scarab beetles within the subfamily Dynastinae, commonly referred to as "rhinoceros beetles." Members range from 25–60 mm in length and are typically dark brown to black. The tribe includes approximately 25 genera distributed worldwide, with particular diversity in the Neotropical region. Several species are economically significant pests, notably in the genus Oryctes, which damages palms and sugarcane. Males frequently possess pronounced horns or armored projections on the head and pronotum, with horn development influenced by larval nutrition.
Osmodermatini
Hermit Beetles
Osmodermatini is a tribe of scarab beetles within the subfamily Cetoniinae, commonly known as hermit beetles. The group includes the genus Osmoderma and related taxa, characterized by their association with decaying wood in mature forests. These beetles are of conservation concern in many regions due to habitat loss.
Otiocerus abbotii
Otiocerus abbotii is a species of planthopper in the family Derbidae, first described by Kirby in 1821. It belongs to a group of insects commonly attracted to blacklights during nocturnal surveys. The species is part of a genus whose members are often found in association with woody vegetation. Like other derbid planthoppers, it possesses the characteristic elongated body form and wings held roof-like over the body at rest.
Otiocerus francilloni
Otiocerus francilloni is a derbid planthopper in the family Derbidae, subfamily Otiocerinae. It is one of several species in the genus Otiocerus found in North America. The species has been documented at blacklight traps, indicating nocturnal activity. Like other derbids, it belongs to a group of planthoppers that are often attracted to artificial light sources.
Otiocerus reaumurii
Otiocerus reaumurii is a species of planthopper in the family Derbidae, first described by Kirby in 1821. It belongs to a group of insects commonly known as derbid planthoppers, characterized by their distinctive wing venation and often delicate appearance. The species has been documented across multiple states in the southeastern and eastern United States. Like other derbids, it is associated with wooded habitats and is attracted to light sources at night.
Otiocerus stollii
Otiocerus stollii is a species of planthopper in the family Derbidae, a group of true bugs characterized by their distinctive wing morphology and plant-feeding habits. The species was described by Kirby in 1821 and belongs to the tribe Otiocerini within the subfamily Otiocerinae. Like other derbid planthoppers, it is attracted to artificial light sources at night. Observations indicate adult activity extends into late autumn in temperate regions.
Otiorhynchus
root weevils, vine weevils
Otiorhynchus is a large genus of flightless weevils containing over 1,500 species distributed across more than 110 subgenera. The genus is native to the Palearctic region, though sixteen species have become established in North America as introduced pests. Several species, notably the black vine weevil (O. sulcatus) and strawberry root weevil (O. ovatus), are economically significant agricultural pests. The genus exhibits unusual reproductive diversity, with many species containing both diploid bisexual and polyploid parthenogenetic populations.
Otiorhynchus meridionalis
Lilac Root Weevil
Otiorhynchus meridionalis, commonly known as the lilac root weevil, is a broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is a recognized landscape pest in North America, where it feeds on ornamental plants including lilac, euonymus, and peonies. The species exhibits a life cycle with root-feeding larvae and leaf-feeding adults that produce characteristic notched damage. Adults are nocturnal and occasionally enter buildings during hot weather. Native to Europe, it has established populations in western North America.
Otiorhynchus rugifrons
Strawberry Root Weevil
Otiorhynchus rugifrons is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the Strawberry Root Weevil. It is part of a large genus of root-feeding weevils, many of which are significant agricultural pests. The species has been documented across parts of North America and northern Europe. Like other Otiorhynchus species, adults are flightless and nocturnal.
Otiorhynchus singularis
Clay-coloured Weevil
Otiorhynchus singularis, the clay-coloured weevil, is a European native weevil that has been introduced to North America and the Azores. Adults feed on buds, shoots, and leaves of various woody plants, with documented damage to conifers, fruit bushes, and hops. The species is parthenogenetic, with females producing viable eggs without mating. It is primarily nocturnal and can be a significant pest in horticultural and forestry settings.
Otiorhynchus sulcatus
black vine weevil, vine weevil, strawberry weevil, cyclamen weevil
Otiorhynchus sulcatus is a parthenogenetic weevil native to the Palearctic region that has become a globally significant horticultural pest. Adults are flightless, nocturnal, and feed on foliage, producing characteristic notching damage along leaf margins. Larvae develop belowground, feeding on roots, corms, and rhizomes, causing severe plant damage or death. The species reproduces exclusively through thelytokous parthenogenesis; males are absent from all populations. Adults exhibit strong visual and thigmotactic preferences for refuge selection, favoring dark colors (black, blue), tall silhouettes, and basal entrance openings.
Ovalipes ocellatus
Lady Crab, Ocellated Crab, Calico Crab, Leopard Crab, Atlantic Leopard Crab
Ovalipes ocellatus, commonly known as the Lady Crab, is a medium-sized crab species native to the western Atlantic coast of North America. The species is distinguished by its yellow-grey to light purplish carapace adorned with distinctive leopard-like clusters of purple spots, which provide limited iridescence for signaling. It is primarily nocturnal and often buries itself in sandy substrates. The species has been described as notably aggressive toward humans, with documented instances of pinching waders.
Oxelytrum
carrion beetles
Oxelytrum is a genus of carrion beetles in the family Silphidae, containing approximately 10 described species distributed primarily in South America. Members are characterized by three distinct ridges on each elytron, a hairless pronotal disk, and 3-segmented antennal clubs. Most species are nocturnal and associated with decomposing animal remains. The genus has forensic significance due to predictable colonization patterns on carcasses.
Oxelytrum discicolle
Oxelytrum discicolle is a carrion beetle distributed throughout the Neotropical region from Mexico to Argentina. It is one of the most commonly collected silphid beetles in forensic entomology studies in South America. The species exhibits strictly nocturnal activity patterns and shows strong preference for carcasses in advanced stages of decomposition. Adults are attracted to decomposing vertebrate remains where they feed and likely reproduce.
Oxynopterinae
Oxynopterinae is a subfamily of click beetles (Elateridae) containing Oriental genera that are rarely collected. Members are characterized by large body size and distinctive morphological features including serrate antennae. The subfamily includes genera such as Sternocampsus, Campsosternus, Oxynopterus, and Sinuaria. Species within this group are associated with mountainous forest habitats in Southeast Asia and southern China.
Pachybrachis brevicollis
Pachybrachis brevicollis is a case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1880. It belongs to the subfamily Cryptocephalinae, a group known for larvae that construct protective cases from their own excrement and shed skins. The species is distributed across North America, with records from the southwestern United States including Arizona.
Pachybrachis calidus
case-bearing leaf beetle
Pachybrachis calidus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle (family Chrysomelidae) described by Fall in 1915. It occurs in Central and North America, where it inhabits mesquite-acacia scrub and oak-juniper woodland habitats. The species has been documented at light traps in southeastern Arizona, with adults active in late July. Like other members of the genus, it likely carries its eggs in a protective case constructed from fecal material.
Pachybrachis dubiosus
Pachybrachis dubiosus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It was described by J.L. LeConte in 1880. The species belongs to a genus characterized by small, rounded leaf beetles that often carry egg cases or debris on their bodies. Records indicate presence in North America, with observations documented in the southwestern United States.
Pachybrachis gilberti
Pachybrachis gilberti is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, described by Barney in 2019. The genus Pachybrachis contains numerous small, often colorful leaf beetles commonly known as 'scriptured leaf beetles' due to their frequently ornate elytral patterns. This species was documented during a 2021 collecting trip in southeastern Arizona, where specimens were attracted to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor light stations in mesquite-acacia scrub habitat. As a recently described species, detailed natural history information remains limited.
Pachybrachis jacobyi
Pachybrachis jacobyi is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It was described by Bowditch in 1909. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona, where it has been collected at light stations in mesquite-acacia scrub and oak-juniper woodland habitats. Like other members of the genus Pachybrachis, it is likely associated with woody vegetation, though specific host plant relationships remain poorly documented.
Pachybrachis macronychus
Pachybrachis macronychus is a case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. The species was described by Fall in 1915. It is known from North America. Like other members of the genus, it likely inhabits vegetation in arid and semi-arid regions, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Pachybrachis mellitus
Dark-honey Creosote Pachy
Pachybrachis mellitus is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Bowditch in 1909. The species is known from southwestern North America and has been documented in association with creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) and other desert vegetation. The common name "Dark-honey Creosote Pachy" reflects both its coloration and apparent habitat preference. It is one of numerous Pachybrachis species found in the arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
Pachybrachis othonus
Legume Case-bearing Leaf Beetle
Pachybrachis othonus is a case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, commonly known as the Legume Case-bearing Leaf Beetle. The species was described by Thomas Say in 1825 and is native to North America. It belongs to a genus characterized by larvae that construct protective cases from fecal material and shed skins.
Pachybrachis pectoralis
A case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Melsheimer in 1847. It is one of numerous small, rounded leaf beetles in the genus Pachybrachis, commonly referred to as script-bearing leaf beetles due to the often intricate markings on their elytra. The species occurs in North America, with records from Canada (Ontario, Québec) and the United States. Like other members of its genus, it likely feeds on various herbaceous plants and shrubs.
Pachybrachis petronius
A species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, described by Fall in 1915. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States, specifically in Arizona, where it has been collected at light stations in mesquite/acacia scrub habitat. Like other members of the genus Pachybrachis, it is likely associated with woody vegetation.
Pachybrachis postfasciatus
Pachybrachis postfasciatus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle described by Fall in 1915. It belongs to the family Chrysomelidae, a large group of herbivorous beetles commonly known as leaf beetles. The species is documented from North America. Like other members of the genus Pachybrachis, it is likely associated with vegetation in its habitat, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Pachybrachis pusillus
Bulge-eyed Yellow Pachy
Pachybrachis pusillus is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Cryptocephalinae. The species is known from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been collected at light traps in mesquite-acacia scrub and oak-juniper woodland habitats in Arizona. The common name "Bulge-eyed Yellow Pachy" refers to distinctive eye morphology and coloration typical of the genus.
Pachybrachis quadratus
Pachybrachis quadratus is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Fall in 1915. It is found in North America. Members of the genus Pachybrachis are commonly known as "scriptured leaf beetles" due to the intricate patterns on their elytra. The species has been documented in field collections from mesquite and oak habitats in the southwestern United States.
Pachybrachis signatifrons
Pachybrachis signatifrons is a species of case-bearing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America. The species was described by Mannerheim in 1843. Like other members of its genus, it belongs to the subfamily Cryptocephalinae, which are characterized by larvae that construct and carry protective cases.
Pachybrachis stygicus
Pachybrachis stygicus is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Fall in 1915. The genus Pachybrachis is part of the tribe Pachybrachini, commonly known as the scriptured leaf beetles for their often intricate elytral patterns. The species epithet 'stygicus' derives from Greek mythology, referring to the river Styx, suggesting dark or gloomy coloration. Records indicate presence in North America, with observations documented in the southwestern United States.
Pachylioides resumens
Lesser Ficus Sphinx
Pachylioides resumens is a sphingid moth distributed across the Neotropics from Argentina north through Central America and the Caribbean, with occasional strays reaching the southern United States. The species is commonly known as the Lesser Ficus Sphinx, reflecting its association with Ficus host plants. It belongs to the tribe Dilophonotini within the subfamily Macroglossinae. The species was originally described by Francis Walker in 1856 under the basionym Pachylia resumens.
Pachysphinx
Pachysphinx is a genus of sphinx moths (Sphingidae) established by Rothschild and Jordan in 1903. The genus comprises three recognized species distributed in North America: P. modesta (big poplar sphinx), P. occidentalis (western poplar sphinx), and P. peninsularis. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light sources. Larvae feed on poplar and willow species (Salicaceae).
Pachysphinx modesta
Modest Sphinx, Poplar Sphinx
A large sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae, found across much of North America from the southern United States through Canada. Adults fly primarily in early to mid-summer, with single generations in northern parts of the range and potentially two generations further south. Larvae feed on poplar, willow, and cottonwood species.
Paectes abrostolella
Barrens Paectes Moth
Paectes abrostolella is a species of owlet moth in the family Euteliidae, first described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is distributed across North America and is known to occur in habitats ranging from prairies to montane areas. The species is notable for its distinctive resting posture, in which it raises its abdomen into the air. It is one of several North American species in the genus Paectes, a group that has been subject to recent taxonomic revision due to the discovery of cryptic species complexes.
Paectes abrostoloides
Large Paectes Moth, Sweetgum Defoliator
Paectes abrostoloides is a small moth in the family Euteliidae, first described by Achille Guenée in 1852. Adults have a wingspan of 27–32 mm and are active from April to October across eastern and central North America. The species is notable for its larval association with sweetgum trees (Liquidambar styraciflua), earning it the common name 'Sweetgum Defoliator.'
Paectes pygmaea
Pygmy Paectes Moth, pygmy paectes
Paectes pygmaea is a small moth in the family Euteliidae, first described by Jacob Hübner in 1818. It is distributed across North America and is commonly known as the pygmy paectes. The species has been assigned MONA/Hodges number 8959 for North American moth classification. Like other members of its genus, it is a nocturnal species attracted to light.
Pagurus samuelis
blueband hermit crab
A small intertidal hermit crab native to the eastern Pacific coast, distinguished by bright blue bands on the legs of adults. It is the most common hermit crab in California. The species exhibits strong shell fidelity, preferentially occupying shells of the black turban snail (Tegula funebralis). Behavioral studies demonstrate that shell acquisition takes priority over feeding when both resources are scarce, and that social isolation heightens aggressive behavior and dominance in shell competition.
Palpidia pallidior
Pale Palpidia
Palpidia pallidior, commonly known as Pale Palpidia, is a small moth in the family Erebidae. Adults are characterized by their mottled brown forewings and contrasting white hindwings, which are concealed at rest. The species occurs in Florida and Cuba.
Panchlora
Green Banana Cockroach
Panchlora is a genus of cockroaches in the family Blaberidae, subfamily Panchlorinae. Most species are green in color, though some are cream or grey. The genus is distributed across the Americas and Africa. One species, Panchlora irrorata, has become established in banana trade and fruit markets.
Panchlora nivea
Cuban cockroach, green banana cockroach, banana cockroach
Panchlora nivea is a small, bright green cockroach native to Cuba and the Caribbean, now established along the Gulf Coast of the United States from Florida to Texas. Unlike most cockroach species, it is primarily an outdoor insect rarely found indoors and is not considered a pest. It has become popular in the pet trade due to its attractive coloration and non-invasive habits.
Pandemis cerasana
barred fruit-tree tortrix
Pandemis cerasana is a tortricid moth native to northern Eurasia, introduced to North America where it was first recorded in Victoria, British Columbia in 1964. The species is a polyphagous leaf roller whose larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs, with notable damage to fruit trees including cherry, apple, and pear. Adults fly from June to August in western Europe, with two generations per year.
Panopoda rufimargo
Red-lined Panopoda, Red-lined Panopoda Moth
Panopoda rufimargo, the red-lined panopoda, is a noctuid moth in the family Erebidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1818. The species is widely distributed across North America and is a common subject of citizen science observations. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The caterpillars are documented feeders on hardwood trees including pignut hickory and northern red oak.
Paonias astylus
Huckleberry Sphinx
Paonias astylus is a sphinx moth native to eastern North America, commonly known as the huckleberry sphinx. The species exhibits bivoltine flight periods in the southern portion of its range and univoltine patterns in the north. Adults have reduced mouthparts and do not feed; larvae specialize on woody plants in several families including Ericaceae and Salicaceae.
Paonias excaecata
Blinded Sphinx
Paonias excaecata, commonly known as the blinded sphinx, is a moth in the family Sphingidae. It occurs across much of North America, from Canada to Florida and west to California and Texas. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet lights, a trait frequently utilized by collectors and researchers for observation. The species is one of several hawk moths found in the genus Paonias, which are characterized by their robust bodies and relatively broad wings.
Paonias myops
Small-eyed Sphinx, small-eyed sphinx moth
Paonias myops, commonly known as the small-eyed sphinx, is a moth in the family Sphingidae. It was first described by James Edward Smith in 1797. The species ranges across much of North America, from southeastern Canada to Florida and westward nearly to the Pacific Coast, with additional populations in Mexico. Adults are notably more nocturnal than most sphingid moths, with flight activity primarily from June through September depending on latitude.
Papaipema beeriana
Blazing Star Borer Moth, Blazing Star Stem Borer, Liatris Borer Moth, Oriental Sea-kale
Papaipema beeriana is a noctuid moth whose larvae are specialist borers in the stems of blazing star (Liatris species). The species is endemic to North America and is of conservation concern due to its dependence on native prairie habitats and specific host plants. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The common name 'blazing star borer moth' directly references its obligate relationship with Liatris host plants.
Papaipema eupatorii
Joe-Pye Weed Borer Moth, Joe-Pye-weed borer, eupatorium borer
Papaipema eupatorii is a noctuid moth species native to North America. The common names reference its larval association with Joe-Pye weed (Eutrochium/Eupatorium species). Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species was originally described by Lyman in 1905 under the genus Gortyna.
Papaipema nebris
stalk borer
Papaipema nebris, commonly known as the stalk borer, is a noctuid moth whose larvae tunnel into the stems of herbaceous plants. The species is distributed across eastern North America, from southern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, with the notable exception of Florida. Adults are nocturnal and active during summer months. The species is of agricultural concern due to larval damage to corn and other crops.
Parabagrotis insularis
Parabagrotis insularis is a small noctuid moth native to the Pacific Coast of North America. Adults are active from spring through fall, with forewings measuring 13–16 mm. The species was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1876 and is assigned Hodges number 11047.2.
Parabyrsopolis
Parabyrsopolis is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Rutelinae, described by Ohaus in 1915. The genus belongs to the tribe Rutelini and subtribe Areodina. Species within this genus occur in the southwestern United States and Mexico, where they have been documented at blacklight stations in montane habitats. One species, P. chihuahuae, has been recorded from Ramsey Canyon in the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona.
Paramiana marina
Peridot Sallow
Paramiana marina is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Smith in 1906. Originally placed in the genus Cerma, it was later transferred to Paramiana. The species is known from North America and is commonly referred to as the Peridot Sallow. Like other noctuids, it is nocturnal and likely has a typical complete metamorphosis life cycle with egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages.
Parandra polita
Parandra polita is an unusual longhorned beetle belonging to the archaic subfamily Parandrinae. It exhibits a remarkable convergence with stag beetles (family Lucanidae) in appearance, featuring chestnut-brown coloration and large, forward-projecting mandibles. The species is uncommon and poorly known, with most records coming from blacklight collections in wet bottomland forests. It is one of only four parandrine taxa in North America and can be distinguished from the similar Neandra brunnea by its contiguous triangular mandibles and entire (non-emarginate) eyes.
Paranthaclisis congener
Paranthaclisis congener is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The species is nocturnal. As an antlion, it belongs to a group of neuropteran insects whose larvae are known for constructing pit traps to capture prey.
Paranthaclisis hageni
Hagen's antlion
Paranthaclisis hageni is a species of antlion (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) originally described by Banks in 1899 as Acanthaclisis hageni. The species is native to North and Middle America, with documented presence in both regions. As a member of the antlion family, it shares the characteristic life history of having predatory larvae that construct pit traps in sandy substrates to capture prey, and aerial adults that are typically nocturnal and weak fliers.
Paraphrynus
whip spider, tailless whip scorpion
Paraphrynus is a genus of whip spiders (order Amblypygi) in the family Phrynidae, distributed from the southwestern United States through Central America and the Caribbean. Most species are endemic to Mexico. These nocturnal arachnids are characterized by extraordinarily long, sensory front legs (antenniform legs) used for navigation and prey detection, and spiny pedipalps for capturing prey. Research has demonstrated remarkable homing abilities in some species, with individuals navigating back to refuges from distances exceeding 10 meters using primarily olfactory cues detected by their antenniform legs rather than vision.
Paratrea plebeja
Trumpet Vine Sphinx, Plebeian Sphinx Moth
Paratrea plebeja, the Trumpet Vine Sphinx or Plebeian Sphinx Moth, is the sole member of its genus in the family Sphingidae. This hawk moth is distributed across the eastern United States and Great Plains. The species is strongly associated with trumpet vine (Campsis radicans), which serves as its primary larval host plant. Adults are crepuscular and nocturnal, with a flight period spanning late spring through summer.
Paravaejovis spinigerus
stripe-tailed scorpion, devil scorpion
Paravaejovis spinigerus, commonly known as the stripe-tailed scorpion or devil scorpion, is a medium-sized scorpion native to the Sonoran Desert region. Adults reach 60–70 mm in length and weigh approximately 9.5 g. The species was transferred from the genus Hoffmannius to Paravaejovis in 2013. Its venom is not medically significant to humans.
Paruroctonus
Paruroctonus is a genus of small to medium-sized scorpions in the family Vaejovidae, containing approximately 30 described species distributed primarily in arid regions of western North America. The genus includes notable alkali sink specialists such as P. soda and P. conclusus, which inhabit dry lake beds (playas) in California. Several species have been studied for their chemical communication systems and thermal ecology.
Paruroctonus arenicola
Mojave Dunes Scorpion
Paruroctonus arenicola is a sand dune specialist scorpion described by Haradon in 1984. It belongs to the family Vaejovidae and is native to North American desert regions. The species is adapted to sandy habitats and is primarily nocturnal. Like other members of the genus Paruroctonus, it exhibits typical scorpion characteristics including a segmented tail with stinger and pedipalps modified into pincers.
Paruroctonus arenicola nudipes
Paruroctonus arenicola nudipes is a subspecies of scorpion in the family Vaejovidae. It is part of the alkali-sink specialist group within the genus Paruroctonus, which has been the focus of recent taxonomic research involving citizen science discoveries. The parent species P. arenicola was described by Haradon in 1984, with the subspecies nudipes recognized at the same time. Members of this genus are typically associated with dry, saline playa habitats in western North America.
Paruroctonus silvestrii
California common scorpion, stripe-tailed scorpion
Paruroctonus silvestrii is a small scorpion in the family Vaejovidae, native to the coastal regions of California and Baja California. It is commonly known as the California common scorpion or stripe-tailed scorpion. The species inhabits dry areas where it constructs and occupies burrows. It is distinguished by four longitudinal brown lines on the ventral surface of its tail, which gives rise to its 'stripe-tailed' common name.
Pasimachus
Warrior Beetles
Pasimachus is a genus of large, robust ground beetles in the family Carabidae, commonly known as Warrior Beetles. The genus name derives from Ancient Greek πᾶς ('all') and μαχητής ('warrior' or 'fighter'), referencing the beetles' large mandibles and predatory nature. Species occur primarily in North America, with approximately 30 described species distributed across diverse habitats including sandhills, juniper woodlands, and mesa tops.
Pasimachus californicus
California warrior beetle
Pasimachus californicus, commonly known as the California warrior beetle, is a large ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to the southwestern United States and Mexico, where it inhabits mixed oak woodlands and juniper-pinyon-oak woodlands. The species is an active predator that hunts at night and is considered beneficial for agricultural and natural ecosystems due to its predation on pest insects.
Pelidnota punctata
Grapevine Beetle, Spotted June Beetle, Spotted Pelidnota
Pelidnota punctata is a scarab beetle in the subfamily Rutelinae, commonly known as the grapevine beetle or spotted June beetle. Adults are approximately 2.5–3 cm long with variable coloration ranging from off-yellow to auburn red, marked by four black spots on each side of the elytra. The species exhibits regional variation: northern populations typically have darker legs and more pronounced spotting, while southern populations may lack spots entirely and have lighter legs. It is distributed across eastern North America from Ontario to Florida and west to Texas and South Dakota.
Pelochrista
Pelochrista Moths
Pelochrista is a Holarctic genus of tortricid moths in the subfamily Olethreutinae. The genus contains numerous species distributed across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. Members are small to medium-sized moths with typical tortricid wing posture at rest. The genus is taxonomically well-established with records from Europe, North America, and Asia.
Pelochrista caniceps
Pelochrista caniceps is a species of tortricid moth in the subfamily Olethreutinae, tribe Eucosmini. First described by Walsingham in 1884, it is one of numerous small moth species in the genus Pelochrista. The genus contains many cryptically colored species that are difficult to distinguish without close examination. Like other tortricids, adults are typically nocturnal and may be attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Pelochrista comatulana
Pelochrista comatulana is a small tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae. It was originally described by Zeller in 1876 under the name Paedisca comatulana. The species belongs to the large genus Pelochrista, which contains numerous small, often drab-colored tortricid moths. Like other members of its family, it is a nocturnal insect attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Pelochrista corosana
Pelochrista corosana is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, first described by Walsingham in 1884. It belongs to the large genus Pelochrista, which contains numerous small moth species often referred to as 'tortricid leafroller moths.' The species is known from the Canadian prairie provinces. As with most members of its genus, detailed information about its biology and ecology remains limited.
Pelochrista fandana
Pelochrista fandana is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, first described by Kearfott in 1907. It belongs to the large genus Pelochrista, which contains numerous small moth species. The species has been documented through limited iNaturalist observations, suggesting it is not frequently encountered or reported. As with many Pelochrista species, detailed biological information remains sparse in accessible literature.
Pelochrista hasseanthi
Pelochrista hasseanthi is a small tortricid moth described by Clarke in 1952. It belongs to the Olethreutinae subfamily within the diverse Tortricidae family, commonly known as leafroller moths. The species has been documented through limited observations, with only 5 records on iNaturalist. Like other Pelochrista species, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Pelochrista lathami
Pelochrista lathami is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae. It was described by Forbes in 1937. The genus Pelochrista contains numerous small moth species, many of which are associated with specific host plants. Like other members of its family, this species is likely nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Pelochrista mirosignata
Pelochrista mirosignata is a small tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae. It belongs to the large genus Pelochrista, which contains numerous species of small moths often difficult to distinguish without close examination. The species was described by Heinrich in 1929. Like other members of its family, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Pelochrista mobilensis
Pelochrista mobilensis is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, first described by Heinrich in 1923. It belongs to the genus Pelochrista, a diverse group of small moths within the subfamily Olethreutinae. The species epithet 'mobilensis' suggests a type locality connection to Mobile, Alabama or a related geographic reference. No vernacular name has been established for this species.
Pelochrista momana
Pelochrista momana is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae, and tribe Eucosmini. It was described by Kearfott in 1907. The genus Pelochrista contains numerous small moth species, many of which are poorly documented in terms of biology and ecology. No common name has been assigned to this species.
Pelochrista morrisoni
Morrison's Borer Moth, Morrison's mosaic
Pelochrista morrisoni is a tortricid moth species described by Walsingham in 1884. It is found in western North America, ranging from Washington east to Michigan. The species is listed as threatened in Connecticut. It is one of at least 17,000 species of North American Lepidoptera and is attracted to blacklight, as documented in moth survey work.
Pelochrista nr-bolanderana
Pelochrista nr-bolanderana is a tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae. The 'nr' designation indicates this is a near-relative of P. bolanderana, not a confirmed species identification. It has been documented in blacklight surveys in California. Like other Pelochrista species, it is a small moth with typical tortricid wing posture at rest.
Pelochrista sandiego
Pelochrista sandiego is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, subfamily Olethreutinae. It was described by Kearfott in 1908. The species is part of the diverse genus Pelochrista, which contains numerous small moth species. Like other members of its family, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Pelochrista scintillana
Spangled Pelochrista
Pelochrista scintillana is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae. It is commonly known as the Spangled Pelochrista. The species was first described by Clemens in 1865 under the basionym Callimosema scintillana. It is assigned MONA/Hodges number 3151.
Pelochrista serpentana
Pelochrista serpentana is a species of tortricid moth in the family Tortricidae, described by Walsingham in 1895. It belongs to the genus Pelochrista, a diverse group of small moths within the subfamily Olethreutinae. The species has been documented through limited observations, with 29 records on iNaturalist. Like other members of its family, it is likely nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Pelochrista similiana
Similar Pelochrista
Pelochrista similiana is a small tortricid moth known as the Similar Pelochrista. It is recorded from the north-eastern United States and south-eastern Canada, where it inhabits fields and waste areas. The species is attracted to ultraviolet light and has been documented in blacklighting surveys.
Pelochrista subflavana
A tortricid moth described by Walsingham in 1879. Belongs to the diverse genus Pelochrista within the subfamily Olethreutinae. Records indicate this species is attracted to ultraviolet light sources, consistent with nocturnal moth behavior. The genus Pelochrista contains numerous small to medium-sized tortricid moths, many with specialized host associations.
Pelochrista vagana
Pelochrista vagana is a species of tortricid moth in the tribe Eucosmini, originally described as Eucosma vagana by McDunnough in 1925. It belongs to a large genus of small moths whose larvae typically feed internally on plant tissues. The species has been documented in North America and is occasionally recorded at blacklight surveys, though it is not among the most frequently encountered tortricids in general collecting efforts.
Penthe
velvety bark beetles
Penthe is a genus of polypore fungus beetles in the family Tetratomidae, comprising at least nine described species. The genus is the type genus of the subfamily Penthinae. Adults and larvae are saproxylic, feeding on fungi associated with decaying wood. The genus has a complex taxonomic history, having been placed in Tenebrionidae, Melandryidae, and finally Tetratomidae based on larval and adult morphological characters.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
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Perigea is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Condicinae, erected by Achille Guenée in 1852. The genus contains approximately 50 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Species exhibit considerable diversity in wing pattern and coloration. The genus has been recorded from diverse habitats including lowland rainforests, dry forests, and subtropical woodlands.
Perigonica
Perigonica is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Smith in 1890. The genus contains five described species, all named by Smith or Dyar between 1888 and 1911. These moths are found in North America, with records from the United States and Canada. The genus is part of the diverse owlet moth family, which includes many nocturnal species.
Periplaneta fuliginosa
smokybrown cockroach, smoky brown cockroach
Periplaneta fuliginosa is a large, dark brown cockroach species native to Asia that has become a widespread invasive pest. Females produce oothecae (egg cases) that they carry externally and attach to substrates before hatching. The species shows strong aggregation behavior based on chemical cues and exhibits density-dependent oviposition site selection, preferring sheltered locations when populations are crowded. It is primarily nocturnal with peak activity between 2200-0200 hours and shows limited dispersal capability in mark-recapture studies. The species has been found to harbor the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia (F clade) and is commonly parasitized by the thelastomatid nematode Leidynema appendiculata.
Petrophila schaefferalis
Schaeffer's Petrophila
Petrophila schaefferalis is a small crambid moth described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1906. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, with females notably larger than males. Adults are active from spring through early autumn. The larvae are aquatic, a characteristic shared with other members of the genus Petrophila. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Phalaenophana pyramusalis
Dark-banded Owlet
Phalaenophana pyramusalis, commonly known as the dark-banded owlet, is a small moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, this species is widespread across eastern and central North America. Adults are active during summer months, with multiple generations per year in most of its range. The larvae are detritivores that feed on decaying leaf litter.
Phalaenostola eumelusalis
Dark Phalaenostola Moth, Punctuated Owlet
Phalaenostola eumelusalis is a noctuid moth in the subfamily Herminiinae, commonly known as the Dark Phalaenostola Moth or Punctuated Owlet. It occurs across eastern and central North America, ranging from southern Canada through the northeastern and north-central United States. The species is moderately well-documented with over 2,000 observations, suggesting it is relatively common within its range. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Phalangium opilio
European Harvestman, Common Harvestman, Brown Harvestman, Daddy Longlegs
Phalangium opilio is the most widespread harvestman species globally, native to Europe and much of Asia and introduced to North America, North Africa, and New Zealand. It is a synanthropic species that thrives in human-modified environments including agricultural fields, gardens, and urban green spaces. The species has become a model organism for arachnid developmental biology and comparative genomics due to its ease of laboratory culture and continuous life cycle. Adults are generalist predators and scavengers that contribute to biological pest control in agricultural systems.
Phaloesia saucia
Saucy Beauty, Saucy Beauty Moth
Phaloesia saucia, commonly known as the Saucy Beauty, is a moth in the family Erebidae found from the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas through tropical regions to Venezuela. This species belongs to the tiger moth lineage within the Arctiinae subfamily. The common name references the species epithet 'saucia,' meaning 'wounded' or 'hurt' in Latin, though the origin of 'Saucy Beauty' as a vernacular name is not documented in available sources.
Phasmida
stick insects, walking sticks, stick-bugs, phasmids, ghost insects, leaf insects
Phasmida is an order of insects comprising approximately 3,000 valid species worldwide, grouped into 523 genera and 13 families. Members are renowned for extreme cryptic morphology resembling sticks, twigs, or leaves, with elongated bodies and appendages that match host vegetation in color and texture. The order exhibits remarkable size variation, from small species to the longest insects known, with some exceeding 18 inches in length. The group was formerly classified within Orthoptera but now constitutes its own order based on distinct morphological and molecular characteristics. The name derives from Greek 'phasma' (apparition, ghost), referencing their uncanny resemblance to inanimate plant parts.
Pheidole desertorum
Desert Big-headed Ant
Pheidole desertorum is a desert-dwelling ant in the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole, characterized by large colony sizes and pronounced worker polymorphism. Colonies contain 2,460–24,814 adult workers, making them exceptionally large for the genus. The species exhibits nocturnal foraging during summer months and employs multiple nests as an anti-predator defense strategy. Mating occurs following summer rainfall, with males forming aerial swarms prior to sunrise. Colony foundation is typically haplometrotic, though pleometrotic associations with workers occur.
Pheidole vistana
Vista Big-headed Ant
Pheidole vistana is a species of big-headed ant native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The species is named after its type locality of Vista, California. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed to forage rarely on overcast days. Workers cooperate to transport insect prey into nests, and colonies construct distinctive large rings of sand around nest entrances.
Phengodes laticollis
glowworm beetle
Phengodes laticollis is a glowworm beetle in the family Phengodidae, notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism and bioluminescence across all life stages. Females are larviform, larger than males, and produce yellow or green light from organs on trunk segments. Males are smaller, winged, and possess large curved mandibles. The species has been documented circumventing millipede chemical defenses through specialized predatory behavior.
Phileurus truncatus
Triceratops Beetle
Phileurus truncatus, commonly known as the Triceratops Beetle, is a large scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. The species is named for its distinctive horn-like projections on the head and pronotum, which resemble the horns of a triceratops dinosaur. It occurs across the southern United States and extends south through Mexico into Central America. Adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor lights.
Phileurus valgus
Phileurus valgus is a small dynastine scarab beetle in the tribe Phileurini, distributed from the southern United States through Central America and into South America. Adults are attracted to lights and have been found under bark of decaying wood. Larvae develop in rotting wood cavities. The species is sometimes mistaken for bess beetles (Passalidae) due to its flattened, parallel-sided body form.
Philodromus oneida
Oneida Running Crab Spider
Philodromus oneida is a species of running crab spider in the family Philodromidae, first described by Levi in 1951. It is distributed across the United States and Canada, with records from Alberta, British Columbia, and Manitoba in Canada. As a member of the genus Philodromus, it shares the characteristic laterigrade leg orientation that allows sideways movement, typical of running crab spiders.
Philodromus possiblepratariae
Running crab spider
Philodromus possiblepratariae is a running crab spider in the family Philodromidae. Like other members of this genus, it is an active hunter that does not build webs to capture prey. The species is part of a diverse genus of spiders commonly found on vegetation and structures, where they rely on speed and camouflage to ambush prey. The specific epithet suggests possible taxonomic uncertainty or similarity to P. pratariae.
Philoponella arizonica
Philoponella arizonica is a species of crevice weaver spider in the family Uloboridae, first described by Gertsch in 1936. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other members of the genus Philoponella, it constructs characteristic sprawling, lacy cribellate webs that issue from retreats in crevices and sheltered locations. Females are notably long-lived and continue to molt after reaching sexual maturity, a trait shared only with mygalomorph spiders among arachnids.
Phlyctaina irrigualis
Skirted Owlet
Phlyctaina irrigualis, commonly known as the Skirted Owlet, is the sole species in the monotypic genus Phlyctaina. This moth belongs to the subfamily Herminiinae within Erebidae, a group often associated with litter-dwelling habits. The species was described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1890 and occurs in North America. The common name "Skirted Owlet" likely refers to wing margin characteristics typical of this group.
Phoberia
Phoberia is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Erebinae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1818. The genus contains at least two recognized species, including Phoberia atomaris (common oak moth) and Phoberia ingenua. Species in this genus are associated with oak-dominated habitats. The genus is native to North America, with documented observations from the United States including Vermont.
Photinus consanguineus
double cousin firefly
Photinus consanguineus, commonly known as the double cousin firefly, is a species of firefly in the genus Photinus found in eastern North America. Like other Photinus species, adults produce bioluminescent flashes through a chemical reaction involving luciferin and luciferase. Males fly and emit characteristic flash patterns to locate sedentary females, which respond with their own flashes to facilitate mating. The species faces threats from light pollution, habitat destruction, and lawn insecticides.
Photinus dimissus
Texas Two-step Flasher
Photinus dimissus is a species of firefly in the beetle family Lampyridae, described by LeConte in 1881. It is found in North America and is commonly known as the Texas Two-step Flasher. Like other members of the genus Photinus, it produces bioluminescent signals through a chemical reaction involving luciferin and luciferase. The species has been documented through 64 observations on iNaturalist.
Photinus ignitus
Ignited Firefly
Photinus ignitus is a North American firefly species distinguished by its bioluminescent courtship displays. Males produce characteristic flash patterns to attract females, who respond from perches in vegetation. Research has documented seasonal plasticity in female mate choice behavior, with females becoming less selective as the breeding season progresses. Like other Photinus species, it produces defensive compounds called lucibufagins that protect against predators.
fireflybioluminescencemate-choiceseasonal-plasticitynuptial-giftaggressive-mimicryLampyridaeColeopteraNorth-Americaflash-communicationlucibufaginsexual-selectionoperational-sex-ratiocold-lightphotocytesluciferinluciferasenocturnalcourtshippredation-defenseinsect-declinelight-pollutionhabitat-lossinsecticide-exposuresoil-dwelling-larvaeglowwormpredatory-larvaesoft-bodied-preysnailsslugswormssoil-insectsbiological-controlflash-patternfemale-choicemale-choicebody-sizelantern-sizereproductive-investmentegg-provisioningspermatophoreflash-signalmating-successselectivitybreeding-seasondusknightvegetationgrasslawnsforestsfieldsedgescanopyairspaceColumbia-MarylandWashington-Baltimore-areaUniversity-of-Virginia-studylight-pollution-impactmating-disruptionurbanizationresidual-insecticideslawn-treatmentweather-cyclesfood-availabilitylarval-predationpopulation-fluctuationbanner-yearspectacleJuly-4thIndependence-DayMother-Nature's-fireworkspyrotechnictwinklinggalaxycold-light-efficiencyno-heat-productionphotocyte-cellsspecialized-light-organterminal-abdominal-segmentslightly-coloredgiant-eyesflash-detectionvisual-acuitynocturnal-visionchemical-ecologydefensive-chemistrysteroidal-pyronestoad-toxinsspider-repellentbird-repellentfemme-fatalepredatory-exploitationchemical-acquisitiondefense-sequestrationnuptial-feedingreproductive-successsexual-conflictflash-manipulationphotographic-challengeflash-rechargefemale-contortionflash-directionalityaimed-signalmale-expendabilityfemale-investmentoffspring-productionbattery-lifeconservation-concernpopulation-monitoringcitizen-scienceBoston-Museum-of-Sciencefirefly-data-projectAllegheny-National-Forestsynchronous-firefliesPhotinus-carolinusPhoturis-pennsylvanicaPennsylvania-Firefly-FestivalFIRE-TeamLynn-FaustSara-LewisThomas-EisnerAerial-FirebaughKyle-Hayneschemical-ecology-pioneerexperimental-studyfield-observationnatural-historybehavioral-ecologyethologyjournal-articlepeer-reviewed-researchscientific-investigationinsect-conservationnocturnal-insectbeetlesoft-winged-beetlenot-true-bugnot-flyElateroideaPolyphagaElateriformiaLampyrinaeLucidotiniaccepted-nameFall-192736-observationsiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIWikipediaBug-of-the-WeekEntomology-Todayincomplete-informationdata-limitedresearch-opportunityfurther-study-neededPhotinus pyralis
Common Eastern Firefly, Big Dipper Firefly
Photinus pyralis is the most common firefly species in North America, distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. Males perform distinctive J-shaped flight patterns while flashing to attract females, earning the common name "big dipper firefly." The species produces yellow bioluminescence through a chemical reaction involving luciferin and luciferase in specialized abdominal organs. Larvae are predatory, spending up to two years underground before pupating and emerging as short-lived adults.
Photuris billbrowni
Bill's Hitch
Photuris billbrowni is a species of predatory firefly in the family Lampyridae, described by Lloyd in 2018. As a member of the genus Photuris, it likely exhibits the aggressive mimicry behavior characteristic of this group, where females lure males of other firefly species by mimicking their flash patterns to capture and consume them. The species is known from North America and has been documented through limited observations. Like other Photuris species, it is nocturnal and bioluminescent.
Photuris congener
Florida Single Snappy
Photuris congener is a firefly species in the predatory genus Photuris, first described by LeConte in 1852. Like other Photuris species, females are known to practice aggressive mimicry, luring males of other firefly genera through flash pattern imitation. The species is commonly known as the 'Florida Single Snappy' and occurs in North America. As with congeners, it produces bioluminescence through a luciferin-luciferase reaction in specialized abdominal photocytes.
Photuris hebes
heebie-jeebies, slow-hitch firefly
Photuris hebes is a medium-sized firefly species in the family Lampyridae, native to the eastern United States. Adults measure 10–12 mm and are distinguished by their brown to nearly black elytra with pale margins and variable pronotal coloration. Males signal with quick single flashes repeated approximately every second during summer evenings, with flash rate varying by temperature. The species is one of several in the genus Photuris known for aggressive mimicry of other firefly species.
Phrynidae
Phrynid Tailless Whipscorpions, whip spiders, tailless whip scorpions
Phrynidae is a family of amblypygid arachnids found in tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America. The family includes approximately 65 described species across five extant genera: Acanthophrynus, Heterophrynus, Paraphrynus, Phrynus, and the extinct genus †Britopygus. Species occupy diverse habitats including forests, caves, and subterranean environments. All species are nocturnal. Genetic studies indicate substantial cryptic diversity, with some nominal species likely comprising dozens of distinct lineages.
Phrynus marginemaculatus
spotted tailless whip scorpion, Florida tailless whipscorpion
Phrynus marginemaculatus is an amblypygid arachnid native to southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola. It is the only amblypygid species in the US east of the Mississippi River and the most commonly studied whip spider species. This nocturnal predator possesses extraordinarily elongated first pair of legs adapted as sensory organs for detecting prey, mates, and environmental features in darkness. The species exhibits complex navigational abilities including multisensory configural learning for shelter recognition, and has evolved a plastron enabling underwater breathing for up to 24 hours.
Phthorimaea operculella
potato tuber moth, tobacco splitworm
Phthorimaea operculella, commonly known as the potato tuber moth or tobacco splitworm, is a gelechiid moth and major agricultural pest of Solanaceae crops worldwide. The species is oligophagous, feeding primarily on potato tubers and foliage, but also attacks tomato, tobacco, eggplant, and pepper plants. Larval mining of tubers and leaves causes substantial economic damage, rendering potatoes unmarketable. The species has achieved near-global distribution, particularly in subtropical, tropical, and Mediterranean climates, and is subject to extensive integrated pest management efforts including biological control, cultural practices, and chemical interventions.
Phycitodes mucidella
White-edged Phycitodes Moth
Phycitodes mucidella is a small pyralid moth known as the White-edged Phycitodes Moth. It belongs to the subfamily Phycitinae, a group commonly referred to as knot-horn moths due to their elongated labial palps. The species is widespread across Europe and has been introduced to North America. It is frequently recorded and relatively well-documented for a pyralid moth of its size.
Phyllonorycter argentifimbriella
Phyllonorycter argentifimbriella is a small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. Adults have a wingspan of 6.5–7 mm. The species is known from eastern North America, ranging from Québec south to multiple U.S. states. Larvae feed on several oak species, creating mines within leaves.
Phyllonorycter bataviella
A small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae, known from scattered records across the eastern and midwestern United States. The species belongs to a genus whose larvae typically create blotch mines within leaves. Adult moths are tiny, with wingspans characteristic of microlepidoptera.
Phyllonorycter olivaeformis
A micro-moth in the family Gracillariidae with a wingspan of approximately 6.5 mm. The species is known from the northeastern and midwestern United States. Larvae are leaf miners that feed on pecan (Carya illinoinensis).
Phyllonorycter trinotella
Red Maple Blotchminer
Phyllonorycter trinotella is a micro-moth in the family Gracillariidae, commonly known as the Red Maple Blotchminer. The species has a wingspan of approximately 5 mm. Larvae are leaf miners that feed on several Acer species, creating blotch mines on the leaves. The species is known from eastern Canada and the northeastern and midwestern United States.
Phyllophaga
May beetles, June bugs, June beetles, July beetles
Phyllophaga is a large genus of New World scarab beetles comprising over 900 species. Adults are nocturnal, attracted to artificial lights, and feed on foliage of trees and shrubs. Larvae are soil-dwelling white grubs that feed on plant roots. The genus is economically significant as both adults and larvae can cause damage to agricultural crops and turf. Some species exhibit flightlessness and diurnal activity, representing derived traits within the genus.
Phyllophaga anxia
Forest-ogre June Beetle, Cranberry White Grub, Common June Beetle
Phyllophaga anxia is a large scarab beetle native to North America, commonly known as the forest-ogre June beetle or cranberry white grub. Adults are nocturnal fliers active primarily in May and June, with males attracted to light during pre-copulatory flights. The species is a significant agricultural pest, with larvae feeding on roots of various host plants and adults feeding on foliage. It serves as host for multiple parasitoids including the American pelecinid wasp Pelecinus polyturator and several mite species.
Phyllophaga bipartita
Phyllophaga bipartita is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as May beetles or June bugs. It belongs to a large and taxonomically challenging genus with over 400 species in North America. The species was first described by Horn in 1887 under the basionym Lachnosterna bipartita.
Phyllophaga crassissima
May beetle
Phyllophaga crassissima is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as a May beetle. It is native to North America with documented occurrence across the central and eastern United States. Like other members of the genus Phyllophaga, it is a nocturnal beetle with subterranean larval stages that feed on plant roots. The species was originally described by Blanchard in 1851 under the name Ancylonycha crassissima.
Phyllophaga drakii
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga drakii is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles. The species is found across North America, with records from Canada (Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan) and the United States (Alabama, Colorado, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, and eastern states west to New Mexico and South Dakota). Like other members of the genus Phyllophaga, adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights. The genus contains over 400 species in North America, making it one of the most species-rich scarab genera on the continent.
Phyllophaga epigaea
Phyllophaga epigaea is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is one of over 400 species in the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles. The species is found in North America, with records from Texas in the United States and Nuevo León in Mexico. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and associated with soil habitats.
Phyllophaga ignava
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga ignava is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in Central America and North America. As a member of the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles, it shares the typical characteristics of the group including nocturnal adults and root-feeding larvae.
Phyllophaga karlsioei
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga karlsioei is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, one of over 400 species in the genus Phyllophaga found in North America. Like other May beetles, it is likely nocturnal with adults emerging in late spring to early summer. The genus is characterized by larvae that feed on plant roots in soil, earning them the common name 'white grubs.'
Phyllophaga longispina
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga longispina is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by Smith in 1889. It belongs to the genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or June beetles, which contains over 400 species in North America. The species is distributed across eastern North America, with records from the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Like other members of the genus, adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights, while larvae are soil-dwelling white grubs that feed on plant roots.
Phyllophaga nebulosa
June beetle
Phyllophaga nebulosa is a rare species of June beetle endemic to Jones Lake State Park in North Carolina. It was discovered in 2007 by entomologist Maxi Polihronakis, who initially could not identify specimens collected during research at the park. The species is notable for its highly restricted geographic range and unusual habitat preferences compared to other members of its genus.
Phyllophaga nitida
Shining May Beetle
Phyllophaga nitida is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, native to North America. The species is part of the large genus Phyllophaga, commonly known as May beetles or June bugs. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights. Larvae are typical white grubs that develop in soil.
Phyllophaga rugosa
rugose June beetle
Phyllophaga rugosa, commonly known as the rugose June beetle, is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It occurs across much of North America, with documented records from Canada and the United States. Like other members of the genus Phyllophaga, it is a nocturnal beetle often attracted to lights. The species has been identified as an intermediary host for the giant thorn-headed worm of swine (Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus).
Phyllophaga subtonsa
May beetle, June beetle
Phyllophaga subtonsa is a species of May beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. Like other members of the genus, it is characterized by nocturnal adult activity and larval development as white grubs in soil, feeding on plant roots. The species is found in the eastern and central United States. Adults are attracted to lights and are most active during late spring and early summer. The genus Phyllophaga is one of the most species-rich in North America, with over 400 species, making species-level identification often difficult without examination of genitalia.
Phyllophaga sylvatica
Phyllophaga sylvatica is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Sanderson in 1942. Like other members of the genus Phyllophaga (commonly called May/June beetles), this species is likely nocturnal and attracted to lights. The species epithet "sylvatica" suggests an association with woodland or forest habitats. Based on distribution records, it occurs across a broad swath of the central and eastern United States.
Phyllophaga tusa
Phyllophaga tusa is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, first described by George Henry Horn in 1887. It belongs to the genus Phyllophaga, a large and taxonomically challenging group of North American scarab beetles commonly known as May beetles or June beetles. The species is recorded from the Nearctic region, specifically Texas in the United States. Like other members of its genus, adults are likely nocturnal and attracted to lights, with larvae developing as soil-dwelling root-feeders.
Phytocoris corticola
Phytocoris corticola is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Stonedahl in 1988. It belongs to a genus whose members are typically gray or brown in coloration and primarily feed on plants, with occasional predation on smaller insects. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Like other Phytocoris species, it is attracted to lights at night.
Phytocoris minituberculatus
Phytocoris minituberculatus is a plant bug species in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1968. It belongs to a large genus of mostly plant-feeding true bugs, with some species known to occasionally prey on smaller insects. The species has been documented in the western United States, specifically Nevada and California. Like other members of the genus Phytocoris, it is attracted to lights at night.
Phytocoris ramosus
Phytocoris ramosus is a plant bug species in the family Miridae, first described by Uhler in 1894. It is distributed across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, including Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Baja California. Like other members of its genus, it is primarily plant-feeding but may occasionally prey on smaller insects. The species is attracted to lights at night.
Phytocoris salicis
Phytocoris salicis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1920. It is a small, typically gray or brown true bug that feeds primarily on plants. The species is known to occasionally prey on smaller insects, a behavior observed in other Phytocoris species. It is attracted to lights at night and has been documented in blacklight surveys in Colorado.
Phytocoris stitti
Phytocoris stitti is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1961. The genus Phytocoris is one of the largest genera of plant bugs in North America, with species generally characterized by gray or brown coloration and plant-feeding habits. Like other members of its genus, P. stitti is primarily associated with vegetation and has been documented in the southwestern United States. The species is part of a diverse assemblage of mirid bugs attracted to artificial lights at night.
Phytocoris strigosus
Phytocoris strigosus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Knight in 1925. Members of the genus Phytocoris are typically small, soft-bodied true bugs that feed primarily on plant sap. The species is known from the western United States, with records from Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada.
Phytocoris tiliae
lime plant bug
Phytocoris tiliae is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, commonly known as the lime plant bug. It is associated with deciduous trees across Europe and parts of North America. The species is notable among plant bugs for its predatory habits, feeding on mites and other small insects rather than plant sap alone. Adults are active during summer months and are attracted to light.
Phytocoris unnamed-c
Phytocoris unnamed-c is an undescribed species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It belongs to a large genus of mostly plant-feeding true bugs. Like other members of the genus, it has been observed visiting blacklights at night. The species designation "unnamed-c" indicates it has been recognized as distinct but not yet formally described in the scientific literature.
Pimoa haden
Large Hammockweb Spider
Pimoa haden is a species of large hammockweb spider in the family Pimoidae, found in the western United States. It was described by Chamberlin & Ivie in 1943. The species is notable for its relatively large size compared to other members of the family, with females reaching up to 12 mm in body length. Like other Pimoa species, it constructs fine, net-like horizontal webs that can span considerable distances.
Plagiomimicus
Plagiomimicus is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. The genus contains approximately 25 described species distributed primarily in North America. Members of this genus are nocturnal and attracted to artificial light sources. The early life stages of many species remain poorly documented.
Plagiomimicus
Plagiomimicus n-sp is an undescribed species of moth in the family Noctuidae, recorded from New Mexico, USA. The genus Plagiomimicus belongs to the owlet moths, a diverse group of primarily nocturnal Lepidoptera. As an undescribed species, its formal taxonomic status and relationships within the genus remain to be established by systematic revision. Specimens have been documented through blacklight trapping in mixed conifer forest habitat.
Plagiomimicus olvello
Plagiomimicus olvello is a species of owlet moth (family Noctuidae) first described by William Barnes in 1907. It belongs to the subfamily Stiriinae and is found in North America. The species is assigned MONA/Hodges number 9742. Like other members of its genus, it is nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Plagiostira albonotata
white-marked shieldback
Plagiostira albonotata, commonly known as the white-marked shieldback, is a species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is a large, robust katydid found in arid regions of the southwestern United States. The species is characterized by distinctive white markings on its body. Observations indicate activity during summer months in desert and semi-desert habitats.
shield-backed-katydidOrthopteraTettigoniidaedesertsouthwestern-United-Statesnocturnalbrachypterouskatydidinsectarid-habitatyucca-associationsummer-activitywhite-markingslarge-body-sizePlagiostiriniTettigoniinaeNew-MexicoArizonaUtahwest-Texassand-dunesdesert-scrubcrepuscularlimited-flightScudder-1876Plagiostira-albonotatawhite-marked-shieldbackEnsiferaTettigoniideaTettigonioideaHexapodaArthropodaInsectaAnimaliaEukaryotaMetazoagrasshoppers,-crickets-&-katydidsPlagiostira28-observationsiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyWikipediaBeetles-In-The-Bush2018-New-Mexico/Texas-Insect-Collecting-TripTed-C.-MacRaeJeff-HuetherJune-2–9,-2018southeastern-New-MexicoMescalero-Sand-DunesKermit,-TexasHwy-380San-AntonioBinghamSandia-MountainsWalking-Sands-Rest-AreaValley-of-Fire-National-Recreation-AreaSierra-Blanca-MountainsSunset,-New-MexicoHobbs,-New-MexicoKermit-Sand-DunesI-10-Rest-AreaFabens,-TexasCarlsbad,-New-MexicoLoco-Hills,-New-MexicoCarrizozo,-New-MexicoBingham,-New-MexicoSocorro,-New-MexicoThe-BoxyuccaProsopis-glandulosamesquiteOpuntia-imbricatachollaJuniperus-monospermajuniperSapindus-drummondiisoapberryAcacia-greggiicatclaw-acaciaAcacia-rigidablack-acaciaThelespermaDaleaPenstemonRobiniaCeltisGaillardiaOenetheraBaccharisSphaeralceaEphedraCacamacactus-dodger-cicadaTragidion-armatumPrionus-arenariusPrionus-palparisPrionus-integerPolyphyllaMoneilemacactus-beetleGyascutusAcmaeoderaChrysobothrisAgrilusEnoclerusActenodesParatyndarisAcmaeoderopsisBrachysNeoclytusCleridaeCerambycidaeBuprestidaeScarabaeidaeCarabidaeTenebrionidaeMeloidaeCoreidaePompilidaetarantula-hawkCicindelidaeCylindera-lemniscatatiger-beetleLycaenidaeBrephidium-exiliswestern-pygmy-blueEchinargus-isolaReakirt's-blueshieldbackdesert-insectnocturnal-insectbrachypterous-insectsummer-insectarid-land-insectyucca-associated-insectNew-Mexico-insectArizona-insectUtah-insectTexas-insectsouthwestern-US-insectNorth-American-insectNearctic-insectTettigoniidae-insectOrthoptera-insectEnsifera-insectTettigoniinae-insectPlagiostirini-insectPlagiostira-insectP.-albonotatawhite-marked-shieldback-katydidgiant-katydidlarge-katydiddesert-katydidsand-dune-katydidyucca-katydidnocturnal-katydidbrachypterous-katydidsummer-katydidScudder's-katydid1876-katydidOrthopterankatydid-speciesshieldback-speciesTettigoniidae-speciesPlagiostira-speciesdesert-speciesarid-speciesnocturnal-speciesbrachypterous-speciessummer-speciesNew-Mexico-speciesArizona-speciesUtah-speciesTexas-speciessouthwestern-US-speciesNorth-American-speciesNearctic-speciesPlagiostira mescaleroensis
Mescalero Shieldback
Plagiostira mescaleroensis is a species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, first described by Tinkham in 1960. It is endemic to the Mescalero Sands region of southeastern New Mexico, where it inhabits sand dune ecosystems. The species belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive morphological adaptations to arid environments. Like other members of Tettigoniidae, it is nocturnal and possesses sound-producing capabilities, though specific behavioral details remain poorly documented.
Plagodis phlogosaria
scorched wing, straight-lined plagodis, Straight-lined Plagodis Moth
Plagodis phlogosaria is a geometrid moth widely distributed across North America. Adults have a wingspan of 28–38 mm and are active from April to August. Larvae feed on the foliage of several deciduous trees and shrubs. The species is recognized by six described subspecies with varying geographic ranges.
Platynota idaeusalis
Tufted Apple Bud Moth
Platynota idaeusalis, the tufted apple bud moth, is a tortricid moth native to eastern North America. It is a significant agricultural pest, particularly of apples in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The species has been documented as a host for both alphabaculovirus and betabaculovirus isolates, making it a subject of biocontrol research. Larvae are known to feed on diverse host plants and have developed resistance to certain organophosphate insecticides.
Platynus
Platynus is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae containing over 180 described species. Species in this genus are primarily nocturnal predators with well-developed olfactory capabilities. The genus has been extensively studied in ecotoxicological research due to its role as a beneficial predatory insect in agricultural ecosystems. Several species have been used as model organisms to assess sublethal effects of insecticides on non-target beneficial arthropods.
Platyptilia percnodactylus
Aquiline Plume Moth
Platyptilia percnodactylus is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae known from western North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 22 mm and display distinctive pale brown coloration with contrasting wing patterns. The species is attracted to artificial light sources and has been documented in California and Alberta.
Plectreurys
Plectreurys is a genus of ecribellate, haplogyne spiders in the family Plectreuridae, one of only two extant genera in this family. Species possess eight eyes—unusual among ecribellate haplogynes, which typically have six. They are nocturnal, sedentary hunters that inhabit silken tubes and rarely leave them. Males develop distinctive coupling spurs on the tibia of leg I, used during mating. The genus comprises 23 described species distributed across the southwestern United States, Mexico, Cuba, Costa Rica, and Guatemala.
Plectreurys tristis
primitive hunting spider
Plectreurys tristis is a large venomous spider in the family Plectreuridae, found in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America, Central America, and Mexico. Adult males reach approximately 12 mm in body length (25 mm with legs extended), with females larger in all proportions. The species produces a venom containing plectoxins, insecticidal peptides that specifically target N-type calcium channels. It constructs webs under rocks and debris, with females and immatures remaining in webs while adult males wander nocturnally.
Pleocoma hirticollis
rain beetle
Pleocoma hirticollis is a species of rain beetle in the family Pleocomidae, a group of scarab beetles endemic to western North America. The species is active during autumn and winter rains, emerging only when soil is saturated. Three subspecies are recognized: P. h. hirticollis, P. h. reflexa, and P. h. vandykei. Like other Pleocomidae, adults are sexually dimorphic and do not feed.
Pleocoma puncticollis
Black Rain Beetle
Pleocoma puncticollis, commonly known as the black rain beetle, is a species of rain beetle in the family Pleocomidae. It is endemic to California. Adults are known to emerge and fly during rainy conditions, a trait characteristic of the genus.
Poaphilini
Poaphilini is a tribe of moths within the family Erebidae. Phylogenetic studies have shown this tribe to be most closely related to Ophiusini. The genera Achaea, Mimophisma, and Ophisma have been reclassified into Poaphilini based on molecular evidence, having formerly been placed in Ophiusini. The tribe contains multiple genera of nocturnal moths.
Polyphylla
Lined June Beetles
Polyphylla is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae, containing approximately 50–85 species distributed across North America, Central America, southern and central Europe, northern Africa, and southern Asia. The genus is commonly known as "lined June beetles" due to the distinctive white elytral scales that form longitudinal stripes on most species. Adults are nocturnal and strongly attracted to lights, while larvae are root-feeders with extended development periods.
Polyphylla aeolus
Kelso Dunes June Beetle
Polyphylla aeolus is a sand dune specialist scarab beetle endemic to California's Kelso Dunes in the Mojave Desert. Described by La Rue in 1998, this species belongs to a genus noted for large-bodied beetles with males possessing greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. Like other Polyphylla species restricted to sand habitats, females are likely flightless and rarely encountered. The species epithet references Aeolus, the Roman king of the winds, perhaps alluding to the wind-dispersed nature of related taxa or the windy dune environment.
Polyphylla arguta
Polyphylla arguta is a species of lined June beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is native to western North America, with documented occurrences in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. The species belongs to a genus whose members are typically associated with sandy habitats and are nocturnally active, attracted to lights.
Polyphylla avittata
spotted Warner valley dunes June beetle, spotted Warner valley dunes scarab beetle
Polyphylla avittata is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae, commonly known as the spotted Warner valley dunes June beetle. The species is endemic to sand dune habitats in the Warner Valley of Utah. Like other members of the genus Polyphylla, it exhibits sexual dimorphism in antennal structure, with males possessing enlarged, lamellate antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. The species is rarely encountered and poorly documented in scientific literature.
Polyphylla barbata
Mount Hermon June Beetle
Polyphylla barbata is a federally endangered scarab beetle endemic to a single restricted locality in the Zayante sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California. The species occupies less than 1,500 acres of habitat, making it one of the most geographically limited beetles in North America. Adults are active in mid-summer, with males flying at dusk to locate flightless females using pheromone-detecting antennae. The species faces severe habitat loss from sand mining and development, with over 40% of its sandhills habitat already destroyed.
Polyphylla cavifrons
Polyphylla cavifrons is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It occurs in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, including Arizona, California, Nevada, and Baja California. The species belongs to a genus known for large-bodied beetles with fan-like antennae in males, though specific details about this species' biology remain limited in published literature.
Polyphylla comes
High Mountain June Beetle
Polyphylla comes is a large scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the High Mountain June Beetle. It belongs to a genus noted for males with enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. The species occurs in the southeastern United States. Like other Polyphylla species, it is primarily nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Polyphylla crinita
Long-haired June Beetle
Polyphylla crinita, commonly known as the Long-haired June Beetle, is a large scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is distinguished from closely related species by the presence of setae (hair) on the pronotum. The species occurs in western North America, with records from California north to British Columbia and east to Wyoming, as well as in Baja California, Mexico. Like other members of the genus Polyphylla, males are attracted to lights at night and possess enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones.
Polyphylla decemlineata
Ten-lined June Beetle, Watermelon Beetle
Polyphylla decemlineata is a large scarab beetle native to western North America, commonly known as the Ten-lined June Beetle or Watermelon Beetle. Adults are notable for their distinctive ten white stripes on dark elytra and greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae in males. The species is strongly attracted to lights and exhibits distinctive pheromone-mediated mating behavior where males actively search for flightless females. Larvae develop underground, feeding on roots of grasses and other plants.
Polyphylla diffracta
diffracted lined June beetle
Polyphylla diffracta is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as a lined June beetle. It belongs to a genus characterized by large, robust beetles with distinctive fan-like antennae in males. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other Polyphylla species, males are attracted to lights at night and use their enlarged, lamellate antennae to detect female sex pheromones.
Polyphylla erratica
Death Valley June Beetle
Polyphylla erratica, commonly known as the Death Valley June Beetle, is a scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae. It is narrowly endemic to the Amargosa River drainage basin in the southwestern United States. The species is associated with saltgrass communities and has been documented at Saratoga Springs in Death Valley. Like other Polyphylla species, it exhibits sexual dimorphism in antennal structure, with males possessing enlarged, lamellate antennae for detecting female sex pheromones.
Polyphylla hammondi
Hammond's Lined June Beetle
Polyphylla hammondi is a large scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae. Adults measure 24.8–35.5 mm in length and are highly variable in coloration with almost no stripes or mottling. Males possess greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. The species is strongly associated with sand dune habitats across the Great Plains and southwestern North America. Males are attracted to lights at night and exhibit distinctive splayed-antennae behavior when actively searching for females. Females are rarely encountered and may be flightless.
Polyphylla mescalerensis
Polyphylla mescalerensis is a species of scarab beetle described by Young in 1988. It belongs to the genus Polyphylla, commonly known as lined June beetles, which are characterized by large body size, fan-like antennae in males, and strong attraction to lights. The species is known from sand dune habitats in southeastern New Mexico and adjacent areas, where it was first collected at Mescalero Sand Dunes. Like other Polyphylla species, males likely use their enlarged antennae to detect female sex pheromones.
Polyphylla monahansensis
Monahans ten-lined June beetle, Monahan's ten-lined June beetle
Polyphylla monahansensis is a large scarab beetle endemic to sand dune habitats of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Like other members of the genus, males possess greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. The species is nocturnal and attracted to lights, with males actively searching for flightless females after sunset. It is one of several Polyphylla species specialized to sandy environments in this region.
Polyphylla nubila
Atascadero June beetle
Polyphylla nubila, the Atascadero June beetle, is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is native to North America, with distribution records indicating presence in California, USA. The species belongs to the genus Polyphylla, a group commonly known as lined June beetles or ten-lined June beetles, characterized by males with enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. Like other members of this genus, P. nubila is likely associated with sandy habitats and exhibits nocturnal activity patterns.
Polyphylla occidentalis
Western Ten-lined June Beetle, Western Lined June Beetle
Polyphylla occidentalis is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the western ten-lined June beetle or western lined June beetle. It is native to the southeastern United States, where adults are active during warm summer months. The species is characterized by brownish coloration with white longitudinal stripes and enlarged, fan-like antennae in males that function in detecting female sex pheromones. Larvae develop underground, feeding on plant roots.
Polyphylla pottsorum
Polyphylla pottsorum is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is a member of the diverse genus Polyphylla, commonly known as lined June beetles, which are characterized by their large size and distinctive antennae. The species was described by Hardy in 1978.
Polyphylla uteana
Coral Pink Sand Dunes June Beetle
Polyphylla uteana is a large scarab beetle endemic to the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southwestern Utah. Males possess exceptionally developed lamellate antennae with seven highly elongate plates that fan open to detect female pheromones. The species is nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light. Like other Polyphylla species, females are likely flightless and rarely encountered.
Polyphylla variolosa
Variegated June Beetle
Polyphylla variolosa, commonly known as the Variegated June Beetle, is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is a medium-sized species, approximately 2 cm in length, with reddish-brown coloration. Males possess enlarged, fan-like antennae with seven antennomeres that are longer than those of females, which they use to detect female sex pheromones. The species is associated with sandy soil habitats, particularly in coastal and Great Lakes regions of eastern North America.
Ponometia semiflava
Half-yellow Moth, Yellow-cloaked Midget
Ponometia semiflava, commonly known as the Half-yellow Moth or Yellow-cloaked Midget, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of 14–24 mm. It inhabits dry open habitats across much of North America, from the Atlantic coast to the southwestern United States and north into Canada. Adults are nocturnal and active primarily from spring through summer, with timing varying by latitude. The species has one generation per year.
Porcellio spinicornis
Brickwork Woodlouse
Porcellio spinicornis is a medium-sized terrestrial isopod in the family Porcellionidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. It is distinguished by prominent spiny frontal lateral lobes, the feature referenced in its species name. The species is nocturnal and detritivorous, feeding on dead plant material. It exhibits direct development with eggs and juveniles carried in a fluid-filled marsupium until the first juvenile stage.
Prioninae
Tooth-necked and Aberrant Longhorn Beetles, prionids
Prioninae is a subfamily of long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae) comprising large, robust beetles typically measuring 25–70 mm. They are distinguished by males of several genera possessing enlarged mandibles used in male-male combat, analogous to stag beetles. Most species are nocturnal and attracted to light. Larvae are wood-borers, with the majority of documented species feeding on rotting wood or roots.
Prionoxystus macmurtrei
Little Carpenterworm Moth
Prionoxystus macmurtrei, commonly known as the little carpenterworm moth, is a species of carpenter moth in the family Cossidae. Adults are active from spring through mid-summer across eastern and central North America. The larvae are wood-borers that tunnel through hardwood trees, causing damage that reduces lumber value.
Prionus arenarius
sandwalker prionid
Prionus arenarius is a species of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Hovore in 1981. It belongs to the subfamily Prioninae, a group of large, robust beetles commonly known as prionids or sawyers. The species is associated with sandy habitats, as suggested by its specific epithet "arenarius" (Latin for "of sand"). Field observations indicate it is attracted to prionic acid pheromone lures, with males being strong fliers active at dusk and early night, while females are rarely encountered and appear to be flightless.
Prionus debilis
Prionus debilis is a long-horned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, occurring in the tallgrass prairies of the eastern Great Plains. Males possess hypersegmented, flabellate antennae adapted for detecting female sex pheromones. The species was first documented to be attracted to prionic acid lures in 2015, representing a significant finding for the genus. It is considered uncommonly collected and appears to have a relatively restricted distribution compared to other Prionus species.
Prionus emarginatus
Prionus emarginatus is a species of long-horned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, found in North America. It belongs to the subgenus Homaesthesis, one of eight species in this poorly known group primarily distributed in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Adults are large, blackish beetles with broad pronota. Males are attracted to prionic acid lures, suggesting females emit this compound as a sex pheromone. The species is nocturnal, with males active at night and attracted to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor lights.
Prionus laticollis
broad-necked root borer, broad necked prionus
Prionus laticollis, commonly known as the broad-necked root borer, is a large root-boring longhorn beetle native to eastern North America. The species is a significant economic pest of apple orchards, where larvae tunnel through roots causing structural damage to trees. Adults are primarily nocturnal, with males attracted to lights and females using an elongated ovipositor to deposit eggs in soil. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism, with females substantially larger than males. The life cycle spans 3-4 years, with larvae developing underground while feeding on tree roots.
Prionus palparis
Prionus palparis is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. It belongs to the subfamily Prioninae, a group of large, robust beetles commonly known as prionids or sawyers. The species has been recorded from sand dune habitats in the southwestern United States, particularly in New Mexico. Like other members of the genus Prionus, males are attracted to prionic acid, a sex pheromone component used in field studies to detect and collect specimens.
Prionus pocularis
Tooth-necked Longhorn Beetle
Prionus pocularis is a large longhorn beetle in the subfamily Prioninae, distributed across southeastern North America with its northwestern range limit in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri. The species is strongly associated with shortleaf pine forests, where larvae develop in decaying pine wood. Adults are nocturnal and have been documented responding to prionic acid pheromone lures, a trait shared with other Prionus species.
Prionus spinipennis
Prionus spinipennis is a large long-horned beetle (Cerambycidae: Prioninae) endemic to sand dune habitats of southeastern New Mexico and western Texas. It is one of two Prionus species specialized to this ecosystem, with P. arenarius occupying spring and early summer, while P. spinipennis occurs in late summer and fall. Males are attracted to prionic acid lures, a synthetic analog of female sex pheromones. The species was described by Hovore & Turnbow in 1984.
Pristoceuthophilus arizonae
Arizona camel cricket
Pristoceuthophilus arizonae is a species of camel cricket (family Rhaphidophoridae) described by Hebard in 1935. As a member of the Rhaphidophoridae, it belongs to a group of wingless, nocturnal orthopterans commonly associated with dark, moist microhabitats. The species is endemic to the southwestern United States, with confirmed records from Arizona.
Prochoerodes amplicineraria
Prochoerodes amplicineraria is a geometrid moth species first described by Pearsall in 1906. It belongs to the family Geometridae, commonly known as geometer moths or inchworms. The species is distributed across North America. As with other members of its genus, it is a nocturnal moth attracted to ultraviolet light sources.
Prodiplosis
Prodiplosis is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) comprising approximately 11 described species. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably P. longifila, which infests citrus, solanaceous crops, and ornamental foliage. Members of this genus are characterized by complete metamorphosis and larval feeding on reproductive and vegetative tissues of host plants, causing necrosis and yield loss. Some species exhibit host specialization and cryptic genetic differentiation across geographic ranges.
Prodoxinae
Yucca Moths
Prodoxinae is a subfamily of small moths within the family Prodoxidae, commonly known as yucca moths. This group is best known for the obligate mutualism between yucca moths (genus Tegeticula) and their host plants in the genus Yucca. The moths are the sole pollinators of yucca flowers, while the developing seeds serve as the exclusive food source for moth larvae. This coevolutionary relationship represents one of the classic examples of obligate mutualism in insects.
Prolimacodes
skiff moth
Prolimacodes is a genus of slug caterpillar moths in the family Limacodidae, established by William Schaus in 1896. The genus contains at least seven described species distributed across North and Central America. Caterpillars in this genus are commonly referred to as "slug caterpillars" due to their distinctive reduced-leg locomotion. Adults are attracted to ultraviolet light sources and are documented in citizen science observations.
Prolimacodes badia
Skiff Moth
Prolimacodes badia, commonly known as the skiff moth, is a small moth in the family Limacodidae (slug caterpillar moths). The species is widely distributed across eastern North America. Adults are active from late spring through summer, and larvae feed on leaves of numerous woody plants.
Promalactis
A genus of small moths in the family Oecophoridae, established by Edward Meyrick in 1908. The genus comprises approximately 179 valid species with highest diversity in China (101 species). Members are characterized by distinctive genitalia morphology and metallic head coloration. Larvae have been reported feeding on decaying wood and bark of conifers and other trees.
Promecognissimus laevissimus
smooth millipede hunter
Promecognathus laevissimus is a ground beetle specializing in predation on cyanide-producing millipedes. It possesses exceptional physiological tolerance to hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde, toxins that incapacitate most other predators. The species exhibits unique prey-handling behaviors and has been extensively studied for its biochemical resistance mechanisms, which may have potential applications in human medicine for cyanide poisoning treatment.
Proserpinus gaurae
proud sphinx moth, Proud Sphinx
Proserpinus gaurae is a medium-sized sphinx moth with distinctive orange and chestnut coloration. Adults are active primarily from April through August, with one or two generations per year. The species is notable for having the longest labial palps of any Proserpinus species. Larvae feed on evening primrose relatives and pupate in shallow soil burrows to overwinter.
SphingidaeMacroglossinaeMacroglossiniProserpinusproud-sphinx-mothProud-SphinxNorth-AmericaUnited-StatesMexicoevening-primroseOnagraceaeOenotheraGauraEpilobiumnocturnalspringsummerAprilMayJuneJulyAugust1797SmithSphinx-gauraemedium-sizedorangechestnutreddishwhiteblacklabial-palpssinuateforewinghindwingshallow-burrowoverwinterpupalarvaherbivorelepidopteristrearcollectprairiemeadowdisturbedopen-habitatTexasLouisianaFloridaAlabamaMissouriGeorgiaSouth-Carolinanorthern-MexicoProserpinus lucidus
Pacific green sphinx, bear sphinx
Proserpinus lucidus is a small sphinx moth native to the Pacific coast of North America. Adults are active in winter from December to April, during which they do not feed. The species exhibits unusual seasonal timing among North American sphinx moths, with adults emerging and mating during the coldest months. Larvae feed on specific evening primrose relatives in the genera Clarkia and Camissonia, and possess a distinctive "bullseye" spot in place of the typical horn found in most sphinx moth caterpillars.
Proserpinus terlooii
Terloo sphinx moth, Terloo sphinx
Proserpinus terlooii is a hawk moth (family Sphingidae) native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The species is closely related to the Pine White butterfly's namesake moth, Proserpinus gaurae, with which it shares genus-level traits. Adults are nocturnal and, like other sphingids, are likely capable of sustained hovering flight. The larval host plants and detailed life history remain poorly documented in published sources.
Proteoteras crescentana
Black-crescent Proteoteras Moth
A small tortricid moth found in northern North America, with records from the Canadian prairies and Vermont. The species belongs to a genus whose larvae are known to bore into maple plant tissues. Adults are attracted to light.
Protogygia biclavis
Protogygia biclavis is a noctuid moth described by Grote in 1879. It is strongly associated with gypsum dune habitats, particularly the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico, and has been recorded from additional arid regions in California, Utah, and Arizona. The species exhibits local adaptation to white gypsum sand environments.
Protosialis glabella
Protosialis glabella is a species of alderfly in the family Sialidae, order Megaloptera. The genus Protosialis represents one of several genera within Sialidae, a family of aquatic insects whose larvae are predatory and develop in freshwater habitats. Adults are typically nocturnal and short-lived, with reduced mouthparts and a primary focus on reproduction. The species was described by Ross in 1937. Megalopterans as a group are considered primitive holometabolous insects, retaining many ancestral characteristics.
Psammopolia wyatti
Psammopolia wyatti is a noctuid moth first described in 1926, restricted to coastal sand beach habitats in western North America from southern Oregon to the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia. Adults are active from late May through early September and are attracted to light. The species has been formally cataloged in both 1983 and 2010 MONA (Moths of North America) indices.
Psaphida
Psaphida is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, established by Francis Walker in 1865. Species in this genus are primarily North American, with most distributed across the eastern and central United States and southern Canada. One species, P. palaearctica, occurs in Shaanxi, China. The genus includes early spring-emerging species such as Roland's Sallow (P. rolandi), which has been documented to exhibit extended pupal diapause lasting up to seven years.
Pselnophorus
Pselnophorus is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, characterized by their distinctive wing structure. The genus contains approximately 18 species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa. Like other plume moths, members of this genus have wings divided into feathery plumes, an adaptation that reduces wing area while maintaining flight capability.
Pseudochelaria pennsylvanica
Pseudochelaria pennsylvanica is a gelechiid moth described by Dietz in 1900. It occurs in eastern and central North America, with records spanning from Arizona to the Atlantic seaboard. The species belongs to a genus of small moths whose larvae typically feed on plant material, though specific host associations for this species remain undocumented. Like other members of Gelechiidae, adults are likely nocturnal and attracted to light.
Pseudophyllinae
True Katydids
Pseudophyllinae is a large subfamily of katydids (Tettigoniidae) distinguished by exceptional leaf-mimicry. Members typically possess broad, flattened forewings with venation patterns that replicate leaf veins, blotches, and even simulated herbivore damage. The group contains over 20 tribes distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, with major radiations in the Neotropics, Afrotropics, and Southeast Asia. Many species are nocturnal and arboreal, inhabiting forest canopies where their crypsis provides effective predator avoidance.
Pseudoschinia elautalis
Desert Bantam
Pseudoschinia elautalis, commonly known as the Desert Bantam, is a small moth in the family Crambidae. It is the sole member of its genus, making the genus monotypic. The species is restricted to arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults are active during warmer months and are associated with desert habitats.
Pseudothyatira
tufted thyatirid moth
Pseudothyatira is a monotypic moth genus in the family Drepanidae, established by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1864. Its sole species, Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides, ranges across North America from Newfoundland to British Columbia and south to California, Kansas, and North Carolina. Adults fly from June to September with wingspans of 38–44 mm.
Psilopleura polia
Psilopleura polia is a moth species in the subfamily Arctiinae, first described by Herbert Druce in 1898. The species has a notably disjunct distribution, occurring from southern Texas through Central America and extending to Vanuatu in the southwestern Pacific. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 38 mm. Limited phenological data indicates adult activity in November in Texas, though broader seasonal patterns across its range remain undocumented.
Psyche casta
Bagworm Moth
Psyche casta is a nocturnal bagworm moth in the family Psychidae. Males are small, winged insects with metallic brown wings, while females are wingless and grub-like. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism and is native to the Palearctic region, with introduced populations in North America. Caterpillars construct portable protective cases from grass and plant material.
Psychoda sigma
moth fly
Psychoda sigma is a small moth fly in the family Psychodidae, commonly known simply as 'moth fly.' First described by Kincaid in 1899, this species belongs to the subgenus Tinearia within the genus Psychoda. Moth flies are characterized by their dense body pilosity and small size, typically measuring only a few millimeters in length. The species has been documented in North America and parts of Europe, including Belgium and Denmark.
Psychodidae
Moth flies, Drain flies, Sink flies, Filter flies, Sewer gnats, Sand flies
Psychodidae is a large family of true flies comprising over 2,600 described species worldwide, with highest diversity in humid tropical regions. Members exhibit distinctive short, hairy bodies and wings that create a moth-like appearance. The family encompasses two ecologically divergent groups: non-biting moth flies that inhabit moist, decaying organic matter and plumbing systems, and blood-feeding sand flies (subfamily Phlebotominae) that serve as disease vectors.
Psyllobora renifer
Kidney-spotted Fairy Lady Beetle, Kidney-spotted Psyllobora, Kidney-spotted Lady Beetle
Psyllobora renifer is a minute lady beetle distinguished by its unique kidney-shaped markings and specialized diet of powdery mildew fungi. At 1.75–2.4 mm, it is among the smallest lady beetles in North America. Unlike most lady beetles that prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects, this species has evolved to exploit fungal pathogens of plants as its primary food source. It occurs across North and Central America and is most reliably identified by the confluent, connected dark patches on its elytra that merge into larger irregular shapes rather than remaining as discrete spots.
Psyrassa
Psyrassa is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Elaphidiini. Species in this genus are small to medium-sized cerambycids with elongated bodies. The genus was established by Francis Pascoe in 1866 and is distributed in the Americas. Members are attracted to fermented bait traps, suggesting adult feeding on sugary or fermenting substances.
Psyrassa pertenuis
Psyrassa pertenuis is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, tribe Elaphidiini. It was described by Casey in 1924. The species has been documented in North America, particularly in the southwestern United States. It is one of many Psyrassa species, a genus of small to medium-sized cerambycids typically associated with woody vegetation.
Pterostichus melanarius
Rain Beetle
Pterostichus melanarius, commonly known as the rain beetle, is a ground beetle native to Europe that has become established in North America following introduction in the 1920s. Adults are 12–18 mm long, black with straight elytral striations, and exhibit wing dimorphism with both flight-capable (macropterous) and flightless (brachypterous) morphs. The species is a generalist predator of invertebrates, with documented preference for slugs including the invasive gray garden slug Deroceras reticulatum. It occupies diverse habitats including forests, meadows, urban areas, and agricultural fields, and has been widely studied for its potential as a biological control agent.
Ptichodis pacalis
Ptichodis pacalis is a moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Erebinae. It is a small species with a wingspan of approximately 27 mm, known from limited records in the southeastern United States. Adults are active during the first half of the year, with flight records spanning February through June.
Ptiloglossa
Ptiloglossa is a genus of large, hairy bees in the family Colletidae, endemic to the Americas. The genus is notable for being among the most common nocturnal colletid bees, with activity restricted to very low light conditions. Species possess enlarged ocelli that facilitate flight in dim light. The genus contains approximately 55 species, with highest diversity in South and Central America.
Ptiloglossa mexicana
Mexican feather-tongue
Ptiloglossa mexicana is a nocturnal bee species in the family Colletidae, commonly known as the Mexican feather-tongue. It is found from Central America north to Texas, USA. As a member of the genus Ptiloglossa, it belongs to a group of bees characterized by their distinctive feathery glossae (tongue structures) adapted for nectar collection. The species is part of the diverse and ecologically important community of native bees that contribute to pollination in its range.
Ptinus tectus
Australian spider beetle
Ptinus tectus is a small beetle commonly known as the Australian spider beetle. It is a cosmopolitan stored product pest that originated in Australia and spread to Europe and the UK around 1900. The species is notable for its spider-like appearance and its status as a significant pest of stored foods, museum specimens, and historic collections. It has been recorded from at least 55 museums and historic houses in the United Kingdom.
Pygarctia pterygostigma
Pygarctia pterygostigma is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1909. It occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico, with a wingspan of approximately 28 mm. Adults are active during summer months. As a member of the genus Pygarctia, it belongs to a group known for acoustic aposematism—emitting sound signals to warn bat predators of chemical defenses.
Pyractomena angulata
Say's Firefly, Angle Candled Firefly
Pyractomena angulata is a firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae, native to North America. It is notable as the state insect of Indiana and produces amber-to-orange bioluminescence characteristic of its genus. Adults are active from May through mid-July and inhabit woodland environments. The species was named in honor of entomologist Thomas Say, who first described it in 1825.
Pyractomena lucifera
Marsh imp
Pyractomena lucifera is a firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae, commonly known as the marsh imp. It is a wetland specialist with a disjunct distribution across eastern North America. The species produces bioluminescent signals for mate communication and is threatened by habitat destruction and light pollution.
Pyrausta tyralis
coffee-loving pyrausta moth
Pyrausta tyralis, commonly known as the coffee-loving pyrausta moth, is a small crambid moth described by Achille Guenée in 1854. The species exhibits broad geographic distribution across the southeastern and central United States, extending south through Mexico to Venezuela and throughout the West Indies. Adults have been recorded in flight year-round in warmer regions. The larvae are documented to feed on several plant species including Psychotria nervosa, P. undata, Bidens connata, and Dahlia species.
Pyrgocorypha uncinata
Hook-faced Conehead
Pyrgocorypha uncinata, commonly known as the hook-faced conehead, is a katydid species in the family Tettigoniidae. It is distinguished by its distinctive hook-shaped cone (fastigium), which curves downward at the tip and gives the species its common name. The species occurs in the southeastern United States, with records extending to northern Arkansas at the western edge of its range. Like other conehead katydids, it produces sound by stridulation and is active during the warmer months.
Pyrgotidae
Scarab Pursuing Flies, Pyrgotid Flies
Pyrgotidae is a family of endoparasitoid flies within the superfamily Tephritoidea. Unusual among Cyclorrhapha, they lack ocelli entirely—one of only two families with this trait. Most species display patterned wings with bands or spots. Females pursue scarab beetles in flight to deposit eggs beneath the elytra, where larvae develop internally and eventually kill the host. The family has a worldwide distribution with approximately 67 species in Australia alone and 59 species in 13 genera in the Neotropics.
Quasisalebria admixta
Quasisalebria admixta is a species of snout moth (Pyralidae) in the subfamily Phycitinae, described by Carl Heinrich in 1956. The genus Quasisalebria is small and poorly documented, with limited published information on species-level biology. Records from iNaturalist indicate occasional observations, primarily from North America. The species appears to be nocturnal, consistent with other Phycitinae moths.
Ranatra montezuma
Montezuma waterscorpion
Ranatra montezuma is a waterscorpion species endemic to Montezuma Well, a thermally constant, fishless spring in Yavapai County, Arizona. It was described by J. Polhemus in 1976 and represents a highly localized population with specific dietary adaptations to its unique aquatic environment. The species exhibits nocturnal foraging behavior and maintains high population densities supported by abundant endemic prey.
Rasahus thoracicus
Western Corsair Bug, Western Corsair
Rasahus thoracicus, commonly known as the Western Corsair Bug, is an assassin bug in the family Reduviidae. Adults display orange and black coloration with distinctive orange spots on each wing. The species is nocturnal and attracted to bright lights, where it hunts other insects. Unlike most assassin bugs, its bite is notably painful to humans. It is one of two "two spotted corsairs," the other being Rasahus biguttatus.
Renia discoloralis
Discolored Renia Moth
Renia discoloralis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Achille Guenée in 1854. It occurs in eastern North America from Missouri to southern New England, southward to at least North Carolina. The species has a single annual generation with adults active in mid-summer. Larvae are detritivores that feed on dead leaf material.
Renia flavipunctalis
Yellow-spotted Renia Moth, Yellow-dotted Renia, Even-lined Renia
Renia flavipunctalis is a litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Carl Geyer in 1832. It is a medium-sized moth with a wingspan of 26–31 mm, recognized by its yellow spotting pattern. The species occurs across eastern and central North America, from southern Canada to the southern United States. Adults are active during summer months, with northern populations having a single generation per year. Larvae feed on decaying organic matter, particularly dead leaves of deciduous trees.
Renia sobrialis
Sober Renia Moth, sober renia
Renia sobrialis, commonly known as the Sober Renia Moth, is a litter moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, this small moth is widespread in eastern North America. Adults are active from spring through late summer, and the larvae feed on decomposing leaf litter.
Reuteroscopus ornatus
ornate plant bug
Reuteroscopus ornatus, commonly known as the ornate plant bug, is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is characterized by distinctive markings that give it its common name. The species has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Caribbean, Central America, and North America, with records from Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and multiple U.S. states including Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, Texas, and West Virginia. It is frequently attracted to blacklights at night.
Rhachocnemis validus
Coast Sand-treader Cricket
Rhachocnemis validus, known as the Coast Sand-treader Cricket, is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is native to coastal regions of California and is distinguished from similar taxa by its specialized adaptations for life in sandy habitats. Unlike the unrelated "plasterer bees" (genus Colletes) that share a similar common name pattern, this species is an orthopteran with nocturnal habits and is not a pollinator.
Rhaphidophoridae
cave crickets, camel crickets, spider crickets, cave wētā, sand treaders, sprickets
Rhaphidophoridae is a globally distributed family of wingless orthopterans comprising over 500 described species. Commonly called cave crickets, camel crickets, or spider crickets, these insects are characterized by elongated antennae, enlarged hind legs adapted for jumping, and a humpbacked body profile. They occupy diverse habitats including caves, forests, animal burrows, and human structures. All species are flightless and nocturnal, relying heavily on tactile and chemical sensory structures for navigation in dark environments. The family includes notable subfamilies such as Ceuthophilinae in North America, Macropathinae in the Southern Hemisphere, and Aemodogryllinae in Asia.
Rhopalosomatidae
Rhopalosomatid Wasps
Rhopalosomatidae is a small family of aculeate wasps containing approximately 68 extant species in four genera: Rhopalosoma, Olixon, Liosphex, and Paniscomima. Adults are solitary and often ant-like in appearance. Larvae are obligate ectoparasitoids of crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea), attaching to the lateral side of the host between the metafemur and abdomen. The family exhibits remarkable morphological diversity, with winged species typically nocturnal and brachypterous species mainly diurnal. The family has a worldwide tropical and subtropical distribution, absent from Europe and Antarctica.
Rhysodidae
Wrinkled Bark Beetles
Rhysodidae is a family of saproxylic beetles comprising over 350 species in approximately 20 genera, predominantly distributed in tropical forests worldwide. The family contains three European species: Rhysodes sulcatus (Wrinkled Bark Beetle), Clinidium canaliculatum, and Omoglymmius germari. Members are obligate saproxylic beetles dependent on deadwood habitats, with most species being flightless, poorly mobile, and exhibiting cryptic habits. Rhysodes sulcatus is listed as Endangered in the EU-27 and serves as an umbrella species and bioindicator for ancient forest remnants.
Rindgea subterminata
Rindgea subterminata is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1913. It belongs to the genus Rindgea, a group of North American moths characterized by relatively plain, grayish-brown coloration and subtle wing patterns. The species is known from western North America, where adults are active during the summer months.
Rothschildia lebeau
Lebeau's Silk Moth, Forbes Moth
Rothschildia lebeau is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, distributed from the Lower Rio Grande Valley through eastern Mexico to Brazil. Adults are short-lived and do not feed, relying on fat reserves accumulated during larval development. The species exhibits a life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult body size based on host plant quality, with larger males showing higher mating success.
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Rugosana is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. The genus belongs to the tribe Gyponini and subfamily Iassinae. Species are distributed in North America. One observed species displays bright green coloration with distinctive red eyes.
Rugosana chadana
Rugosana chadana is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Ball & Reeves in 1927 under the basionym Gyponana chadana. It belongs to the tribe Gyponini within the subfamily Iassinae. The genus Rugosana was established to accommodate species formerly placed in Gyponana. This species has been documented in the southwestern United States, particularly in Arizona and Utah.
Rugosana verrucosa
Rugosana verrucosa is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. The genus Rugosana belongs to the tribe Gyponini within the subfamily Iassinae. Leafhoppers in this group are sap-feeding insects that use piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract fluids from plant vascular tissue. The species name 'verrucosa' refers to a warty or roughened surface texture.
Rusicada
Rusicada is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Erebinae. The genus was established by Walker in 1858 and has been subject to taxonomic revision, with species previously placed in the genus Anomis now recognized as belonging to Rusicada. Members of this genus are known as fruit-piercing moths, with adults capable of piercing fruit skins to feed on juices. The genus contains multiple species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions.
Sagenosoma
elsa sphinx moth (sole species)
Sagenosoma is a monotypic genus of sphinx moths in the family Sphingidae, established by Jordan in 1946. The sole species, Sagenosoma elsa (elsa sphinx moth), is restricted to arid regions of the south-western United States and northern Mexico. Adults fly during spring and summer months, with larvae recorded feeding on a specific desert shrub.
Salebriaria rufimaculatella
White-banded Salebriaria Moth
Salebriaria rufimaculatella is a small moth species in the family Pyralidae, described by Neunzig in 1988. The common name 'White-banded Salebriaria Moth' refers to distinctive light markings on the forewings. It belongs to a genus of snout moths found primarily in North America. The species has been documented in over 400 observations on iNaturalist, indicating it is moderately well-observed but not extensively studied in scientific literature.
Salebriaria simpliciella
Salebriaria simpliciella is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Neunzig in 1988. It belongs to the genus Salebriaria, a group of small moths within the subfamily Phycitinae. The species has been documented across multiple observation platforms with over 400 records, indicating it is not uncommon in its range. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with dry or sandy habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Saturniinae
Emperor Moths, Wild Silk Moths, Giant Silkmoths
Saturniinae is a subfamily of Saturniidae containing approximately 644 species across 63 genera, including some of the largest Lepidoptera such as the luna moth, atlas moth, and cecropia moth. Adults are medium to very large with wingspans of 7.5–15 cm or more, and are characterized by prominent eyespots on their wings—some with realistic eye-like markings, others with crescent moon or angular shapes, or transparent windows where scales are reduced. Adults lack functional mouthparts and do not feed, living 5–12 days on fat reserves accumulated as larvae. The subfamily is divided into five tribes: Attacini, Bunaeini, Micragonini, Saturniini, and Urotini. Saturniinae is an important source of wild silk and human food in many cultures.
Scaphinotus aeneicollis
Coppery-collared Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus aeneicollis, commonly known as the coppery-collared snail-eating beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is a member of the Carabinae subfamily, which includes large predatory beetles often called 'snail hunters' or 'caterpillar hunters.' The species is restricted to the southern Appalachian region of North America, specifically in coniferous forest habitats in North Carolina. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal.
Scaphinotus angulatus
Angular Snail-eating Beetle, Angulate Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus angulatus is a large ground beetle in the subfamily Carabinae, commonly known as the angular snail-eating beetle. It is a specialist predator of snails, possessing elongated mandibles adapted for extracting prey from shells. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal. The species is restricted to temperate coniferous rainforests of the Pacific Northwest.
Scaphinotus angusticollis
Narrow-collared Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus angusticollis is a large ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the narrow-collared snail-eating beetle. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), gregarious, and nocturnal. The species exhibits regional color polymorphism, with individuals appearing in dark black or deep red morphs. It has been observed preying on snails, slugs, earthworms, and spiders.
Scaphinotus behrensi
Behrens' Snail-eating Beetle, Behren's snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus behrensi is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as Behrens' Snail-eating Beetle. It is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of the United States, occurring in California and Oregon. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, inhabiting temperate coniferous rainforests. The species belongs to the tribe Cychrini, a group of large carabid beetles known as 'snail hunters' due to their specialized diet.
Scaphinotus bilobus
Bilobed Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus bilobus, commonly known as the bilobed snail-eating beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is a brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal predator specialized in feeding on snails. The species occurs across a broad swath of North America, ranging from eastern Canada through the Great Lakes region and into the north-central United States.
Scaphinotus cavicollis
Concave-collared Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus cavicollis is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the concave-collared snail-eating beetle. It is a member of the Cychrini tribe, a group of large, nocturnal carabids specialized for snail predation. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and flightless, and have been observed to be nocturnally active. The species occurs in coniferous forest habitats in the south-central United States.
Scaphinotus crenatus
Notched Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus crenatus, commonly known as the notched snail-eating beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is a member of the subfamily Carabinae, which includes the so-called "caterpillar hunters" and "snail hunters." This species is endemic to California, where it inhabits forested environments. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal in their activity patterns.
Scaphinotus elevatus
eastern snail eater, Large-thoraxed Snail-eating Beetle, elevated thorax snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus elevatus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the eastern snail eater. It is one of the larger carabid beetles in North America, with most individuals measuring at least 15 mm in length. The species belongs to the Carabinae subfamily, which includes the so-called 'caterpillar hunters' and 'snail hunters'—giant ground beetles closely related to tiger beetles. Six subspecies are recognized, distributed across eastern, central, and southwestern North America.
Scaphinotus guyotii
Guyot's Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus guyotii is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as Guyot's Snail-eating Beetle. It is a specialized snail predator found in the Appalachian region of eastern North America, inhabiting montane coniferous and mixed deciduous forests. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, reflecting adaptations to their forest floor habitat and predatory lifestyle. The species is named in honor of Arnold Henry Guyot, a 19th-century geographer and geologist.
Scaphinotus hubbardi
Hubbard's snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus hubbardi, commonly known as Hubbard's snail-eating beetle, is a flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae. The species is endemic to the southern Appalachian region of the eastern United States, where it inhabits coniferous forests. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, reflecting adaptations to their forest floor habitat. As a member of the tribe Cychrini, it is presumed to be a molluscivore, though direct dietary observations are limited.
Scaphinotus imperfectus
Imperfect Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus imperfectus, commonly known as the imperfect snail-eating beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae and suborder Adephaga. It is a member of the Cychrini tribe, which includes specialized snail-feeding beetles. The species is found in North America, specifically in the eastern United States including Maryland, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, inhabiting deciduous and coniferous forests and thickets along streams.
Scaphinotus johnsoni
Johnson's Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus johnsoni is a large ground beetle in the subfamily Carabinae, commonly known as the snail-eating beetles. It is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, where it inhabits coniferous forests in montane and subalpine zones. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), flightless, and nocturnal, with gregarious tendencies. As a member of the genus Scaphinotus, it is presumed to be a molluscivore, using its elongated jaws to extract snails from their shells.
Scaphinotus longiceps
Long-headed Snail-eating Beetle, Humboldt ground beetle
Scaphinotus longiceps is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the Long-headed Snail-eating Beetle or Humboldt ground beetle. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal. The species inhabits coastal temperate coniferous rainforests and mixed forests in California.
Scaphinotus marginatus
Margined Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus marginatus is a large, flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the margined snail-eating beetle. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, preying exclusively on snails and slugs. The species inhabits coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forests across western North America, typically near streams and lakes. It is distinguished from similar Scaphinotus species by subtle elytral margin characteristics and geographic distribution.
Scaphinotus oreophilus
mountain loving snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus oreophilus is a large ground beetle in the subfamily Carabinae, commonly known as the mountain loving snail-eating beetle. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), rendering them flightless. The species belongs to a group of "snail hunters" characterized by robust bodies and prominent, sculptured mandibles adapted for crushing mollusk shells. It occurs in montane regions of the western United States.
Scaphinotus parisiana
Ozark Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus parisiana, commonly known as the Ozark Snail-eating Beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is endemic to the Ozark region, specifically found in Arkansas within the Ouachita Mountains. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, inhabiting deciduous forest habitats. The species is one of the snail-eating beetles in the genus Scaphinotus, which are specialized predators of terrestrial mollusks.
Scaphinotus petersi petersi
Scaphinotus petersi petersi is a subspecies of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, subfamily Carabinae, and tribe Cychrini. Like other members of the genus Scaphinotus, it belongs to the group commonly known as 'snail hunters' or 'caterpillar hunters'—large, predatory ground beetles characterized by prominent mandibles. The species was described by Roeschke in 1907. It is currently accepted as valid and is recorded from the United States.
Scaphinotus punctatus
Punctate Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus punctatus is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the punctate snail-eating beetle. It is found in forests of Central America and western North America, including California and Baja California. Adults are nocturnal and brachypterous (short-winged). The species has been documented feeding on snails, caterpillars, berries, and other beetles.
Scaphinotus regularis
Measured Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus regularis, commonly known as the measured snail-eating beetle, is a large ground beetle in the family Carabidae. The species belongs to the nominate subfamily Carabinae, a group of "snail hunters" and "caterpillar hunters" characterized by their large size and powerful mandibles. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal. The species inhabits forest environments in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.
Scaphinotus relictus
Relic Snail-eating Beetle, rilictual snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus relictus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the Relic Snail-eating Beetle. This species is found in western North America, with records from Alberta and British Columbia in Canada southward through Idaho, Montana, Washington, and California in the United States. It inhabits deciduous, mixed, and coniferous forest habitats. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal in their activity patterns.
Scaphinotus riversi
Rivers' snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus riversi, commonly known as Rivers' snail-eating beetle, is a flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae. The species is endemic to California, where it inhabits forested environments. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and exhibit nocturnal activity patterns. As a member of the genus Scaphinotus, it is presumed to be a molluscivore, feeding on snails and slugs, though direct dietary observations for this specific species are not documented.
Scaphinotus rugiceps
wrinkle-headed snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus rugiceps is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Adults are notably brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, inhabiting mixed and coniferous forests in California and Oregon. The species belongs to the Cychrini tribe, commonly known as snail-eating beetles, reflecting their specialized predatory ecology.
Scaphinotus schwarzi
Schwarz's snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus schwarzi is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as Schwarz's snail-eating beetle. It is one of the "snail hunter" beetles in the nominate subfamily Carabinae, characterized by large size and specialized mandibular morphology adapted for predation on snails. The species is known from forest habitats in North Carolina. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal.
Scaphinotus striatopunctatus
Pore-winged Snail-eating Beetle
A species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the pore-winged snail-eating beetle. It is native to California in western North America, where it inhabits deciduous forests, canyons, and grassy knolls. Adults are distinctive for being brachypterous (short-winged), gregarious, and nocturnal in their activity patterns.
Scaphinotus subtilis
Slender Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus subtilis, commonly known as the slender snail-eating beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is endemic to California in North America. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, and the species is typically found near bodies of water.
Scaphinotus tenuis
Thin Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus tenuis, commonly known as the thin snail-eating beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North Carolina, USA, where it inhabits forest environments. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal in their activity pattern.
Scaphinotus tricarinatus
Three-ridged Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus tricarinatus, the three-ridged snail-eating beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is a member of the Carabinae subfamily and Cychrini tribe, placing it among the so-called 'snail-eating' beetles. The species is found in the southeastern United States, specifically in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, inhabiting forested areas often in ravines along streams.
Scaphinotus unistriatus
One-lined Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus unistriatus is a large, flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the one-lined snail-eating beetle. It is endemic to a restricted range in North Carolina, where it inhabits mixed forest habitats on slopes. Adults are nocturnal and brachypterous (short-winged), rendering them incapable of flight. Like other members of the genus Scaphinotus, it is specialized for predation on land snails, using its elongated head and jaws to extract prey from shells.
Scaphinotus ventricosus
potbellied snail-eating beetle, pot-bellied snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus ventricosus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the potbellied snail-eating beetle. It is native to western North America, with documented occurrence in California and Oregon. Adults are distinctive among ground beetles for their brachypterous (short-winged) condition, which renders them flightless. The species exhibits gregarious and nocturnal behavior. It inhabits deciduous forests and poison-oak thickets, where it presumably feeds on snails as suggested by its common name and the feeding habits of related species in the genus.
Scaphinotus violaceus
violet snail-eating beetle
Scaphinotus violaceus is a flightless ground beetle native to the southeastern United States. Adults are brachypterous and nocturnal, inhabiting deciduous and mixed forests. The species is one of several snail-eating beetles in the genus Scaphinotus.
Scarites subterraneus
Big-headed Ground Beetle, Pedunculate Ground Beetle, Tunneling Large Ground Beetle
Scarites subterraneus is a large ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the big-headed ground beetle. Adults measure 15.0–30.0 mm in length and possess distinctive large mandibles with two teeth, adapted for capturing and consuming prey. The species is native to the Caribbean, Central America, and North America, and has been introduced to Europe. It is primarily nocturnal, spending daylight hours concealed under logs, rocks, soil, and leaf litter. Molecular studies have identified two subspecies: S. subterraneus nebraskensis and S. subterraneus arkansensis.
Schinia arcigera
Arcigera Flower Moth
Schinia arcigera is a noctuid moth commonly known as the Arcigera Flower Moth. First described by Achille Guenée in 1852, this species is widely distributed across North America. The adult moths are active during late summer and early autumn, with flight periods varying by latitude. The larvae are specialized feeders on several species of asters and related plants in the family Asteraceae.
Schinia ferrisi
Schinia ferrisi is a noctuid moth described in 2004 by Pogue and Harp. The species is known from a restricted range in the southwestern United States, specifically southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Adults are active in September. As a member of the genus Schinia, it likely shares the group's characteristic association with specific host plants for larval development, though direct observations of this species' biology remain limited.
Schinia meadi
Mead's Flower Moth
Schinia meadi is a small noctuid moth of western North America, described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 24 mm and are active from June to July. The species belongs to the flower moth genus Schinia, whose larvae typically feed on flowers and seed pods of their host plants.
Schinia rivulosa
Ragweed Flower Moth
Schinia rivulosa, the ragweed flower moth, is a small noctuid moth found across much of North America. It is univoltine, with one generation per year, and is tightly associated with ragweed (Ambrosia) as a larval host. Adults are active from July to October and are often observed visiting flowers for nectar.
Schinia trifascia
Three-lined Flower Moth
Schinia trifascia, commonly known as the three-lined flower moth, is a small noctuid moth with a wingspan of 20–31 mm. Adults are active from July to October and have one generation per year. The species is notable for its close association with specific host plants in the aster family, with larvae feeding on Brickellia, Eupatorium, and Liatris.
Schinia varix
Schinia varix is a small noctuid moth described in 2003, notable for its striking sexual dimorphism in forewing coloration. Males display bright yellow forewings with dark purple bands, while females have darker forewings with similar patterning. The species is restricted to a narrow range in the south-central United States. Despite being collected as early as 1944, its formal description was delayed for nearly six decades.
Sciopithes obscurus
obscure root weevil
Sciopithes obscurus, commonly known as the obscure root weevil, is a broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. Adults are nocturnal foliage feeders that sometimes remain in vegetation during daylight hours, an atypical behavior among weevils. The species is considered an agricultural pest in the Pacific Northwest, particularly affecting rhododendrons and strawberries. Larvae feed on roots after hatching, with one generation produced annually.
Sclerocona acutellus
Thatch Pearl
Sclerocona acutellus, known as the Thatch Pearl, is the sole species in the genus Sclerocona within the grass moth family Crambidae. Native to the Palearctic region, it has established populations in eastern North America as an introduced species. The species is associated with thatch and grassy habitats. Adults are active during the warmer months and are attracted to light.
Scolecocampa liburna
Dead-wood Borer, Deadwood Borer Moth
Scolecocampa liburna is a moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as the dead-wood borer. The species was described by Carl Geyer in 1837. Adults have a wingspan of 35–43 mm. The larvae develop inside fallen dead wood of various hardwood trees.
Scolopendra polymorpha
Common Desert Centipede, Tiger Centipede, Banded Desert Centipede, Sonoran Desert Centipede, Multicolored Centipede
Scolopendra polymorpha is a large centipede species native to arid regions of western North America. Adults typically measure 10–18 cm in body length. The species exhibits highly variable coloration, with common forms showing a dark brown to black body with yellow legs and orange to red head, though some populations display entirely blue coloration with indigo stripes. It is primarily nocturnal and has been documented to exhibit cannibalistic behavior. The venom contains bioactive peptides with demonstrated antimicrobial properties against human pathogens.
Scolopendridae
Scolopendrid Centipedes
Scolopendridae is a family of large centipedes in the order Scolopendromorpha. Members are characterized by having 21 pairs of legs in most species, with rare exceptions showing 23, 39, or 43 leg pairs. The family includes notable amphibious species and exhibits considerable diversity in eye morphology, with most species possessing four ocelli per side but some being completely eyeless. Several species show sexual dimorphism in venom composition.
Scolopocryptops spinicaudus
Thorn-tailed Bark Centipede
Scolopocryptops spinicaudus is a centipede species first described by Wood in 1862. It belongs to the family Scolopocryptopidae within the order Scolopendromorpha. The species is known by the common name Thorn-tailed Bark Centipede and has been recorded across North America and parts of southern Asia including Japan. It is one of the more frequently observed centipedes in its range, with over 1,500 citizen science observations documented.
Scoparia biplagialis
Double-striped Scoparia Moth
Scoparia biplagialis, known as the double-striped scoparia moth, is a small crambid moth first described by Francis Walker in 1866. The species is characterized by its small size, with forewings measuring 6–8 mm in length. It exhibits a broad distribution across North America, ranging from Alaska and Canada through much of the contiguous United States. Adults are active during summer months, with flight records from June to August.
Scoparia penumbralis
Dark Brown Scoparia Moth, dark-brown scoparia moth
Scoparia penumbralis is a small crambid moth described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1906. It is known from eastern and central North America, with records spanning from Alabama and the Carolinas north to Newfoundland, and west to Minnesota and Wisconsin. The species has a wingspan of approximately 12 mm and adults are active from May through September.
Scoparia rigidalis
Scoparia rigidalis is a small moth in the family Crambidae, described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1912. The species is known from Arizona in North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 22 mm and are active from August to September. The forewings display distinctive purplish-brown coloration with contrasting pale markings.
Scopula inductata
Soft-lined Wave, soft-lined wave moth
Scopula inductata, commonly known as the soft-lined wave, is a moth in the family Geometridae described by Achille Guenée in 1857. It occurs across North America east of the Rocky Mountains, with adults active from July to September. The species has a wingspan of 20–25 mm and exhibits the characteristic 'wave' pattern typical of its genus.
Scopula junctaria
Simple Wave
Scopula junctaria, commonly known as the simple wave, is a moth species in the family Geometridae. First described by Francis Walker in 1861, it is widely distributed across northern North America, occurring throughout Canada and extending southward into the northern United States. Adults are active from late May through August, with a single generation per year. The species is characterized by its relatively small size and distinctive wing pattern.
Scorpiones
scorpions
Scorpiones is an ancient order of predatory arachnids, representing the oldest known terrestrial metazoans with fossil records dating back approximately 435 million years. Members are characterized by a pair of large pedipalps modified into grasping pincers, four pairs of walking legs, and a segmented metasoma (tail) terminating in a telson bearing a venomous stinger. Scorpions are the only arachnids that give birth to live young, with females carrying offspring on their backs until their first molt. They exhibit a unique ability to fluoresce under ultraviolet light due to fluorescent compounds in their exoskeletons.
Scotoleon nigrescens
Scotoleon nigrescens is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae, order Neuroptera. It was described by Stange in 1970. Antlions in the genus Scotoleon are found in North America, and adults are characterized by their delicate, lacy wings and cryptic coloration that allows them to blend seamlessly against vegetation. The larvae are predatory, living in soil or sand and feeding on small insects.
Scotophaeus blackwalli
Mouse Spider
Scotophaeus blackwalli, commonly called the mouse spider, is a ground-dwelling spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It is native to Europe, the Caucasus, Turkey, and Iran, and has been introduced to North America, Peru, and Hawaii. The species is nocturnal and does not build webs for prey capture, instead hunting actively or scavenging opportunistically. It is frequently found in and around human dwellings, particularly in Britain during autumn.
Scudderia
Scudder's Bush Katydids, bush katydids
Scudderia is a genus of bush katydids in the subfamily Phaneropterinae, established by Stål in 1873. Species in this genus are medium-sized insects, 30–40 mm in length, with a transcontinental distribution across North America. They are herbivorous, feeding on flowers as nymphs and woody deciduous plants as adults. Several species are economically significant as pests in citrus orchards and stone fruit production, particularly Scudderia furcata, the fork-tailed bush katydid. Males produce species-specific calling songs using file-and-scraper structures on their forewings, and species identification typically requires examination of the male supra-anal plate morphology.
Scudderia pistillata
Broad-winged Bush Katydid
Scudderia pistillata is a species of bush katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, commonly known as the broad-winged bush katydid. It is native to North America and is one of eight recognized species in the genus Scudderia found in the United States and southern Canada. Like other bush katydids, it is primarily nocturnal and well-camouflaged in vegetation.
Scudderia septentrionalis
Northern Bush Katydid
Scudderia septentrionalis, the northern bush katydid, is a phaneropterine katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is found in North America. Like other Scudderia species, it is a bush-dwelling katydid with males that produce species-specific songs to attract mates. The species can be difficult to distinguish from congeners without examination of male genitalic structures.
Scutigera coleoptrata
House Centipede, Thousand-legger
Scutigera coleoptrata, commonly known as the house centipede, is a fast-moving predatory centipede native to the Mediterranean region that has become cosmopolitan through human commerce. Adults possess 15 pairs of extremely long, delicate legs and well-developed faceted eyes—unusual traits among centipedes. They are synanthropic, thriving in human dwellings where they hunt household arthropods. Despite their alarming appearance and speed, they pose minimal threat to humans and are considered beneficial predators of pests.
Scutigeridae
house centipedes, typical house centipedes
Scutigeridae is a family of centipedes commonly known as house centipedes, characterized by their synanthropic habits and frequent association with human dwellings. The family includes well-known species such as Scutigera coleoptrata and Allothereua maculata, which have been anthropogenically introduced worldwide. Members of this family are fast-moving predators with elongated legs adapted for rapid locomotion. The family comprises approximately 25 genera, with fossil evidence dating to the Early Cretaceous.
Scytodes fusca
dark common spitting spider, brown spitting spider
Scytodes fusca is a cosmopolitan spitting spider in the family Scytodidae, native to Central and South America but introduced worldwide. It is notable for exhibiting social behavior unusual among spiders, including tolerance of conspecifics and communal living. The species hunts by projecting sticky venom from its fangs to immobilize prey, a distinctive trait of the Scytodidae family.
Scytodes globula
Chilean tiger spider, araña tigre, long-legged spider, spitting spider
Scytodes globula is a predatory spitting spider (family Scytodidae) native to South America. It is notable for its distinctive hunting method: projecting an extremely sticky substance from enlarged venom glands to immobilize prey. The species has gained recognition as a documented predator of the medically significant Chilean recluse spider (Loxosceles laeta), though experimental evidence indicates predation success varies with prey behavior. It is primarily nocturnal and commonly associated with human dwellings.
Selenophorus breviusculus
Selenophorus breviusculus is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by George Henry Horn in 1880. It belongs to the genus Selenophorus, a group of nocturnal, soil-dwelling beetles commonly known as false bombardier beetles. The species is recorded from the United States.
Selenophorus chaparralus
Selenophorus chaparralus is a ground beetle species described by Purrington in 2000. It belongs to the genus Selenophorus, a group of nocturnal ground beetles within the family Carabidae. The species epithet 'chaparralus' suggests an association with chaparral vegetation, a type of Mediterranean scrubland found in parts of western North America. As a recently described species with limited observation records, much of its biology remains undocumented.
Selenophorus concinnus
Selenophorus concinnus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It was described by Schaeffer in 1910. The species is found in North America, with records from the United States. As a member of the genus Selenophorus, it belongs to a group of nocturnal ground beetles often associated with sandy or disturbed habitats.
Selenophorus discopunctatus
Selenophorus discopunctatus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, first described by Dejean in 1829. The species has been recorded in both North America and parts of South America and the Caribbean, though published sources conflict on its precise range. It belongs to the genus Selenophorus, a group of nocturnal ground beetles characterized by their fossorial (burrowing) adaptations. Available documentation is limited, with few observational records.
Selenophorus fatuus
Selenophorus fatuus is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by LeConte in 1863 under the basionym Harpalus fatuus. It belongs to the genus Selenophorus, a group of small to medium-sized carabid beetles. The species is known from North America, with records from the United States. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a nocturnal ground-dwelling beetle.
Selenophorus fossulatus
A ground beetle species in the genus Selenophorus, characterized by fossulate (grooved) elytra. The species is part of a diverse genus of nocturnal ground beetles. Observations are sparse, with limited ecological documentation.
Selenophorus hylacis
Selenophorus hylacis is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It was described by Thomas Say in 1823. The species occurs in North America, with records from both the United States and Canada. Like other members of its genus, it is a nocturnal ground-dwelling beetle.
Selenophorus mexicanus
Selenophorus mexicanus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, described by Putzeys in 1878. It belongs to the genus Selenophorus, a group of nocturnal carabid beetles commonly known as false bombardier beetles or night-stalking tiger beetles. The species is native to Central America and southern Mexico.
Selenophorus palliatus
Selenophorus palliatus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is a nocturnal, flightless beetle distributed across North America, the Bahamas, and Mexico. The species is one of approximately 170 described species in the genus Selenophorus, which is characterized by species adapted to running on the ground surface.
Selenophorus pedicularius
Selenophorus pedicularius is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, described by Dejean in 1829. It occurs in Central America and North America, including Canada and the United States. As a member of the genus Selenophorus, it belongs to a group of nocturnal ground beetles often associated with sandy or disturbed habitats. The species is documented in both scientific collections and citizen science observations, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
Selenops
Flatties, Crescent-eyed Spiders, Wall Crab Spiders
Selenops is a genus of spiders in the family Selenopidae, commonly known as "flatties" due to their extremely flattened bodies. The genus comprises approximately 132 species distributed across arid and semi-arid regions worldwide, including the southwestern United States, Florida, the Caribbean, and tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. These spiders are notable for being the first documented arachnids capable of controlled gliding when falling, using their flattened bodies and laterigrade legs to steer toward tree trunks rather than falling to the ground. They exhibit some of the fastest turning movements recorded in terrestrial legged animals when attacking prey from behind.
Selenops submaculosus
flatty
Selenops submaculosus is a species of wall crab spider in the family Selenopidae, commonly known as a "flatty." It exhibits the characteristic extremely flattened body and laterigrade leg posture typical of the family. The species occurs in the southeastern United States, the Bahamas, Cuba, and the Cayman Islands. Like other selenopids, it is nocturnal and typically found on vertical surfaces.
Selonodon ferrugineus
Selonodon ferrugineus is a species of click beetle in the family Cebrionidae, described as new to science from Georgia, United States. It was formally recognized in a 2004 revision of the genus Selonodon that described 17 new species from the southern United States. The species epithet 'ferrugineus' (rust-colored) likely refers to its coloration. Like other cebrionids, adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Selonodon papillatus
Selonodon papillatus is a species of click beetle in the family Cebrionidae, described as new to science in a 2001 revision of the genus Selonodon. It is one of 17 new species described from the southern United States in this taxonomic work. The species is known from Tennessee and belongs to one of six recognized species groups within the genus based on cladistic analysis. Like other cebrionids, adults are likely nocturnal and males possess distinctive morphological features used in species identification.
Semanotus amplus
Semanotus amplus is a species of longhorned beetle (family Cerambycidae) in the tribe Callidiini. It is a wood-boring beetle associated with coniferous hosts, particularly junipers. The species was described by Casey in 1912 and is known from western North America. Field observations indicate it infests living or recently dead wood, with larvae creating galleries in the sapwood. Adults have been encountered at night on host tree trunks.
Serradigitus
Sawfinger Scorpions
Serradigitus is a genus of small scorpions in the family Vaejovidae, commonly known as sawfinger scorpions. The genus contains more than 25 described species distributed across arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. These scorpions are lithophilous, inhabiting rocky crevices and stone habitats. The venom of Serradigitus gertschi has been characterized through transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, revealing a complex mixture of ion channel toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive peptides.
Serradigitus joshuaensis
Serradigitus joshuaensis is a small scorpion in the family Vaejovidae, described from specimens collected near Joshua Tree, California. The species belongs to a genus characterized by serrated tarsal claws, a trait reflected in the name Serradigitus. It inhabits arid regions of the southwestern United States and is one of several species in this genus adapted to desert environments.
Shelfordella
Turkestan cockroach, red runner cockroach, rusty red cockroach
Shelfordella is a genus of cockroaches in the family Blattidae, with Shelfordella lateralis being the most widely documented species. The genus is native to regions from northern Africa through Central Asia. S. lateralis has become an established invasive species in North America since 1978, particularly in California and Texas, where it has displaced the oriental cockroach in many areas. The species is primarily outdoor-dwelling but occasionally enters structures through sewers and drains.
Shelfordella lateralis
Turkestan cockroach, red runner cockroach, rusty red cockroach
Shelfordella lateralis, commonly known as the Turkestan cockroach, is an invasive cockroach species native to Central Asia that has established populations in the southwestern United States, Europe, and other regions. It is primarily an outdoor species that inhabits water meter boxes, concrete cracks, compost piles, leaf litter, and sewer systems. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism: males are winged and capable of flight, while females have reduced wings. S. lateralis is displacing the oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) in many areas of California and the southwestern U.S. due to faster maturation and higher reproductive output. It has become a significant urban pest in some regions and carries antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, raising public health concerns.
Silphidae
carrion beetles, burying beetles, large carrion beetles, sexton beetles
Silphidae is a family of beetles commonly known as carrion beetles or burying beetles, comprising approximately 183 species in two tribes: Silphini and Nicrophorini. Members feed primarily on decaying organic matter, particularly animal carcasses, with some species exhibiting specialized behaviors such as burying small carcasses and providing parental care. The family has forensic importance due to predictable colonization patterns on human remains. Silphidae are most diverse in temperate regions, with flight capability varying among species and correlated with food source type.
Sirthenea
corsairs
Sirthenea is a cosmopolitan genus of assassin bugs (Reduviidae: Peiratinae) comprising at least 40 described species. It is distinguished from other Peiratinae by an elongated body, triangular anteocular head, shortened rounded femora, and the absence of fossa spongiosa on medial tibiae (except in S. laevicollis). The genus has a nearly global distribution spanning Afrotropical, Oriental, Palearctic, Oceanian, and Australian regions, with representatives occurring on almost all continents. Sirthenea species are ground-dwelling, nocturnal predators that prey on other insects.
Smeringopus
cellar spiders
Smeringopus is a genus of cellar spiders (family Pholcidae) comprising 55 species, making it the most species-rich pholcid genus in Africa. First described by Eugène Simon in 1890, the genus is largely restricted to central, southern, and eastern Africa, though some species occur in South America, Asia, Australia, and Pacific Islands. Members include some of the largest and most conspicuous pholcid spiders in their range. The genus is divided into twelve operational species groups based on morphological and geographic patterns. Smeringopus is the sister taxon to the western and central African genus Smeringopina.
Smeringurus vachoni
Vachon's Hairy Scorpion, Vachon's Sand Scorpion
Smeringurus vachoni is a small to medium-sized burrowing scorpion endemic to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Formerly classified in Paruroctonus, it was reassigned to Smeringurus based on morphological and genetic studies. This psammophilic (sand-dwelling) species constructs shallow burrows in loose sandy substrates and is primarily nocturnal. It is distinguished by its densely setose (hairy) pedipalps and metasoma, an adaptation for sensory function in sandy environments.
Smeringurus vachoni immanis
Smeringurus vachoni immanis is a subspecies of scorpion in the family Vaejovidae, native to the southwestern United States. It belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive metasomal (tail) morphology. The subspecies designation indicates geographic or morphological differentiation from the nominate form S. vachoni vachoni. Like other members of Smeringurus, it is adapted to arid environments and exhibits fossorial or nocturnal habits typical of desert scorpions.
Smerinthus
Eyed Hawkmoths
Smerinthus is a Holarctic genus of hawkmoths in the family Sphingidae, containing approximately 12 recognized species. Adults are characterized by prominent eyespots on the hindwings and forewing patterns that resemble dried leaves. Adults possess reduced or absent mouthparts and do not feed. Larvae feed on a variety of host plants in the families Salicaceae and possibly others.
Smerinthus cerisyi
One-eyed Sphinx, Cerisy's Sphinx
Smerinthus cerisyi is a sphinx moth in the family Sphingidae, recognized by the single prominent eyespot on each hindwing. The species is univoltine, with adults active throughout summer. Adults do not feed. Larvae feed on willow, poplar, pear, plum, and snowberry. The species was first described by William Kirby in 1837 and named in honor of Alexandre Louis Lefèbvre de Cérisy.
Smerinthus jamaicensis
Twin-spotted Sphinx
Smerinthus jamaicensis, commonly known as the Twin-spotted Sphinx, is a moth in the family Sphingidae. It is widely distributed across North America, ranging from the Yukon southward throughout most of the continent, though absent from the southern half of western California. The species belongs to a genus of sphinx moths characterized by their robust bodies and distinctive wing patterns.
Smerinthus ophthalmica
Western Eyed Sphinx
Smerinthus ophthalmica is a sphinx moth (family Sphingidae) found in western North America. Originally described by Boisduval in 1855, it was long treated as a synonym or subspecies of S. cerisyi until elevated to full species status in 2010 based on morphological and genetic differences. It is distinguished from S. cerisyi by a pale brown phenotype, less scalloped forewing margins, smoother postmedian lines, sharper antemedian line angle, and narrower male antennal serrations. The species is known to lay eggs readily on illuminated sheets during moth-attracting events.
Smodicum
Smodicum is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) in the tribe Smodicini, subfamily Cerambycinae. The genus was established by Haldeman in 1847. Species in this genus are attracted to ethanol-based baits and have been documented in blacklight collections in riparian woodland habitats. One species, Smodicum cucujiforme, has been recorded from northwestern Oklahoma.
Smodicum cucujiforme
Flat Oak Borer
Smodicum cucujiforme, commonly known as the Flat Oak Borer, is a species of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was first described by Thomas Say in 1826, originally placed in the genus Callidium. The species is known from North and South America, with records from the United States, Canada (Ontario), and Argentina. It is attracted to ultraviolet and mercury-vapor lights, and has been captured in baited jug traps using ethanol and wine mixtures.
Socalchemmis miramar
false wolf spider, wandering spider
Socalchemmis miramar is a species of spider in the family Zoropsidae, described by Platnick and Ubick in 2001. It belongs to a group commonly referred to as false wolf spiders or wandering spiders. The species is known from the United States, with records indicating a distribution in southern California. As a member of Zoropsidae, it represents part of a family of spiders that are generally ground-dwelling and nocturnal hunters.
Solifugae
solifuges, camel spiders, sun spiders, wind scorpions, solpugids
Solifugae is an order of arachnids comprising over 1,200 described species in approximately 147 genera and 16 families. These animals are neither true spiders nor scorpions, though they share superficial similarities with both. They are characterized by exceptional speed, large powerful chelicerae used for predation and stridulation, and a preference for arid habitats. The order is divided into two suborders: Australosolifugae (predominantly Southern Hemisphere) and Boreosolifugae (predominantly Northern Hemisphere).
Spaelotis quadricava
Spaelotis quadricava is a species of noctuid moth described by J. Donald Lafontaine in 1998. It belongs to the genus Spaelotis, a group of ground-dwelling owlet moths within the subfamily Noctuinae. The species is known from North America. Like other members of its genus, it is likely nocturnal and associated with terrestrial habitats.
Sphaeroderus bicarinatus
Two-ridged False Snail-eating Beetle
Sphaeroderus bicarinatus is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the two-ridged false snail-eating beetle. It is a brachypterous, mostly nocturnal predator found in forested habitats of the southeastern United States. Despite its common name, it has been observed preying on snails as well as Lepidoptera caterpillars and pupae.
Sphinx dollii
Doll's Sphinx, Doll's Sphinx Moth
Sphinx dollii is a medium-sized sphinx moth (Sphingidae) native to arid regions of the southwestern United States. Adults have a wingspan of 45–63 mm and are active from June to August. The species is univoltine, with larvae feeding exclusively on Juniperus species.
Sphinx perelegans
elegant sphinx
Sphinx perelegans, the elegant sphinx, is a large hawkmoth species native to western North America. Adults are active from April to September and are nocturnal, attracted to light. The larvae feed on a variety of woody plants including Arctostaphylos, Prunus, and Symphoricarpos species.
Sphinx sequoiae
Sequoia Sphinx
Sphinx sequoiae is a small sphinx moth native to western North America, ranging from Oregon through California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and into northern Baja California. It is the smallest species in its genus besides Sphinx dollii, with which it is sometimes confused despite occupying different geographic ranges. The species completes one generation annually, with adults active from May through August.
Spodolepis danbyi
Dog-face Geometer
Spodolepis danbyi, known as the Dog-face Geometer, is a species of geometrid moth in the subfamily Ennominae. It is a North American species first described by George D. Hulst in 1898. The common name refers to a distinctive facial marking pattern on the adult moth. The genus Spodolepis is small and poorly studied, with limited published information on its biology.
Spodolepis substriataria
Spodolepis substriataria is a North American geometrid moth first described by George D. Hulst in 1896. The species exhibits a broad transcontinental distribution spanning boreal and temperate regions from Alaska across Canada to the Atlantic coast, with southern extensions into the western United States. It belongs to the diverse subfamily Ennominae, a group commonly known as inchworm or spanworm moths due to their characteristic larval locomotion.
Spragueia cleta
Common Spragueia Moth
Spragueia cleta is a small moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as the Common Spragueia Moth. It belongs to the bird dropping moth group, a guild of species whose cryptic coloration mimics avian feces as a defense against predators. The species was described by Druce in 1889 and is found in North America.
Spragueia magnifica
magnificent bird dropping moth
Spragueia magnifica is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1883. It is one of approximately 20 species in the genus Spragueia, a group commonly known as bird dropping moths due to their resemblance to avian feces. The species occurs in North America and is assigned Hodges number 9121 in the North American Moth Photographers Group numbering system. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to be nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Stenelaphus
Stenelaphus is a monotypic genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) in the tribe Elaphidiini, containing a single species, Stenelaphus alienus. The genus was established by Linsley in 1936. Based on collection records from Arizona, adults have been observed at ultraviolet lights in montane canyon habitats during summer months, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns typical of many cerambycid beetles.
Stenelytrana gigas
Gigas Longhorn Beetle
Stenelytrana gigas is a species of flower longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae, found in North America. The species is characterized by its relatively large size among lepturine longhorns and its association with flowers as an adult. It belongs to a genus of flower-visiting cerambycids that are attracted to diverse floral resources. The species has been documented in both the United States and Mexico, with adults typically active during the warmer months. It is one of several Stenelytrana species in North America, distinguished by its size and morphological features.
Stenodontes chevrolati
Chevrolat's tropical long-horned beetle
Stenodontes chevrolati is a species of long-horned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Prioninae. It is one of the largest cerambycid species in North America, with males reaching substantial size. The species occurs in the Caribbean and southern North America, where adults are attracted to lights and have been documented in oak woodland habitats. Larval development occurs in living oak trees, with adults emerging after several years of subterranean feeding on roots.
Stenolophus binotatus
Stenolophus binotatus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae. It occurs in North America, with records from the United States. The species has been documented in blacklighting surveys in Kansas during early spring. It belongs to the genus Stenolophus, commonly known as seedcorn beetles.
Stenolophus incultus
Truckee Harp Ground Beetle
Stenolophus incultus is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, native to North America. The species has been documented in Canada and the United States. As a member of the genus Stenolophus, it belongs to a group commonly referred to as seedcorn beetles. The species is nocturnally active and has been recorded at artificial light sources.
Stenolophus lecontei
LeConte's Seedcorn Beetle
Stenolophus lecontei is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as LeConte's Seedcorn Beetle. It is distributed across North America, with records from both the United States and Canada. The species is closely related to Stenolophus comma, with which it shares the common name "seedcorn beetle" and similar ecological associations. Adults have been observed at blacklight in early spring, suggesting nocturnal activity patterns.
Stenolophus plebejus
Red-marked Harp Ground Beetle
Stenolophus plebejus is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the Red-marked Harp Ground Beetle. It is native to North America, with records from both the United States and Canada. The species belongs to the genus Stenolophus, a group of beetles often associated with moist habitats and frequently encountered in blacklighting surveys.
Stenolophus rugicollis
Stenolophus rugicollis is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by LeConte in 1859. The genus Stenolophus comprises small, often abundant beetles commonly known as seedcorn beetles due to their frequent occurrence in agricultural fields. Species in this genus are typically spring-active and readily attracted to lights at night. Stenolophus rugicollis is recorded from the United States.
Stenomorpha furcata
Stenomorpha furcata is a darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, subfamily Pimeliinae, tribe Asidini. Originally described by Champion in 1892, it was transferred to the genus Stenomorpha by Smith, Miller, and Wheeler in 2011 as part of a taxonomic revision that established the informal 'furcata species group' within Stenomorpha. This group comprises four species: S. furcata, S. roosevelti, S. wickhami, and S. granicollis. The species has been documented in Texas, USA, where it has been observed at night near blacklight setups in juniper chaparral habitat.
Stenomorpha muricatula
Stenomorpha muricatula is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, tribe Asidini. The genus Stenomorpha is large and taxonomically complex, with species distributed across arid and semi-arid regions of western North America, particularly the southwestern United States and Mexico. Members of this genus are generally flightless and associated with rocky or sandy habitats. The specific epithet "muricatula" suggests a rough or spiny surface texture. Like other Stenomorpha species, S. muricatula is likely nocturnal and cryptic in habit, with limited published information on its natural history.
Stenomorpha opaca
Stenomorpha opaca is a darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to North America. The species is moderately well-documented through observational records, with over 700 observations on iNaturalist. As a member of a large and diverse family of beetles, it occupies arid and semi-arid habitats. Specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Stenomorpha puncticollis
Stenomorpha puncticollis is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1866. It belongs to the tribe Cteniopodini within the subfamily Stenochiinae. The genus Stenomorpha comprises elongate, parallel-sided beetles distributed primarily in western North America. Observations of this species are relatively sparse, with 51 records documented on iNaturalist.
Stenomorpha rimata
Stenomorpha rimata is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, tribe Asidini. The genus Stenomorpha is large and taxonomically complex, historically containing 88 species with limited modern revision until recent work by Fran Keller and colleagues. S. rimata was described by LeConte in 1854. Species in this genus occur in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America and Mexico, with some flightless species restricted to specific mountain ranges.
Stenoporpia anellula
Stenoporpia anellula is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae. The species was described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1917. It belongs to a genus of moths commonly known as 'slant-lined' or 'porpia' moths, characterized by their relatively slender bodies and cryptic coloration. Like other members of Geometridae, adults are nocturnal and larvae are likely inchworm-type caterpillars with reduced prolegs.
Stenorhynchus seticornis
Yellowline Arrow Crab, Arrow Crab
Stenorhynchus seticornis is a marine crab commonly known as the yellowline arrow crab. It inhabits shallow subtidal zones of the western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina to Brazil. The species is recognized by its triangular body, elongated pointed rostrum, and long thin legs. It is nocturnal, territorial, and frequently associated with sea anemones, particularly Lebrunia danae.
Stenosini
darkling beetles
Stenosini is a tribe of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae, subfamily Pimeliinae) containing over 40 genera. Members are generally small-bodied and have a pantropical distribution. The tribe is characterized by specific morphological features including non-divided eyes and distinctive antennal proportions. Some species are associated with ants, rodent nests, and soil.
Sterrhinae
Waves and Mochas
Sterrhinae is a large subfamily of geometer moths (Geometridae) comprising approximately 3,000 described species, with exceptional diversity in the tropics decreasing toward higher latitudes and elevations. The subfamily was established by Edward Meyrick in 1892 and includes the taxonomically challenging genera Idaea and Scopula, which together account for more than half of all species. Members are commonly known as 'waves' due to their characteristic wing patterns. The group exhibits notable morphological synapomorphies including forewing areoles and specific venation patterns that distinguish it from other geometrid subfamilies.
Stizus brevipennis
Stizus brevipennis is a species of sand wasp in the family Crabronidae (formerly placed in Bembicidae). It was described by Walsh in 1869 and is found in North America. The species has been documented in at least 128 observations on iNaturalist and has been collected in fermenting bait traps in Missouri.
Strategus aloeus
ox beetle, Aloeus ox beetle
Strategus aloeus is a large rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, native to the Americas. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism and male polymorphism, with "major" males possessing three prominent thoracic horns resembling Triceratops, while "minor" males have reduced horns and females bear only a small horn used for digging. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights. The species has been documented as a significant pest of young oil palm crops in Latin America, where population dynamics are strongly influenced by plantation management practices.
Strategus antaeus
ox beetle, smooth ox beetle
Strategus antaeus, commonly known as the ox beetle or smooth ox beetle, is a large rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is the second largest beetle in eastern North America. The species occurs in xeric sand prairie remnants and is associated with oak trees, particularly Quercus marilandica (post oak). Live individuals are rarely encountered; carcass remnants are typically found at the base of host trees.
Strategus cessus
rhinoceros beetle
Strategus cessus is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Dynastinae. It belongs to a genus of large, horned scarabs found in the Americas. The species has been documented from the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Strategus mormon
Strategus mormon is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Dynastinae. It is a large scarab beetle native to the south-central United States. Like other members of its genus, males possess prominent cephalic and pronotal horns used in combat with other males. The species is primarily nocturnal and attracted to lights.
Strategus splendens
Splendid Ox Beetle
Strategus splendens is a large scarab beetle commonly known as the Splendid Ox Beetle. It belongs to the rhinoceros beetle subfamily Dynastinae, characterized by prominent horns in males. The species occurs in the southeastern United States, where it has been documented in sandy habitats and associated with oak woodlands. Adults are attracted to lights and are active during summer months.
Styracosceles
New Mexico camel cricket
Styracosceles is a genus of camel crickets in the family Rhaphidophoridae, established by Hubbell in 1936. The genus contains at least four described species distributed in western North America, including the New Mexico camel cricket (Styracosceles neomexicanus). These crickets are part of the subfamily Ceuthophilinae and are found in arid and semi-arid habitats.
Supella longipalpa
brown-banded cockroach, brownbanded cockroach, TV roach
Supella longipalpa, commonly known as the brown-banded cockroach, is a small synanthropic pest of presumed African origin that has become established in human-built structures worldwide. It is notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long, functional wings and are capable of flight, while females are broader with short, non-functional wings. The species completes its entire life cycle indoors and shows distinct behavioral preferences for warmer, drier locations compared to other domestic cockroaches, often inhabiting furniture, appliances, and upper wall areas.
Sylvanelater cylindriformis
Cylindrical Click Beetle
A click beetle species in the family Elateridae, distributed across eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights. The species is characterized by its cylindrical body form, as reflected in its specific epithet.
Symmetrischema tangolias
South American potato tuber moth, Andean potato tuber moth, tomato stemborer
Symmetrischema tangolias is a gelechiid moth native to the Andean region of South America that has become a globally significant agricultural pest. The species infests solanaceous crops, particularly potatoes and tomatoes, with larvae burrowing into stems, leaves, petioles, and tubers. It has established invasive populations in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Chile. The species is adapted to cooler temperatures than the related potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella, with optimal development occurring between 14–17°C.
Sympistis barnesii
Sympistis barnesii is a species of owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Smith in 1899. It belongs to the genus Sympistis, a group of moths characterized by their nocturnal habits and often cryptic coloration. The species has been documented in North America, with confirmed records from the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Manitoba.
Synchroidae
synchroa bark beetles
Synchroidae is a small family of tenebrionoid beetles containing three extant genera: Mallodrya (monotypic, North America), Synchroa (five species, North America and Asia), and Synchroina (two species, Oriental region). The family has been historically confused with Melandryidae but was established as independent based on larval morphology and adult characters. Members are elongate, slightly flattened beetles with brownish to black coloration, ranging 10–16 mm in length.
Synecdoche helenae
Synecdoche helenae is a species of planthopper in the family Achilidae, described by Van Duzee in 1918. As a member of the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, it belongs to a group of sap-feeding insects commonly attracted to light sources. The genus Synecdoche contains multiple species, with S. helenae being one of the named taxa within this primarily North American group.
Syngrapha abstrusa
Abstruse False Looper Moth, abstruse false looper
Syngrapha abstrusa is a noctuid moth described in 1978 from North American specimens. Adults are medium-sized with wingspans of 30–32 mm. Larvae are specialized feeders on conifer foliage, particularly spruce and pine species. The species exhibits a transcontinental northern distribution pattern.
Syngrapha rectangula
Salt-and-pepper Looper Moth, Salt and Pepper Looper, Angulated Cutworm
Syngrapha rectangula is a noctuid moth species found across northern North America, from eastern Canada through the Great Lakes region and westward to the Pacific Northwest. Adults are active during summer months, with larvae feeding on coniferous trees including balsam fir, western hemlock, white spruce, and Douglas-fir. The species exhibits two recognized subspecies with distinct geographic distributions.
Syspira
prowling spiders
Syspira is a genus of prowling spiders in the family Miturgidae, first described by Simon in 1895. These active, nocturnal hunters are characterized by their leggy appearance and body lengths of 10–18 mm. The genus occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean, with highest diversity in western North America. Taxonomic revision is ongoing, with species historically placed in Clubionidae and some specimens of S. pallida potentially belonging to the unrelated genus Zorocrates.
Syssphinx blanchardi
Syssphinx blanchardi is a species of giant silk moth in the family Saturniidae, described by Ferguson in 1971. The species belongs to a genus of smaller saturniids found in southwestern North America and Mexico. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light sources. Larvae feed on woody leguminous plants and pupate underground. The species is part of a taxonomically complex group that has historically been placed in the genus Sphingicampa.
Syssphinx hubbardi
Hubbard's Silk Moth, Hubbard's Silkmoth
Syssphinx hubbardi is a medium-sized giant silk moth in the family Saturniidae, with a wingspan of 56–76 mm. Adults are predominantly gray with bright pink hindwings that are exposed when the moth is startled. The species occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico, with one generation per year in most of its range, though Texas populations may produce multiple generations. Adults are active from June through September, with peak activity in July and August.
Syssphinx montana
Montana Silkmoth
Syssphinx montana is a silkmoth in the family Saturniidae. Adults have a wingspan of 62–82 mm, with males smaller than females. The species is found in Mexico and rarely in southeastern Arizona. Adults are active from mid-July to early August and do not feed. Larvae feed on several leguminous host plants.
Syssphinx raspa
Raspa Small Silkmoth
Syssphinx raspa is a small silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, native to North and Middle America. It is closely related to Hubbard's Silkmoth (Syssphinx hubbardi), with which it shares similar biology and appearance. The species has a wingspan of approximately 56-76 mm. Adults are primarily gray with bright pink hindwings that are exposed when startled. Like other Syssphinx species, the caterpillars feed on leguminous host plants and pupate underground.
Tanaoceridae
desert long-horned grasshoppers
Tanaoceridae is a small family of grasshoppers comprising two genera, Mohavacris and Tanaocerus. These insects are notable for their exceptionally long, thread-like antennae that equal or exceed body length, a trait unusual among Caelifera that can cause confusion with crickets (Ensifera). They are nocturnal, winter-active insects of arid regions, with apterous (wingless) bodies and cryptic coloration adapted to desert environments.
Tanaocerus
desert long-horned grasshoppers
Tanaocerus is a genus of desert-dwelling grasshoppers in the family Tanaoceridae, containing at least two described species: T. koebelei and T. rugosus. These insects are restricted to arid regions of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The genus is notable for its elongated antennae, a distinctive trait that separates it from most other grasshopper groups.
Tarache aprica
Exposed Bird Dropping Moth, Nun
Tarache aprica, commonly known as the exposed bird dropping moth, is a small noctuid moth native to North America. The species exhibits bird-dropping mimicry as a defensive strategy. Adults are active from March through September in southern portions of their range, with a reduced season in northern areas. The larvae feed specifically on Alcea rosea (hollyhock).
Tarache areloides
A small noctuid moth of the subfamily Acontiinae, first described from the southwestern United States in 1912. Adults have forewings 12–14 mm in length and are active from July through September. The species exhibits a distinctive bird-dropping mimicry coloration, a common defensive adaptation among acontiine moths.
Tarache tetragona
Four-spotted Bird-dropping Moth, four-spotted bird dropping moth
Tarache tetragona is a small noctuid moth commonly known as the four-spotted bird-dropping moth due to its resemblance to avian droppings. The species belongs to the subfamily Acontiinae and exhibits the typical bird-dropping mimicry common in this group. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species has been documented feeding on Malvaceae host plants during its larval stage.
Tathorhynchus exsiccata
Levant blackneck, Alfalfa Looper Moth
Tathorhynchus exsiccata is a moth species in the family Erebidae, known as the Levant blackneck. The nominate form occurs across the Canary Islands, North Africa, Tropical Asia, and Tropical Africa. It has been introduced to Dominica and Argentina. A distinct subspecies, T. e. fallax, occupies the northern half of Australia, Norfolk Island, and New Zealand.
Telegeusis
Telegeusis is a genus of beetles in the family Omethidae, previously classified in its own family Telegeusidae. The genus contains approximately 12 described species distributed in the southern United States, Mexico, and Panama. Adults of at least one species, T. texensis, exhibit nocturnal flight activity and are attracted to blacklight traps. The genus was established by George Henry Horn in 1895 with T. debilis as the type species.
Teminius
Teminius is a genus of spiders in the family Miturgidae, first described by Keyserling in 1887. The genus contains four recognized species distributed across the Americas, from the United States through Central America and the Caribbean to Argentina. Teminius species are long-legged wandering spiders that do not build permanent webs for prey capture.
Tetanolita mynesalis
Smoky Tetanolita, Smoky Tetanolita Moth
Tetanolita mynesalis, known as the smoky tetanolita, is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1859, it occurs in eastern North America with adults active from late spring through late autumn. The species is notable as a prey item of bolas spiders, which chemically mimic its female sex pheromones to attract males.
Tetracha
Metallic Tiger Beetles
Tetracha is a genus of metallic tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae, containing approximately 100 described species. The genus was formerly treated as a subgenus of Megacephala but was elevated to full generic status based on morphological and molecular evidence. Tetracha species are exclusively New World in distribution, contrasting with the Old World distribution of Megacephala. Four species occur in the United States: T. carolina, T. floridana, T. virginica, and T. impressa.
Tetracha
metallic tiger beetles
Tetracha is a genus of metallic tiger beetles in the subtribe Megacephalina, closely related to Megacephala. The genus was resurrected by Huber (1994) after nearly a century of being treated as a subgenus of Megacephala, and subsequently elevated to full generic status by Naviaux (2007). Species occur primarily in the Western Hemisphere from southern Mexico through Central America, northern South America, and the West Indies. Members are characterized by crepuscular and nocturnal activity patterns, metallic coloration, and relatively large eyes adapted for low-light vision.
Tetracha carolina
Carolina Metallic Tiger Beetle, Carolina Tiger Beetle
Tetracha carolina is a widely distributed tiger beetle species occurring across the southern United States, West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and western South America to Chile. Adults are strictly nocturnal, hiding during the day under cover objects such as irrigation pipes or in self-constructed burrows. The species has been observed to thrive in agricultural habitats, particularly in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain where it was once considered rare. It is one of four Tetracha species in the United States, distinguished from the similar T. floridana by purple or coppery reflections on the anteriolateral elytra and convergent anterior lobes of the apical lunules.
Tetracha floridana
Florida metallic tiger beetle, Florida big-headed tiger beetle
Tetracha floridana is a Florida endemic tiger beetle restricted to coastal salt marsh and mudflat habitats along the Gulf coast from Dixie County to the Florida Keys. Adults are strictly nocturnal and exhibit the characteristic metallic green to dark green elytra and enlarged head of the genus. The species was elevated from subspecies status in 2007 based on distinct morphological characters. Larvae inhabit burrows in dry ground adjacent to coastal marshes and can be distinguished from related genera by simple, thorn-like hooks on the fifth abdominal segment.
Tetracha virginica
Virginia Metallic Tiger Beetle, Virginia Big-headed Tiger Beetle
Tetracha virginica is a large, nocturnal tiger beetle with metallic green elytra lacking apical markings. It is the most widely distributed Tetracha species in the United States, occurring across the southern two-thirds of the eastern U.S. in diverse habitats including agricultural fields, bottomland forests, and barren clay soils. The species is strictly nocturnal and frequently encountered at building and street lights. Larvae are notable for their large size, white-margined pronotum, and simple thorn-like hooks on the fifth abdominal segment.
Tetropium undescribed
An undescribed species in the longhorned beetle genus Tetropium, collected during nocturnal fieldwork in ponderosa pine forest in southwestern Utah. The specimen was found on the trunk of a large, recently-dead ponderosa pine alongside other woodboring beetles including Arhopalus species and Trogossitidae. This represents one of numerous undescribed cerambycid species awaiting formal taxonomic description.
Tettigoniidae
katydids, bush crickets, long-horned grasshoppers
Tettigoniidae is a large family of orthopteran insects containing over 8,000 described species, commonly known as katydids in North America and bush crickets in the United Kingdom. The family is the only extant member of the superfamily Tettigonioidea within the suborder Ensifera. Members are characterized by extremely long, thread-like antennae that often exceed body length, distinguishing them from true grasshoppers. The family exhibits remarkable diversity in size, ranging from 5 mm to 130 mm, and occupies varied habitats from tropical rainforests to temperate grasslands across all continents except Antarctica.
Thalycra
Thalycra is a genus of sap-feeding beetles in the family Nitidulidae, established by Erichson in 1843. The genus contains at least 20 described species. These beetles are attracted to lights at night and are associated with fermenting plant materials.
Thalycra concolor
Thalycra concolor is a species of sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. The species was described by LeConte in 1850 and is known from western and central North America. Like other members of the genus Thalycra, it is attracted to lights at night and associated with fermenting plant materials.
Thecesternus
bison dung weevils, bison snout beetles
Thecesternus is a genus of flightless, nocturnal broad-nosed weevils comprising approximately seven described species. These small beetles, measuring about six millimeters in length, are known for their truncated rostrum and habit of sheltering under bison dung in grassland habitats. The genus has been studied primarily through *T. hirsutus*, which was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for the invasive weed *Parthenium hysterophorus*.
Thecesternus hirsutus
bison dung weevil, bison snout beetle
Thecesternus hirsutus is a small, flightless weevil in the family Curculionidae, native to North America. It was first described by Pierce in 1909 and gained scientific attention through evaluation as a potential biological control agent for Parthenium hysterophorus in Australia. The species is nocturnal, spends winter as larvae underground feeding on plant roots, and is known for its cryptic appearance and death-feigning behavior when disturbed.
Thecesternus humeralis
Thecesternus humeralis is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae, described by Say in 1826. It is one of seven species in the genus Thecesternus, commonly known as "bison dung weevils" or "bison snout beetles" due to their historical association with seeking shelter under bison dung. The species is found in North America and shares the genus-wide traits of being small, flightless, nocturnal, and cryptic.
Thecesternus maculosus
bison dung weevil, bison snout beetle
Thecesternus maculosus is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is one of seven species in the genus Thecesternus, collectively known as "bison dung weevils" or "bison snout beetles" for their historical association with bison dung as daytime shelter. The species is found in North America, particularly in the central and eastern United States and adjacent Canada. Like other members of its genus, it is nocturnal, flightless, and cryptic in appearance.
Thelyphonidae
whipscorpions, vinegaroons, whip-scorpions
Thelyphonidae is the sole family of the arachnid order Uropygi (Thelyphonida), containing approximately 140 described species in 25 genera (16 extant, 9 fossil). Members are commonly known as whipscorpions or vinegaroons due to their whip-like flagellum and defensive secretion of acetic acid. The family is divided into four subfamilies: Hypoctoninae, Mastigoproctinae, Thelyphoninae, and Typopeltinae. Despite their conspicuous appearance and wide tropical distribution, systematic knowledge of the group has advanced slowly.
Thera
Thera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae, established by Stephens in 1831. The genus comprises numerous species distributed primarily across the Northern Hemisphere. Thera moths are small to medium-sized geometrids with relatively broad wings and cryptic coloration patterns. Larvae typically feed on coniferous trees, making several species economically significant as forest pests.
Thermobia domestica
Firebrat
Thermobia domestica, commonly known as the firebrat, is a small hexapod in the order Zygentoma, closely related to silverfish. It is distinguished by its preference for hot environments, particularly steam-heated buildings and boiler rooms. The species exhibits pheromone-mediated aggregation behavior requiring physical contact for recognition. It feeds on carbohydrates, especially starchy materials, and can be a minor pest in libraries and storage facilities.
Thinopinus pictus
Pictured Rove Beetle
Thinopinus pictus is a wingless rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) endemic to sandy beaches along the Pacific coast of North America from southern Alaska to Baja California. Both larvae and adults are strictly nocturnal predators that emerge from temporary sand burrows at night to hunt beach hoppers (Orchestoidea). The species exhibits limited dispersal and predictable emergence patterns tied to tidal cycles, with populations forming a 15–30 meter wide band that shifts seaward during neap tides and landward during spring tides.
Thyce
May beetles, junebugs
Thyce is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as May beetles or junebugs. The genus contains at least two described species: Thyce deserta and Thyce squamicollis. These beetles belong to the subfamily Melolonthinae, a diverse group of scarabs whose larvae typically develop in soil. Species in this genus are native to North America.
Tigrinestola
Tigrinestola is a genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lamiinae, tribe Desmiphorini. It was established by Breuning in 1949 and contains two described species: T. howdeni and T. tigrina. The genus is known from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Tigrinestola tigrina has been documented from oak woodlands in southeastern Arizona, where it has been collected at light and by beating dead oak branches.
Tigrosa helluo
Wetland Giant Wolf Spider
Tigrosa helluo is a medium-sized wolf spider (Lycosidae) native to North America, formerly classified as Hogna helluo. Adults average approximately 17 mm in body length, with females larger than males. The species is distinguished by a brown carapace with a prominent yellow stripe extending from the anterior eyes down the cephalothorax, and black spots on the underside of the abdomen. It inhabits diverse environments including woods, marshes, fields, and riparian areas, with a preference for wetter habitats. The spider is nocturnal, solitary, and an active hunter that does not build webs for prey capture.
Timema
Timemas
Timema is a genus of small, wingless stick insects representing the sole extant member of the family Timematidae and suborder Timematodea. Native to mountainous regions of western North America, these insects are considered the sister group to all other stick insects, making them evolutionarily significant as a basal lineage. The genus exhibits remarkable diversity in reproductive mode, with five of twenty-one species being parthenogenetic, including two species that have reproduced asexually for over one million years—the longest known asexual period for any insect. Timema species display sophisticated cryptic coloration matching their host plants, with color morphs including green, gray, brown, and striped variants that have been extensively studied as models for ecological speciation and natural selection.
Timema boharti
Bohart's timema
Timema boharti is a small walkingstick species in the family Timematidae, endemic to California. It inhabits xeric pinyon-juniper woodland with chaparral intrusions at elevations around 915 m. The species exhibits two distinct colour morphs—greyish and green—with assortative mating by colour phase. It is nocturnal and has been collected in late April, with both mating pairs and late-instar nymphs observed. Like other Timema species, it is wingless and feeds on host plants within its specialized habitat.
Timema poppense
Pope Valley Timema
Timema poppense is a small walkingstick insect endemic to California, originally described from a nature reserve in Pope Valley in 1999. It belongs to the family Timematidae, a basal lineage of stick insects characterized by reduced wings and nocturnal habits. The species name was corrected from the original "poppensis" to "poppense" to match the neuter gender of the genus Timema per ICZN rules.
Tinea dubiella
Buff Clothes Moth
Tinea dubiella is a small moth in the family Tineidae, commonly known as the Buff Clothes Moth. Native to Europe, it has established populations in New Zealand. Adults are nocturnal and active in mid-summer. The larvae feed on keratinous materials including wool, hides, furs, and feathers, and are often found in indoor environments such as barns and stables.
Tliltocatl
Red Rump Tarantula (for T. vagans)
Tliltocatl is a genus of large burrowing tarantulas in the family Theraphosidae, erected in 2020 when molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrated that the genus Brachypelma comprised two distinct clades. Species are found predominantly in Mexico and Central America. The genus name derives from Nahuatl words meaning 'black spider.' Unlike Brachypelma species, Tliltocatl lacks striking red leg markings, instead displaying more subdued coloration with long red or yellowish abdominal hairs. Several species are threatened by habitat destruction and collection for the pet trade, leading to CITES protection.
Tomarus
Tomarus is a genus of rhinoceros beetles in the subfamily Dynastinae. The genus is native to the Americas, ranging from the central United States to Argentina, with some species in the Caribbean. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some species now placed in the restored genus Ligyrus.
Tornos
Tornos is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae. The genus was established by Morrison in 1875. Species in this genus are characterized by relatively small size and cryptic wing patterns that provide camouflage against bark and leaf litter. The genus occurs primarily in North America, with species inhabiting forested and shrubland environments. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light.
Toxonprucha excavata
Toxonprucha excavata is a moth species in the family Erebidae, described by Francis Walker in 1865. The species was originally described under the basionym Homoptera excavata before being transferred to the genus Toxonprucha. It belongs to the subfamily Erebinae, a diverse group of primarily nocturnal moths commonly known as underwings or erebid moths. The genus Toxonprucha contains multiple species distributed across North America.
Trachelas
Trachelas is a genus of hunting spiders in the family Trachelidae, established by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1872. The genus contains approximately 99 species with worldwide distribution across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Trachelas sensu stricto is restricted to the Old World, while New World species represent a distinct lineage only distantly related to the core group. The genus has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with species previously assigned to Corinnidae now placed in Trachelidae.
Trachelas tranquillus
Broad-faced Sac Spider, Ground Sac Spider
Trachelas tranquillus, commonly known as the broad-faced sac spider, is a hunting spider native to eastern North America. This species is frequently encountered indoors during autumn when males wander in search of mates. It does not construct webs for prey capture but instead hunts actively at night, often around porch lights where insects congregate. Once considered mildly venomous to humans, it is now classified as harmless, though rare bites can cause localized pain and swelling.
Tracheops bolteri
Tracheops bolteri is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae. It was described by Hulst in 1896. The species is known from North America and has been documented at blacklight stations during bioblitz surveys in Colorado, including at Red Rock Canyon Open Space. Like other geometrid moths, adults are nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Tragosoma pilosicorne
Tragosoma pilosicorne is a species of long-horned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Casey in 1890. It is native to North America and belongs to the subfamily Prioninae, a group of large, robust cerambycids often associated with coniferous wood. The genus Tragosoma includes species with distinctive morphological features and ecological associations with dead or decaying wood in forested habitats.
Tragosoma spiculum
Tragosoma spiculum is a long-horned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Prioninae. The species is found in North America, with records from western Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba) and the western United States. Like other members of the genus Tragosoma, it is a wood-boring beetle associated with coniferous forests. The species is attracted to sweet red wine-baited jug traps, suggesting adult feeding on fermenting sap or other sugar sources.
Triatoma gerstaeckeri
kissing bug, blood-sucking conenose
Triatoma gerstaeckeri is a triatomine bug (subfamily Triatominae) and a documented vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite causing Chagas disease. Adults measure 20–30 mm in length. The species occurs from the southwestern United States (New Mexico, Texas) through northeastern Mexico, occupying dry scrubland habitats with strong associations to woodrat (Neotoma) nests. It exhibits paurometabolous development with five nymphal instars before adulthood. The species is notable for its relatively high T. cruzi infection rates in some populations and its propensity for peridomestic occurrence near human habitation.
Triatoma indictiva
kissing bug
Triatoma indictiva is a blood-sucking assassin bug in the subfamily Triatominae, commonly known as a "kissing bug." It is a documented vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease. The species occurs in Mexico and the southern United States, particularly Arizona and Texas. Adults measure 20–30 mm in length and are characterized by a pear-shaped body, black coloration with red lateral markings, and a tapered proboscis. Like other triatomines, it is primarily associated with vertebrate hosts in natural and peridomestic habitats.
Triatoma neotomae
kissing bug, woodrat bug
Triatoma neotomae is a species of kissing bug (subfamily Triatominae) in the assassin bug family Reduviidae. It is the smallest Triatoma species in the United States, found in south Texas and associated with woodrat (Neotoma) nests. Like other triatomines, it is a blood-feeding insect and a potential vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease.
Trichoceridae
winter crane flies, winter gnats
Trichoceridae, commonly known as winter crane flies or winter gnats, is a small family of delicate, long-legged flies in the order Diptera. Adults are active primarily during cold seasons, including fall, winter, and early spring, with some species observed in snow. They are distinguished from other crane fly families by the presence of three ocelli (simple eyes) on the crown of the head. The family contains approximately 160 described species worldwide, with most diversity concentrated in non-tropical, Holarctic regions. Larvae inhabit moist terrestrial environments where they feed on decaying organic matter.
Trichocnemis spiculatus neomexicanus
New Mexican ponderous borer
Trichocnemis spiculatus neomexicanus is a subspecies of the ponderous borer, a large prionine longhorn beetle native to western North America. The larvae are among the largest of any North American cerambycid, developing in dead or dying coniferous wood—particularly ponderosa pine. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to lights. This subspecies was described by Casey in 1890 and occurs in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species has gained notoriety as the inspiration for modern chainsaw design, after Joe Cox observed the larva's opposable mandibles in action.
Trichoplusia ni
Cabbage Looper Moth, Cabbage Looper
The cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) is a noctuid moth whose larvae are significant agricultural pests of cruciferous vegetables and other crops. The species derives its common name from the larva's distinctive looping locomotion, caused by having only two pairs of abdominal prolegs rather than the typical four. Adults are medium-sized brownish moths with a silvery figure-eight or Y-shaped marking on the forewings. The species has a broad distribution and is particularly problematic in commercial vegetable production due to its polyphagous feeding habits and capacity for rapid population growth.
Triorophus
Triorophus is a genus of darkling beetles (family Tenebrionidae) within the tribe Edrotini. The genus was established by J.L. LeConte in 1851. Members of this genus are part of the subfamily Pimeliinae, a group often associated with arid and semi-arid environments. The genus contains multiple species distributed in North America, particularly in western regions.
Tripudia flavofasciata-complex
Tripudia flavofasciata-complex comprises a group of closely related moth species within the genus Tripudia, family Noctuidae (subfamily Erebidae). These small nocturnal moths are characterized by distinctive yellow and dark banding patterns on the forewings. The complex status indicates that species boundaries within this group remain taxonomically unresolved, with multiple cryptic or poorly differentiated species currently grouped under this designation. Members occur in North America and are part of the diverse noctuid fauna of the region.
Trochosa
Trochosa is a large genus of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) with worldwide distribution. These medium-sized, ground-dwelling spiders are cursorial hunters that do not construct webs to capture prey. The genus is particularly well-documented in Europe and North America, though it remains taxonomically unrevised in Africa. As of October 2025, the genus contains 93 species.
Trochosa terricola
ground wolf spider
A medium-sized wolf spider (Lycosidae) widespread across Europe and extending into Asia and North America. Adults range from 7–14 mm, with females larger than males. The species occupies diverse terrestrial habitats including grassland, heathland, and woodland, showing particular affinity for drier conditions. It is primarily nocturnal and has been documented as prey for pompilid spider wasps.
Trogloderus
Trogloderus is a genus of psammophilic darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) endemic to dunes and sandy habitats in the western United States. The genus comprises ten described species, including six new species described in 2019 from desert regions across the Intermountain Region. Molecular phylogenetic analysis dates the most recent common ancestor to 5.2 million years ago, with speciation driven by geographic features of the Lahontan Trough, Bouse Embayment, and Kaibab Plateau during the mid-Pleistocene.
Tryphon seminiger
Tryphon seminiger is a species of ichneumon wasp in the subfamily Tryphoninae. It is a koinobiont ectoparasitoid, meaning its larva feeds externally on a living host that continues to develop until the wasp completes its development. The species has been recorded in central Canada (Saskatchewan, Alberta) based on GBIF distribution data. As a member of Tryphoninae, it likely shares traits with related species in the genus, including nocturnal activity and attraction to artificial lights.
Tylos
Calloused Beach Pillbugs
Tylos is a genus of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) in the family Tylidae, commonly known as calloused beach pillbugs. These crustaceans are specialized inhabitants of sandy coastal environments, living in the supralittoral zone above the driftline on ocean beaches. They exhibit remarkable adaptations for life in this harsh habitat, including powerful burrowing abilities, strong desiccation resistance, and behavioral synchronization with tidal and diel cycles. Most species are nocturnal, emerging at night to feed on beach-cast organic material such as kelp and other detritus.
Tylos punctatus
Spotted Calloused Beach Pillbug
Tylos punctatus is a large, strictly nocturnal sand-beach isopod inhabiting sheltered intertidal zones from southern California to Baja California. It exhibits remarkable behavioral adaptations to this harsh environment, including precise burrowing cycles synchronized with tidal patterns and seasonal dormancy. The species has an exceptionally slow life history for an isopod, with females breeding only once annually after reaching maturity at approximately three years of age.
Udea radiosalis
Udea radiosalis is a small moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Möschler in 1883. The species occurs across western North America from the Canadian prairies to the southwestern United States. Like other members of its genus, it is a nocturnal insect with documented activity on flowering plants. The species is part of a group of moths that have been observed visiting apple blossoms, contributing to nocturnal pollination services in agricultural settings.
Udea turmalis
Udea turmalis is a crambid moth described by Grote in 1881. It is found in western North America, with records spanning from western Canada through the western United States. Adults fly during summer months and possess distinctive wing markings that aid in identification.
Udea washingtonalis
Washington Udea Moth
Udea washingtonalis, commonly known as the Washington Udea Moth, is a small crambid moth described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1882. The species is distributed across western North America, with records from Alaska, British Columbia, California, Montana, and Washington. Adults are active from May to August and have a wingspan of approximately 21 mm. Four subspecies have been recognized, differentiated by geographic distribution.
Udeopsylla
robust camel cricket
Udeopsylla is a monotypic genus of camel crickets in the family Rhaphidophoridae, containing only the species Udeopsylla robusta. These insects are nocturnal, wingless orthopterans with distinctive defensive behaviors when disturbed, including regurgitation, defecation, and adopting exaggerated postures. The genus was established by Scudder in 1862.
Udeopsylla robusta
Robust Camel Cricket
Udeopsylla robusta, commonly known as the Robust Camel Cricket, is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. First described by Haldeman in 1850 under the name Phalangopsis robustus, this species is native to North America and has been recorded from the United States and Mexico. The species is characterized by its robust body form typical of camel crickets, with a humpbacked appearance and long antennae. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed in various habitats including oak-juniper woodlands and montane environments.
Ulkeus intricatus
clown beetle
Ulkeus intricatus is a species of clown beetle (family Histeridae) found in North America. It belongs to the subfamily Haeteriinae, a group known for associations with ants. This species has been documented in association with legionary ants in the genus Neivamyrmex. The genus Ulkeus contains six recognized species in the United States, five of which remain undescribed.
Ulolonche culea
Sheathed Quaker
Ulolonche culea, commonly known as the sheathed Quaker, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is a nocturnal moth found in North America, where adults are attracted to light sources. The species was described by Guenée in 1852 and is assigned MONA/Hodges number 10567.
Uraniidae
Swallowtail Moths, Sunset Moths
Uraniidae is a family of moths in the order Lepidoptera, comprising approximately 700 species across 90 genera and four subfamilies. The family exhibits striking diversity in appearance and behavior: diurnal species are often brightly colored with iridescent scales and tail-like hindwing extensions, while nocturnal species are typically small and pale. Uraniidae are distributed throughout tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, and Indo-Australia. The family is closely related to Geometridae but distinguished by unique wing venation patterns. Some species, notably in the genus Chrysiridia, are known as 'sunset moths' and are apparently toxic, with aposematic coloration serving as predator warnings.
Uroctonites
Uroctonites is a genus of scorpions in the family Vaejovidae, established by Williams and Savary in 1991. Species within this genus are found in western North America, particularly in California and surrounding regions. The genus was separated from related taxa based on morphological characteristics of the pedipalps and metasoma. Members are generally small to medium-sized scorpions adapted to arid and semi-arid environments.
Uroctonus mordax
California forest scorpion, western forest scorpion
Uroctonus mordax is a small scorpion species in the family Vaejovidae, endemic to the coastal forests of California and extending into western Oregon and southern Washington. It is strongly associated with Redwood Forests and Oak Woodlands, where it occupies a foundational ecological role. The species exhibits distinctive physical traits including a squat body, slender tail, and sexually dimorphic coloration. It is notable for its mild venom and reclusive, nocturnal behavior.
Uropygi
whip scorpions, vinegaroons, uropygids
Uropygi is an order of arachnids commonly known as whip scorpions or vinegaroons, characterized by a whip-like flagellum on the posterior end and large scorpion-like pedipalps. They lack venom glands but possess defensive glands capable of spraying acetic and caprylic acid, producing a vinegar-like odor. These nocturnal predators use only six legs for walking, with the first two pairs modified as sensory appendages. The order comprises approximately 100 species across 18 extant genera, all placed in the single family Thelyphonidae.
Usingeriessa brunnildalis
Usingeriessa brunnildalis is a small crambid moth described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1906. It is known from California and Texas in the southwestern United States. The species has a distinctive wing pattern with dark brown forewings that are lighter in the median area and at the anal angle, contrasting with gray hindwings. The larval stage is aquatic, inhabiting rocks in streams where it feeds on algae.
Vaejovis carolinianus
southern unstriped scorpion, southern devil scorpion
Vaejovis carolinianus is a small, dark scorpion native to the southeastern United States and the only scorpion species native to Tennessee. Adults are generally less than 2 inches in length with claws and tail extended. The species exhibits defensive behaviors including stinging and chelae pinches, with risk assessment capabilities that allow it to modify responses based on environmental features such as refuge availability. It is a generalist predator of smaller arthropods and has been observed to be cannibalistic.
Varneria
Varneria is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae. The genus was described by Dyar in 1904 and contains multiple species distributed primarily in the Americas. These moths are part of a diverse group of small to medium-sized pyralids often associated with dry or arid environments. The genus is documented through over 1,000 iNaturalist observations, indicating moderate field recognition.
Vella
Vella is a genus of antlions in the family Myrmeleontidae, comprising approximately five described species. These are among the largest antlions in North America, with adults reaching wingspans of 100–120 mm or more. Unlike the pit-digging larvae of the genus Myrmeleon, Vella larvae are sit-and-wait predators that bury themselves just below the soil surface without constructing funnel traps. Adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to artificial lights.
Vella americana
Vella americana is a large antlion species in the family Myrmeleontidae, notable for being among the largest antlions in North America with adult wingspans exceeding 100 mm. Unlike pit-digging antlions of the genus Myrmeleon, larvae of Vella bury themselves just below the soil surface and wait for prey. Two distinctive larval behaviors have been documented: 'surface travel,' where larvae move across exposed substrates to relocate, and 'sand-blast,' rapid expulsion of sand from the mouth to clear debris or excavate. Adults are frequently attracted to lights at night.
Vella fallax
doodlebug
Vella fallax is a species of antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae, found across the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and South America. Adults are among the largest antlions, with wingspans reaching 100-120 millimeters or more. The species belongs to a genus containing three species, all characterized by their large size and nocturnal attraction to lights. Two subspecies are recognized: Vella fallax fallax and Vella fallax texana.
Vella fallax texana
Vella fallax texana is a subspecies of giant antlion in the family Myrmeleontidae. Adults are among the largest antlions in North America, with wingspans exceeding 100 mm. The species is nocturnal and frequently attracted to lights. Larvae are predatory but do not construct the characteristic pit traps of some antlion genera; instead they bury themselves just below the soil surface to ambush prey.
Vespa crabro
European hornet
The European hornet (Vespa crabro) is the largest true hornet native to Europe and the only established Vespa species in North America. Introduced to the eastern United States in the mid-1800s, it has spread west to the Rocky Mountains. This eusocial wasp constructs paper nests in enclosed cavities such as hollow trees, wall voids, and abandoned beehives. Unlike many social wasps, it exhibits nocturnal foraging behavior and is attracted to light. While capable of delivering painful stings when nests are disturbed, it is generally less aggressive toward humans than yellowjackets and is not considered a major threat to honey bee colonies.
Xanthorhoe
Xanthorhoe is a genus of carpet moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae. The genus was established by Jacob Hübner in 1825 and contains numerous species distributed across the northern Palaearctic region. Several species are widespread and common, while others have restricted endemic distributions. The genus is characterized by distinctive wing patterns with bands or lines, and larvae are typically associated with herbaceous plants. Some species have experienced population declines, including Xanthorhoe bulbulata in New Zealand, which is feared possibly extinct.
Xanthotype attenuaria
attentive crocus soldier moth
Xanthotype attenuaria is a geometrid moth known by the common name attentive crocus soldier moth. It is one of several species in the genus Xanthotype, a group commonly referred to as crocus geometer moths. The species was described by Swett in 1918 and is distributed across North America. Like other members of its genus, it cannot be reliably identified to species from photographs alone due to the visual similarity among congeneric species.
Xenochodaeus simplex
Xenochodaeus simplex is a species of sand-loving scarab beetle in the family Ochodaeidae. It occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America, where it inhabits sandy substrates. The species was originally described as Ochodaeus simplex by LeConte in 1854 before being transferred to Xenochodaeus.
Xestia c-nigrum
setaceous Hebrew character, Black-letter Darts, Spotted Cutworm
Xestia c-nigrum is a widespread noctuid moth commonly known as the setaceous Hebrew character or Black-letter Darts. The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 and occurs across the Palearctic and Nearctic realms. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The caterpillars, known as spotted cutworms, are generalist feeders and have been documented as prey for certain thread-waisted wasps.
Xestia infimatis
cutworm, dart moth
Xestia infimatis is a species of cutworm moth in the family Noctuidae, described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1880. It is found in North America and is assigned MONA/Hodges number 10972. As a member of the genus Xestia, it belongs to a diverse group of noctuine moths commonly known as dart moths or cutworms.
Xestia lupa
Xestia lupa is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It was described by Lafontaine and Mikkola in 1998. The species is known from North America. Like other members of the genus Xestia, it is a nocturnal moth.
Xorides peniculus
Xorides peniculus is a species of ichneumon wasp described by Townes in 1960. It belongs to the genus Xorides within the family Ichneumonidae. The species has been documented in North America, including observations during the 2025 City Nature Challenge in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to be a parasitoid of wood-boring beetle larvae, though specific host records for this species are not well documented.
Xylesthia
Xylesthia is a genus of wall spiders in the family Oecobiidae, a group of small arachnids known for constructing flat, tangled webs on vertical surfaces such as walls, rocks, and tree trunks. These spiders are characterized by their compact bodies, relatively long legs, and distinctive spinneret arrangement. The genus is poorly documented in North American faunal surveys, with most species described from other regions. The 'n-sp' designation indicates an undescribed or unidentified species within the genus.
Xyloryctes
rhinoceros beetles
Xyloryctes is a genus of rhinoceros beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, tribe Oryctini, subfamily Dynastinae. The genus contains approximately 13 described species distributed primarily in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Adults are characterized by prominent cephalic horns, particularly in males, and are nocturnally active, frequently attracted to artificial lights. The genus has been documented as a vector for the giant thorn-headed worm of swine (Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus), with X. satyrus representing a newly recorded host for this acanthocephalan parasite.
Xyloryctes jamaicensis
Eastern Rhinoceros Beetle, Rhinoceros Beetle, Unicorn Beetle
Xyloryctes jamaicensis, commonly called the Eastern Rhinoceros Beetle or Unicorn Beetle, is a medium-sized rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Dynastinae. Males possess a prominent horn projecting from the head, used in combat with other males. The species is native to eastern and central North America, ranging from southern Canada through the eastern United States and into Mexico. Adults are nocturnal and frequently attracted to lights.
Xyloryctes thestalus
Western Rhinoceros Beetle
Xyloryctes thestalus is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the Western Rhinoceros Beetle. Males possess prominent horns on the head and pronotum, a characteristic feature of the Dynastinae subfamily. The species is nocturnal and strongly attracted to lights, often appearing in large numbers at ultraviolet and mercury vapor light setups. It occurs across the southwestern United States and Mexico, with two recognized subspecies: X. t. thestalus and X. t. borealis.
Ypsolopha
Ypsolopha is a genus of micromoths comprising over 120 described species, representing approximately 95% of the family Ypsolophidae's known world diversity. The genus is primarily Holarctic in distribution, with the majority of species recorded from temperate regions. Species exhibit considerable variation in external morphology, though male and female genitalia are remarkably homogeneous across the genus. Adults are predominantly nocturnal and display a distinctive resting posture with the head lowered and posterior body elevated.
Ypsolopha delicatella
A small moth of the family Ypsolophidae, Ypsolopha delicatella is known from the southwestern United States. Adults have distinctive wing patterning with dark reddish-brown dorsal areas, bright golden yellow costal regions, and white apical areas mottled with black. The species exhibits the characteristic resting posture of ypsolophid moths, hanging upside down with antennae extended forward.
Zale clandestina
Clandestine Zale Moth
Zale clandestina is a moth species in the family Erebidae, described by James T. Troubridge in 2020. It belongs to the genus Zale, a group of nocturnal moths commonly known as "zale moths" or "underwing moths" due to their characteristic wing patterns. The species epithet "clandestina" suggests a secretive or hidden nature, possibly reflecting its cryptic appearance or elusive habits. Like other members of the genus, it is presumed to be nocturnal and attracted to light sources.
Zale lunifera
bold-based zale, pine barrens zale
Zale lunifera is a nocturnal moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Jacob Hübner in 1818. It is primarily associated with pine barren and scrub oak habitats in eastern North America. The species is notable for its specific larval host relationship with scrub oak species, particularly Quercus ilicifolia. Adults exhibit bivoltine flight periods in spring and mid-summer.
Zale squamularis
Gray-banded Zale Moth, Gray-banded Zale
Zale squamularis, the gray-banded zale moth, is a noctuid moth species first described by Dru Drury in 1773. It occurs in the eastern and southeastern United States, where its larvae feed on pine needles. The species produces two to three generations annually in New Jersey, with adults active from spring through fall.
Zale strigimacula
Zale strigimacula is a species of owlet moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Guenée in 1852. It is known to occur in North America, with distribution records from the United States and Brazil (Pernambuco). The species is assigned Hodges number 8686 in the North American moth numbering system. Like other members of the genus Zale, it is nocturnal and belongs to the diverse Erebinae subfamily of underwing and related moths.
Zale strigimacula
Little Lined Zale
Zale strigimacula, commonly known as the Little Lined Zale, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It belongs to the genus Zale, a group of owlet moths whose caterpillars feed on various woody plants. The species is part of the diverse North American noctuid fauna and is known to be a host for parasitoid wasps including Ammophila nigricans. The genus Zale is taxonomically complex with many similar species, making field identification challenging.
Zale termina
Zale termina is a species of owlet moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Grote in 1883. It is distributed across North America. The species belongs to the genus Zale, a group of moths commonly known as zale moths.
Zale undularis
Black Zale Moth
Zale undularis, commonly known as the black zale moth, is a medium-sized noctuid moth first described by Dru Drury in 1773. The species is characterized by its very dark brown to black coloration with distinctive undulating wing patterns. It occurs in the eastern United States and southern Ontario, where adults are active during warmer months. The caterpillars serve as prey for certain sphecid wasps, including Ammophila nigricans.
Zaleops umbrina
Shadowed Zaleops
Zaleops umbrina is a moth species in the family Erebidae, subfamily Calpinae. It occurs in North America and is one of few species in the small genus Zaleops. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species was originally described as Pheocyma umbrina by Grote in 1883.
Zanclognatha
litter moths
Zanclognatha is a genus of litter moths in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. The genus was erected by Julius Lederer in 1857 and has experienced taxonomic instability, having been synonymized with Polypogon multiple times before current treatments generally recognize it as distinct. Species-level taxonomy remains problematic, with adult moths often difficult to distinguish using traditional characters. The genus contains approximately 25 described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere.
Zanclognatha marcidilinea
Yellowish Fan-foot, yellowish zanclognatha
A small litter moth in the family Erebidae, known by the common name Yellowish Fan-foot. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 28 mm and are active from spring through mid-summer. The species is widely distributed across eastern North America. Larvae are thought to feed on decaying leaf litter.
Zanclognatha obscuripennis
Dark Zanclognatha, Dark Fan-foot
Zanclognatha obscuripennis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, commonly known as the Dark Zanclognatha or Dark Fan-foot. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1872. The species is widely distributed across eastern and central North America. Adults are active primarily in spring and early summer, with two generations per year in most of its range and continuous breeding in Florida.
Zelotes funestus
Zelotes funestus is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, found in the United States. As a member of the genus Zelotes, it belongs to a diverse group of nocturnal hunting spiders commonly known as ground spiders. The species was first described by Keyserling in 1887.
Zelotes gabriel
Zelotes gabriel is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Platnick and Shadab in 1983. It is native to the United States, specifically recorded from southern California and Baja California. Like other members of the genus Zelotes, it is a nocturnal hunting spider that does not build webs to capture prey. The species name honors Gabriel, the son of entomologist Walter Leal, who attended the ceremony where his father received the National Academy of Inventors Fellowship.
Zelotes monachus
Zelotes monachus is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Chamberlin in 1924. The species is distributed in North America, with records from the United States and Mexico. Like other members of Zelotes, it is a nocturnal hunting spider that does not build webs to capture prey.
Zelotes tenuis
Zelotes tenuis is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, originally described from the Mediterranean region. The species has a broad native range extending from the Mediterranean basin through Central Europe to the Caucasus region of Russia. It has been introduced to the Galapagos Islands and the United States, with established populations documented on several islands in the Azores (Flores, Pico, Santa Maria, and Terceira). As a member of Zelotes, it belongs to a large genus of nocturnal ground-dwelling spiders.
Zeugomantispa minuta
green mantisfly, green mantidfly
Zeugomantispa minuta, commonly known as the green mantisfly, is a small predatory insect in the family Mantispidae. Adults are sit-and-wait predators that use raptorial forelegs to capture prey. Larvae are specialized parasitoids that develop within spider egg sacs, feeding on spider eggs. The species occurs across the Americas from the Caribbean through Central and North America to South America.
Zodariidae
Ant-eating Spiders, Ant Spiders
Zodariidae, commonly known as ant-eating spiders, is a family of small to medium-sized eight-eyed spiders found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate regions. The family comprises approximately 90 genera and 1,249 species, with the highest diversity in Australia. Members are predominantly ground-dwelling, free-living predators that do not construct webs for prey capture. Many species exhibit specialized ant-eating habits and aggressive mimicry, disguising themselves as ants to hunt their primary prey. The family has relatively few species in North America compared to other regions.
Zodarion
Ant Spiders
Zodarion is a genus of ant-eating spiders in the family Zodariidae, comprising over 150 described species. These spiders are specialized predators that employ aggressive mimicry to hunt ants, and are found across Eurasia, North Africa, and North America. They are notable for constructing distinctive igloo-shaped stone retreats for daytime shelter.
Zodarion rubidum
European Ant-eating Spider
Zodarion rubidum is a small ant-eating spider native to southwestern France that has expanded its range across central Europe and been introduced to North America. It is a specialized myrmecophagous predator that employs aggressive mimicry to resemble red ants, enabling it to hunt among ant colonies. The species is primarily nocturnal and constructs distinctive igloo-shaped stone retreats for daytime shelter.
Zopherinae
ironclad beetles
Zopherinae is a subfamily of beetles commonly known as ironclad beetles, characterized by exceptionally hardened exoskeletons. The subfamily currently contains eight genera across two tribes: seven genera in Zopherini and the monotypic genus Phellopsis in its own tribe Phellopsini. Historically treated as a family alongside Usechinae, Zopherinae is now classified within the expanded family Zopheridae. These beetles are primarily associated with rotting wood and are known to be fungivores.
Zopherus
ironclad beetles, living jewel beetles
Zopherus is a genus of 19 species of highly armored beetles distributed from the southern United States through Venezuela. These beetles are renowned for their extraordinarily thick, fused elytra that form an impenetrable shell—so dense that entomologists must drill holes to mount specimens. The genus was erected by George Robert Gray in 1832 and has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with three former genera now synonymized under it. Species exhibit striking geographic color variation: temperate North American forms are uniformly black, while tropical species display bold black-and-white patterns. The beetles are strictly flightless and nocturnal, adapted for wood-boring in coniferous and desert woodland habitats.
Zopherus concolor
concolor ironclad beetle
Zopherus concolor is a species of ironclad beetle in the family Zopheridae, native to North America. The species belongs to a genus of beetles adapted to wood-boring habits, with some Zopherus species historically used as living brooches. Field observations indicate nocturnal activity on dead conifer trunks, particularly Pinus edulis.
Zopherus granicollis
ironclad beetle
Zopherus granicollis is a species of ironclad beetle in the family Zopheridae, characterized by exceptionally hard, fused elytra that make specimens notoriously difficult to pin. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with two recognized subspecies: Z. g. granicollis and Z. g. ventriosus. Like other members of the genus, it exhibits nocturnal activity on tree trunks, though specific behavioral details for this species remain poorly documented.
Zopherus granicollis granicollis
Zopherus granicollis granicollis is a subspecies of ironclad beetle in the family Zopheridae, a group known for their exceptionally hard exoskeletons that make them notoriously difficult for entomologists to pin. The genus Zopherus includes species frequently encountered on tree trunks at night, particularly in pine and juniper woodlands of the southwestern United States. This subspecies has been recorded from Middle America and North America.
Zopherus granicollis ventriosus
Zopherus granicollis ventriosus is a subspecies of ironclad beetle in the family Zopheridae. Like other members of the genus, it possesses an exceptionally hard, heavily sclerotized exoskeleton that makes specimens notoriously difficult to pin for museum collections. The subspecies is distributed across parts of North America and Middle America. Adults are nocturnal and have been observed crawling on tree trunks at night, particularly conifers. The genus Zopherus is well-known among coleopterists for its extreme body armor and the challenges this poses for specimen preparation.
Zopherus nodulosus
Ironclad beetle
Zopherus nodulosus is a species of ironclad beetle in the family Zopheridae, named for the nodular bumps on its dorsal surface. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with recognized subspecies including Z. n. haldemani (Texas ironclad beetle) and Z. n. nodulosus. These beetles possess exceptionally hardened exoskeletons that make them notoriously difficult to pin, a trait shared with other members of the genus Zopherus.
Zopherus nodulosus haldemani
Texas Ironclad Beetle
Zopherus nodulosus haldemani, commonly known as the Texas Ironclad Beetle, is a subspecies of ironclad beetle in the family Zopheridae. These beetles are renowned for their exceptionally hard, heavily sclerotized exoskeletons that make them notoriously difficult to pin for collection. The species exhibits nocturnal activity patterns, with adults frequently observed on tree trunks at night. The subspecies name honors American entomologist Samuel Stehman Haldeman.