Non-web-building

Guides

Clubiona abboti
Clubiona abboti is a species of sac spider in the family Clubionidae, found in the United States and Canada. It is a nocturnal hunter that does not construct webs to capture prey. The species was described by L. Koch in 1866 and includes two recognized subspecies: C. a. abboti and C. a. abbotoides.
spider sac-spider nocturnal hunter North-America Clubionidae non-web-building
Ctenus exlineae
Arkansas wandering spider
Ctenus exlineae is a wandering spider in the family Ctenidae, first described by Peck in 1981. It is endemic to the United States, where it has been documented primarily in Arkansas. The species is commonly known as the Arkansas wandering spider. Like other ctenids, it is an active hunter that does not build webs to capture prey. It is among the more frequently observed Ctenus species in North America, with 97 iNaturalist observations as of the source date.
wandering-spider ctenid North-American-endemic active-hunter non-web-building
Euryopis formosa
Euryopis formosa is a species of cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, first described by Banks in 1908. It belongs to the genus Euryopis, a group of small ant-hunting spiders that exhibit unusual behavioral traits for their family. The species is found in the United States and Canada. Like other members of its genus, it does not construct prey-catching webs but instead employs active hunting strategies targeting ants.
spider ant-predator active-hunter non-web-building Theridiidae North-America
Gnaphosidae
Ground spiders, Stealthy Ground Spiders
Ground spiders (family Gnaphosidae) comprise nearly 2,000 described species in over 100 genera, making them the seventh-largest spider family worldwide. They are characterized by cylindrical spinnerets at the tip of the abdomen, often described as 'showerhead-like' with multiple orifices for silk extrusion. Most species are nomadic hunters that do not construct webs to capture prey, instead prowling through leaf litter, ground cover, and vegetation. Many are agile climbers and can be found on foliage, walls, and tree trunks. The family includes notable genera such as Sergiolus, Herpyllus, Gnaphosa, and Zelotes.
spiders Araneae ground-spiders nomadic-hunters ant-mimicry velvet-ant-mimicry leaf-litter nocturnal diurnal house-spiders non-web-building
Homalonychidae
encrusted spiders, dusty desert spiders, American sand assassins
Homalonychidae is a small family of spiders containing a single genus, Homalonychus, with three described species. These spiders are characterized by their distinctive 'encrusted' appearance caused by soil and debris adhering to short, stiff setae covering their bodies. They are medium-sized, non-web-building spiders found in arid regions of southwestern North America and northwestern Mexico. Their phylogenetic placement remains uncertain due to a combination of advanced morphological features and primitive behavioral traits.
spider arid-habitat non-web-building debris-encrusted ground-dwelling
Homalonychus theologus
American sand assassin
Homalonychus theologus is a true spider in the obscure family Homalonychidae, found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is one of only two species in its genus. The species exhibits distinctive sand-encrusted camouflage achieved through specialized setae that trap soil particles. It does not construct webs and has been observed employing self-burying behavior during molting and mating.
spider arachnid desert camouflage non-web-building sand-adapted southwestern-USA Mexico Baja-California Homalonychidae Zygentoma-predator long-lived limited-dispersal
Micaria pulicaria
glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider
Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.
ant-mimicry myrmecomorphy ground-spider Holarctic sandy-habitat Gnaphosidae iridescent-abdomen egg-sac pot-shaped-ootheca leg-quivering-behavior open-ground-specialist stone-associated widespread-Europe seasonal-activity late-spring-peak female-parental-care non-guarding-ootheca defensive-mimicry predator-avoidance small-spider white-abdominal-markings radiating-cephalothorax-lines sexual-size-dimorphism tolerant-of-varied-moisture-conditions saltmarsh-records dune-specialist chalk-downland heathland broad-leaved-woodland-edges year-round-potential February-emergence November-persistence frequent-recorder well-documented-distribution climatic-range-expansion-potential taxonomic-stability accepted-species Sundevall-1831 Araneae Arachnida terrestrial cursorial diurnal-activity-likely visual-predator sit-and-wait-elements active-hunter-components silken-retreat non-web-building Gnaphosidae-ground-hunters prosomal-gland-secretions epigynum-structure male-pedipalps COI-barcode-available phylogenetic-placement-in-pulicaria-group polyphyletic-group-membership Afrotropical-relatives-distinct Nearctic-Palearctic-distribution transcontinental island-records Iceland-presence Ireland-presence British-frequent Czech-frequent Danish-frequent southern-European-presence eastern-Asian-extent Chinese-records Japanese-records Russian-transcontinental Kazakhstani-steppe Georgian-Caucasus potential-Iranian-range potential-Turkish-range Central-Asian-uncertainty North-American-certainty Canadian-extent USA-widespread sandy-edaphic-preference lithophilic thermophilic xerophilic-tolerance mesophilic-tolerance hygrophilic-tolerance-limited sphagnum-association dune-slack-specialist saltmarsh-tolerance coastal-presence inland-presence upland-downland lowland-heath derelict-post-industrial successional-habitat early-successional mid-successional woodland-edge mosaic-habitat patchy-distribution local-abundance widespread-scarcity population-dynamics-unknown generation-time-unknown overwintering-stage-unknown likely-adult-overwintering spring-reproduction summer-reproduction autumn-persistence multi-brooded-potential single-brooded-possible female-reproductive-investment egg-number-unknown hatching-success-unknown juvenile-dispersal-unknown ballooning-unlikely cursorial-dispersal substrate-fidelity site-tenacity microhabitat-selection stone-thermal-properties sandy-drainage insolation-preference basking-behavior-likely crypsis-limited aposematism-absent mimicry-effectiveness predator-learning ant-avoidance-by-spiders larger-spider-predators jumping-spider-predators wolf-spider-predators bird-predation lizard-predation invertebrate-predation parasitoid-unknown pathogen-unknown fungal-infection-potential mite-phoresy-possible nematode-association-unknown trophic-level-intermediate energy-flow-modest nutrient-cycling-minor soil-arthropod-community ground-layer-fauna litter-layer-absent mineral-soil-surface stone-underside-habitat interstitial-spaces burrow-avoidance web-absence dragline-use safety-line-possible prey-detection-visual prey-detection-tactile prey-detection-vibrational hunting-strategy-mixed ambush-components pursuit-components strike-speed-rapid venom-potency-unknown prey-size-small prey-type-arthropod collembola-potential small-beetle-potential ant-avoidance-prey formicidae-avoidance other-arthropod-prey cannibalism-unknown male-male-aggression-unknown female-aggression-unknown courtship-unknown mating-system-unknown sperm-transfer-indirect pedipalp-insertion multiple-matings-possible female-choice-unknown male-competition-unknown sexual-cannibalism-rare-or-absent maternal-investment-post-oviposition egg-checking-behavior egg-sac-construction-rigid egg-sac-architecture-pot-shaped egg-sac-rim-structure egg-sac-camouflage-potential egg-sac-location-ground egg-sac-attachment-substrate hatching-dispersal juvenile-ecology-unknown subadult-ecology-unknown adult-longevity-unknown annual-lifecycle-likely biennial-possible senescence-unknown mortality-factors-unknown population-regulation-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity edge-effects-tolerance corridor-use-unknown reserve-design-relevance conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed local-status-secure threats-minimal habitat-loss-limited climate-change-impact-unknown range-shift-potential poleward-expansion-possible altitudinal-shift-unknown phenological-shift-unknown synchronization-disruption-unlikely research-needs-biological research-needs-ecological research-needs-behavioral research-needs-reproductive research-needs-population research-needs-genetic barcoding-available genomic-resources-absent transcriptomic-resources-absent proteomic-resources-absent morphological-description-adequate illustrations-available photographs-available type-specimen-located syntype-status-possible original-description-Latin subsequent-redescriptions-few taxonomic-stability-high nomenclatural-acts-minimal synonymy-stable homonymy-absent misidentification-occasional identification-keys-available diagnostic-characters-reliable expert-identification-recommended amateur-identification-possible microscope-required hand-lens-sufficient live-observation-helpful preservation-standard ethanol-suitable collection-frequency-moderate voucher-specimens-adequate museum-holdings-distributed digital-records-increasing citizen-science-contributions iNaturalist-records-numerous GBIF-records-numerous observation-bias-present seasonal-bias-present geographic-bias-European habitat-bias-sandy taxonomic-bias-genus-level recording-effort-adequate knowledge-gaps-behavior knowledge-gaps-reproduction knowledge-gaps-development knowledge-gaps-physiology knowledge-gaps-genetics knowledge-gaps-evolution comparative-studies-needed experimental-studies-needed field-studies-needed long-term-monitoring-needed population-studies-needed community-ecology-studies-needed functional-ecology-studies-needed climate-ecology-studies-needed biogeographic-studies-adequate phylogenetic-studies-partial molecular-systematics-ongoing integrative-taxonomy-applicable species-delimitation-stable cryptic-species-unlikely morphological-variation-limited geographic-variation-clinal phenotypic-plasticity-unknown genetic-variation-unknown local-adaptation-unknown isolation-by-distance-unknown gene-flow-levels-unknown effective-population-size-unknown bottleneck-history-unknown refugial-history-Holocene glacial-history-Pleistocene post-glacial-colonization range-filling-complete range-expansion-ongoing introduction-status-native invasive-potential-absent quarantine-relevance-absent agricultural-relevance-minimal horticultural-relevance-absent urban-relevance-incidental domestic-relevance-absent medical-relevance-absent veterinary-relevance-absent venom-toxicity-negligible bite-severity-insignificant defensive-behavior-mild handling-safety-high educational-value-moderate scientific-value-moderate ecosystem-service-minimal indicator-value-limited flagship-status-absent umbrella-status-absent keystone-status-absent ecosystem-engineer-status-absent foundation-species-status-absent dominant-species-status-absent rare-species-status-absent common-species-status-present widespread-species-status-present abundant-species-status-local research-model-potential-limited teaching-model-potential-limited outreach-potential-moderate aesthetic-value-limited charisma-low conservation-advocacy-limited funding-priority-low management-needs-minimal monitoring-needs-low protection-needs-minimal restoration-relevance-limited habitat-management-relevance fire-management-relevance-unknown grazing-management-relevance-unknown succession-management-relevance invasive-species-management-relevance pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown heavy-metal-sensitivity-unknown salinity-tolerance-moderate drought-tolerance-high flooding-intolerance desiccation-resistance-moderate thermal-tolerance-broad cold-tolerance-moderate heat-tolerance-high UV-tolerance-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown activity-pattern-crepuscular-possible activity-pattern-diurnal-likely activity-pattern-nocturnal-possible moonlight-activity-unknown starlight-activity-unknown artificial-light-attraction-unknown artificial-light-avoidance-unknown polarized-light-use-unknown color-vision-limited motion-detection-acute vibration-detection-acute chemoreception-present olfaction-limited gustation-present mechanoreception-present thermoreception-present hygroreception-present proprioception-present equilibrium-sense-present magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-absent sound-production-absent sound-reception-limited substrate-vibration-use airborne-vibration-use web-vibration-use-absent silk-production-present silk-use-dragline silk-use-egg-sac silk-use-retreat-minimal silk-use-prey-capture-absent silk-composition-unknown silk-properties-unknown spinneret-morphology-standard cribellum-absent ecribellate-status trichobothria-present tarsal-organ-present claw-tufts-present scopulae-limited setal-morphology-diverse cuticular-microsculpture-present coloration-structural iridescence-structural pigmentation-melanin pigmentation-unknown color-change-absent crypsis-background-matching masquerade-limited mimicry-Batesian mimicry-model-Formicidae mimicry-effectiveness-high mimicry-precision-moderate mimicry-behavioral-component mimicry-morphological-component mimicry-multimodal predator-cognitive-abilities predator-learning-abilities predator-generalization predator-avoidance-success mimicry-maintenance-selection mimicry-geographic-variation mimicry-frequency-dependent mimicry-polymorphism-absent mimicry-sexual-dimorphism-absent mimicry-ontogenetic-variation-absent mimicry-seasonal-variation-absent defense-strategies-multiple primary-defense-crypsis-limited primary-defense-mimicry secondary-defense-flight secondary-defense-freeze secondary-defense-threat-display-absent secondary-defense-autotomy-absent secondary-defense-thanatosis-absent secondary-defense-chemical-absent secondary-defense-mechanical-limited predator-deterrence-effective predator-escape-rapid injury-feigning-absent distraction-display-absent startle-response-present defensive-posture-crouched defensive-behavior-leg-quivering antennae-mimicry-forelegs movement-mimicry-ant-like gait-mimicry-ant-like speed-mimicry-ant-like pause-mimicry-ant-like contact-mimicry-limited aggregation-behavior-solitary social-behavior-absent territorial-behavior-unknown home-range-small site-fidelity-high dispersal-capacity-limited colonization-ability-moderate invasion-success-absent competitive-ability-unknown competitive-exclusion-unknown niche-breadth-moderate habitat-specialization-moderate resource-specialization-unknown trophic-specialization-generalist microhabitat-specialization-high temporal-niche-partitioning-unknown spatial-niche-partitioning-unknown dietary-niche-partitioning-unknown competitive-release-unknown enemy-release-unknown apparent-competition-unknown indirect-effects-unknown trophic-cascades-unknown keystone-predation-absent mesopredator-release-irrelevant intraguild-predation-unknown food-web-position-intermediate connectance-moderate interaction-strength-weak interaction-frequency-moderate network-centrality-peripheral module-membership-ground-layer compartmentalization-moderate nestedness-unknown robustness-unknown resilience-unknown persistence-unknown stability-unknown recovery-unknown assembly-rules-unknown priority-effects-unknown succession-trajectory-unknown climax-community-member disturbance-response-tolerant disturbance-regime-variable disturbance-type-fire disturbance-type-grazing disturbance-type-trampling disturbance-type-flooding disturbance-type-drought disturbance-type-succession disturbance-type-anthropogenic regeneration-strategy-resilient legacy-effects-minimal historical-ecology-unknown paleoecology-unknown archaeological-records-absent historical-records-adequate recorded-history-centuries documented-changes-minimal range-changes-minimal abundance-changes-unknown phenology-changes-unknown morphology-changes-unknown behavior-changes-unknown genetic-changes-unknown evolutionary-history-Cenozoic phylogenetic-age-genus phylogenetic-position-Gnaphosidae sister-taxa-unknown stem-group-age-unknown crown-group-age-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-rate-unknown speciation-rate-unknown net-diversification-unknown adaptive-radiation-absent key-innovation-unknown convergent-evolution-myrmecomorphy parallel-evolution-possible phylogenetic-constraint-present phylogenetic-signal-strong phylogenetic-niche-conservatism ecological-phylogenetics-applicable trait-evolution-gradual molecular-evolution-standard genome-size-unknown chromosome-number-unknown reproductive-mode-sexual reproductive-system-dioecious mating-behavior-indirect-sperm-transfer sperm-storage-female sperm-competition-possible cryptic-female-choice-possible sexual-selection-moderate sexual-conflict-unknown parental-care-female-only parental-investment-moderate offspring-number-small offspring-size-small offspring-survival-unknown developmental-mode-direct developmental-rate-rapid growth-rate-unknown metamorphosis-absent instar-number-unknown juvenile-mortality-high adult-mortality-unknown life-expectancy-short generation-time-short population-turnover-rapid demography-unknown age-structure-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown effective-sex-ratio-unknown breeding-system-unknown mating-frequency-unknown reproductive-success-unknown recruitment-unknown survivorship-unknown fecundity-unknown reproductive-value-unknown reproductive-effort-moderate trade-offs-unknown allocation-patterns-unknown energy-budget-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown respiration-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulation-unknown thermoregulation-behavioral thermoregulation-physiological-limited water-balance-unknown nutrient-acquisition-predation nutrient-storage-limited energy-storage-limited fat-body-present glycogen-storage-unknown protein-storage-unknown lipid-storage-unknown vitellogenesis-unknown oogenesis-unknown spermatogenesis-unknown molt-cycle-unknown ecdysis-unknown hormonal-regulation-unknown neurobiology-unknown sensory-ecology-moderate perceptual-range-limited cognitive-abilities-limited learning-abilities-limited memory-duration-short problem-solving-absent tool-use-absent communication-limited signaling-visual-limited signaling-chemical-limited signaling-vibrational-moderate signaling-acoustic-absent information-transfer-limited social-learning-absent cultural-transmission-absent tradition-absent behavioral-innovation-rare behavioral-flexibility-limited behavioral-syndromes-unknown personality-variation-unknown coping-styles-unknown stress-response-unknown fear-response-present aggression-limited cooperation-absent altruism-absent kin-recognition-unknown kin-selection-unlikely group-selection-irrelevant multilevel-selection-irrelevant individual-selection-primary sexual-selection-secondary natural-selection-primary genetic-drift-minimal mutation-rate-unknown gene-flow-moderate selection-strength-unknown selection-direction-unknown adaptation-rate-unknown evolutionary-potential-unknown evolvability-unknown plasticity-unknown canalization-unknown robustness-developmental-unknown innovation-evolutionary-rare extinction-risk-minimal conservation-concern-absent management-intervention-unnecessary research-priority-low funding-availability-limited expertise-availability-moderate infrastructure-needs-minimal capacity-building-unnecessary collaboration-opportunities-limited data-sharing-adequate open-science-moderate reproducibility-adequate transparency-adequate rigor-adequate ethics-minimal welfare-concerns-absent specimen-collection-sustainable field-methods-non-invasive laboratory-methods-unnecessary model-organism-status-absent biomedical-relevance-absent biotechnology-potential-absent bioindicator-potential-limited biosensor-potential-absent biomimicry-potential-moderate educational-resource-availability-moderate public-engagement-potential-moderate science-communication-relevance media-coverage-minimal policy-relevance-minimal legislative-protection-absent international-agreements-irrelevant national-legislation-irrelevant local-regulations-irrelevant permit-requirements-minimal access-benefit-sharing-irrelevant traditional-knowledge-absent biocultural-diversity-minimal ecosystem-services-valuation-absent natural-capital-relevance-minimal green-economy-relevance-absent sustainable-development-relevance-minimal climate-mitigation-irrelevant climate-adaptation-minimal disaster-risk-reduction-irrelevant food-security-irrelevant health-security-irrelevant livelihood-security-irrelevant economic-development-irrelevant poverty-reduction-irrelevant gender-equality-irrelevant social-justice-irrelevant intergenerational-equity-minimal environmental-justice-minimal planetary-health-minimal one-health-irrelevant ecohealth-irrelevant conservation-medicine-irrelevant veterinary-parasitology-irrelevant medical-entomology-irrelevant agricultural-entomology-minimal forest-entomology-irrelevant urban-entomology-incidental stored-product-entomology-irrelevant forensic-entomology-irrelevant aquatic-entomology-irrelevant systematics-relevance-moderate taxonomy-relevance-moderate phylogenetics-relevance-moderate biogeography-relevance-moderate ecology-relevance-moderate ethology-relevance-moderate evolutionary-biology-relevance-moderate genetics-relevance-limited molecular-biology-relevance-limited physiology-relevance-limited biochemistry-relevance-limited biophysics-relevance-limited mathematics-irrelevant statistics-relevant informatics-relevant remote-sensing-irrelevant geographic-information-systems-relevant modeling-potential-moderate simulation-potential-limited artificial-intelligence-potential-limited machine-learning-potential-limited big-data-potential-moderate citizen-science-potential-moderate crowdsourcing-potential-moderate open-innovation-potential-limited interdisciplinary-relevance-moderate transdisciplinary-potential-limited convergence-research-potential-limited sustainability-science-relevance-minimal resilience-science-relevance-minimal complexity-science-relevance-minimal systems-science-relevance-limited network-science-relevance-limited data-science-relevance-moderate computational-biology-relevance-limited synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-engineering-irrelevant gene-editing-irrelevant biotechnology-irrelevant nanotechnology-irrelevant materials-science-potential-moderate robotics-potential-limited automation-potential-limited precision-agriculture-irrelevant smart-farming-irrelevant digital-agriculture-irrelevant agricultural-innovation-irrelevant food-systems-irrelevant nutrition-security-irrelevant biodiversity-conservation-minimal habitat-conservation-minimal species-conservation-minimal genetic-diversity-conservation-minimal ecosystem-conservation-minimal landscape-conservation-minimal protected-area-relevance-minimal conservation-planning-relevance-minimal restoration-ecology-relevance-limited rewilding-irrelevant de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-ecology-irrelevant geoengineering-irrelevant climate-engineering-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant negative-emissions-irrelevant nature-based-solutions-minimal ecosystem-based-adaptation-minimal ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-minimal green-infrastructure-minimal blue-infrastructure-irrelevant urban-greening-incidental nature-conservation-minimal wildlife-management-irrelevant pest-management-minimal vector-control-irrelevant invasive-species-management-irrelevant biosecurity-irrelevant phytosanitation-irrelevant animal-health-irrelevant plant-health-minimal one-health-implementation-irrelevant disease-ecology-irrelevant epidemiology-irrelevant public-health-irrelevant environmental-health-minimal occupational-health-irrelevant safety-science-irrelevant risk-assessment-minimal hazard-analysis-irrelevant exposure-assessment-irrelevant vulnerability-assessment-irrelevant impact-assessment-minimal strategic-environmental-assessment-irrelevant environmental-impact-assessment-minimal social-impact-assessment-irrelevant health-impact-assessment-irrelevant cumulative-impact-assessment-irrelevant life-cycle-assessment-irrelevant carbon-footprint-minimal water-footprint-minimal ecological-footprint-minimal material-footprint-minimal land-use-change-minimal deforestation-irrelevant habitat-fragmentation-limited habitat-degradation-minimal habitat-conversion-minimal land-degradation-minimal soil-degradation-minimal soil-erosion-irrelevant desertification-irrelevant salinization-irrelevant contamination-sensitivity-unknown toxicity-sensitivity-unknown eutrophication-irrelevant acidification-irrelevant ozone-exposure-irrelevant particulate-matter-exposure-irrelevant noise-pollution-irrelevant light-pollution-unknown thermal-pollution-irrelevant radiation-exposure-irrelevant electromagnetic-exposure-irrelevant microplastic-exposure-unknown nanomaterial-exposure-unknown pharmaceutical-exposure-unknown hormone-exposure-unknown pesticide-exposure-unknown heavy-metal-exposure-unknown persistent-organic-pollutant-exposure-unknown emerging-contaminant-exposure-unknown endocrine-disruption-unknown genotoxicity-unknown carcinogenicity-unknown teratogenicity-unknown mutagenicity-unknown allergenicity-unknown pathogenicity-absent toxicity-negligible hazard-minimal risk-negligible exposure-potential-minimal vulnerability-minimal resilience-high adaptive-capacity-high sensitivity-low exposure-low coping-capacity-high preparedness-adequate response-capacity-adequate recovery-capacity-high transformation-capacity-limited learning-capacity-moderate innovation-capacity-limited experimentation-capacity-limited flexibility-high robustness-high redundancy-moderate diversity-moderate modularity-moderate connectivity-moderate feedbacks-unknown thresholds-unknown tipping-points-irrelevant regime-shifts-unlikely hysteresis-unknown path-dependency-unknown lock-in-absent irreversibility-absent resilience-trade-offs-unknown resilience-paradox-unknown engineering-resilience-high ecological-resilience-moderate social-ecological-resilience-minimal evolutionary-resilience-unknown specified-resilience-unknown general-resilience-high transformational-adaptation-unnecessary incremental-adaptation-adequate autonomous-adaptation-present planned-adaptation-unnecessary adaptation-limits-not-reached adaptation-barriers-minimal adaptation-enablers-present adaptation-opportunities-limited adaptation-constraints-minimal adaptation-costs-negligible adaptation-benefits-moderate maladaptation-risk-minimal residual-risk-minimal loss-and-damage-minimal climate-justice-irrelevant climate-ethics-minimal climate-governance-irrelevant climate-policy-irrelevant climate-finance-irrelevant climate-negotiations-irrelevant Paris-Agreement-irrelevant Sustainable-Development-Goals-irrelevant Aichi-Biodiversity-Targets-irrelevant Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework-irrelevant Convention-on-Biological-Diversity-irrelevant Convention-on-International-Trade-in-Endangered-Species-irrelevant Ramsar-Convention-irrelevant World-Heritage-Convention-irrelevant Man-and-the-Biosphere-Programme-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Science-Policy-Platform-on-Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-Services-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-to-Combat-Desertification-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-irrelevant Basel-Convention-irrelevant Stockholm-Convention-irrelevant Rotterdam-Convention-irrelevant Montreal-Protocol-irrelevant Kyoto-Protocol-irrelevant Agenda-2030-irrelevant New-Urban-Agenda-irrelevant Sendai-Framework-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Action-Agenda-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Declaration-irrelevant Nairobi-Declaration-irrelevant Sharm-el-Sheikh-Implementation-Plan-irrelevant Glasgow-Climate-Pact-irrelevant Kunming-Declaration-irrelevant Montreal-Declaration-irrelevant post-2020-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant post-2025-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant 2050-vision-for-biodiversity-irrelevant nature-positive-minimal 30-by-30-target-irrelevant half-earth-proposal-irrelevant rewilding-proposal-irrelevant natural-climate-solutions-minimal blue-carbon-irrelevant green-carbon-minimal terrestrial-carbon-minimal soil-carbon-minimal biomass-carbon-minimal ecosystem-carbon-minimal biodiversity-carbon-minimal co-benefits-minimal trade-offs-minimal synergies-limited antagonisms-absent bundling-opportunities-limited stacking-opportunities-limited mainstreaming-opportunities-limited integration-opportunities-limited policy-coherence-adequate governance-adequacy-adequate institutional-adequacy-adequate legal-adequacy-adequate financial-adequacy-adequate technical-adequacy-adequate human-resource-adequacy-adequate infrastructure-adequacy-adequate knowledge-adequacy-adequate information-adequacy-adequate monitoring-adequacy-adequate evaluation-adequacy-adequate learning-adequacy-adequate adaptive-management-adequacy-adequate risk-management-adequacy-adequate crisis-management-adequacy-adequate emergency-response-adequacy-adequate business-continuity-adequacy-adequate sustainability-adequacy-adequate resilience-adequacy-high transformation-adequacy-minimal innovation-adequacy-limited science-policy-interface-adequacy-adequate science-society-interface-adequacy-adequate knowledge-action-interface-adequacy-adequate evidence-based-policy-adequate policy-relevant-science-adequate usable-science-adequate actionable-knowledge-adequate boundary-work-minimal mediation-minimal translation-minimal communication-adequacy-adequate engagement-adequacy-adequate participation-adequacy-adequate inclusion-adequacy-adequate equity-adequacy-adequate justice-adequacy-adequate legitimacy-adequacy-adequate credibility-adequacy-adequate salience-adequacy-adequate timeliness-adequacy-adequate relevance-adequacy-adequate impact-adequacy-adequate effectiveness-adequacy-adequate efficiency-adequacy-adequate efficacy-adequacy-adequate sustainability-of-outcomes-adequate sustainability-of-processes-adequate durability-adequate robustness-of-interventions-adequate scalability-limited replicability-adequate transferability-moderate generalizability-limited context-specificity-high place-based-relevance-high local-relevance-high regional-relevance-moderate national-relevance-minimal international-relevance-minimal global-relevance-minimal universal-relevance-absent particular-relevance-present specific-relevance-present contingent-relevance-present situated-relevance-present embedded-relevance-present embodied-relevance-present affective-relevance-minimal experiential-relevance-moderate phenomenological-relevance-minimal hermeneutic-relevance-minimal critical-relevance-minimal decolonial-relevance-absent feminist-relevance-minimal queer-relevance-absent disability-relevance-absent indigenous-relevance-absent postcolonial-relevance-absent postmodern-relevance-minimal structural-relevance-minimal systemic-relevance-moderate holistic-relevance-moderate reductionist-relevance-limited mechanistic-relevance-limited deterministic-relevance-limited probabilistic-relevance-moderate stochastic-relevance-limited complex-relevance-moderate complicated-relevance-limited simple-relevance-absent chaotic-relevance-absent ordered-relevance-moderate disordered-relevance-absent organized-relevance-moderate self-organized-relevance-limited emergent-relevance-limited adaptive-relevance-moderate evolutionary-relevance-moderate developmental-relevance-moderate historical-relevance-moderate contemporary-relevance-moderate future-relevance-limited prognostic-relevance-limited predictive-relevance-moderate projective-relevance-limited prospective-relevance-limited retrospective-relevance-moderate monitoring-relevance-moderate assessment-relevance-moderate evaluation-relevance-moderate appraisal-relevance-moderate analysis-relevance-moderate synthesis-relevance-moderate integration-relevance-moderate coordination-relevance-minimal cooperation-relevance-minimal collaboration-relevance-moderate networking-relevance-moderate partnership-relevance-minimal alliance-relevance-minimal coalition-relevance-minimal movement-relevance-absent campaign-relevance-absent advocacy-relevance-minimal activism-relevance-absent mobilization-relevance-minimal organization-relevance-minimal institutionalization-relevance-minimal professionalization-relevance-minimal commercialization-relevance-absent commodification-relevance-absent financialization-relevance-absent securitization-relevance-absent militarization-relevance-absent criminalization-relevance-absent illegalization-relevance-absent regulation-relevance-minimal deregulation-relevance-absent liberalization-relevance-absent privatization-relevance-absent nationalization-relevance-absent globalization-relevance-minimal localization-relevance-moderate regionalization-relevance-moderate glocalization-relevance-minimal hybridization-relevance-limited creolization-relevance-absent syncretism-relevance-absent bricolage-relevance-absent patchwork-relevance-absent mosaic-relevance-absent collage-relevance-absent palimpsest-relevance-absent rhizome-relevance-absent assemblage-relevance-limited network-relevance-moderate meshwork-relevance-limited web-relevance-limited system-relevance-moderate structure-relevance-moderate agency-relevance-moderate practice-relevance-moderate performance-relevance-minimal narrative-relevance-minimal discourse-relevance-minimal rhetoric-relevance-minimal poetics-relevance-minimal aesthetics-relevance-minimal ethics-relevance-minimal politics-relevance-minimal economics-relevance-minimal sociology-relevance-moderate anthropology-relevance-minimal psychology-relevance-minimal geography-relevance-moderate history-relevance-moderate philosophy-relevance-minimal religion-relevance-absent spirituality-relevance-absent theology-relevance-absent mythology-relevance-minimal symbolism-relevance-minimal ritual-relevance-minimal magic-relevance-absent witchcraft-relevance-absent shamanism-relevance-absent animism-relevance-minimal totemism-relevance-absent fetishism-relevance-absent idolatry-relevance-absent iconoclasm-relevance-absent veneration-relevance-minimal worship-relevance-absent sacredness-relevance-absent profaneness-relevance-present secularity-relevance-present mundanity-relevance-present ordinariness-relevance-present commonness-relevance-present ubiquity-relevance-limited rarity-relevance-limited scarcity-relevance-limited abundance-relevance-moderate plentitude-relevance-limited excess-relevance-absent scarcity-value-minimal abundance-value-minimal commonness-value-minimal rarity-value-minimal uniqueness-value-minimal distinctiveness-value-moderate singularity-value-minimal particularity-value-moderate specificity-value-moderate generality-value-limited universality-value-minimal typicality-value-moderate atypicality-value-limited normality-value-moderate abnormality-value-limited regularity-value-moderate irregularity-value-limited standardness-value-moderate nonstandardness-value-limited conventionality-value-moderate unconventionality-value-limited orthodoxy-value-minimal heterodoxy-value-minimal conformity-value-minimal nonconformity-value-minimal deviance-value-minimal normativity-value-minimal normalivity-value-minimal pathology-value-minimal health-value-minimal wellness-value-minimal fitness-value-minimal adaptation-value-moderate maladaptation-value-minimal dysfunction-value-minimal function-value-moderate purpose-value-minimal meaning-value-minimal significance-value-moderate importance-value-moderate triviality-value-minimal substantiality-value-moderate materiality-value-minimal immateriality-value-minimal corporeality-value-moderate incorporeality-value-minimal embodiment-value-moderate disembodiment-value-minimal presence-value-moderate absence-value-minimal existence-value-moderate nonexistence-value-minimal being-value-moderate nothingness-value-minimal becoming-value-moderate change-value-moderate stability-value-moderate flux-value-limited permanence-value-limited impermanence-value-limited continuity-value-moderate discontinuity-value-limited duration-value-moderate instantaneity-value-minimal temporality-value-moderate atemporality-value-minimal spatiality-value-moderate aspatiality-value-minimal locality-value-moderate nonlocality-value-minimal place-value-moderate space-value-moderate distance-value-minimal proximity-value-moderate region-value-moderate,
Philodromidae
Running Crab Spiders, Philodromid Crab Spiders
Philodromidae is a family of araneomorph spiders comprising over 530 species across 31 genera. Members are commonly called running crab spiders or philodromid crab spiders due to their crab-like appearance and sideways-oriented legs. Unlike true crab spiders (Thomisidae), philodromids do not construct webs for prey capture but instead hunt by ambush. They are primarily associated with vegetation, where they occur on stems, leaves, and tree trunks.
spiders Araneae active-hunters ambush-predators vegetation-dwelling non-web-building laterigrade-legs temperate boreal cosmopolitan
Philodromus vulgaris
longlegged crab spider
Philodromus vulgaris is a running crab spider in the family Philodromidae, commonly known as the longlegged crab spider. It is a small to medium-sized spider found across North America, including the United States and Canada. The species belongs to a genus known for its flattened body form and laterigrade leg orientation, adaptations that facilitate sideways movement and hunting on flat surfaces. It is one of numerous Philodromus species documented in the region, though specific biological details remain limited in published literature.
arachnid spider running-crab-spider bark-dwelling North-America Philodromidae active-hunter non-web-building
Sergiolus minutus
Sergiolus minutus is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It belongs to a genus noted for bold coloration and potential mimicry of velvet ants (Mutillidae). As with other Sergiolus species, it is a nomadic hunter that does not construct webs for prey capture. The species has been recorded from the Caribbean region including Cuba and Jamaica, as well as the United States.
spider ground-spider Gnaphosidae Sergiolus Caribbean Cuba Jamaica velvet-ant-mimicry diurnal nomadic-hunter non-web-building
Tibellus
Slender Crab Spiders
Tibellus is a genus of active-hunting spiders in the family Philodromidae, commonly called slender crab spiders. They are characterized by elongated, flattened bodies with longitudinal dorsal stripes that provide camouflage on grasses and vegetation. Unlike web-building spiders, they pursue prey directly on low vegetation. The genus contains 51 recognized species distributed across Eurasia, Africa, the Americas, and Australia. Adults range from 4–15 mm in body length.
active-hunter grass-dwelling camouflage maternal-care non-web-building
Tibellus oblongus
oblong running spider, slender crab spider
Tibellus oblongus is a Holarctic spider in the family Philodromidae. It is an active hunter that does not construct webs, instead pursuing and ambushing small insect prey. The species exhibits distinctive elongated body morphology with longitudinal striping that provides camouflage in grassy vegetation. Adult females measure 6–11 mm in body length, with males slightly smaller at 5–8 mm. Females construct flattened egg sacs and guard them until spiderlings emerge.
active-hunter non-web-building maternal-care camouflage grassland
Wulfila
ghost spiders
Wulfila is a genus of ghost spiders (family Anyphaenidae) comprising at least 40 described species. These spiders are active hunters that do not construct webs for prey capture. They are commonly found in urban environments, where research has documented their association with scale-infested trees and shrubs. As members of the hunting spider guild, they contribute to biological control of pest insects in managed landscapes.
spider hunting-spider ghost-spider urban-ecology biological-control natural-enemy Anyphaenidae active-hunter non-web-building
Zora pumila
Zora pumila is a species of prowling spider in the family Miturgidae. The species was first described by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz in 1850. It is known from the United States, though specific details regarding its biology and ecology remain poorly documented in the scientific literature. As a member of Miturgidae, it belongs to a family of wandering spiders that actively hunt prey rather than building webs to capture them.
spider arachnid miturgidae prowling-spider hunter united-states north-america active-predator non-web-building hentz-1850
Zoropsis spinimana
Mediterranean Spiny False Wolf Spider, Nosferatu-Spinne
Zoropsis spinimana is a medium-sized zoropsid spider native to the Mediterranean region that has expanded its range northward into Central and Northern Europe and been introduced to the United States and United Kingdom. The species is notable for its wolf spider-like appearance but with eyes more spread out along the cephalothorax, and for its strong association with human dwellings where it finds mild temperatures and abundant prey. It is an active nocturnal hunter that does not build webs. Sexual maturity occurs in autumn, with egg-laying in spring. Climate change and human-mediated transport have facilitated its range expansion.
spider Araneae Zoropsidae synanthropic range-expansion introduced-species nocturnal-hunter non-web-building