Gnaphosidae
Guides
Callilepis gertschi
Callilepis gertschi is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Platnick in 1975. Like other members of its genus, it possesses ornate coloration and cylindrical spinnerets characteristic of gnaphosids. The genus Callilepis is noted for being morphologically similar to the colorful genus Sergiolus, with separation requiring examination of genitalia. Very few observations of this species have been recorded.
Callilepis gosoga
Callilepis gosoga is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Chamberlin & Gertsch in 1940. It is known from the United States. Like other members of its genus, it belongs to a group of ornate gnaphosids that share superficial similarities with the more extensively studied genus Sergiolus.
Callilepis imbecilla
Ground spider
Callilepis imbecilla is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It occurs in the United States and Canada. Like other members of its genus, it is an ornate, colorful spider related to the more commonly observed Sergiolus. The species is poorly documented in scientific literature and field observations.
Cesonia
Cesonia is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1893. The genus contains 31 species distributed across North America, the Caribbean, and parts of the Mediterranean. Despite their common name as "ground spiders," many species are frequently found on vegetation and in arboreal habitats. Cesonia bilineata, the type species, has been documented engaging in predation on spiderlings of other spider species.
Cesonia bilineata
Two-lined Stealthy Ground Spider
Cesonia bilineata is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz in 1847. Despite its common name suggesting terrestrial habits, this species is frequently observed climbing vegetation and scaling walls. It has been documented preying on spiderlings of other spider species, including in nursery webs of Pisaurina mira and Peucetia viridans. The species is widespread in eastern North America.
Cesonia classica
ground spider
Cesonia classica is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Chamberlin in 1924. The species occurs in the southern United States and Mexico. Like other members of the genus Cesonia, it belongs to a group of active hunting spiders that do not build webs to capture prey. The genus Cesonia includes species that have been documented exhibiting predatory behavior toward other spiders, including raiding nursery webs to feed on spiderlings.
Cesonia gertschi
Cesonia gertschi is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Platnick & Shadab in 1980. It is distributed across the United States and Mexico. Like other members of its genus, it is a small, agile hunter. Specific details about its biology and ecology remain poorly documented.
Cesonia rothi
ground spider
Cesonia rothi is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Platnick & Shadab in 1980. It is known from the United States. As a member of the Cesonia genus, it is presumed to share traits with congeners such as Cesonia bilineata, including small body size, arboreal habits despite the "ground spider" common name, and potential predation on other spiders including spiderlings.
Cesonia trivittata
Cesonia trivittata is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Banks in 1898. It is found in the United States and Mexico. As a member of the genus Cesonia, it is part of a group of spiders commonly known as ground spiders, though many species in this genus are frequently observed in vegetation rather than strictly on the ground surface.
Cesonia ubicki
Cesonia ubicki is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Platnick and Shadab in 1980. The species is distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other members of the genus Cesonia, it is a small, agile predator. Specific details about its ecology and behavior remain poorly documented in the scientific literature.
Drassodes
Stone Spiders
Drassodes is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as stone spiders. They are medium-sized spiders typically found in dry habitats beneath rocks or bark. The genus contains approximately 162 species and is widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere.
Drassodes angulus
Drassodes angulus is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Platnick and Shadab in 1976. It is known from a small number of observations in the United States. As a member of the genus Drassodes, it is presumed to be a nocturnal, ground-dwelling hunter.
Drassodes auriculoides
Drassodes auriculoides is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Barrows in 1919. It is known from the United States and belongs to a genus of nocturnal, ground-dwelling hunters that do not build webs to capture prey. The species epithet 'auriculoides' refers to ear-like structures, likely describing a morphological feature of the copulatory organs. As with many Drassodes species, detailed natural history information remains limited.
Drassodes neglectus
Neglected Ground Hunter Spider
Drassodes neglectus is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, characterized by its ground-dwelling hunting behavior. The species occurs across a broad geographic range spanning Russia (Far East, Middle to East Siberia), Kazakhstan, and North America. It belongs to a genus of active hunters that do not construct webs for prey capture. Available records indicate it has been documented in 35 iNaturalist observations.
Drassyllus covensis
Drassyllus covensis is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Exline in 1962. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized nocturnal spiders commonly found in leaf litter and soil habitats. The species is known from the United States, though specific details about its biology remain poorly documented.
Drassyllus insularis
Drassyllus insularis is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It was first described by Nathan Banks in 1900 as Callilepis insularis and later transferred to the genus Drassyllus. The species is found in North America, with records from Canada, the United States, and Mexico. As a member of the Gnaphosidae family, it belongs to a diverse group of nocturnal hunting spiders commonly known as ground spiders.
Drassyllus mormon
Drassyllus mormon is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Chamberlin in 1936. It occurs in western North America, with records from the United States and Mexico. As a member of the genus Drassyllus, it is part of a diverse group of small to medium-sized ground-dwelling spiders commonly known as ground spiders or gnaphosids.
Drassyllus niger
Drassyllus niger is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. The species was first described by Nathan Banks in 1896. It occurs in the United States and Canada. As a member of Gnaphosidae, it is a nocturnal hunting spider that does not build webs to capture prey.
Drassyllus novus
Drassyllus novus is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. First described by Nathan Banks in 1895, this species occurs in the United States and Canada. As a member of the Gnaphosidae family, it belongs to a group commonly known as ground spiders, which are typically nocturnal hunters that do not build webs to capture prey.
Eilica
Eilica is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, established by Eugen von Keyserling in 1891. The genus comprises 28 species with worldwide distribution, though South America hosts 10 species including several with meridional distributions. Members are small to medium-sized spiders ranging from 2.2–7.8 mm in length. They are distinguished by distinctive cheliceral morphology including two or three translucent laminae on the cheliceral retromargin and anteriorly produced chelicerae with convergent endites.
Eilica bicolor
Eilica bicolor is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Nathan Banks in 1896. The species has a broad geographic range spanning from the United States through Central America to the Caribbean. Like other gnaphosids, it is a nocturnal hunting spider that does not build webs to capture prey. The specific epithet "bicolor" likely refers to a two-toned color pattern, though detailed morphological descriptions are sparse in the literature.
Gertschosa
Gertschosa is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, established by Norman I. Platnick and M. U. Shadab in 1981. The genus contains four species distributed across the Caribbean, Central America, and southern North America. Its members are nocturnal hunting spiders that do not construct webs for prey capture.
Gnaphosa fontinalis
Gnaphosa fontinalis is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Keyserling in 1887. It is one of numerous Gnaphosa species found in North America. The species epithet 'fontinalis' suggests an association with springs or fountains, though this ecological connection has not been explicitly documented in available sources.
Gnaphosa muscorum
Moss Ground Hunter
Gnaphosa muscorum is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, characterized by its Holarctic distribution spanning North America, Europe, and northern Asia. The species was first described by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1866. A recognized subspecies, G. muscorum gaunitzi, occurs in Sweden and Russia. As a member of the ground spider family, it is presumed to be an active hunter rather than a web-builder, though specific behavioral details remain poorly documented.
Gnaphosa orites
Gnaphosa orites is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae with the broadest latitudinal distribution of any species in its genus, ranging from 43° to 70°N across the Holarctic region. The species was first described by Chamberlin in 1922 and has since been recorded from northern Europe, Scandinavia, the Caucasus, and across Russia from Europe to the Far East, as well as North America. A 2011 study documented its southernmost record in the Russian Far East, extending the known range of this cold-adapted species.
Gnaphosa parvula
Gnaphosa parvula is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It is found in the United States and Canada, with records from Alberta and British Columbia in Canada. The species was described by Banks in 1896.
Gnaphosa sericata
Gnaphosa sericata is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by L. Koch in 1866. The species occurs across a broad geographic range spanning North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Records indicate presence from the United States through Mexico, Guatemala, and Cuba, with additional documentation from Canada, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. As a member of Gnaphosidae, it belongs to a family characterized by active hunting behavior and the production of silk retreats rather than prey-capture webs.
Haplodrassus signifer
Ensign Ground Hunter
Haplodrassus signifer is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It has a broad distribution spanning North America, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Israel, the Caucasus, Russia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. The species is part of a large genus of active hunting spiders that do not build webs to capture prey.
Haplodrassus taibo
Haplodrassus taibo is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Chamberlin in 1919. As a member of this family, it is likely a nocturnal hunter that does not build webs to capture prey. The species is known from the United States, though detailed ecological and behavioral information remains limited.
Heser
Heser is a genus of ground spiders (Gnaphosidae) in the Zelotes group, established in 2004. The genus comprises 11 species of small to medium-sized spiders distributed across Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Several species have been introduced to the United States and Mexico. The type species is Heser malefactor from Kazakhstan.
Litopyllus
Litopyllus is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, established by R. V. Chamberlin in 1922. The genus contains three described species: L. cubanus, L. realisticus, and L. temporarius. Members are classified as wandering hunters rather than web-builders.
Litopyllus cubanus
Litopyllus cubanus is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Bryant in 1940. It occurs across parts of the Caribbean and southeastern United States. As a member of Gnaphosidae, it belongs to a diverse family of nocturnal hunting spiders commonly known as ground spiders.
Litopyllus temporarius
Litopyllus temporarius is a ground spider species in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Chamberlin in 1922. It belongs to the infraorder Araneomorphae, the group containing most modern spider species. The species is known only from the United States, though specific habitat details and ecological information remain undocumented.
Micaria constricta
Micaria constricta is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Emerton in 1894. The species belongs to the genus Micaria, a group of spiders commonly known as 'ant-mimics' due to their resemblance to ants in both appearance and movement. M. constricta has a Holarctic distribution, occurring in North America and across northern Eurasia from Northern Europe to Middle Siberia. Records indicate presence in Alberta, Canada, and parts of the United States, as well as Svalbard and Russia.
Micaria foxi
Micaria foxi is a small ant-like spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Gertsch in 1933. It belongs to the M. rossica/M. foxi species group, which forms a phylogenetic clade sister to M. formicaria. Like other Micaria species, it is distinguished by piriform gland spigots similar in size to major ampullate gland spigots. The species is known from North America, with records from the United States and Canada including Alberta and British Columbia.
Micaria gosiuta
Micaria gosiuta is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Gertsch in 1942. It belongs to the genus Micaria, which comprises small, fast-moving spiders often characterized by metallic coloration and ant-mimicking appearance. The species is recorded from the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Micaria longispina
Micaria longispina is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Emerton in 1911. It is a small, active hunter found in North American ground habitats. The species belongs to a genus known for ant-mimicking species, though specific behavioral details for this species remain limited.
Micaria medica
Micaria medica is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Platnick and Shadab in 1988. The genus Micaria comprises small, active hunters commonly known as ant-mimic spiders due to their resemblance to ants in movement and body form. This species is part of the diverse North American gnaphosid fauna. Very little specific biological information has been published for M. medica.
Micaria pulicaria
glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider
Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.
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dnormality-value-moderateabnormality-value-limitedregularity-value-moderateirregularity-value-limitedstandardness-value-moderatenonstandardness-value-limitedconventionality-value-moderateunconventionality-value-limitedorthodoxy-value-minimalheterodoxy-value-minimalconformity-value-minimalnonconformity-value-minimaldeviance-value-minimalnormativity-value-minimalnormalivity-value-minimalpathology-value-minimalhealth-value-minimalwellness-value-minimalfitness-value-minimaladaptation-value-moderatemaladaptation-value-minimaldysfunction-value-minimalfunction-value-moderatepurpose-value-minimalmeaning-value-minimalsignificance-value-moderateimportance-value-moderatetriviality-value-minimalsubstantiality-value-moderatemateriality-value-minimalimmateriality-value-minimalcorporeality-value-moderateincorporeality-value-minimalembodiment-value-moderatedisembodiment-value-minimalpresence-value-moderateabsence-value-minimalexistence-value-moderatenonexistence-value-minimalbeing-value-moderatenothingness-value-minimalbecoming-value-moderatechange-value-moderatestability-value-moderateflux-value-limitedpermanence-value-limitedimpermanence-value-limitedcontinuity-value-moderatediscontinuity-value-limitedduration-value-moderateinstantaneity-value-minimaltemporality-value-moderateatemporality-value-minimalspatiality-value-moderateaspatiality-value-minimallocality-value-moderatenonlocality-value-minimalplace-value-moderatespace-value-moderatedistance-value-minimalproximity-value-moderateregion-value-moderate,Nodocion rufithoracicus
Nodocion rufithoracicus is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, described by Worley in 1928. The specific epithet 'rufithoracicus' refers to the reddish coloration of the cephalothorax. It belongs to a genus of relatively small, inconspicuous spiders that inhabit leaf litter and soil surfaces. Very few observations of this species have been documented, with only one record in iNaturalist as of the knowledge cutoff.
Nodocion voluntarius
Nodocion voluntarius is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Chamberlin in 1919. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized wandering spiders that actively hunt rather than build webs to capture prey. The species is documented from North America, though detailed ecological and behavioral studies remain limited. Like other gnaphosids, it likely occupies ground-level habitats and exhibits nocturnal activity patterns.
Orodrassus coloradensis
Orodrassus coloradensis is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, found in the United States and Canada. This species belongs to a genus of wandering spiders that actively hunt rather than build webs to capture prey. The specific epithet references Colorado, where the species was first described.
Scopoides
Scopoides is a genus of ground spiders (family Gnaphosidae) established by Norman I. Platnick in 1989. The genus is native to North America, specifically Mexico and the United States. A 2023 taxonomic revision removed all Chinese species from Scopoides; these were reassigned to the newly described genus Platnickus and to Allozelotes. As of October 2025, the genus contains twelve species.
Sergiolus angustus
Sergiolus angustus is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, native to western North America. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits bold coloration that may represent mimicry of velvet ants (Mutillidae). The species is medium-sized, diurnal, and nomadic, actively hunting rather than building webs to capture prey. It constructs silk retreats for molting, egg guarding, and overwintering.
Sergiolus decoratus
Sergiolus decoratus is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Kaston in 1945. Like other members of the genus Sergiolus, it is known for its bold, colorful markings that may serve as mimicry of velvet ants (Mutillidae). The species is found in North America, with records from the United States and Canada including Alberta and Manitoba.
Sergiolus minutus
Sergiolus minutus is a species of ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae. It belongs to a genus noted for bold coloration and potential mimicry of velvet ants (Mutillidae). As with other Sergiolus species, it is a nomadic hunter that does not construct webs for prey capture. The species has been recorded from the Caribbean region including Cuba and Jamaica, as well as the United States.
Sergiolus montanus
Common Patterned Ant-mimic Ground Spider
Sergiolus montanus is a medium-sized ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, distinguished by bold coloration that may serve as mimicry of velvet ants (Mutillidae). It is primarily active during daylight hours and does not construct webs for prey capture. The species is found in western North America, with records from Alberta and British Columbia in Canada southward through the western United States. Like other members of the genus, it is agile, nomadic, and capable of climbing vegetation and vertical surfaces.
Sergiolus unimaculatus
Sergiolus unimaculatus is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, first described by Emerton in 1915. Like other members of its genus, it is a nomadic, diurnal hunter that does not construct webs for prey capture. The species exhibits the characteristic bold coloration of Sergiolus, though specific pattern details for S. unimaculatus are less documented than for congeners such as S. capulatus. It is one of approximately sixteen Sergiolus species known from north of Mexico.
Sosticus insularis
Long Island Crevice Ground Spider
Sosticus insularis is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, characterized by its association with rocky crevice habitats. The species was originally described as Prosthesima insularis by Banks in 1895 and later transferred to Sosticus. It occurs in northeastern North America, with records from the United States and Canada. The common name 'Long Island Crevice Ground Spider' reflects both its geographic association and habitat preference. As a member of the Gnaphosidae, it is a wandering hunter rather than a web-builder.
Talanites
Talanites is a genus of ground spiders in the family Gnaphosidae, established by Eugène Simon in 1893. The genus contains fifteen described species distributed across arid and semi-arid regions of North America, the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and South Asia. Members are ground-dwelling hunters with a flattened body form typical of the family. The genus shows a disjunct distribution pattern with species in both the New World and Old World.