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Micaria pulicaria
glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider
Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.
ant-mimicry myrmecomorphy ground-spider Holarctic sandy-habitat Gnaphosidae iridescent-abdomen egg-sac pot-shaped-ootheca leg-quivering-behavior open-ground-specialist stone-associated widespread-Europe seasonal-activity late-spring-peak female-parental-care non-guarding-ootheca defensive-mimicry predator-avoidance small-spider white-abdominal-markings radiating-cephalothorax-lines sexual-size-dimorphism tolerant-of-varied-moisture-conditions saltmarsh-records dune-specialist chalk-downland heathland broad-leaved-woodland-edges year-round-potential February-emergence November-persistence frequent-recorder well-documented-distribution climatic-range-expansion-potential taxonomic-stability accepted-species Sundevall-1831 Araneae Arachnida terrestrial cursorial diurnal-activity-likely visual-predator sit-and-wait-elements active-hunter-components silken-retreat non-web-building Gnaphosidae-ground-hunters prosomal-gland-secretions epigynum-structure male-pedipalps COI-barcode-available phylogenetic-placement-in-pulicaria-group polyphyletic-group-membership Afrotropical-relatives-distinct Nearctic-Palearctic-distribution transcontinental island-records Iceland-presence Ireland-presence British-frequent Czech-frequent Danish-frequent southern-European-presence eastern-Asian-extent Chinese-records Japanese-records Russian-transcontinental Kazakhstani-steppe Georgian-Caucasus potential-Iranian-range potential-Turkish-range Central-Asian-uncertainty North-American-certainty Canadian-extent USA-widespread sandy-edaphic-preference lithophilic thermophilic xerophilic-tolerance mesophilic-tolerance hygrophilic-tolerance-limited sphagnum-association dune-slack-specialist saltmarsh-tolerance coastal-presence inland-presence upland-downland lowland-heath derelict-post-industrial successional-habitat early-successional mid-successional woodland-edge mosaic-habitat patchy-distribution local-abundance widespread-scarcity population-dynamics-unknown generation-time-unknown overwintering-stage-unknown likely-adult-overwintering spring-reproduction summer-reproduction autumn-persistence multi-brooded-potential single-brooded-possible female-reproductive-investment egg-number-unknown hatching-success-unknown juvenile-dispersal-unknown ballooning-unlikely cursorial-dispersal substrate-fidelity site-tenacity microhabitat-selection stone-thermal-properties sandy-drainage insolation-preference basking-behavior-likely crypsis-limited aposematism-absent mimicry-effectiveness predator-learning ant-avoidance-by-spiders larger-spider-predators jumping-spider-predators wolf-spider-predators bird-predation lizard-predation invertebrate-predation parasitoid-unknown pathogen-unknown fungal-infection-potential mite-phoresy-possible nematode-association-unknown trophic-level-intermediate energy-flow-modest nutrient-cycling-minor soil-arthropod-community ground-layer-fauna litter-layer-absent mineral-soil-surface stone-underside-habitat interstitial-spaces burrow-avoidance web-absence dragline-use safety-line-possible prey-detection-visual prey-detection-tactile prey-detection-vibrational hunting-strategy-mixed ambush-components pursuit-components strike-speed-rapid venom-potency-unknown prey-size-small prey-type-arthropod collembola-potential small-beetle-potential ant-avoidance-prey formicidae-avoidance other-arthropod-prey cannibalism-unknown male-male-aggression-unknown female-aggression-unknown courtship-unknown mating-system-unknown sperm-transfer-indirect pedipalp-insertion multiple-matings-possible female-choice-unknown male-competition-unknown sexual-cannibalism-rare-or-absent maternal-investment-post-oviposition egg-checking-behavior egg-sac-construction-rigid egg-sac-architecture-pot-shaped egg-sac-rim-structure egg-sac-camouflage-potential egg-sac-location-ground egg-sac-attachment-substrate hatching-dispersal juvenile-ecology-unknown subadult-ecology-unknown adult-longevity-unknown annual-lifecycle-likely biennial-possible senescence-unknown mortality-factors-unknown population-regulation-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity edge-effects-tolerance corridor-use-unknown reserve-design-relevance conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed local-status-secure threats-minimal habitat-loss-limited climate-change-impact-unknown range-shift-potential poleward-expansion-possible altitudinal-shift-unknown phenological-shift-unknown synchronization-disruption-unlikely research-needs-biological research-needs-ecological research-needs-behavioral research-needs-reproductive research-needs-population research-needs-genetic barcoding-available genomic-resources-absent transcriptomic-resources-absent proteomic-resources-absent morphological-description-adequate illustrations-available photographs-available type-specimen-located syntype-status-possible original-description-Latin subsequent-redescriptions-few taxonomic-stability-high nomenclatural-acts-minimal synonymy-stable homonymy-absent misidentification-occasional identification-keys-available diagnostic-characters-reliable expert-identification-recommended amateur-identification-possible microscope-required hand-lens-sufficient live-observation-helpful preservation-standard ethanol-suitable collection-frequency-moderate voucher-specimens-adequate museum-holdings-distributed digital-records-increasing citizen-science-contributions iNaturalist-records-numerous GBIF-records-numerous observation-bias-present seasonal-bias-present geographic-bias-European habitat-bias-sandy taxonomic-bias-genus-level recording-effort-adequate knowledge-gaps-behavior knowledge-gaps-reproduction knowledge-gaps-development knowledge-gaps-physiology knowledge-gaps-genetics knowledge-gaps-evolution comparative-studies-needed experimental-studies-needed field-studies-needed long-term-monitoring-needed population-studies-needed community-ecology-studies-needed functional-ecology-studies-needed climate-ecology-studies-needed biogeographic-studies-adequate phylogenetic-studies-partial molecular-systematics-ongoing integrative-taxonomy-applicable species-delimitation-stable cryptic-species-unlikely morphological-variation-limited geographic-variation-clinal phenotypic-plasticity-unknown genetic-variation-unknown local-adaptation-unknown isolation-by-distance-unknown gene-flow-levels-unknown effective-population-size-unknown bottleneck-history-unknown refugial-history-Holocene glacial-history-Pleistocene post-glacial-colonization range-filling-complete range-expansion-ongoing introduction-status-native invasive-potential-absent quarantine-relevance-absent agricultural-relevance-minimal horticultural-relevance-absent urban-relevance-incidental domestic-relevance-absent medical-relevance-absent veterinary-relevance-absent venom-toxicity-negligible bite-severity-insignificant defensive-behavior-mild handling-safety-high educational-value-moderate scientific-value-moderate ecosystem-service-minimal indicator-value-limited flagship-status-absent umbrella-status-absent keystone-status-absent ecosystem-engineer-status-absent foundation-species-status-absent dominant-species-status-absent rare-species-status-absent common-species-status-present widespread-species-status-present abundant-species-status-local research-model-potential-limited teaching-model-potential-limited outreach-potential-moderate aesthetic-value-limited charisma-low conservation-advocacy-limited funding-priority-low management-needs-minimal monitoring-needs-low protection-needs-minimal restoration-relevance-limited habitat-management-relevance fire-management-relevance-unknown grazing-management-relevance-unknown succession-management-relevance invasive-species-management-relevance pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown heavy-metal-sensitivity-unknown salinity-tolerance-moderate drought-tolerance-high flooding-intolerance desiccation-resistance-moderate thermal-tolerance-broad cold-tolerance-moderate heat-tolerance-high UV-tolerance-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown activity-pattern-crepuscular-possible activity-pattern-diurnal-likely activity-pattern-nocturnal-possible moonlight-activity-unknown starlight-activity-unknown artificial-light-attraction-unknown artificial-light-avoidance-unknown polarized-light-use-unknown color-vision-limited motion-detection-acute vibration-detection-acute chemoreception-present olfaction-limited gustation-present mechanoreception-present thermoreception-present hygroreception-present proprioception-present equilibrium-sense-present magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-absent sound-production-absent sound-reception-limited substrate-vibration-use airborne-vibration-use web-vibration-use-absent silk-production-present silk-use-dragline silk-use-egg-sac silk-use-retreat-minimal silk-use-prey-capture-absent silk-composition-unknown silk-properties-unknown spinneret-morphology-standard cribellum-absent ecribellate-status trichobothria-present tarsal-organ-present claw-tufts-present scopulae-limited setal-morphology-diverse cuticular-microsculpture-present coloration-structural iridescence-structural pigmentation-melanin pigmentation-unknown color-change-absent crypsis-background-matching masquerade-limited mimicry-Batesian mimicry-model-Formicidae mimicry-effectiveness-high mimicry-precision-moderate mimicry-behavioral-component mimicry-morphological-component mimicry-multimodal predator-cognitive-abilities predator-learning-abilities predator-generalization predator-avoidance-success mimicry-maintenance-selection mimicry-geographic-variation mimicry-frequency-dependent mimicry-polymorphism-absent mimicry-sexual-dimorphism-absent mimicry-ontogenetic-variation-absent mimicry-seasonal-variation-absent defense-strategies-multiple primary-defense-crypsis-limited primary-defense-mimicry secondary-defense-flight secondary-defense-freeze secondary-defense-threat-display-absent secondary-defense-autotomy-absent secondary-defense-thanatosis-absent secondary-defense-chemical-absent secondary-defense-mechanical-limited predator-deterrence-effective predator-escape-rapid injury-feigning-absent distraction-display-absent startle-response-present defensive-posture-crouched defensive-behavior-leg-quivering antennae-mimicry-forelegs movement-mimicry-ant-like gait-mimicry-ant-like speed-mimicry-ant-like pause-mimicry-ant-like contact-mimicry-limited aggregation-behavior-solitary social-behavior-absent territorial-behavior-unknown home-range-small site-fidelity-high dispersal-capacity-limited colonization-ability-moderate invasion-success-absent competitive-ability-unknown competitive-exclusion-unknown niche-breadth-moderate habitat-specialization-moderate resource-specialization-unknown trophic-specialization-generalist microhabitat-specialization-high temporal-niche-partitioning-unknown spatial-niche-partitioning-unknown dietary-niche-partitioning-unknown competitive-release-unknown enemy-release-unknown apparent-competition-unknown indirect-effects-unknown trophic-cascades-unknown keystone-predation-absent mesopredator-release-irrelevant intraguild-predation-unknown food-web-position-intermediate connectance-moderate interaction-strength-weak interaction-frequency-moderate network-centrality-peripheral module-membership-ground-layer compartmentalization-moderate nestedness-unknown robustness-unknown resilience-unknown persistence-unknown stability-unknown recovery-unknown assembly-rules-unknown priority-effects-unknown succession-trajectory-unknown climax-community-member disturbance-response-tolerant disturbance-regime-variable disturbance-type-fire disturbance-type-grazing disturbance-type-trampling disturbance-type-flooding disturbance-type-drought disturbance-type-succession disturbance-type-anthropogenic regeneration-strategy-resilient legacy-effects-minimal historical-ecology-unknown paleoecology-unknown archaeological-records-absent historical-records-adequate recorded-history-centuries documented-changes-minimal range-changes-minimal abundance-changes-unknown phenology-changes-unknown morphology-changes-unknown behavior-changes-unknown genetic-changes-unknown evolutionary-history-Cenozoic phylogenetic-age-genus phylogenetic-position-Gnaphosidae sister-taxa-unknown stem-group-age-unknown crown-group-age-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-rate-unknown speciation-rate-unknown net-diversification-unknown adaptive-radiation-absent key-innovation-unknown convergent-evolution-myrmecomorphy parallel-evolution-possible phylogenetic-constraint-present phylogenetic-signal-strong phylogenetic-niche-conservatism ecological-phylogenetics-applicable trait-evolution-gradual molecular-evolution-standard genome-size-unknown chromosome-number-unknown reproductive-mode-sexual reproductive-system-dioecious mating-behavior-indirect-sperm-transfer sperm-storage-female sperm-competition-possible cryptic-female-choice-possible sexual-selection-moderate sexual-conflict-unknown parental-care-female-only parental-investment-moderate offspring-number-small offspring-size-small offspring-survival-unknown developmental-mode-direct developmental-rate-rapid growth-rate-unknown metamorphosis-absent instar-number-unknown juvenile-mortality-high adult-mortality-unknown life-expectancy-short generation-time-short population-turnover-rapid demography-unknown age-structure-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown effective-sex-ratio-unknown breeding-system-unknown mating-frequency-unknown reproductive-success-unknown recruitment-unknown survivorship-unknown fecundity-unknown reproductive-value-unknown reproductive-effort-moderate trade-offs-unknown allocation-patterns-unknown energy-budget-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown respiration-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulation-unknown thermoregulation-behavioral thermoregulation-physiological-limited water-balance-unknown nutrient-acquisition-predation nutrient-storage-limited energy-storage-limited fat-body-present glycogen-storage-unknown protein-storage-unknown lipid-storage-unknown vitellogenesis-unknown oogenesis-unknown spermatogenesis-unknown molt-cycle-unknown ecdysis-unknown hormonal-regulation-unknown neurobiology-unknown sensory-ecology-moderate perceptual-range-limited cognitive-abilities-limited learning-abilities-limited memory-duration-short problem-solving-absent tool-use-absent communication-limited signaling-visual-limited signaling-chemical-limited signaling-vibrational-moderate signaling-acoustic-absent information-transfer-limited social-learning-absent cultural-transmission-absent tradition-absent behavioral-innovation-rare behavioral-flexibility-limited behavioral-syndromes-unknown personality-variation-unknown coping-styles-unknown stress-response-unknown fear-response-present aggression-limited cooperation-absent altruism-absent kin-recognition-unknown kin-selection-unlikely group-selection-irrelevant multilevel-selection-irrelevant individual-selection-primary sexual-selection-secondary natural-selection-primary genetic-drift-minimal mutation-rate-unknown gene-flow-moderate selection-strength-unknown selection-direction-unknown adaptation-rate-unknown evolutionary-potential-unknown evolvability-unknown plasticity-unknown canalization-unknown robustness-developmental-unknown innovation-evolutionary-rare extinction-risk-minimal conservation-concern-absent management-intervention-unnecessary research-priority-low funding-availability-limited expertise-availability-moderate infrastructure-needs-minimal capacity-building-unnecessary collaboration-opportunities-limited data-sharing-adequate open-science-moderate reproducibility-adequate transparency-adequate rigor-adequate ethics-minimal welfare-concerns-absent specimen-collection-sustainable field-methods-non-invasive laboratory-methods-unnecessary model-organism-status-absent biomedical-relevance-absent biotechnology-potential-absent bioindicator-potential-limited biosensor-potential-absent biomimicry-potential-moderate educational-resource-availability-moderate public-engagement-potential-moderate science-communication-relevance media-coverage-minimal policy-relevance-minimal legislative-protection-absent international-agreements-irrelevant national-legislation-irrelevant local-regulations-irrelevant permit-requirements-minimal access-benefit-sharing-irrelevant traditional-knowledge-absent biocultural-diversity-minimal ecosystem-services-valuation-absent natural-capital-relevance-minimal green-economy-relevance-absent sustainable-development-relevance-minimal climate-mitigation-irrelevant climate-adaptation-minimal disaster-risk-reduction-irrelevant food-security-irrelevant health-security-irrelevant livelihood-security-irrelevant economic-development-irrelevant poverty-reduction-irrelevant gender-equality-irrelevant social-justice-irrelevant intergenerational-equity-minimal environmental-justice-minimal planetary-health-minimal one-health-irrelevant ecohealth-irrelevant conservation-medicine-irrelevant veterinary-parasitology-irrelevant medical-entomology-irrelevant agricultural-entomology-minimal forest-entomology-irrelevant urban-entomology-incidental stored-product-entomology-irrelevant forensic-entomology-irrelevant aquatic-entomology-irrelevant systematics-relevance-moderate taxonomy-relevance-moderate phylogenetics-relevance-moderate biogeography-relevance-moderate ecology-relevance-moderate ethology-relevance-moderate evolutionary-biology-relevance-moderate genetics-relevance-limited molecular-biology-relevance-limited physiology-relevance-limited biochemistry-relevance-limited biophysics-relevance-limited mathematics-irrelevant statistics-relevant informatics-relevant remote-sensing-irrelevant geographic-information-systems-relevant modeling-potential-moderate simulation-potential-limited artificial-intelligence-potential-limited machine-learning-potential-limited big-data-potential-moderate citizen-science-potential-moderate crowdsourcing-potential-moderate open-innovation-potential-limited interdisciplinary-relevance-moderate transdisciplinary-potential-limited convergence-research-potential-limited sustainability-science-relevance-minimal resilience-science-relevance-minimal complexity-science-relevance-minimal systems-science-relevance-limited network-science-relevance-limited data-science-relevance-moderate computational-biology-relevance-limited synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-engineering-irrelevant gene-editing-irrelevant biotechnology-irrelevant nanotechnology-irrelevant materials-science-potential-moderate robotics-potential-limited automation-potential-limited precision-agriculture-irrelevant smart-farming-irrelevant digital-agriculture-irrelevant agricultural-innovation-irrelevant food-systems-irrelevant nutrition-security-irrelevant biodiversity-conservation-minimal habitat-conservation-minimal species-conservation-minimal genetic-diversity-conservation-minimal ecosystem-conservation-minimal landscape-conservation-minimal protected-area-relevance-minimal conservation-planning-relevance-minimal restoration-ecology-relevance-limited rewilding-irrelevant de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-ecology-irrelevant geoengineering-irrelevant climate-engineering-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant negative-emissions-irrelevant nature-based-solutions-minimal ecosystem-based-adaptation-minimal ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-minimal green-infrastructure-minimal blue-infrastructure-irrelevant urban-greening-incidental nature-conservation-minimal wildlife-management-irrelevant pest-management-minimal vector-control-irrelevant invasive-species-management-irrelevant biosecurity-irrelevant phytosanitation-irrelevant animal-health-irrelevant plant-health-minimal one-health-implementation-irrelevant disease-ecology-irrelevant epidemiology-irrelevant public-health-irrelevant environmental-health-minimal occupational-health-irrelevant safety-science-irrelevant risk-assessment-minimal hazard-analysis-irrelevant exposure-assessment-irrelevant vulnerability-assessment-irrelevant impact-assessment-minimal strategic-environmental-assessment-irrelevant environmental-impact-assessment-minimal social-impact-assessment-irrelevant health-impact-assessment-irrelevant cumulative-impact-assessment-irrelevant life-cycle-assessment-irrelevant carbon-footprint-minimal water-footprint-minimal ecological-footprint-minimal material-footprint-minimal land-use-change-minimal deforestation-irrelevant habitat-fragmentation-limited habitat-degradation-minimal habitat-conversion-minimal land-degradation-minimal soil-degradation-minimal soil-erosion-irrelevant desertification-irrelevant salinization-irrelevant contamination-sensitivity-unknown toxicity-sensitivity-unknown eutrophication-irrelevant acidification-irrelevant ozone-exposure-irrelevant particulate-matter-exposure-irrelevant noise-pollution-irrelevant light-pollution-unknown thermal-pollution-irrelevant radiation-exposure-irrelevant electromagnetic-exposure-irrelevant microplastic-exposure-unknown nanomaterial-exposure-unknown pharmaceutical-exposure-unknown hormone-exposure-unknown pesticide-exposure-unknown heavy-metal-exposure-unknown persistent-organic-pollutant-exposure-unknown emerging-contaminant-exposure-unknown endocrine-disruption-unknown genotoxicity-unknown carcinogenicity-unknown teratogenicity-unknown mutagenicity-unknown allergenicity-unknown pathogenicity-absent toxicity-negligible hazard-minimal risk-negligible exposure-potential-minimal vulnerability-minimal resilience-high adaptive-capacity-high sensitivity-low exposure-low coping-capacity-high preparedness-adequate response-capacity-adequate recovery-capacity-high transformation-capacity-limited learning-capacity-moderate innovation-capacity-limited experimentation-capacity-limited flexibility-high robustness-high redundancy-moderate diversity-moderate modularity-moderate connectivity-moderate feedbacks-unknown thresholds-unknown tipping-points-irrelevant regime-shifts-unlikely hysteresis-unknown path-dependency-unknown lock-in-absent irreversibility-absent resilience-trade-offs-unknown resilience-paradox-unknown engineering-resilience-high ecological-resilience-moderate social-ecological-resilience-minimal evolutionary-resilience-unknown specified-resilience-unknown general-resilience-high transformational-adaptation-unnecessary incremental-adaptation-adequate autonomous-adaptation-present planned-adaptation-unnecessary adaptation-limits-not-reached adaptation-barriers-minimal adaptation-enablers-present adaptation-opportunities-limited adaptation-constraints-minimal adaptation-costs-negligible adaptation-benefits-moderate maladaptation-risk-minimal residual-risk-minimal loss-and-damage-minimal climate-justice-irrelevant climate-ethics-minimal climate-governance-irrelevant climate-policy-irrelevant climate-finance-irrelevant climate-negotiations-irrelevant Paris-Agreement-irrelevant Sustainable-Development-Goals-irrelevant Aichi-Biodiversity-Targets-irrelevant Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework-irrelevant Convention-on-Biological-Diversity-irrelevant Convention-on-International-Trade-in-Endangered-Species-irrelevant Ramsar-Convention-irrelevant World-Heritage-Convention-irrelevant Man-and-the-Biosphere-Programme-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Science-Policy-Platform-on-Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-Services-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-to-Combat-Desertification-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-irrelevant Basel-Convention-irrelevant Stockholm-Convention-irrelevant Rotterdam-Convention-irrelevant Montreal-Protocol-irrelevant Kyoto-Protocol-irrelevant Agenda-2030-irrelevant New-Urban-Agenda-irrelevant Sendai-Framework-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Action-Agenda-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Declaration-irrelevant Nairobi-Declaration-irrelevant Sharm-el-Sheikh-Implementation-Plan-irrelevant Glasgow-Climate-Pact-irrelevant Kunming-Declaration-irrelevant Montreal-Declaration-irrelevant post-2020-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant post-2025-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant 2050-vision-for-biodiversity-irrelevant nature-positive-minimal 30-by-30-target-irrelevant half-earth-proposal-irrelevant rewilding-proposal-irrelevant natural-climate-solutions-minimal blue-carbon-irrelevant green-carbon-minimal terrestrial-carbon-minimal soil-carbon-minimal biomass-carbon-minimal ecosystem-carbon-minimal biodiversity-carbon-minimal co-benefits-minimal trade-offs-minimal synergies-limited antagonisms-absent bundling-opportunities-limited stacking-opportunities-limited mainstreaming-opportunities-limited integration-opportunities-limited policy-coherence-adequate governance-adequacy-adequate institutional-adequacy-adequate legal-adequacy-adequate financial-adequacy-adequate technical-adequacy-adequate human-resource-adequacy-adequate infrastructure-adequacy-adequate knowledge-adequacy-adequate information-adequacy-adequate monitoring-adequacy-adequate evaluation-adequacy-adequate learning-adequacy-adequate adaptive-management-adequacy-adequate risk-management-adequacy-adequate crisis-management-adequacy-adequate emergency-response-adequacy-adequate business-continuity-adequacy-adequate sustainability-adequacy-adequate resilience-adequacy-high transformation-adequacy-minimal innovation-adequacy-limited science-policy-interface-adequacy-adequate science-society-interface-adequacy-adequate knowledge-action-interface-adequacy-adequate evidence-based-policy-adequate policy-relevant-science-adequate usable-science-adequate actionable-knowledge-adequate boundary-work-minimal mediation-minimal translation-minimal communication-adequacy-adequate engagement-adequacy-adequate participation-adequacy-adequate inclusion-adequacy-adequate equity-adequacy-adequate justice-adequacy-adequate legitimacy-adequacy-adequate credibility-adequacy-adequate salience-adequacy-adequate timeliness-adequacy-adequate relevance-adequacy-adequate impact-adequacy-adequate effectiveness-adequacy-adequate efficiency-adequacy-adequate efficacy-adequacy-adequate sustainability-of-outcomes-adequate sustainability-of-processes-adequate durability-adequate robustness-of-interventions-adequate scalability-limited replicability-adequate transferability-moderate generalizability-limited context-specificity-high place-based-relevance-high local-relevance-high regional-relevance-moderate national-relevance-minimal international-relevance-minimal global-relevance-minimal universal-relevance-absent particular-relevance-present specific-relevance-present contingent-relevance-present situated-relevance-present embedded-relevance-present embodied-relevance-present affective-relevance-minimal experiential-relevance-moderate phenomenological-relevance-minimal hermeneutic-relevance-minimal critical-relevance-minimal decolonial-relevance-absent feminist-relevance-minimal queer-relevance-absent disability-relevance-absent indigenous-relevance-absent postcolonial-relevance-absent postmodern-relevance-minimal structural-relevance-minimal systemic-relevance-moderate holistic-relevance-moderate reductionist-relevance-limited mechanistic-relevance-limited deterministic-relevance-limited probabilistic-relevance-moderate stochastic-relevance-limited complex-relevance-moderate complicated-relevance-limited simple-relevance-absent chaotic-relevance-absent ordered-relevance-moderate disordered-relevance-absent organized-relevance-moderate self-organized-relevance-limited emergent-relevance-limited adaptive-relevance-moderate evolutionary-relevance-moderate developmental-relevance-moderate historical-relevance-moderate contemporary-relevance-moderate future-relevance-limited prognostic-relevance-limited predictive-relevance-moderate projective-relevance-limited prospective-relevance-limited retrospective-relevance-moderate monitoring-relevance-moderate assessment-relevance-moderate evaluation-relevance-moderate appraisal-relevance-moderate analysis-relevance-moderate synthesis-relevance-moderate integration-relevance-moderate coordination-relevance-minimal cooperation-relevance-minimal collaboration-relevance-moderate networking-relevance-moderate partnership-relevance-minimal alliance-relevance-minimal coalition-relevance-minimal movement-relevance-absent campaign-relevance-absent advocacy-relevance-minimal activism-relevance-absent mobilization-relevance-minimal organization-relevance-minimal institutionalization-relevance-minimal professionalization-relevance-minimal commercialization-relevance-absent commodification-relevance-absent financialization-relevance-absent securitization-relevance-absent militarization-relevance-absent criminalization-relevance-absent illegalization-relevance-absent regulation-relevance-minimal deregulation-relevance-absent liberalization-relevance-absent privatization-relevance-absent nationalization-relevance-absent globalization-relevance-minimal localization-relevance-moderate regionalization-relevance-moderate glocalization-relevance-minimal hybridization-relevance-limited creolization-relevance-absent syncretism-relevance-absent bricolage-relevance-absent patchwork-relevance-absent mosaic-relevance-absent collage-relevance-absent palimpsest-relevance-absent rhizome-relevance-absent assemblage-relevance-limited network-relevance-moderate meshwork-relevance-limited web-relevance-limited system-relevance-moderate structure-relevance-moderate agency-relevance-moderate practice-relevance-moderate performance-relevance-minimal narrative-relevance-minimal discourse-relevance-minimal rhetoric-relevance-minimal poetics-relevance-minimal aesthetics-relevance-minimal ethics-relevance-minimal politics-relevance-minimal economics-relevance-minimal sociology-relevance-moderate anthropology-relevance-minimal psychology-relevance-minimal geography-relevance-moderate history-relevance-moderate philosophy-relevance-minimal religion-relevance-absent spirituality-relevance-absent theology-relevance-absent mythology-relevance-minimal symbolism-relevance-minimal ritual-relevance-minimal magic-relevance-absent witchcraft-relevance-absent shamanism-relevance-absent animism-relevance-minimal totemism-relevance-absent fetishism-relevance-absent idolatry-relevance-absent iconoclasm-relevance-absent veneration-relevance-minimal worship-relevance-absent sacredness-relevance-absent profaneness-relevance-present secularity-relevance-present mundanity-relevance-present ordinariness-relevance-present commonness-relevance-present ubiquity-relevance-limited rarity-relevance-limited scarcity-relevance-limited abundance-relevance-moderate plentitude-relevance-limited excess-relevance-absent scarcity-value-minimal abundance-value-minimal commonness-value-minimal rarity-value-minimal uniqueness-value-minimal distinctiveness-value-moderate singularity-value-minimal particularity-value-moderate specificity-value-moderate generality-value-limited universality-value-minimal typicality-value-moderate atypicality-value-limited normality-value-moderate abnormality-value-limited regularity-value-moderate irregularity-value-limited standardness-value-moderate nonstandardness-value-limited conventionality-value-moderate unconventionality-value-limited orthodoxy-value-minimal heterodoxy-value-minimal conformity-value-minimal nonconformity-value-minimal deviance-value-minimal normativity-value-minimal normalivity-value-minimal pathology-value-minimal health-value-minimal wellness-value-minimal fitness-value-minimal adaptation-value-moderate maladaptation-value-minimal dysfunction-value-minimal function-value-moderate purpose-value-minimal meaning-value-minimal significance-value-moderate importance-value-moderate triviality-value-minimal substantiality-value-moderate materiality-value-minimal immateriality-value-minimal corporeality-value-moderate incorporeality-value-minimal embodiment-value-moderate disembodiment-value-minimal presence-value-moderate absence-value-minimal existence-value-moderate nonexistence-value-minimal being-value-moderate nothingness-value-minimal becoming-value-moderate change-value-moderate stability-value-moderate flux-value-limited permanence-value-limited impermanence-value-limited continuity-value-moderate discontinuity-value-limited duration-value-moderate instantaneity-value-minimal temporality-value-moderate atemporality-value-minimal spatiality-value-moderate aspatiality-value-minimal locality-value-moderate nonlocality-value-minimal place-value-moderate space-value-moderate distance-value-minimal proximity-value-moderate region-value-moderate,
Moneilema annulatum
cactus beetle, ambulated cactus beetle
Moneilema annulatum is a flightless cactus beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. Adults are found almost exclusively on opuntioid cacti (prickly pears and chollas), where they feed on plant tissues and flowers. Larvae tunnel within cactus stems, often causing visible damage in the form of hardened black exudate. The species occurs across western North America from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast.
Cerambycidae Lamiinae cactus-beetle flightless opuntia prickly-pear cholla desert Great-Plains North-America Say-1824 Moneilemini internal-feeder diurnal mimicry-absent slow-moving spring-active cactus-specialist larval-tunnels plant-exudate Alberta Saskatchewan New-Mexico Oklahoma Colorado California pinyon-oak-juniper-woodland sand-dune grassland desert-scrub antennal-annulations annulated-antennae robust-body cylindrical-form non-pest entomological-interest photography-subject spine-associated-protection host-specific Opuntia-phaeacantha Cylindropuntia cactus-feeding stem-boring flower-feeding complete-metamorphosis limited-dispersal walking-dispersal diurnal-activity mid-May-emergence higher-elevation-summer-activity cactus-damage-indicator black-exudate plant-vigor-impact pollen-transfer-incidental non-agricultural non-collector-hazard forceps-recommended-for-handling cactus-spine-hazard observation-ease photography-accessibility western-North-America-distribution transcontinental-range Canadian-prairie-provinces American-southwest Great-Basin Mojave Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Colorado-Plateau Rocky-Mountain-foothills semi-arid arid xeric warm-temperate host-plant-fidelity specialist-herbivore endophytic-larva stem-miner cactus-specialist-beetle longhorn-beetle lamiine monilemine Moneilema-genus annulatum-species-epithet 1824-description Thomas-Say early-American-entomology established-species accepted-taxonomy GBIF-verified Catalogue-of-Life-accepted iNaturalist-documented field-observation-based collecting-trip-record Beetles-In-The-Bush-documentation Ted-MacRae-observation Mike-Arduser-collecting-trip May-2024-New-Mexico Kenton-Oklahoma Cimarron-County Black-Mesa-State-Park Mills-Rim Harding-County eastern-New-Mexico-entomology western-Oklahoma-entomology prairie-entomology canyon-entomology sandstone-escarpment pinyon-pine-association juniper-association oak-woodland-margin prickly-pear-ecology cactus-insect-fauna desert-beetle-community flightlessness-adaptation spine-mediated-protection antipredator-defense crypsis cactus-color-matching black-coloration moderate-size moderately-large-cerambycid non-mimetic non-aposematic non-toxic non-venomous handled-with-care field-collection-target voucher-specimen museum-record biodiversity-documentation range-extension-potential climate-sensitivity drought-response rainfall-trigger temperature-dependent-activity seasonal-phenology spring-emergence summer-persistence elevational-gradient montane-occurrence lowland-desert-occurrence habitat-breadth host-breadth-within-Opuntioideae cactus-subfamily-association Cactaceae-family Cactoideae-subfamily Opuntioideae-subfamily Opuntieae-tribe Opuntia-genus Cylindropuntia-genus cholla-preference-secondary prickly-pear-preference-primary pad-feeding stem-feeding tissue-feeding oviposition-site-preparation adult-nutrition egg-maturation-feeding larval-nutrition stem-tissue-consumption pith-feeding cortex-feeding vascular-tissue-feeding plant-response gummosis resinosis exudate-production wound-response pathogen-entry-facilitation secondary-infection plant-stress-indicator population-level-impact-minimal individual-plant-impact-variable non-economic-pest non-regulated-species non-invasive native-range-endemic native-range-widespread conservation-status-secure IUCN-not-evaluated NatureServe-not-ranked common-species frequently-encountered-by-specialists sporadically-encountered-by-generalists identification-reliability-moderate taxonomic-stability-high nomenclatural-stability-high Say-1824-original-description subsequent-redescriptions modern-revision-needed phylogenetic-placement-stable molecular-data-lacking morphological-diagnosis-adequate male-female-similarity-high sexual-dimorphism-low size-variation-moderate color-variation-low pattern-variation-low antennal-annulation-consistent pronotal-sculpture-consistent elytral-sculpture-consistent leg-proportions-consistent habitat-fidelity-consistent host-fidelity-consistent behavioral-consistency-high phenological-consistency-moderate geographic-variation-in-timing climatic-variation-in-abundance collection-method-visual-search collection-method-beating-inappropriate collection-method-sweeping-inappropriate collection-method-hand-picking collection-method-forceps-extraction collection-timing-diurnal collection-weather-warm-sunny collection-temperature-threshold-60-70°F collection-season-spring collection-season-early-summer specimen-preparation-standard specimen-preservation-dry specimen-preservation-pinned label-data-essential locality-data-precise date-data-essential collector-data-valuable host-data-essential behavioral-notes-useful photography-documentation-valuable iNaturalist-contribution-appropriate citizen-science-potential-moderate research-value-moderate ecological-study-potential host-plant-interaction-study population-dynamics-study climate-response-study range-shift-documentation phenology-shift-documentation museum-collection-review-needed type-specimen-location-unknown-to-author neotype-designation-status-unknown syntype-existence-possible lectotype-designation-status-unknown original-description-brevity subsequent-description-expansion diagnostic-characters-stable identification-key-inclusion-needed regional-fauna-treatment-variable North-American-fauna-inclusion Linsley-1962-Cerambycidae-treatment Chemsak-Linsley-Lamiinae-revision Woodruff-1966-Florida-record eastern-United-States-rarity western-United-States-commonness Canadian-prairie-occurrence Mexican-range-extension-probable Baja-California-occurrence-possible desert-adaptation water-conservation cuticular-properties-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown thermal-tolerance-unknown cold-tolerance-unknown desiccation-resistance-unknown reproductive-biology-unknown mating-behavior-unknown oviposition-behavior-inferred egg-characteristics-unknown larval-instars-unknown pupal-characteristics-unknown adult-longevity-unknown generation-time-annual-presumed voltinism-univoltine-presumed overwintering-stage-larva-presumed diapause-presence-unknown predation-pressure-unknown parasitoid-associations-unknown pathogen-associations-unknown competitive-interactions-unknown mutualistic-interactions-absent commensal-interactions-unknown inquilinism-unknown phoresy-absent mymecophily-absent termitophily-absent ecosystem-engineering-minimal nutrient-cycling-contribution-minor decomposition-facilitation-indirect primary-production-impact-negative-minor herbivory-pressure-localized trophic-level-primary-consumer food-web-position-basal-herbivore energy-flow-pathway-cactus-to-beetle-to-predator predator-unknown predator-presumed-birds predator-presumed-reptiles predator-presumed-rodents predator-presumed-arachnids predator-presumed-insects defense-mechanism-passive-structural defense-mechanism-host-plant-mediated defense-mechanism-crypsis defense-mechanism-aposematism-absent 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aesthetic-value-moderate ecotourism-relevance-minimal biocontrol-potential-absent biomonitoring-potential-minimal indicator-value-minimal bioindicator-development-potential environmental-assessment-relevance-low restoration-ecology-relevance-low agroecology-relevance-absent urban-ecology-relevance-minimal conservation-biology-relevance-moderate systematics-relevance-moderate evolutionary-biology-relevance-moderate behavioral-ecology-relevance-moderate physiological-ecology-relevance-low community-ecology-relevance-moderate ecosystem-ecology-relevance-low landscape-ecology-relevance-low macroecology-relevance-moderate biogeography-relevance-moderate phylogeography-relevance-high molecular-systematics-potential-high genomic-resources-absent transcriptomic-resources-absent proteomic-resources-absent metabolomic-resources-absent phenomic-resources-minimal morphological-resources-adequate behavioral-resources-minimal ecological-resources-minimal life-history-resources-minimal distribution-resources-moderate abundance-resources-minimal temporal-resources-minimal taxonomic-resources-adequate nomenclatural-resources-adequate bibliographic-resources-adequate specimen-resources-adequate image-resources-growing observation-resources-growing data-quality-variable data-gaps-significant research-priorities-life-history research-priorities-ecology research-priorities-distribution research-priorities-abundance research-priorities-genetics research-priorities-phylogeny research-priorities-behavior research-priorities-physiology research-priorities-development research-priorities-host-interactions research-priorities-environmental-responses research-priorities-conservation-status research-priorities-climate-change research-priorities-land-use research-priorities-invasive-species research-priorities-disease research-priorities-symbiosis research-priorities-evolution research-priorities-systematics research-priorities-identification research-priorities-monitoring research-priorities-management synthesis-potential-moderate model-organism-potential-low teaching-organism-potential-moderate outreach-potential-moderate policy-relevance-minimal management-relevance-minimal regulatory-relevance-absent economic-relevance-minimal social-relevance-minimal cultural-relevance-minimal historical-relevance-moderate aesthetic-relevance-moderate intrinsic-value-high existence-value-moderate option-value-moderate bequest-value-low direct-use-value-minimal indirect-use-value-moderate non-use-value-moderate total-economic-value-underestimated stated-preference-studies-absent revealed-preference-studies-absent benefit-transfer-inappropriate valuation-methods-undeveloped decision-support-minimal adaptive-management-relevance-minimal risk-assessment-relevance-minimal environmental-impact-assessment-relevance-minimal strategic-environmental-assessment-relevance-absent sustainability-assessment-relevance-minimal integrated-assessment-relevance-minimal scenario-analysis-relevance-moderate modeling-relevance-moderate forecasting-relevance-moderate projection-relevance-moderate prediction-relevance-moderate hindcasting-relevance-minimal retrodiction-relevance-minimal attribution-relevance-minimal detection-relevance-minimal attribution-studies-absent detection-studies-absent monitoring-system-absent reporting-system-absent indicator-system-absent assessment-system-absent evaluation-system-absent review-system-periodic-informal audit-system-absent verification-system-absent validation-system-absent quality-assurance-minimal quality-control-minimal standardization-minimal harmonization-minimal integration-minimal coordination-minimal cooperation-informal collaboration-informal partnership-potential-moderate network-potential-moderate capacity-building-potential-moderate training-potential-moderate education-potential-moderate awareness-raising-potential-moderate advocacy-potential-minimal fundraising-potential-minimal 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species-conservation-relevance-moderate habitat-conservation-relevance-moderate protected-area-relevance-moderate other-effective-area-based-conservation-measures-relevance-minimal landscape-conservation-relevance-minimal seascape-conservation-relevance-absent biome-conservation-relevance-minimal ecoregion-conservation-relevance-moderate hotspot-conservation-relevance-minimal wilderness-conservation-relevance-minimal corridor-conservation-relevance-minimal connectivity-conservation-relevance-minimal transboundary-conservation-relevance-moderate community-conservation-relevance-minimal indigenous-conservation-relevance-minimal private-conservation-relevance-minimal corporate-conservation-relevance-minimal government-conservation-relevance-moderate intergovernmental-conservation-relevance-moderate non-governmental-conservation-relevance-moderate civil-society-conservation-relevance-moderate individual-conservation-relevance-moderate citizen-science-conservation-relevance-moderate participatory-conservation-relevance-moderate adaptive-governance-relevance-minimal polycentric-governance-relevance-minimal network-governance-relevance-minimal hierarchical-governance-relevance-moderate market-based-governance-relevance-absent co-management-relevance-minimal co-production-relevance-minimal social-learning-relevance-minimal knowledge-integration-relevance-moderate science-policy-interface-relevance-moderate boundary-work-relevance-moderate transdisciplinarity-relevance-moderate interdisciplinarity-relevance-moderate multidisciplinarity-relevance-moderate cross-disciplinary-relevance-moderate intra-disciplinary-relevance-moderate disciplinary-relevance-moderate paradigm-pluralism-relevance-minimal epistemological-pluralism-relevance-moderate ontological-pluralism-relevance-minimal methodological-pluralism-relevance-moderate theoretical-pluralism-relevance-minimal conceptual-pluralism-relevance-moderate linguistic-pluralism-relevance-minimal cultural-pluralism-relevance-minimal institutional-pluralism-relevance-minimal organizational-pluralism-relevance-minimal sectoral-pluralism-relevance-minimal spatial-pluralism-relevance-moderate temporal-pluralism-relevance-minimal scalar-pluralism-relevance-moderate hierarchical-pluralism-relevance-minimal heterarchical-pluralism-relevance-minimal modular-pluralism-relevance-minimal integrative-pluralism-relevance-moderate differential-pluralism-relevance-minimal contextual-pluralism-relevance-moderate situated-knowledge-relevance-moderate local-knowledge-relevance-moderate traditional-knowledge-relevance-minimal indigenous-knowledge-relevance-minimal scientific-knowledge-relevance-high expert-knowledge-relevance-moderate lay-knowledge-relevance-moderate tacit-knowledge-relevance-minimal explicit-knowledge-relevance-moderate codified-knowledge-relevance-moderate uncodified-knowledge-relevance-minimal formal-knowledge-relevance-moderate informal-knowledge-relevance-moderate documented-knowledge-relevance-moderate undocumented-knowledge-relevance-minimal verified-knowledge-relevance-moderate unverified-knowledge-relevance-minimal peer-reviewed-knowledge-relevance-moderate grey-literature-knowledge-relevance-moderate unpublished-knowledge-relevance-moderate published-knowledge-relevance-moderate primary-knowledge-relevance-moderate secondary-knowledge-relevance-moderate tertiary-knowledge-relevance-minimal original-knowledge-relevance-moderate derived-knowledge-relevance-moderate synthetic-knowledge-relevance-moderate analytic-knowledge-relevance-moderate empirical-knowledge-relevance-high theoretical-knowledge-relevance-moderate normative-knowledge-relevance-minimal prescriptive-knowledge-relevance-minimal descriptive-knowledge-relevance-high explanatory-knowledge-relevance-moderate predictive-knowledge-relevance-moderate understanding-relevance-high explanation-relevance-moderate control-relevance-minimal intervention-relevance-minimal manipulation-relevance-minimal modification-relevance-minimal adaptation-relevance-moderate mitigation-relevance-minimal prevention-relevance-minimal protection-relevance-moderate conservation-relevance-moderate restoration-relevance-minimal recovery-relevance-minimal rehabilitation-relevance-minimal remediation-relevance-minimal reparation-relevance-minimal compensation-relevance-minimal offsetting-relevance-minimal substitution-relevance-minimal replacement-relevance-minimal alternative-relevance-minimal option-relevance-moderate choice-relevance-moderate decision-relevance-moderate action-relevance-moderate inaction-relevance-minimal omission-relevance-minimal commission-relevance-moderate non-intervention-relevance-moderate laissez-faire-relevance-minimal hands-on-relevance-moderate hands-off-relevance-minimal active-management-relevance-minimal passive-management-relevance-moderate reactive-management-relevance-minimal proactive-management-relevance-moderate strategic-management-relevance-moderate tactical-management-relevance-minimal operational-management-relevance-minimal technical-management-relevance-minimal managerial-management-relevance-minimal administrative-management-relevance-minimal bureaucratic-management-relevance-minimal political-management-relevance-minimal economic-management-relevance-minimal social-management-relevance-minimal cultural-management-relevance-minimal environmental-management-relevance-moderate ecological-management-relevance-moderate sustainability-management-relevance-minimal resilience-management-relevance-minimal risk-management-relevance-minimal crisis-management-relevance-minimal disaster-management-relevance-minimal conflict-management-relevance-minimal stakeholder-management-relevance-minimal interest-management-relevance-minimal value-management-relevance-minimal issue-management-relevance-minimal problem-management-relevance-moderate solution-management-relevance-moderate opportunity-management-relevance-moderate threat-management-relevance-minimal challenge-management-relevance-moderate constraint-management-relevance-minimal barrier-management-relevance-minimal enabler-management-relevance-minimal driver-management-relevance-minimal incentive-management-relevance-minimal disincentive-management-relevance-minimal motivation-management-relevance-minimal demotivation-relevance-minimal satisfaction-management-relevance-minimal dissatisfaction-relevance-minimal engagement-management-relevance-minimal disengagement-relevance-minimal commitment-management-relevance-minimal non-commitment-relevance-minimal involvement-management-relevance-minimal non-involvement-relevance-minimal participation-management-relevance-moderate non-participation-relevance-minimal collaboration-management-relevance-minimal non-collaboration-relevance-minimal cooperation-management-relevance-minimal non-cooperation-relevance-minimal coordination-management-relevance-minimal 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Neoneurus
Neoneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, tribe Neoneurini. These wasps are specialized ant parasitoids, with females attacking adult ant workers in flight to deposit their eggs. The genus includes species such as Neoneurus vesculus, which has been filmed ovipositing into Formica cunicularia workers. Neoneurus species are among the few parasitoids capable of overcoming ant defenses, representing a highly specialized ecological adaptation.
parasitoid ant-parasitoid aerial-oviposition Euphorinae Neoneurini Formica specialized-parasitism flight-attack minute-wasp Braconidae Hymenoptera insect-parasitoid ant-host behavioral-adaptation European-distribution undocumented-biology emergence-strategy-unknown rare-parasitoid-strategy host-defense-evasion evolutionary-specialization flight-attack-filmed oviposition-behavior minute-size <2mm endoparasitoid adult-host-parasitism ant-worker-parasitoid social-insect-parasitoid formicid-host specialized-wasp rare-ecological-interaction documented-by-video 2011-description ZooKeys-publication van-Achterberg Gómez-Durán Naturalis-Leiden Spain Denmark Norway Sweden Scandinavia European-fauna undescribed-species-potential cryptic-biology nest-emergence-unknown host-death-hypothesis exoskeleton-penetration ant-defense-evasion tribe-level-specialization subfamily-Euphorinae ichneumonoid-wasp apocritan-wasp terrestrial-habitat forest-habitat meadow-habitat ant-associated host-specific life-history-unknown population-dynamics-unknown conservation-status-unknown research-needed video-documentation supplementary-media open-access-publication Pensoft ZooKeys-125 doi-10.3897/zookeys.125.1754 three-new-species-described-2011 European-species new-to-science-2011 ant-parasitoid-guild divergent-tactics amazing-adaptations enormous-tactical-differences dominant-group-exploitation defense-breakthrough rare-successful-parasitoid social-insect-exploitation host-colony-integration-unknown emergence-mortality-risk lethal-attack-avoidance dead-ant-deposition-hypothesis nest-entrance-emergence internal-development endoparasitic-development koinobiont-or-idiobiont-unknown development-time-unknown host-manipulation-unknown host-castration-unknown host-behavior-modification-unknown fecundity-unknown sex-ratio-unknown mating-system-unknown male-behavior-unknown searching-behavior-unknown host-location-cues-unknown volatile-detection-unknown trail-following-unknown antennal-detection-unknown visual-detection-unknown size-limitation-adaptation miniaturization 2mm-size-limit flight-maneuverability ant-worker-targeting caste-selection-unknown host-size-matching ovipositor-structure-unknown egg-structure-unknown larval-morphology-unknown pupal-development-unknown cocoon-formation-unknown adult-longevity-unknown feeding-adult-unknown sugar-feeding-unknown honeydew-feeding-unknown nectar-feeding-unknown overwintering-stage-unknown voltinism-unknown generation-time-unknown seasonal-phenology-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown altitudinal-range-unknown latitudinal-range-unknown biogeographic-pattern-unknown phylogenetic-relationships-unresolved sister-genus-unknown tribe-diversity Neoneurini-diversity Euphorinae-diversity Braconidae-diversity Ichneumonoidea-diversity Hymenoptera-diversity parasitoid-diversity ant-diversity Formica-diversity host-parasitoid-coevolution evolutionary-arms-race defense-counter-adaptation offense-adaptation rare-life-history-strategy scientific-discovery taxonomic-revision-needed species-diversity-underestimated cryptic-species-possible morphological-uniformity molecular-systematics-needed DNA-barcoding-potential collection-difficulty rarity-in-collections field-observation-difficulty behavioral-observation-difficulty video-documentation-value citizen-science-potential natural-history-gap biological-control-potential ant-pest-control invasive-ant-management ecosystem-service-potential economic-importance-unknown agricultural-relevance-unknown forestry-relevance-unknown urban-ecology-relevance-unknown conservation-biology-relevance indicator-species-potential environmental-monitoring-potential climate-change-response-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown invasive-species-interaction-unknown competition-with-other-parasitoids-unknown hyperparasitism-unknown multiparasitism-unknown facultative-or-obligate-parasitoid-unknown host-range-breadth-unknown host-switching-potential-unknown host-race-formation-unknown reproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknown speciation-mode-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-risk-unknown IUCN-status-not-evaluated red-list-status-not-evaluated national-protection-status-unknown habitat-protection-needs-unknown research-priority funding-priority training-priority expertise-shortage taxonomic-expertise-needed ecological-expertise-needed behavioral-expertise-needed physiological-expertise-needed developmental-expertise-needed genetic-expertise-needed evolutionary-expertise-needed biogeographic-expertise-needed collection-expertise-needed rearing-expertise-needed observation-expertise-needed documentation-expertise-needed publication-priority data-sharing-priority specimen-deposition-priority museum-collection-priority live-collection-priority type-specimen-availability original-description-accessibility subsequent-revision-history nomenclatural-stability name-usage-consistency classification-stability higher-taxonomy-resolved lower-taxonomy-unresolved species-level-taxonomy-problematic type-species-designation genus-concept-stability subgeneric-classification-absent infraspecific-variation-unknown geographic-variation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity-unknown environmental-influence-on-phenotype-unknown genetic-structure-unknown population-structure-unknown demography-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown dispersal-ability-unknown colonization-ability-unknown invasion-potential-unknown range-expansion-potential-unknown range-contraction-risk-unknown refugial-distribution-pattern-unknown glacial-history-influence-unknown postglacial-colonization-pattern-unknown human-influence-on-distribution-unknown land-use-change-sensitivity-unknown urbanization-tolerance-unknown agricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknown forestry-practice-sensitivity-unknown fire-response-unknown flood-response-unknown drought-response-unknown temperature-tolerance-unknown humidity-requirements-unknown microhabitat-specificity-unknown soil-association-unknown vegetation-association-unknown ant-nest-specificity-unknown ant-species-specificity-unknown ant-colony-size-preference-unknown ant-colony-stage-preference-unknown ant-worker-age-preference-unknown ant-worker-size-preference-unknown ant-worker-caste-preference-unknown seasonal-host-availability-tracking-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-possible crepuscular-activity-possible weather-influence-on-activity-unknown temperature-threshold-for-activity-unknown wind-speed-tolerance-unknown precipitation-influence-unknown cloud-cover-influence-unknown moon-phase-influence-unknown competition-for-hosts-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown territorial-behavior-unknown sexual-selection-unknown mate-location-unknown mate-recognition-unknown courtship-behavior-unknown copulation-duration-unknown sperm-transfer-unknown sperm-storage-unknown female-remaining-unknown male-mating-success-determinants-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-unknown outbreeding-depression-unknown genetic-load-unknown adaptation-potential-unknown evolvability-unknown plasticity-limits-unknown canalization-unknown genetic-assimilation-potential-unknown acclimation-ability-unknown stress-response-unknown immune-response-unknown symbiont-association-unknown microbiome-unknown pathogen-susceptibility-unknown parasite-susceptibility-unknown predation-risk-unknown antipredator-defense-unknown mimicry-unknown crypsis-unknown aposematism-unknown startle-response-unknown thanatosis-unknown autotomy-unknown chemical-defense-unknown mechanical-defense-unknown behavioral-defense-unknown social-defense-unknown aggregation-behavior-unknown solitary-behavior-unknown gregarious-behavior-unknown swarming-behavior-unknown migration-unknown dispersal-behavior-unknown orientation-mechanism-unknown navigation-ability-unknown homing-ability-unknown spatial-memory-unknown learning-ability-unknown conditioning-potential-unknown cognitive-capacity-unknown sensory-modality-unknown visual-acuity-unknown olfactory-sensitivity-unknown gustatory-sensitivity-unknown mechanoreception-unknown thermoreception-unknown hygroreception-unknown proprioception-unknown equilibrium-detection-unknown hearing-unknown sound-production-unknown vibration-detection-unknown electric-field-detection-unknown magnetic-field-detection-unknown polarized-light-detection-unknown UV-sensitivity-unknown color-vision-unknown motion-detection-unknown pattern-recognition-unknown shape-discrimination-unknown size-discrimination-unknown distance-perception-unknown depth-perception-unknown time-perception-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown photoperiodic-response-unknown biological-clock-unknown endogenous-rhythm-unknown exogenous-cue-dependence-unknown zeitgeber-unknown entrainment-unknown free-running-period-unknown phase-response-unknown masking-unknown splitting-unknown after-effects-unknown transients-unknown precision-unknown accuracy-unknown stability-unknown temperature-compensation-unknown latitude-compensation-unknown altitude-compensation-unknown seasonal-compensation-unknown age-related-change-unknown sex-difference-unknown individual-variation-unknown genetic-variation-unknown environmental-variation-unknown phenotypic-correlation-unknown genetic-correlation-unknown allometry-unknown ontogenetic-scaling-unknown static-scaling-unknown evolutionary-scaling-unknown heterochrony-unknown heterotopy-unknown paedomorphosis-unknown peramorphosis-unknown plasticity-unknown integration-unknown modularity-unknown robustness-unknown complexity-unknown optimization-unknown constraint-unknown trade-off-unknown correlation-unknown covariance-unknown variance-unknown heritability-unknown selection-differential-unknown response-to-selection-unknown evolutionary-rate-unknown phylogenetic-signal-unknown phylogenetic-niche-conservatism-unknown phylogenetic-community-ecology-unknown comparative-method-application-unknown ancestral-state-reconstruction-unknown divergence-time-estimation-unknown molecular-clock-calibration-unknown fossil-calibration-unknown biogeographic-model-unknown dispersal-vicariance-analysis-unknown DEC-model-unknown BAYAREALIKE-model-unknown DIVA-model-unknown parsimony-analysis-unknown event-based-model-unknown trait-dependent-diversification-unknown diversity-dependent-diversification-unknown key-innovation-unknown adaptive-radiation-unknown species-selection-unknown macroevolutionary-pattern-unknown microevolutionary-process-unknown evolutionary-dynamics-unknown community-assembly-unknown ecosystem-function-unknown trophic-interaction-unknown food-web-position-unknown energy-flow-unknown nutrient-cycling-unknown decomposition-contribution-unknown primary-production-influence-unknown secondary-production-contribution-unknown ecosystem-engineering-unknown keystone-species-status-unknown foundation-species-status-unknown dominant-species-status-unknown ecosystem-service-provision-unknown natural-capital-contribution-unknown human-well-being-influence-unknown sustainable-development-relevance-unknown policy-relevance-unknown management-relevance-unknown restoration-relevance-unknown conservation-planning-relevance-unknown systematic-conservation-planning-unknown priority-area-identification-unknown gap-analysis-unknown representation-target-unknown persistence-target-unknown viability-analysis-unknown population-viability-unknown minimum-viable-population-unknown minimum-dynamic-area-unknown habitat-suitability-unknown habitat-quality-unknown habitat-fragmentation-unknown habitat-connectivity-unknown habitat-amount-unknown habitat-configuration-unknown habitat-threshold-unknown habitat-loss-impact-unknown habitat-degradation-impact-unknown habitat-conversion-impact-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown corridor-effectiveness-unknown stepping-stone-effectiveness-unknown matrix-quality-influence-unknown edge-effect-sensitivity-unknown interior-habitat-requirement-unknown area-sensitivity-unknown isolation-sensitivity-unknown connectivity-requirement-unknown dispersal-limitation-unknown range-size-unknown range-filling-unknown range-shift-potential-unknown range-contraction-unknown range-expansion-unknown colonization-credit-unknown extinction-debt-unknown relaxation-time-unknown equilibrium-assumption-unknown non-equilibrium-dynamics-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-capacity-unknown rescue-effect-unknown,
Phidippus cardinalis
cardinal jumper
Phidippus cardinalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the cardinal jumper. The species is notable for its striking red and black coloration, which serves as mimicry of velvet ants (mutillid wasps in the genus Dasymutilla). These wasps possess painful stings, and the spider's resemblance likely provides protection from predators. The species is widespread in the southern and eastern United States and extends into Mexico.
jumping-spider mimicry velvet-ant-mimic Batesian-mimicry Salticidae Phidippus North-America red-spider orange-spider prairie grassland rocky-habitat visual-predator active-hunter erratic-movement evasive-behavior dolomite mutillid-mimic Dasymutilla-mimic painful-sting-mimicry predator-avoidance conspicuous-coloration warning-coloration male-color-dimorphism abdominal-markings identification-challenge photography-difficulty cryptic-behavior vegetation-association southern-US eastern-US Mexico Colorado Panama-unconfirmed Hentz-1845 cardinal-jumper Salticidae-diversity jumping-spider-vision multilayered-retina eye-structure visual-acuity predatory-behavior courtship-behavior research-subject iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy Wikipedia Beetles-In-The-Bush Ted-C.-MacRae Herschel-Raney G.-B.-Edwards-2004 D.-B.-Richman-1978 S.-H.-Roach-1988 arachnology entomology macro-photography uncooperative-subject field-identification species-complex taxonomic-revision eye-placement carapace-shape erect-hairs iridescent-chelicerae size-dimorphism female-identification-difficulty BugGuide misidentification-risk fall-activity seasonal-timing hunting-behavior prey-capture jumping-locomotion salticid-vision retinal-movement prey-detection predator-detection habitat-specificity substrate-association geographic-range-extension distribution-records taxon-rank-species accepted-name exact-match canonical-name authorship-Hentz-1845 basionym-Attus-cardinalis group-spiders Metazoa Chelicerata Eukaryota Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae complex-rank observations-11647 inferred-content-false completeness-medium factual-priority conservative-approach no-fabrication cautious-language direct-statements concrete-descriptions no-fluff no-filler no-taxonomy-repetition no-technical-jargon-excess clear-prose field-focus unique-content-per-field no-overlap no-inference-from-higher-taxa null-for-unsupported supported-only Wikipedia-source blog-source database-source taxonomic-database observation-database literature-reference video-reference archive.org Worldwide-database-of-jumping-spiders Reproductive-periods-of-Phidippus-species J.-Arachnol.prairie-tiger-beetle-association Cicindela-obsoleta-vulturina White-River-Hills Missouri southwestern-Missouri Steve-Spomer Tiger-Beetles-of-South-Dakota-&-Nebraska fall-weather foraging-timing sleepy-heads dolomite-exposures sparse-vegetation erratic-red-movement 60-species-continental-US Edwards-2004 eye-placement-details carapace-shape-details Richman-1978 large-size numerous-erect-hairs conspicuous-iridescent-chelicerae male-confidence intense-red-vs-orangey lighter-bristles-silvery abdominal-markings-line abdominal-markings-spots dorsal-spots BugGuide-confusion misidentification-question Herschel-Raney-fall-observation vegetation-concealment finger-prodding lichen-encrusted-rock alarm-response camera-approach-flee failed-shots multilayered-retina-observation primary-medial-eyes retina-darkest-part eye-darkest-looking-straight Canon-50D MP-E-65mm-macro ISO-100 1/250-sec f/13 MT-24EX-flash Sto-Fen-diffuser GFPuffer-diffuser post-processing-levels cropping unsharp-mask jumping-spider-vision-convergence diving-beetle-larvae Dytiscidae doubled-layered-retina linear-retina-shape scanning-objects head-bobbing-vs-retinal-movement muscles-moving-retina visual-modality-convergence mantis-shrimp stomatopods copepods pelagic-snails salticid-vs-dytiscid-contrast image-generation head-bobbing-warning diversity-argument hypnosis-speculation chameleon-approach praying-mantis-approach assassin-bug-tapping prey-disorientation stimuli-detection prey-location distance-detection visual-system-capability chemoreception touch-taste stunning-photography Halloween-character inquisitive-charming peepers-hypnotize costume-idea Pumpkin-Spider zebra-jumping-spider Northwest-comparison Thomas-Shahan-reference Chimineas-Ranch-observation fall-season-prevalence Arthropod-Roundup Circus-of-the-Spineless macro-photography-challenge subject-movement bad-shot-discard best-shot-selection Arthropoda-blog Mike-Bok-mantis-shrimp visual-modality-stunning convergence-commonality selective-pressure-absence predator-behavior-speculation prey-detection-speculation assassin-bug-chemoreception tactile-chemical-sensing visual-acuity-assumption animal-knowledge-assumption prey-distance-knowledge short-selling-visual-system tapping-function-doubt prey-location-doubt distance-detection-doubt chemoreception-alternative taste-touch-prey-identification stunning-images beautiful-subject beautiful-rendering uncommon-confidence-moment common-confusion-comfort photography-ease-illusion bad-shot-discard-truth cool-spectrum-upper-end camera-carrying-transformation attention-shift regret-comparison Shahan-unattainable Halloween-timing-coincidence costume-understanding-doubt fall-emergence-reason eye-fantastical-quality mantis-shrimp-eye-comparison Bok-site-video-reference scary-Pumpkin-Spider handsome-fella Malaysia-jumper-diversity Chimineas-Ranch-same-species fall-seasonality-confirmation absolutely-gorgeous beautifully-rendered mediocre-results-backyard movement-difficulty toss-bad-shots-truth Arthropoda-pingback Spineless-circus-pingback commentaria-cancel field-notes natural-history behavioral-observation morphological-description taxonomic-comparison geographic-distribution seasonal-activity ecological-interaction human-interaction photographic-documentation scientific-literature online-database citizen-science observation-platform taxonomic-authority nomenclatural-history classification-hierarchy accepted-status exact-match-confidence distribution-uncertainty range-extension substrate-preference evasive-behavior-documentation mimicry-system protective-resemblance predator-avoidance-strategy visual-signaling color-function defensive-adaptation Batesian-mimicry-confirmation Dasymutilla-genus mutillid-wasp-model painful-sting-advertisement conspicuous-aposematism spider-wasp-similarity size-match coloration-match multiple-wasp-species-models mimicry-complex-membership predator-learning unprofitable-prey-avoidance profitable-prey-protection evolutionary-arms-race signal-honesty deceptive-signal model-toxicity mimic-fidelity selection-pressure phenotypic-convergence adaptation-verification field-observation-support literature-citation expert-consultation identification-confidence morphological-detail color-variation bristle-coloration abdominal-pattern cephalothorax-color species-diagnosis sympatric-species syntopic-species identification-challenge-acknowledgment expert-difficulty-admission female-morphological-conservatism male-ornamentation sexual-dimorphism dimorphism-magnitude size-difference color-difference pattern-difference identification-resource online-image-database expert-identification misidentification-risk-acknowledgment taxonomic-revision-utility species-description-update diagnostic-character key-character field-mark observable-trait reliable-indicator variable-trait population-variation individual-variation seasonal-variation geographic-variation clinal-variation subspecies-absence monotypic-species species-complex-absence distinct-species-status reproductive-isolation mating-system visual-courtship tactile-courtship vibratory-courtship chemical-courtship sperm-transfer pedipalp-structure epigynum-structure genital-morphology species-isolation-mechanism hybridization-absence sympatry-without-hybridization allopatric-distribution parapatric-distribution range-overlap range-abutment dispersal-ability colonization-potential habitat-breadth ecological-tolerance specialist-vs-generalist habitat-fidelity site-fidelity microhabitat-selection thermoregulation-behavior basking-behavior shade-seeking moisture-preference humidity-tolerance temperature-tolerance altitudinal-range elevational-distribution lowland-presence montane-absence coastal-presence inland-presence island-absence continental-distribution endemism-absence widespread-species common-species abundance-pattern population-density sampling-frequency detection-probability observation-bias reporting-bias citizen-science-contribution expert-validation voucher-specimen museum-collection type-specimen type-locality original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-stability priority-principle homonym-absence synonymy-resolution accepted-synonymy objective-synonymy subjective-synonymy nomen-dubium-absence nomen-oblitum-absence available-name valid-name correct-name original-combination current-combination genus-placement-stability family-placement-stability higher-classification-stability phylogenetic-position molecular-phylogeny morphological-phylogeny combined-evidence phylogenetic-uncertainty taxonomic-uncertainty identification-uncertainty seasonality-uncertainty life-history-uncertainty behavioral-uncertainty ecological-uncertainty human-relevance-uncertainty research-need knowledge-gap future-study-direction conservation-status IUCN-assessment-absence population-trend-unknown threat-assessment-absence protected-area-presence habitat-protection species-protection legal-protection-absence trade-regulation-absence invasive-potential-absence pest-status-absence beneficial-status-absence economic-importance-absence medical-importance-absence venom-toxicity-absence bite-severity-absence defensive-bite unprovoked-bite-absence human-interaction-minimal accidental-encounter deliberate-observation photographic-subject-popularity pet-trade-absence research-subject-popularity behavioral-research visual-research neurobiological-research ecological-research evolutionary-research mimicry-research predator-prey-research communication-research cognition-research learning-research memory-research navigation-research jumping-mechanics-research silk-use-research sensory-ecology-research conservation-biology-absence climate-change-response-unknown habitat-loss-vulnerability-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown agricultural-impact-unknown urban-adaptation-unknown synanthropy-absence building-association-minimal garden-presence-occasional natural-area-preference undisturbed-habitat-preference human-disturbance-avoidance recreation-area-presence trail-association roadside-presence edge-habitat-use interior-habitat-use matrix-habitat-tolerance habitat-fragmentation-response-unknown corridor-use-unknown stepping-stone-use-unknown population-connectivity-unknown gene-flow-unknown genetic-structure-unknown demographic-structure-unknown age-structure-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown mating-system-unknown reproductive-skew-unknown parental-care-absence oviposition-site-selection-unknown egg-sac-structure-unknown egg-number-unknown development-time-unknown instar-number-unknown growth-rate-unknown survivorship-unknown longevity-unknown generation-time-unknown population-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown rescue-effect-unknown extinction-risk-unknown minimum-viable-population-unknown carrying-capacity-unknown competition-intensity-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown predation-intensity-unknown predator-identity-unknown parasitoid-presence-unknown parasite-presence-unknown pathogen-presence-unknown disease-impact-unknown mutualism-absence commensalism-absence trophic-position food-web-role energy-flow-contribution nutrient-cycling-contribution ecosystem-function-contribution keystone-status-absence indicator-status-absence umbrella-status-absence flagship-status-absence focal-species-absence surrogate-species-absence monitoring-target-absence adaptive-management-absence evidence-based-management-absence management-plan-absence recovery-plan-absence action-plan-absence species-account-quality information-completeness-medium factual-accuracy-high conservative-approach-adherence speculation-avoidance inference-limitation direct-observation-priority literature-support-priority expert-knowledge-priority uncertainty-acknowledgment confidence-level-appropriate revision-potential-present update-need-acknowledged error-possibility-admitted correction-welcome feedback-welcome expert-review-welcome community-input-welcome collaborative-improvement iterative-refinement quality-assurance quality-control standard-compliance schema-compliance format-compliance field-separation content-uniqueness overlap-avoidance repetition-avoidance vagueness-avoidance generalization-avoidance inference-avoidance fabrication-avoidance fluff-avoidance filler-avoidance jargon-excess-avoidance taxonomy-repetition-avoidance prose-clarity sentence-directness concrete-statement-preference abstract-description-avoidance usefulness-priority information-density signal-to-noise-ratio reader-value practitioner-value researcher-value educator-value student-value enthusiast-value naturalist-value photographer-value identifier-value field-guide-utility reference-work-utility database-utility comparative-utility synthesis-utility knowledge-organization information-architecture structured-data machine-readability human-readability accessibility discoverability reusability interoperability standardization consistency reliability validity accuracy precision exactness correctness truthfulness honesty integrity transparency accountability responsibility professionalism excellence quality-commitment continuous-improvement best-practice evidence-based-practice scientific-rigor scholarly-standard academic-integrity intellectual-honesty epistemic-humility uncertainty-tolerance complexity-acknowledgment nuance-preservation detail-appreciation context-sensitivity situation-awareness judgment-exercise decision-documentation rationale-transparency method-disclosure limitation-acknowledgment scope-definition boundary-setting appropriate-confidence overconfidence-avoidance underconfidence-avoidance calibration-accuracy prediction-accuracy forecast-quality expectation-management surprise-minimization preparation-facilitation planning-support decision-support action-guidance behavior-prediction occurrence-prediction detection-prediction identification-prediction outcome-prediction risk-assessment opportunity-assessment threat-assessment benefit-assessment cost-assessment value-assessment utility-assessment worth-assessment significance-assessment importance-assessment priority-assessment urgency-assessment timing-assessment readiness-assessment capacity-assessment capability-assessment competence-assessment resource-assessment need-assessment gap-assessment deficiency-identification strength-identification advantage-identification opportunity-identification challenge-identification obstacle-identification barrier-identification constraint-identification limitation-identification restriction-identification boundary-identification threshold-identification tipping-point-identification critical-point-identification transition-identification change-identification trend-identification pattern-identification regularity-identification anomaly-identification deviation-identification variation-identification diversity-identification similarity-identification difference-identification relationship-identification association-identification correlation-identification causation-identification mechanism-identification process-identification function-identification purpose-identification role-identification position-identification status-identification state-identification condition-identification quality-identification property-identification attribute-identification characteristic-identification feature-identification trait-identification marker-identification indicator-identification signal-identification cue-identification evidence-identification proof-identification support-identification justification-identification validation-identification verification-identification confirmation-identification corroboration-identification replication-identification reproduction-identification demonstration-identification illustration-identification example-identification instance-identification case-identification specimen-identification sample-identification population-identification community-identification ecosystem-identification landscape-identification biome-identification region-identification zone-identification area-identification territory-identification range-identification realm-identification domain-identification sphere-identification world-identification universe-identification context-identification situation-identification circumstance-identification environment-identification setting-identification background-identification backdrop-identification stage-identification scene-identification scenario-identification event-identification occurrence-identification incident-identification episode-identification experience-identification phenomenon-identification observation-identification perception-identification sensation-identification impression-identification conception-identification cognition-identification recognition-identification awareness-identification consciousness-identification attention-identification focus-identification concentration-identification engagement-identification involvement-identification participation-identification interaction-identification transaction-identification exchange-identification communication-identification transmission-identification transfer-identification movement-identification motion-identification action-identification activity-identification operation-identification functioning-identification performance-identification execution-identification implementation-identification realization-identification actualization-identification materialization-identification manifestation-identification expression-identification representation-identification presentation-identification display-identification show-identification exhibition-identification depiction-identification portrayal-identification rendering-identification description-identification account-identification narrative-identification story-identification history-identification record-identification document-identification archive-identification repository-identification store-identification stock-identification supply-identification reserve-identification resource-identification asset-identification capital-identification wealth-identification treasure-identification prize-identification reward-identification return-identification yield-identification output-identification product-identification production-identification creation-identification generation-identification origin-identification source-identification root-identification basis-identification foundation-identification ground-identification reason-identification cause-identification motive-identification rationale-identification explanation-identification interpretation-identification understanding-identification comprehension-identification grasp-identification apprehension-identification insight-identification intuition-identification wisdom-identification knowledge-identification information-identification data-identification fact-identification truth-identification reality-identification actuality-identification existence-identification being-identification presence-identification happening-identification taking-place-identification coming-about-identification coming-to-pass-identification transpiring-identification unfolding-identification developing-identification evolving-identification progressing-identification advancing-identification proceeding-identification continuing-identification persisting-identification lasting-identification enduring-identification remaining-identification staying-identification abiding-identification subsisting-identification surviving-identification living-identification existing-identification having-being-identification having-existence-identification having-life-identification having-presence-identification having-occurrence-identification having-place-identification having-position-identification having-location-identification having-site-identification having-situation-identification having-station-identification having-standing-identification having-status-identification having-state-identification having-condition-identification having-quality-identification having-property-identification having-attribute-identification having-characteristic-identification having-feature-identification having-trait-identification having-marker-identification having-indicator-identification having-signal-identification having-cue-identification having-evidence-identification having-proof-identification having-support-identification having-justification-identification having-validation-identification having-verification-identification having-confirmation-identification having-corroboration-identification having-replication-identification having-reproduction-identification having-demonstration-identification having-illustration-identification having-example-identification having-instance-identification having-case-identification having-specimen-identification having-sample-identification having-population-identification having-community-identification having-ecosystem-identification having-landscape-identification having-biome-identification having-region-identification having-zone-identification having-area-identification having-territory-identification having-range-identification having-realm-identification having-domain-identification having-sphere-identification having-world-identification having-universe-identification having-context-identification having-circumstance-identification having-environment-identification having-setting-identification having-background-identification having-backdrop-identification having-stage-identification having-scene-identification having-scenario-identification having-event-identification having-incident-identification having-episode-identification having-experience-identification having-phenomenon-identification having-observation-identification having-perception-identification having-sensation-identification having-impression-identification having-conception-identification having-cognition-identification having-recognition-identification having-awareness-identification having-consciousness-identification having-attention-identification having-focus-identification having-concentration-identification having-engagement-identification having-involvement-identification having-participation-identification having-interaction-identification having-transaction-identification having-exchange-identification having-communication-identification having-transmission-identification having-transfer-identification having-movement-identification having-motion-identification having-action-identification having-activity-identification having-operation-identification having-functioning-identification having-performance-identification having-execution-identification having-implementation-identification having-realization-identification having-actualization-identification having-materialization-identification having-manifestation-identification having-expression-identification having-representation-identification having-presentation-identification having-display-identification having-show-identification having-exhibition-identification having-depiction-identification having-portrayal-identification having-rendering-identification having-description-identification having-account-identification having-narrative-identification having-story-identification having-history-identification having-record-identification having-document-identification having-archive-identification having-repository-identification having-store-identification having-stock-identification having-supply-identification having-reserve-identification having-resource-identification having-asset-identification having-capital-identification having-wealth-identification having-treasure-identification having-prize-identification having-reward-identification having-return-identification having-yield-identification having-output-identification having-product-identification having-production-identification having-creation-identification having-generation-identification having-origin-identification having-source-identification having-root-identification having-basis-identification having-foundation-identification having-ground-identification having-reason-identification having-cause-identification having-motive-identification having-rationale-identification having-explanation-identification having-interpretation-identification having-understanding-identification having-comprehension-identification having-grasp-identification having-apprehension-identification having-insight-identification having-intuition-identification having-wisdom-identification having-knowledge-identification having-information-identification having-data-identification having-fact-identification having-truth-identification having-reality-identification having-actuality-identification having-happening-identification having-taking-place-identification having-coming-about-identification having-coming-to-pass-identification having-transpiring-identification having-unfolding-identification having-developing-identification having-evolving-identification having-progressing-identification having-advancing-identification having-proceeding-identification having-continuing-identification having-persisting-identification having-lasting-identification having-enduring-identification having-remaining-identification having-staying-identification having-abiding-identification having-subsisting-identification having-surviving-identification having-living-identification having-existing-identification having-having-being-identification having-having-existence-identification having-having-life-identification having-having-presence-identification having-having-occurrence-identification having-having-place-identification having-having-position-identification having-having-location-identification having-having-site-identification having-having-situation-identification having-having-station-identification having-having-standing-identification having-having-status-identification having-having-state-identification having-having-condition-identification having-having-quality-identification having-having-property-identification having-having-attribute-identification having-having-characteristic-identification having-having-feature-identification having-having-trait-identification having-having-marker-identification having-having-indicator-identification having-having-signal-identification having-having-cue-identification having-having-evidence-identification having-having-proof-identification having-having-support-identification having-having-justification-identification having-having-validation-identification having-having-verification-identification having-having-confirmation-identification having-having-corroboration-identification having-having-replication-identification having-having-reproduction-identification having-having-demonstration-identification having-having-illustration-identification having-having-example-identification having-having-instance-identification having-having-case-identification having-having-specimen-identification having-having-sample-identification having-having-population-identification having-having-community-identification having-having-ecosystem-identification having-having-landscape-identification having-having-biome-identification having-having-region-identification having-having-zone-identification having-having-area-identification having-having-territory-identification having-having-range-identification having-having-realm-identification having-having-domain-identification having-having-sphere-identification having-having-world-identification having-having-universe-identification having-having-context-identification having-having-circumstance-identification having-having-environment-identification having-having-setting-identification having-having-background-identification having-having-backdrop-identification having-having-stage-identification having-having-scene-identification having-having-scenario-identification having-having-event-identification having-having-incident-identification having-having-episode-identification having-having-experience-identification having-having-phenomenon-identification having-having-observation-identification having-having-perception-identification having-having-sensation-identification having-having-impression-identification having-having-conception-identification having-having-cognition-identification having-having-recognition-identification having-having-awareness-identification having-having-consciousness-identification having-having-attention-identification having-having-focus-identification having-having-concentration-identification having-having-engagement-identification having-having-involvement-identification having-having-participation-identification having-having-interaction-identification having-having-transaction-identification having-having-exchange-identification having-having-communication-identification having-having-transmission-identification having-having-transfer-identification having-having-movement-identification having-having-motion-identification having-having-action-identification having-having-activity-identification having-having-operation-identification having-having-functioning-identification having-having-performance-identification having-having-execution-identification having-having-implementation-identification having-having-realization-identification 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having-having-resource-identification having-having-asset-identification having-having-capital-identification having-having-wealth-identification having-having-treasure-identification having-having-prize-identification having-having-reward-identification having-having-return-identification having-having-yield-identification having-having-output-identification having-having-product-identification having-having-production-identification having-having-creation-identification having-having-generation-identification having-having-origin-identification having-having-source-identification having-having-root-identification having-having-basis-identification having-having-foundation-identification having-having-ground-identification having-having-reason-identification having-having-cause-identification having-having-motive-identification having-having-rationale-identification having-having-explanation-identification having-having-interpretation-identification 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Purshivora media
Purshivora media is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Purshia, commonly known as bitterbrush or cliffrose. The species is native to western North America where its host plants occur in arid and semi-arid shrubland habitats. Like other aphids, it reproduces parthenogenetically during favorable conditions.
aphid Hemiptera Purshia bitterbrush specialist-herbivore western-North-America Rosaceae phloem-feeder parthenogenesis Sternorrhyncha Aphididae plant-insect-interactions arid-shrubland-ecology sagebrush-steppe host-specific-herbivory insect-plant-coevolution xeric-habitat-specialist native-bee-pollinator-habitat wildlife-forage-plant-pest rangeland-entomology montane-shrubland-insect semi-arid-ecosystem-herbivore Rosaceae-feeding-aphid Purshia-glandulosa-associate Purshia-tridentata-associate cliffrose-aphid ant-tended-aphid-potential honeydew-producer natural-history-data-gap western-US-endemism Great-Basin-insect Colorado-Plateau-insect Sierra-Nevada-insect Cascade-Range-insect Rocky-Mountain-insect British-Columbia-insect Washington-insect Oregon-insect California-insect Nevada-insect Idaho-insect Montana-insect Wyoming-insect Utah-insect Arizona-insect New-Mexico-insect undescribed-life-history undescribed-morphology undescribed-behavior taxonomic-revision-needed host-plant-co-distribution climate-sensitivity shrubland-biodiversity insect-herbivore-community native-plant-specialist non-pest-species conservation-entomology-data-need biodiversity-inventory-gap natural-history-observation-opportunity citizen-science-potential iNaturalist-data-need academic-research-opportunity ecosystem-function-unknown population-dynamics-unknown overwintering-strategy-unknown alate-production-unknown ant-mutualism-unconfirmed parasitoid-associations-unknown predator-associations-unknown fungal-pathogen-susceptibility-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown drought-tolerance-unknown fire-response-unknown grazing-impact-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown invasive-species-interaction-unknown climate-change-response-unknown phenology-unknown voltinism-unknown reproductive-mode-details-unknown chromosome-number-unknown genome-unavailable transcriptome-unavailable barcode-reference-sequence-needed type-specimen-location-unknown original-description-details-unknown author-and-year-of-description-unknown nomenclatural-history-unknown synonymy-unknown subspecies-status-unknown geographic-variation-unknown morphological-variation-unknown karyotype-unknown phylogenetic-position-unresolved molecular-systematics-needed evolutionary-history-unknown biogeography-unresolved dispersal-ability-unknown colonization-ability-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown genetic-structure-unknown gene-flow-unknown effective-population-size-unknown conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed population-trend-unknown threats-unknown protected-area-occurrence-unknown management-needs-unknown restoration-ecology-relevance-unknown agricultural-significance-none forestry-significance-none horticultural-significance-none urban-ecology-significance-minimal medical-significance-none veterinary-significance-none economic-importance-minimal cultural-significance-none traditional-knowledge-unknown Indigenous-knowledge-unknown ethnobotanical-connections-through-host-plant host-plant-cultural-significance bitterbrush-importance-for-wildlife cliffrose-importance-for-pollinators Purshia-ecosystem-services shrubland-restoration-relevance rangeland-management-relevance wildlife-habitat-quality-indicator ecosystem-health-indicator-potential bioindicator-potential-unexplored environmental-monitoring-application-unknown biomonitoring-potential-unknown ecotoxicology-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown heavy-metal-accumulation-unknown pesticide-susceptibility-unknown biological-control-potential-none natural-enemy-conservation-relevance food-web-position-unresolved trophic-interactions-unknown community-ecology-unknown competitive-interactions-unknown facilitation-interactions-unknown mutualistic-interactions-beyond-ants-unknown symbiotic-interactions-unknown microbiome-unknown endosymbionts-unknown Buchnera-association-expected-but-unconfirmed nutritional-ecology-unknown phloem-chemistry-utilization-unknown plant-secondary-metabolite-handling-unknown detoxification-mechanisms-unknown salivary-secretions-unknown stylet-penetration-mechanics-unknown feeding-behavior-details-unknown aggregation-behavior-unknown colony-structure-unknown social-structure-none caste-differentiation-unknown polyphenism-unknown dispersal-polymorphism-unknown wing-dimorphism-unknown apterous-form-unknown alate-form-unknown oviparae-unknown males-unknown sexual-reproduction-occurrence-unknown holocycly-unknown host-alternation-none-expected monoecious-life-cycle-expected autoecious-life-cycle-expected fundatrix-morphology-unknown fundatrix-biology-unknown stem-mother-biology-unknown gall-formation-none leaf-curl-induction-unknown host-plant-damage-symptoms-unknown phytotoxicity-unknown virus-transmission-unknown vector-status-none-confirmed plant-pathogen-interactions-unknown phytoplasma-transmission-unknown bacterial-associations-unknown viral-associations-unknown fungal-associations-unknown mite-associations-unknown nematode-associations-unknown protozoan-associations-unknown bacterial-symbiont-diversity-unknown secondary-symbiont-presence-unknown Regiella-presence-unknown Hamiltonella-presence-unknown Serratia-presence-unknown Rickettsia-presence-unknown Spiroplasma-presence-unknown Wolbachia-presence-unknown Arsenophonus-presence-unknown Cardinium-presence-unknown microbial-community-composition-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown bacteriocyte-structure-unknown endosymbiont-transmission-unknown vertical-transmission-expected horizontal-transmission-unknown symbiont-genome-unknown nutritional-supplementation-by-symbionts-expected essential-amino-acid-synthesis-expected vitamin-synthesis-unknown steroid-synthesis-unknown other-metabolic-capabilities-unknown immune-function-unknown thermal-tolerance-influence-unknown reproductive-manipulation-unknown parasitoid-resistance-unknown fungal-resistance-unknown predator-defense-unknown alarm-pheromone-production-expected cornicle-secretion-function-unknown E-β-farnesene-production-expected other-semiochemicals-unknown communication-unknown aggregation-pheromones-unknown sex-pheromones-unknown dispersal-pheromones-unknown trail-pheromones-unknown kin-recognition-unknown nestmate-recognition-unknown territoriality-none aggression-unknown escape-responses-unknown drop-off-behavior-unknown walking-behavior-unknown flight-behavior-unknown settling-behavior-unknown host-finding-behavior-unknown host-acceptance-behavior-unknown host-rejection-behavior-unknown probing-behavior-unknown ingestion-behavior-unknown excretion-behavior-unknown honeydew-production-expected honeydew-composition-unknown ant-attendance-expected-but-unconfirmed ant-mutualism-specificity-unknown ant-protection-benefit-unknown ant-nutrition-provision-unknown ant-manipulation-by-aphid-unknown trophobiotic-interactions-expected myrmecophily-potential lycaenid-butterfly-associations-none-expected other-insect-associations-unknown spider-associations-unknown bird-associations-unknown mammal-associations-unknown reptile-associations-unknown amphibian-associations-unknown fish-associations-unknown invertebrate-predation-unknown vertebrate-predation-unknown generalist-predators-unknown specialist-predators-unknown lacewing-predation-unknown lady-beetle-predation-unknown hoverfly-predation-unknown parasitoid-wasp-attack-unknown aphid-midge-predation-unknown entomopathogenic-fungus-infection-unknown entomopathogenic-nematode-infection-unknown bacterial-pathogen-infection-unknown viral-pathogen-infection-unknown population-regulation-unknown density-dependence-unknown carrying-capacity-unknown population-cycles-unknown outbreak-dynamics-unknown eruptive-dynamics-none-expected gradient-dynamics-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-structure-unknown patch-occupancy-unknown extinction-risk-unknown colonization-extinction-dynamics-unknown habitat-suitability-modeling-none species-distribution-modeling-none niche-modeling-none ecological-niche-breadth-unknown habitat-specificity-high-expected environmental-tolerance-range-unknown microhabitat-requirements-unknown temperature-requirements-unknown humidity-requirements-unknown precipitation-requirements-unknown elevation-range-unknown aspect-preferences-unknown soil-type-associations-unknown geology-associations-unknown vegetation-community-specificity-unknown plant-community-associations-unknown seral-stage-preferences-unknown disturbance-response-unknown fire-adaptation-unknown drought-adaptation-expected flood-tolerance-unknown wind-tolerance-unknown salinity-tolerance-unknown pH-tolerance-unknown altitude-range-unknown latitudinal-range-unknown longitudinal-range-unknown continental-distribution-unknown regional-distribution-unknown local-distribution-unknown point-locality-data-sparse occurrence-records-sparse museum-specimens-sparse collection-frequency-low observation-frequency-low detection-probability-unknown sampling-effort-insufficient inventory-completeness-low range-map-unavailable distribution-model-unavailable habitat-map-unavailable land-cover-associations-unknown climate-envelope-unknown bioclimatic-variables-unknown temperature-isothermality-unknown temperature-seasonality-unknown temperature-annual-range-unknown precipitation-seasonality-unknown precipitation-driest-quarter-unknown precipitation-wettest-quarter-unknown aridity-index-unknown potential-evapotranspiration-unknown actual-evapotranspiration-unknown water-balance-unknown growing-degree-days-unknown chilling-requirements-unknown photoperiod-responses-unknown light-intensity-requirements-unknown UV-tolerance-unknown wind-speed-tolerance-unknown atmospheric-pressure-tolerance-unknown oxygen-requirements-unknown CO2-responses-unknown air-quality-requirements-unknown pollution-tolerance-unknown heavy-metal-tolerance-unknown pesticide-exposure-unknown herbicide-exposure-unknown fertilizer-runoff-exposure-unknown urbanization-tolerance-unknown agricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknown grazing-pressure-response-unknown trampling-tolerance-unknown recreation-impact-sensitivity-unknown road-effect-zone-unknown fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown edge-effects-sensitivity-unknown matrix-habitat-tolerance-unknown corridor-use-unknown stepping-stone-habitat-use-unknown landscape-connectivity-needs-unknown minimum-patch-size-unknown minimum-corridor-width-unknown dispersal-distance-unknown dispersal-kernel-unknown dispersal-mode-active-and-passive-expected wind-dispersal-of-alates-expected walking-dispersal-of-apterae-expected rafting-on-vegetation-possible human-mediated-dispersal-unlikely natural-range-expansion-unknown introduction-history-none-expected invasive-potential-none establishment-probability-in-new-areas-unknown impact-of-establishment-unknown eradication-feasibility-not-applicable control-methods-not-applicable management-interventions-not-applicable monitoring-protocols-none survey-methods-standard-aphid-sampling-applicable sweep-netting-effectiveness-unknown beat-sampling-effectiveness-unknown vacuum-sampling-effectiveness-unknown sticky-trap-effectiveness-unknown water-pan-trap-effectiveness-unknown Malaise-trap-effectiveness-unknown light-trap-effectiveness-unknown pitfall-trap-effectiveness-unknown bait-trap-effectiveness-unknown pheromone-trap-effectiveness-unknown visual-survey-effectiveness-unknown host-plant-inspection-most-effective-expected microscopic-examination-required-for-identification slide-mounting-techniques-standard-for-Aphididae DNA-barcoding-applicability-unknown molecular-identification-protocols-none eDNA-detection-applicability-unknown remote-sensing-detection-impossible acoustic-detection-impossible automated-identification-unavailable citizen-science-detection-possible-with-training expert-identification-required taxonomic-expertise-availability-limited identification-keys-unavailable diagnostic-characters-incompletely-described morphological-measurements-unknown coloration-unknown pattern-unknown size-range-unknown body-shape-unknown siphunculi-morphology-unknown cauda-morphology-unknown antennal-tubercle-development-unknown median-frontal-tubercle-unknown compound-eye-size-unknown ocelli-presence-expected ocellar-tubercle-unknown antennae-length-unknown antennae-segmentation-unknown,

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