Field-observation-difficulty
Guides
Cordulegaster erronea
tiger spiketail
Cordulegaster erronea, the tiger spiketail, is a large, uncommon dragonfly in the family Cordulegastridae. It is a habitat specialist requiring small, pristine, spring-fed forest streams with muck bottoms and overhanging vegetation. The species has a long larval period estimated at 3-4 years and a brief adult flight period of approximately 2-3 weeks in early summer. Radio-telemetry studies in New Jersey have revealed limited adult movement, with individuals typically remaining within 100-200 meters of natal streams and showing strong site fidelity.
dragonflyspiketailhabitat-specialistforest-streamradio-telemetryconservationNew-JerseyCordulegastridaeOdonataindicator-speciesheadwater-streamsmetapopulationterritorial-behaviorcrepuscular-activitylong-larval-developmentsite-fidelitymature-forest-dependentspring-fed-streamsmuck-bottom-streamsoverhanging-vegetationshaded-streamslimited-dispersalfragmented-populationspristine-habitataquatic-nymphovipositorearly-summer-emergencebrief-adult-lifecanopy-useeasily-disturbedhuman-disturbance-sensitivetop-predatorstream-ecosystemconservation-concernIUCN-Least-Concernstable-populationeastern-North-Americapatchy-distributionlocalized-populationsterritorial-malespatrolling-behavioroviposition-in-organic-matterspecialized-habitat-requirementsforest-protection-neededregulatory-protection-insufficientaquatic-insectodonateAnisopteraCordulegastroideaSelys-1878tiger-spiketailuncommon-speciesrare-encountersfield-identification-challengehabitat-degradation-threatforest-fragmentation-impactwater-quality-dependentperennial-streamsseepage-fed-streamsadjacent-forest-usemovement-ecologyhome-range-limitednatal-stream-fidelityconservation-recommendationsmature-forest-bufferstream-corridor-protectionheadwater-conservationforest-stream-specialistecosystem-engineerbiodiversity-indicatorclimate-change-vulnerabilityhabitat-loss-sensitivitydevelopment-pressureprotected-areas-benefitcitizen-science-potentialnatural-history-knowledge-gapresearch-priority-speciesmonitoring-targetpopulation-stabilityleast-concern-statusno-immediate-threatstable-IUCN-assessmentNorth-American-endemiceastern-rangeNew-Jersey-study-sitedetailed-life-history-knownradiotelemetry-pioneer-studyfirst-radio-telemetry-for-speciesmovement-studyhabitat-use-studyhome-range-estimationconservation-biology-case-studyforest-management-implicationsbuffer-zone-requirementsstream-protection-needsbeyond-stream-corridor-protectionforest-matrix-importancecanopy-connectivityshade-requirementsthermal-regime-sensitivityhydrological-stability-needsmuck-substrate-preferenceorganic-matter-ovipositionspecialized-reproductive-behaviorterritorial-defensemale-male-competitionfemale-habitat-usenon-breeding-habitat-useforaging-in-canopyroosting-behavioractivity-patterncrepuscular-peakmorning-activitylate-afternoon-activityhuman-disturbance-responseflight-initiation-distanceconservation-behaviormanagement-recommendationspolicy-implicationsregulatory-gapprotected-area-designlandscape-conservationmetapopulation-dynamicssubpopulation-connectivitycolonization-extinction-dynamicshabitat-patch-sizehabitat-patch-qualityhabitat-patch-isolationpopulation-viabilitydemographic-stochasticityenvironmental-stochasticitygenetic-diversity-concernsinbreeding-riskdrift-effectsconservation-genetics-needslong-term-monitoringadaptive-managementhabitat-restoration-potentialreintroduction-feasibilitycaptive-propagation-unnecessaryin-situ-conservation-priorityex-situ-conservation-not-indicatedsite-based-conservationstewardship-needseducation-valuenatural-heritage-significanceecotourism-potential-limitedresearch-tourism-potentialphotography-challengefield-observation-difficultyelusive-specieslow-detection-probabilitysurvey-methodology-needsenvironmental-assessment-indicatorimpact-assessment-speciesdevelopment-review-triggermitigation-requirementscompensatory-habitat-needsoffset-feasibility-limitedno-net-loss-challengehabitat-irreplaceabilityconservation-offset-unsuitableprecautionary-approach-warrantedenvironmental-planning-integrationstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-effects-assessmentclimate-adaptation-planningrefugia-identificationassisted-migration-not-appropriatehabitat-management-guidelinesforest-management-integrationsilviculture-impactsharvest-timing-restrictionsbuffer-retentionriparian-zone-widthcanopy-retentionroad-impactssedimentation-sensitivitynutrient-loading-sensitivitychemical-contamination-sensitivitythermal-pollution-sensitivityflow-alteration-sensitivitygroundwater-dependencebaseflow-maintenancehydrological-connectivitywetland-complex-associationseepage-zone-protectionheadwater-protection-prioritywatershed-scale-conservationlandscape-context-importancematrix-quality-effectsedge-effects-sensitivityfragmentation-impactscorridor-needsstepping-stone-habitatnetwork-connectivitypopulation-source-sink-dynamicsdemographic-source-populationsrescue-effectstargeted-conservation-actionspecies-specific-managementhabitat-suitability-modelingdistribution-modeling-needsoccupancy-modeling-potentialdetection-probability-estimationsurvey-design-optimizationmonitoring-protocol-developmenttrend-analysis-needspopulation-status-assessmentthreat-assessmentrecovery-planning-not-triggeredprevention-oriented-conservationproactive-managementearly-intervention-opportunityconservation-investment-efficiencycost-effective-protectionpriority-site-identificationconservation-opportunity-mappingland-protection-strategieseasement-potentialfee-simple-acquisitionstewardship-agreement-needsmanagement-agreement-needsconservation-par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Neoneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, tribe Neoneurini. These wasps are specialized ant parasitoids, with females attacking adult ant workers in flight to deposit their eggs. The genus includes species such as Neoneurus vesculus, which has been filmed ovipositing into Formica cunicularia workers. Neoneurus species are among the few parasitoids capable of overcoming ant defenses, representing a highly specialized ecological adaptation.
parasitoidant-parasitoidaerial-ovipositionEuphorinaeNeoneuriniFormicaspecialized-parasitismflight-attackminute-waspBraconidaeHymenopterainsect-parasitoidant-hostbehavioral-adaptationEuropean-distributionundocumented-biologyemergence-strategy-unknownrare-parasitoid-strategyhost-defense-evasionevolutionary-specializationflight-attack-filmedoviposition-behaviorminute-size<2mmendoparasitoidadult-host-parasitismant-worker-parasitoidsocial-insect-parasitoidformicid-hostspecialized-wasprare-ecological-interactiondocumented-by-video2011-descriptionZooKeys-publicationvan-AchterbergGómez-DuránNaturalis-LeidenSpainDenmarkNorwaySwedenScandinaviaEuropean-faunaundescribed-species-potentialcryptic-biologynest-emergence-unknownhost-death-hypothesisexoskeleton-penetrationant-defense-evasiontribe-level-specializationsubfamily-Euphorinaeichneumonoid-waspapocritan-waspterrestrial-habitatforest-habitatmeadow-habitatant-associatedhost-specificlife-history-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownconservation-status-unknownresearch-neededvideo-documentationsupplementary-mediaopen-access-publicationPensoftZooKeys-125doi-10.3897/zookeys.125.1754three-new-species-described-2011European-speciesnew-to-science-2011ant-parasitoid-guilddivergent-tacticsamazing-adaptationsenormous-tactical-differencesdominant-group-exploitationdefense-breakthroughrare-successful-parasitoidsocial-insect-exploitationhost-colony-integration-unknownemergence-mortality-risklethal-attack-avoidancedead-ant-deposition-hypothesisnest-entrance-emergenceinternal-developmentendoparasitic-developmentkoinobiont-or-idiobiont-unknowndevelopment-time-unknownhost-manipulation-unknownhost-castration-unknownhost-behavior-modification-unknownfecundity-unknownsex-ratio-unknownmating-system-unknownmale-behavior-unknownsearching-behavior-unknownhost-location-cues-unknownvolatile-detection-unknowntrail-following-unknownantennal-detection-unknownvisual-detection-unknownsize-limitation-adaptationminiaturization2mm-size-limitflight-maneuverabilityant-worker-targetingcaste-selection-unknownhost-size-matchingovipositor-structure-unknownegg-structure-unknownlarval-morphology-unknownpupal-development-unknowncocoon-formation-unknownadult-longevity-unknownfeeding-adult-unknownsugar-feeding-unknownhoneydew-feeding-unknownnectar-feeding-unknownoverwintering-stage-unknownvoltinism-unknowngeneration-time-unknownseasonal-phenology-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownaltitudinal-range-unknownlatitudinal-range-unknownbiogeographic-pattern-unknownphylogenetic-relationships-unresolvedsister-genus-unknowntribe-diversityNeoneurini-diversityEuphorinae-diversityBraconidae-diversityIchneumonoidea-diversityHymenoptera-diversityparasitoid-diversityant-diversityFormica-diversityhost-parasitoid-coevolutionevolutionary-arms-racedefense-counter-adaptationoffense-adaptationrare-life-history-strategyscientific-discoverytaxonomic-revision-neededspecies-diversity-underestimatedcryptic-species-possiblemorphological-uniformitymolecular-systematics-neededDNA-barcoding-potentialcollection-difficultyrarity-in-collectionsfield-observation-difficultybehavioral-observation-difficultyvideo-documentation-valuecitizen-science-potentialnatural-history-gapbiological-control-potentialant-pest-controlinvasive-ant-managementecosystem-service-potentialeconomic-importance-unknownagricultural-relevance-unknownforestry-relevance-unknownurban-ecology-relevance-unknownconservation-biology-relevanceindicator-species-potentialenvironmental-monitoring-potentialclimate-change-response-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknownpollution-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-sensitivity-unknowninvasive-species-interaction-unknowncompetition-with-other-parasitoids-unknownhyperparasitism-unknownmultiparasitism-unknownfacultative-or-obligate-parasitoid-unknownhost-range-breadth-unknownhost-switching-potential-unknownhost-race-formation-unknownreproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknownspeciation-mode-unknowndiversification-rate-unknownextinction-risk-unknownIUCN-status-not-evaluatedred-list-status-not-evaluatednational-protection-status-unknownhabitat-protection-needs-unknownresearch-priorityfunding-prioritytraining-priorityexpertise-shortagetaxonomic-expertise-neededecological-expertise-neededbehavioral-expertise-neededphysiological-expertise-neededdevelopmental-expertise-neededgenetic-expertise-neededevolutionary-expertise-neededbiogeographic-expertise-neededcollection-expertise-neededrearing-expertise-neededobservation-expertise-neededdocumentation-expertise-neededpublication-prioritydata-sharing-priorityspecimen-deposition-prioritymuseum-collection-prioritylive-collection-prioritytype-specimen-availabilityoriginal-description-accessibilitysubsequent-revision-historynomenclatural-stabilityname-usage-consistencyclassification-stabilityhigher-taxonomy-resolvedlower-taxonomy-unresolvedspecies-level-taxonomy-problematictype-species-designationgenus-concept-stabilitysubgeneric-classification-absentinfraspecific-variation-unknowngeographic-variation-unknownph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