Top-down-effects
Guides
Asphondylia borrichiae
Asphondylia borrichiae is a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) that induces galls at the apical meristems of its host plant Borrichia frutescens. The larvae develop and pupate entirely within these galls. During development, immature stages are attacked by a guild of parasitic wasps, with Galeopsomyia haemon and Torymus umbilicatus being the most common parasitoids. Research has demonstrated that abiotic factors affecting host plant characteristics, particularly gall diameter, significantly influence the composition of the parasitoid community attacking this midge.
Cordulegaster erronea
tiger spiketail
Cordulegaster erronea, the tiger spiketail, is a large, uncommon dragonfly in the family Cordulegastridae. It is a habitat specialist requiring small, pristine, spring-fed forest streams with muck bottoms and overhanging vegetation. The species has a long larval period estimated at 3-4 years and a brief adult flight period of approximately 2-3 weeks in early summer. Radio-telemetry studies in New Jersey have revealed limited adult movement, with individuals typically remaining within 100-200 meters of natal streams and showing strong site fidelity.
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