Anti-predator-behavior

Guides

• Aphis varians

  Aphis varians is an aphid species described by Patch in 1914. Research has demonstrated that this species employs aggregation as an effective anti-predator strategy, with individuals benefiting from reduced per capita predation risk when grouped together. The species serves as prey for the convergent lady beetle Hippodamia convergens, with which it has been studied in predator-prey interaction research.

  aggregationanti-predator-behaviorpredator-prey-interactionsHippodamia-convergensdilution-effectcongregative-movement

• Cordulegaster erronea

  tiger spiketail

  Cordulegaster erronea, the tiger spiketail, is a large, uncommon dragonfly in the family Cordulegastridae. It is a habitat specialist requiring small, pristine, spring-fed forest streams with muck bottoms and overhanging vegetation. The species has a long larval period estimated at 3-4 years and a brief adult flight period of approximately 2-3 weeks in early summer. Radio-telemetry studies in New Jersey have revealed limited adult movement, with individuals typically remaining within 100-200 meters of natal streams and showing strong site fidelity.

  dragonflyspiketailhabitat-specialistforest-streamradio-telemetryconservationNew-JerseyCordulegastridaeOdonataindicator-speciesheadwater-streamsmetapopulationterritorial-behaviorcrepuscular-activitylong-larval-developmentsite-fidelitymature-forest-dependentspring-fed-streamsmuck-bottom-streamsoverhanging-vegetationshaded-streamslimited-dispersalfragmented-populationspristine-habitataquatic-nymphovipositorearly-summer-emergencebrief-adult-lifecanopy-useeasily-disturbedhuman-disturbance-sensitivetop-predatorstream-ecosystemconservation-concernIUCN-Least-Concernstable-populationeastern-North-Americapatchy-distributionlocalized-populationsterritorial-malespatrolling-behavioroviposition-in-organic-matterspecialized-habitat-requirementsforest-protection-neededregulatory-protection-insufficientaquatic-insectodonateAnisopteraCordulegastroideaSelys-1878tiger-spiketailuncommon-speciesrare-encountersfield-identification-challengehabitat-degradation-threatforest-fragmentation-impactwater-quality-dependentperennial-streamsseepage-fed-streamsadjacent-forest-usemovement-ecologyhome-range-limitednatal-stream-fidelityconservation-recommendationsmature-forest-bufferstream-corridor-protectionheadwater-conservationforest-stream-specialistecosystem-engineerbiodiversity-indicatorclimate-change-vulnerabilityhabitat-loss-sensitivitydevelopment-pressureprotected-areas-benefitcitizen-science-potentialnatural-history-knowledge-gapresearch-priority-speciesmonitoring-targetpopulation-stabilityleast-concern-statusno-immediate-threatstable-IUCN-assessmentNorth-American-endemiceastern-rangeNew-Jersey-study-sitedetailed-life-history-knownradiotelemetry-pioneer-studyfirst-radio-telemetry-for-speciesmovement-studyhabitat-use-studyhome-range-estimationconservation-biology-case-studyforest-management-implicationsbuffer-zone-requirementsstream-protection-needsbeyond-stream-corridor-protectionforest-matrix-importancecanopy-connectivityshade-requirementsthermal-regime-sensitivityhydrological-stability-needsmuck-substrate-preferenceorganic-matter-ovipositionspecialized-reproductive-behaviorterritorial-defensemale-male-competitionfemale-habitat-usenon-breeding-habitat-useforaging-in-canopyroosting-behavioractivity-patterncrepuscular-peakmorning-activitylate-afternoon-activityhuman-disturbance-responseflight-initiation-distanceconservation-behaviormanagement-recommendationspolicy-implicationsregulatory-gapprotected-area-designlandscape-conservationmetapopulation-dynamicssubpopulation-connectivitycolonization-extinction-dynamicshabitat-patch-sizehabitat-patch-qualityhabitat-patch-isolationpopulation-viabilitydemographic-stochasticityenvironmental-stochasticitygenetic-diversity-concernsinbreeding-riskdrift-effectsconservation-genetics-needslong-term-monitoringadaptive-managementhabitat-restoration-potentialreintroduction-feasibilitycaptive-propagation-unnecessaryin-situ-conservation-priorityex-situ-conservation-not-indicatedsite-based-conservationstewardship-needseducation-valuenatural-heritage-significanceecotourism-potential-limitedresearch-tourism-potentialphotography-challengefield-observation-difficultyelusive-specieslow-detection-probabilitysurvey-methodology-needsenvironmental-assessment-indicatorimpact-assessment-speciesdevelopment-review-triggermitigation-requirementscompensatory-habitat-needsoffset-feasibility-limitedno-net-loss-challengehabitat-irreplaceabilityconservation-offset-unsuitableprecautionary-approach-warrantedenvironmental-planning-integrationstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-effects-assessmentclimate-adaptation-planningrefugia-identificationassisted-migration-not-appropriatehabitat-management-guidelinesforest-management-integrationsilviculture-impactsharvest-timing-restrictionsbuffer-retentionriparian-zone-widthcanopy-retentionroad-impactssedimentation-sensitivitynutrient-loading-sensitivitychemical-contamination-sensitivitythermal-pollution-sensitivityflow-alteration-sensitivitygroundwater-dependencebaseflow-maintenancehydrological-connectivitywetland-complex-associationseepage-zone-protectionheadwater-protection-prioritywatershed-scale-conservationlandscape-context-importancematrix-quality-effectsedge-effects-sensitivityfragmentation-impactscorridor-needsstepping-stone-habitatnetwork-connectivitypopulation-source-sink-dynamicsdemographic-source-populationsrescue-effectstargeted-conservation-actionspecies-specific-managementhabitat-suitability-modelingdistribution-modeling-needsoccupancy-modeling-potentialdetection-probability-estimationsurvey-design-optimizationmonitoring-protocol-developmenttrend-analysis-needspopulation-status-assessmentthreat-assessmentrecovery-planning-not-triggeredprevention-oriented-conservationproactive-managementearly-intervention-opportunityconservation-investment-efficiencycost-effective-protectionpriority-site-identificationconservation-opportunity-mappingland-protection-strategieseasement-potentialfee-simple-acquisitionstewardship-agreement-needsmanagement-agreement-needsconservation-par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• Gammarotettix bilobatus

  arboreal camel cricket

  Gammarotettix bilobatus, commonly known as the arboreal camel cricket, is a North American species in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is restricted to California, where it inhabits trees and shrubs in coastal and foothill regions. Adults are active from February through June. The species exhibits distinctive arboreal habits and anti-predator behaviors.

  arborealendemicCaliforniacamel-cricketanti-predator-behavior

• Mordwilkoja vagabunda

  Poplar Vagabond Aphid

  A gall-forming aphid that induces distinctive galls on Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood). Nymphs exhibit anti-predator behaviors including synchronized rhythmic movements and active defense against pyralid moth larvae using legs and rostrums. Unlike some related aphids, defensive nymphs include alatoid forms rather than specialized first-instar soldiers. The species has a complex life cycle with alternation between primary and secondary hosts.

  aphidgall-formerPopulusanti-predator-behaviorsocial-behavioraltruistic-defensePemphiginae

• Palaemon vulgaris

  Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp

  Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.

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