Endangered-species

Guides

• Apodemia mormo langei

  Lange's Metalmark, Lange's metalmark butterfly

  Apodemia mormo langei is a federally endangered subspecies of metalmark butterfly endemic to a single site in California's San Francisco Bay Area. The total wild population has declined from an estimated 131 individuals in 2008 to approximately 25–30 individuals by 2011. It is restricted to remnant sand dune habitat at Antioch Dunes, where it depends entirely on a specific larval host plant. The subspecies has been the subject of ongoing conservation controversy due to genetic research suggesting it may not be as evolutionarily distinct from other Apodemia mormo populations as previously assumed.

  endangered-speciesendemicCaliforniasingle-sitecaptive-breedingconservation-controversypollinatormetalmark-butterflysand-dune-habitatindustrial-pollution-impact

• Arhopalus

  burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)

  Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.

  CerambycidaeSpondylidinaeAseminiconifer-pestinvasive-speciespheromonewood-borerpineforestryquarantineNew-ZealandAustraliaSouth-Americabiological-invasionclimate-changevectorBursaphelenchus-xylophilusintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringtrappingsemiochemistryburnt-pinefire-damaged-timbersawmill-pestport-surveillancetimber-exportdeforestationforest-healthecosystem-servicedecomposernutrient-cyclinglife-historyreproductive-biologyovarian-developmentlarval-developmentsurvivalfecunditycompetitioncoexistencespecies-distribution-modelingCMIP6future-climate-scenariosrange-expansionquarantine-pestbiosecurityaggregation-pheromonefuscumolgeranylacetoneelectroantennographyfield-trappingtrap-efficacyhost-volatilesethanolalpha-pinenebeta-pinenemonoterpenesgreen-leaf-volatilesrepellentoviposition-behaviorcrepuscular-activitynocturnal-activityanemotaxischemotaxisthermal-biologydevelopmental-plasticitylaboratory-rearingartificial-diethead-capsule-widthinstar-numberpupal-weightsexual-dimorphismmating-behavioregg-layingsurvivorshipcompetitive-advantagemorphological-anatomyreproductive-systemovipositor-structurenematode-transmissionpine-wilt-diseaseMonochamusvector-competencetransmission-potentialphytopathogenic-nematodeforest-pest-managementdetectionsurveillanceeradicationearly-detectionrapid-responseinvasive-species-managementcost-effective-monitoringenvironmentally-safeIPMbiological-controlnatural-enemiespopulation-dynamicsspatial-distributiongeostatisticslandscape-ecologyforest-patternhabitat-fragmentationland-use-changesouthern-hemisphere-invasionglobal-tradepathway-analysisrisk-assessmentclimate-adaptationthermal-tolerancephenologyvoltinismgeneration-timepopulation-geneticsmolecular-identificationbarcodinggenome-assemblychromosome-levelrepetitive-DNAtransposable-elementsevolutionary-biologyphylogeneticssystematicstaxonomyspecies-identificationmorphological-variationgeographic-variationclinal-variationphenotypic-plasticitydevelopmental-biologyphysiologybiochemistrysoluble-sugarprotein-contentreproductive-maturationfeeding-behaviorneedle-gnawingcardboard-chewingexit-holeemergence-behaviordispersalflight-activityseasonal-abundancepopulation-monitoringtrap-designlure-formulationrelease-ratechiralityenantiomerracemic-mixturedose-responseantennal-responseelectrophysiologybehavioral-assaywind-tunnelolfactory-attractionvisual-cueshabitat-selectionoviposition-preferencehost-selectionhost-conditionstressed-treesfire-damagewind-throwlogging-residuestumpsbranchestrunksbarkphloemsapwoodheartwoodwood-decayfungal-associationsymbiosismicrobial-communitygut-microbiomeenzyme-productionlignocellulose-degradationcarbon-cyclinggreenhouse-gasmethanenitrous-oxideforest-carbonclimate-mitigationsustainable-forestrycertificationphytosanitary-measuresinternational-standardsISPMWTOSPS-agreementtrade-barriermarket-accesseconomic-impactcost-benefit-analysisstakeholder-engagementextensionoutreacheducationcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationphotographycollectionspecimen-preservationmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypespecies-descriptionrevisionmonographfaunal-surveybiodiversity-inventorybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancehuman-mediated-dispersalintroduction-pathwaypropagule-pressureestablishment-successspread-rateimpact-assessmentenvironmental-impactecosystem-impactbiodiversity-impactnon-target-effectsrisk-managementcontainmentcontroleradication-feasibilityrestorationresilienceadaptive-managementresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchcollaborationnetworkdatabaseinformation-sharingopen-accessdata-availabilityreproducibilitytransparencybest-practicestandard-operating-procedurequality-assurancevalidationuncertaintyconfidence-intervalmodel-selectionensemble-modelingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-supportpolicy-relevancescience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policystakeholder-dialoguecommunicationmediapublic-awarenessbehavior-changepreventionpreparednessresponserecoverylessons-learnedadaptive-capacitytransformationinnovationtechnology-transfercapacity-buildingtrainingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipdiversityinclusionequityethicsresponsible-conductanimal-welfarebiosafetydual-useexport-controlpermitCITESCBDNagoya-protocolaccess-and-benefit-sharingtraditional-knowledgeintellectual-propertypatentcommercializationbenefit-sharingsustainable-development-goalsSDGOne-Healthplanetary-healthecosystem-healthtree-healthplant-healthOne-Forestglobal-forest-governanceforest-law-enforcementgovernance-and-tradeFLEGTillegal-loggingdeforestation-freesupply-chaindue-diligencecorporate-responsibilitycertification-schemeforest-stewardshipPEFCFSCSFIATFSsustainable-woodgreen-buildingbiobased-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationforest-landscape-restorationREDD+climate-financegreen-bondimpact-investmentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesPESecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-infrastructureurban-foresturban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• Batrisodes texanus

  Coffin Cave mold beetle, Inner Space Caverns mold beetle

  Batrisodes texanus is a minute troglobitic beetle endemic to caves in Williamson County, Texas. This eyeless species measures only 2.60–2.88 mm and inhabits the unique microenvironment of cave systems, where it feeds on organic matter such as mold and detritus. The species is federally listed as endangered due to its extremely restricted range and vulnerability to habitat disturbance. It belongs to the diverse rove beetle family Staphylinidae, specifically the subfamily Pselaphinae, which contains many cave-adapted species.

  troglobitecave-beetleendangered-speciesTexas-endemickarst-faunaStaphylinidaePselaphinae

• Bombini

  bumblebees

  Bombini is a tribe of large, densely hairy apid bees containing the single living genus Bombus, the bumblebees, plus several extinct genera. The tribe includes both social species that form annual or perennial colonies of up to a few hundred individuals, and brood-parasitic species (formerly classified as Psithyrus) that invade and exploit nests of social species. Bumblebees are distinguished by their ability to perform buzz pollination and to forage in cooler temperatures and lower light conditions than most other bees.

  pollinatorsocial-insectagricultural-importanceconservation-concernbuzz-pollinationendangered-speciescommercial-beekeeping

• Bombus affinis

  Rusty-patched Bumble Bee, Rusty Patched Bumble Bee

  Bombus affinis, the rusty-patched bumble bee, is a large eusocial bumble bee endemic to North America. Once among the most common bumble bees in the eastern and upper Midwest United States and southern Canada, it has declined by approximately 87-90% across its historical range since the late 1990s. It was listed as endangered in Canada in 2010 and became the first bee in the continental United States to receive federal protection under the Endangered Species Act in January 2017. The species is distinguished by a distinctive rust-colored patch on the second abdominal segment of workers and has notably shorter tongues than other bumble bee species.

  bumble-beepollinatorendangered-speciesnative-beeeusocialNorth-Americaagricultural-pollinatorconservation-flagshipunderground-nestingshort-tongued-bee

• Cercyonis meadii alamosa

  Cercyonis meadii alamosa is a subspecies of the Mead's satyr butterfly (Cercyonis meadii), a member of the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. The species C. meadii is considered endangered in Missouri, where the nominate subspecies occurs. The subspecies epithet "alamosa" suggests an association with the Alamosa region of Colorado, though specific distinguishing characteristics from other subspecies remain undocumented in available sources. Like other Cercyonis species, adults are likely active during late summer.

  endangered-speciessatyr-butterflyNymphalidaeNorth-AmericaColorado

• Cicindelidia

  Prairie Tiger Beetles, Limestone Tiger Beetles, Miami Tiger Beetle (for C. floridana), Highlands Tiger Beetle (for C. highlandensis), Scabrous Tiger Beetle (for C. scabrosa)

  Cicindelidia is a genus of small to medium-sized tiger beetles primarily distributed in North America, with greatest diversity in the southern and western United States. The genus includes several notable species groups, most prominently the abdominalis species-group containing four sand-dwelling species (C. abdominalis, C. floridana, C. highlandensis, C. scabrosa) with red venters. Many species exhibit specialized habitat associations, including thermal springs (C. haemorrhagica), limestone outcrops (C. politula), pine rocklands (C. floridana), and sand scrub habitats (C. scabrosa, C. highlandensis). Several species are of conservation concern due to restricted ranges and habitat loss.

  ColeopteraCicindelidaetiger-beetlesNorth-Americathermal-springsendemic-speciesconservationsand-habitatspine-rocklandlimestone-habitatspredatory-beetlesmetal-bioaccumulationabdomenalis-species-groupFlorida-endemicsYellowstone-National-Parkriparian-habitatscobblestone-habitatsprairie-habitatsxeric-habitatsfire-adapted-habitatsendangered-speciesrediscovered-specieslarval-burrowsthermoregulationphotography-subjectscollecting-interest

• Cyclargus

  A genus of lycaenid butterflies established by Vladimir Nabokov in 1945, split from the genus Hemiargus. The genus contains several species distributed across the Caribbean and southern Florida, including the critically endangered Miami blue butterfly (C. thomasi bethunebakeri). Taxonomic validity remains debated among lepidopterists.

  myrmecophilymutualismendangered-speciesNabokovCaribbean-faunaconservation-biologyant-butterfly-interactionsFlorida-Keystaxonomic-controversyLycaenidae

• Cyclargus thomasi

  Miami blue, Caribbean blue, Thomas's blue

  Cyclargus thomasi is a small blue butterfly in the family Lycaenidae with a disjunct distribution across the Caribbean, Florida, and parts of North America. The subspecies C. t. bethunebakeri, known as the Miami blue, is endemic to Florida and was federally listed as endangered in 2012. This subspecies has declined dramatically due to habitat loss and now persists primarily in the Florida Keys. The species exhibits myrmecophilous relationships with ants, particularly Florida carpenter ants, which protect caterpillars in exchange for sugary secretions.

  myrmecophilymutualismendangered-speciesFlorida-endemicconservation-biologyLycaenidaePolyommatinae

• Dinacoma caseyi

  Casey's June beetle

  Dinacoma caseyi, commonly known as Casey's June beetle, is a rare scarab beetle endemic to a restricted area in Riverside County, California. The species is listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, with approximately 237 hectares designated as critical habitat. The beetle belongs to the genus Dinacoma, which contains only a few species of June beetles found in western North America.

  endangered-speciesendemicCaliforniaJune-beetlecritical-habitatScarabaeidae

• Ellipsoptera

  Elliptical-winged Tiger Beetles

  Ellipsoptera is a genus of tiger beetles (Cicindelidae) containing approximately 13 described species restricted to North America. The genus was elevated from subgeneric status within Cicindela in 2008 based on morphological and molecular evidence. Species in this genus are generally recognizable by their relatively large eyes, long legs, and ecological association with sandy and/or saline substrates that are nearly or completely devoid of vegetation. Several species are of conservation concern, including the federally endangered Salt Creek tiger beetle (E. nevadica lincolniana) and the federally threatened Puritan tiger beetle (E. puritana).

  tiger-beetlesCicindelidaeNorth-Americasand-habitatssaline-habitatsconservationendangered-speciesnocturnal-perchingblacklight-attractiongeomorphodynamic-habitat

• Ellipsoptera puritana

  Puritan tiger beetle

  Ellipsoptera puritana, the Puritan tiger beetle, is a federally threatened species endemic to a highly restricted range in the northeastern United States. Adults are medium-sized, fast-running predators with distinctive cream-white marginal markings on their elytra. The species occupies a narrow ecological niche: sandy beaches and riverbanks backed by eroding cliffs or bluffs, where larvae burrow into exposed sediment faces. Its two-year life cycle involves larval development in burrows followed by brief adult emergence in mid-summer. Habitat loss from shoreline development, dam construction, and bank stabilization has severely reduced populations, prompting intensive conservation efforts including captive rearing programs.

  ColeopteraCicindelidaetiger-beetleendangered-speciescoastal-ecologyriparian-habitatNorth-Americaconservationsand-beachcliff-habitatsemivoltinepredatorinsectbeetle

• Elmidae

  Riffle beetles

  Elmidae, commonly known as riffle beetles, is a family of aquatic beetles in the superfamily Byrrhoidea containing over 150 genera and 1,500 described species. Both adults and larvae are primarily aquatic, inhabiting fast-flowing shallow areas of streams and rivers such as riffles. Adults breathe underwater using a plastron—a microfilm of air held by microscopic hairs on their body surface that enables oxygen diffusion from the water. The family has significant value in freshwater biomonitoring due to their sensitivity to water pollution.

  aquaticloticbioindicatorplastron-respirationriffleColeopterafreshwaterendangered-speciesbiomonitoring

• Epeolini

  cuckoo bees

  Epeolini is a tribe of cleptoparasitic bees within the subfamily Nomadinae. Members are commonly known as cuckoo bees and are obligate cleptoparasites that exploit the nest provisions of other bee species for their own offspring development. The tribe comprises five subtribes and approximately ten genera, including Epeolus, Triepeolus, Odyneropsis, Doeringiella, and Thalestria. Several European species are considered endangered or nearly extinct, while others remain widespread.

  cleptoparasitecuckoo-beeNomadinaeground-nesting-beesendangered-speciesbee-conservationhost-parasite-interactionsopen-cell-parasitism

• Euphydryas anicia

  Anicia checkerspot, Sacramento Mountains checkerspot

  Euphydryas anicia is a checkerspot butterfly (family Nymphalidae) native to the southwestern United States. The species is represented by several subspecies, including E. a. howlandi and E. a. cloudcrofti, the latter being a rare, localized form endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico. The subspecies E. a. cloudcrofti has been proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act due to its extremely restricted range and vulnerability to habitat changes. Checkerspot butterflies in this genus are typically associated with specific host plants and occupy distinct elevational zones.

  LepidopteraNymphalidaecheckerspotendangered-speciesNew-Mexicomontaneconservationsubspecies

• Habroscelimorpha dorsalis dorsalis

  Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle

  The Northeastern Beach Tiger Beetle is the largest subspecies of Habroscelimorpha dorsalis, endemic to sandy Atlantic coast beaches of the northeastern United States. Listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act since 1990, this diurnal predator has experienced severe population declines due to habitat loss from coastal erosion, shoreline development, and human recreational activity. Adults are active from mid-June through July, while larvae overwinter in deep sand burrows. The species serves as an indicator of beach ecosystem health and requires specific habitat conditions including medium-coarse sand and minimum beach widths of 6.5 feet for successful reproduction.

  tiger-beetlebeachcoastalendangered-speciesindicator-speciessand-burrowdiurnalthermoregulationChesapeake-BayNew-Englandconservationtranslocationhabitat-specialist

• Hesperia dacotae

  Dakota skipper

  Hesperia dacotae, the Dakota skipper, is a small to medium-sized North American butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. Adults are active for approximately three weeks during June and July, their entire lifespan. The species inhabits native tallgrass prairie and has experienced significant population declines due to prairie destruction and modification. Listed as Threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act since 2014, it has been extirpated from Illinois and Iowa, with its largest remaining population in North Dakota.

  prairie-specialistendangered-speciesthreatenedtallgrass-prairieNorth-Americaconservationsingle-broodedoverwintering-larvae

• Heterelmis glabra

  riffle beetle

  Heterelmis glabra is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, found in Central America and North America. The largest known populations occur in springs associated with the upper Devils River in south-central Texas. As a spring-adapted organism, it has life-history patterns requiring surface habitat components, making it vulnerable to changes in spring flow. The species has been studied using N-mixture models to assess abundance and distribution across spring sources.

  riffle-beetlespring-endemicaquatic-insectgroundwater-dependentEdwards-AquiferDevils-RiverElmidaeColeopteraendangered-speciesconservation-monitoringN-mixture-modelsplastron-respirationspring-habitat-vulnerability

• Isturgia

  Isturgia is a genus of geometrid moths established by Jacob Hübner in 1823. The genus belongs to the subfamily Ennominae and contains species distributed across Europe and parts of Asia. Several species have been studied for their biology and ecological roles, including one species (I. disputaria) investigated as a potential biological control agent for invasive acacia species. Taxonomic relationships within the genus remain incompletely resolved, particularly for species complexes such as I. limbaria/roraria.

  geometridaeennominaemothsfabaceae-feedersbiocontroleuropean-faunataxonomic-uncertaintyendangered-speciesitalian-endemic

• Lethocerus

  giant water bugs, toe biters, electric light bugs

  Lethocerus is a genus of large predatory aquatic true bugs in the family Belostomatidae. Members are among the largest true bugs, with some species exceeding 12 cm in length. The genus is distinguished from related genera by specific morphological features of the fore femur and parasternites. Unlike other giant water bugs, females do not deposit eggs on males' backs; instead, eggs are laid on emergent vegetation above the waterline and guarded by males. The genus shows greatest diversity in the Americas, with limited representation in Europe, Africa, Australia, and Asia.

  giant-water-bugtoe-biterelectric-light-bugaquatic-predatorrange-expansionclimate-changecitizen-scienceBelostomatidaeHemipterafreshwaterMediterraneaninvasive-potentialpainful-biteedible-insectendangered-specieschromosome-evolutionsex-chromosome-pre-reductionmale-parental-carenocturnalphototaxis

• Nicrophorus

  burying beetles, sexton beetles

  Nicrophorus is a genus of carrion beetles commonly known as burying beetles or sexton beetles. These beetles are notable for their distinctive behavior of burying small vertebrate carcasses to serve as food for their developing larvae. Both male and female parents provide care for the brood, an unusual trait among insects. The genus contains approximately 70 species distributed across the Americas, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia. Several species are subject to conservation concern, including Nicrophorus americanus, which is listed under the Endangered Species Act.

  parental-carecarrion-beetlesdecompositionendangered-speciessocial-insectsmodel-organismforensic-entomology

• Nicrophorus americanus

  American burying beetle, giant carrion beetle

  Nicrophorus americanus is a federally threatened burying beetle endemic to North America and the largest member of its genus. Adults are nocturnal, strong fliers capable of traveling up to one kilometer per night while searching for carrion. The species exhibits elaborate biparental care, with both sexes cooperating to locate, bury, and prepare vertebrate carcasses for their offspring. Once abundant across 35 U.S. states and parts of Canada, it now occupies less than 10% of its historic range due to habitat loss, carrion scarcity, and other factors.

  carrion-beetleburying-beetleparental-careendangered-speciesSilphidaedecomposernocturnalNorth-America

• Oarisma

  skipperling

  Oarisma is a genus of grass skippers (family Hesperiidae) comprising approximately 14 described species distributed throughout the Americas. Species range from the United States through Central America and the Caribbean to South America. The genus includes the federally endangered Poweshiek skipperling (O. poweshiek), which has undergone dramatic population declines and is now restricted to six extant sites in the upper Midwest United States and Manitoba, Canada. In 2019, species formerly placed in the genus Copaeodes were transferred to Oarisma based on taxonomic revision.

  grass-skipperprairie-obligateendangered-speciesNorth-Americaunivoltineconservationclimate-sensitive

• Palaemon vulgaris

  Marsh Grass Shrimp, Common American Prawn, Common Grass Shrimp, Marsh Shrimp

  Palaemon vulgaris is a small, transparent caridean shrimp native to the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults reach less than 5 cm in length and display distinctive orange pigmentation on the eyestalks. The species has been studied for its specialized swimming mechanics, employing metachronal beating of pleopods and drag-reducing mechanisms during locomotion. It occupies coastal and estuarine habitats from Cape Cod Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.

  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• Petaluridae

  petaltails, graybacks

  Petaluridae is a relict family of dragonflies (Anisoptera) representing one of the most ancient lineages of extant dragonflies, with fossil records dating to the Jurassic period over 150 million years ago. The family comprises 11 extant species in five genera, divided into two major clades: a Laurasian clade (Tachopteryx, Tanypteryx) distributed in eastern and western North America and Japan, and a Gondwanan clade (Petalura, Phenes, Uropetala) found in Australia, New Zealand, and Chile. Petaltails are notable for their specialized larval habitats and extended development times, with most species persisting as independent lineages for 70–75 million years.

  dragonfliesAnisopterarelict-faunaJurassicGondwanaLaurasiasemiaquatic-larvaeendangered-speciesancient-lineagebiogeographyhabitat-specialist

• Plebejus

  Blues

  Plebejus is a genus of small butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as "blues." Species occur in the Palearctic and Nearctic realms. Several species have been observed engaging in mutualistic relationships with ants, where caterpillars produce sugar secretions in exchange for protection. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with several formerly independent genera now tentatively included.

  butterflyLycaenidaeblue-butterflyant-mutualismalfalfa-colonistendangered-species

• Plebejus icarioides fenderi

  Fender's blue

  Fender's blue is an endangered subspecies of lycaenid butterfly endemic to the Willamette Valley of Oregon, United States. It was federally listed as endangered in 2000. Population numbers declined to fewer than 1,500 individuals in the 1990s but have recovered to 25,000–30,000 through targeted conservation efforts combining scientific research and habitat management. The butterfly engages in a mutualistic relationship with ants, where larvae produce sugary secretions in exchange for protection from predators.

  endangered-speciesendemicmutualismant-tendinghabitat-restorationprescribed-fireWillamette-ValleyKincaid's-lupineconservation-success

• Rainieria

  A genus of stilt-legged flies (Diptera: Micropezidae) containing at least 20 described species. Members are characterized by their elongated legs and slender bodies typical of the family. The genus has a Palearctic distribution with records from Europe and Asia, including recent discoveries in South Korea. Some species, such as Rainieria calceata, are considered rare and endangered with limited dispersal capabilities.

  DipteraMicropezidaestilt-legged-fliesTaeniapterinaePalearcticsaproxylicendangered-speciesRainieria-calceatawoodland-habitatcitizen-science

• Rhadine infernalis

  Rhadine infernalis is a troglobitic ground beetle endemic to Bexar County, Texas, where it occupies karst caves and mesocaverns. It is one of nine federally endangered karst invertebrates from this region, listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2000. The species has the widest known distribution among these endangered invertebrates, having been documented in 39 caves across five karst fauna regions. Two named subspecies exist: R. i. infernalis and R. i. ewersi.

  troglobitecave-beetlekarst-invertebrateendangered-speciesTexas-endemicground-beetle

• Silphidae

  carrion beetles, burying beetles, large carrion beetles, sexton beetles

  Silphidae is a family of beetles commonly known as carrion beetles or burying beetles, comprising approximately 183 species in two tribes: Silphini and Nicrophorini. Members feed primarily on decaying organic matter, particularly animal carcasses, with some species exhibiting specialized behaviors such as burying small carcasses and providing parental care. The family has forensic importance due to predictable colonization patterns on human remains. Silphidae are most diverse in temperate regions, with flight capability varying among species and correlated with food source type.

  carrion-beetlesburying-beetlesforensic-entomologydecomposersparental-careNicrophoriniSilphiniphoretic-mitesendangered-speciesNicrophorus-americanusholometabolous-developmentnocturnaltemperate-diversityflight-losschemical-defense

• Tetramesa

  Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.

  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