Stem-gall

Guides

Andricus chrysolepidicola
Irregular Spindle Gall Wasp, irregular-spindle gall wasp
Andricus chrysolepidicola is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive stem galls on several oak species in western North America. The species exhibits a complex heteroecious life cycle with alternating generations: first-year unisexual wasps produce irregular spindle-shaped stem galls, while second-year bisexual wasps induce bud galls. The species is primarily documented from California but has been recorded elsewhere along the Pacific coast and eastward to Nevada.
gall-wasp cynipid oak-gall heteroecious California western-North-America stem-gall bud-gall white-oak Quercus
Andricus vacciniifoliae
Golden Oak Apple Gall Wasp, Golden Oak Apple Wasp
Andricus vacciniifoliae is a gall-forming cynipid wasp native to the west coast of North America. The species creates distinctive stem galls on huckleberry oak (Quercus vacciniifolia) and canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). The galls are colorful and fruit-like in appearance, often leading to misidentification as actual fruit. The wasp has been reclassified from Andricus to Trichoteras in some taxonomic treatments, though both names remain in use.
cynipidae gall-wasp oak-gall stem-gall western-north-america huckleberry-oak canyon-live-oak quercus-vacciniifolia quercus-chrysolepis trichoteras taxonomy-disputed
Antistrophus
rosinweed stem gall wasp
An undescribed species of cynipid gall wasp in the genus Antistrophus that induces distinctive stem-cluster galls on Silphium perfoliatum (cup plant). Like other Antistrophus species, it likely produces only female wasps through parthenogenesis, with adults emerging in fall to lay eggs in host plant stems. The galls provide shelter and food for developing larvae.
gall-wasp cynipid prairie Silphium parthenogenesis stem-gall undescribed-species
Antistrophus jeanae
Antistrophus jeanae is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described in 2004 by Tooker and Hanks. Like other members of the genus Antistrophus, this species is likely associated with specific host plants in the Asteraceae family, though detailed natural history information remains limited. The species is known from a small number of observations, suggesting it may be relatively rare or underreported. It belongs to a genus characterized by stem-galling habits on composite plants.
cynipidae gall-wasp stem-gall asteraceae-associates
Antistrophus laciniatus
Antistrophus laciniatus is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces stem galls on Silphium integrifolium (wholeleaf rosinweed), a prairie plant in the Asteraceae. The species was described by Gillette in 1891 and is one of several Antistrophus species associated with Silphium hosts. New host plant and distribution records have been documented in recent years.
gall-wasp Cynipidae prairie Silphium stem-gall monophagous conservation-concern indicator-species
Antistrophus pisum
Antistrophus pisum is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It is a synonym of Antistrophus lygodesmiaepisum, a monophagous cynipid wasp that induces pea-like stem galls on the rush skeletonplant (Lygodesmia juncea). The species occurs in the Loess Hills region of western Iowa and extreme northwestern Missouri, where its host plant persists as a hypsithermal relict in hilltop prairie remnants. The galls are solid, succulent structures that exude latex-like sap when damaged.
gall-wasp cynipid monophagous Loess-Hills prairie-relict conservation-concern stem-gall latex synonym Lygodesmia-juncea
Antistrophus silphii
Apical Rosinweed Gall Wasp
Antistrophus silphii is a gall-forming cynipid wasp native to North American prairies. The species induces stem galls on rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium), a tall prairie forb. Galls are large, solid, and succulent when young, becoming harder with age. The wasp has a single generation per year, with adults emerging in early summer.
gall-former prairie-specialist univoltine stem-gall latex-producing-gall
Asphondylia atriplicis
Tumor Stem Gall Midge
Asphondylia atriplicis is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive tumor-like stem galls on plants in the genus Atriplex (saltbushes). Like other Asphondylia species, the adult female deposits eggs into host plant tissue, and the developing larva stimulates the plant to form a protective gall structure that provides both shelter and nutrition. The specific epithet 'atriplicis' indicates its association with Atriplex hosts. The genus Asphondylia is notable for inducing galls on diverse plant families and for often harboring symbiotic fungi that may assist in gall formation or nutrition.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae gall-inducer Atriplex stem-gall tumor-gall saltbush Diptera insect-plant-interaction
Asphondylia auripila
Large Creosote Gall Midge
Asphondylia auripila is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces stem galls on creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). It is part of a species group of 15 closely related Asphondylia species that have partitioned creosote bush ecologically, with different species inhabiting leaves, stems, buds, and flowers. A. auripila specifically occupies the stems, forming distinctive pom-pom-like galls. The larvae develop within these plant-generated structures, which provide both shelter and nutrition.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae Larrea-tridentata creosote-bush stem-gall ecological-speciation host-partitioning desert-insect Sonoran-Desert herbivory plant-manipulation adaptive-radiation
Asphondylia floccosa
woolly stem gall midge, Saltbush Woolly Stem Gall Midge
Asphondylia floccosa is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive woolly stem galls on Atriplex polycarpa. The larvae develop within multi-chambered galls but do not consume plant tissue directly—instead feeding on fungi that grow inside the gall structure. This species was first described by Raymond Gagne in 1986 and is known from the southwestern United States.
gall-midge cecidomyiidae Atriplex fungal-feeding stem-gall desert-insect
Asphondylia helianthiglobulus
Sunflower Purse Gall Midge
Asphondylia helianthiglobulus is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae. Its larvae induce distinctive globular stem galls on several sunflower species in eastern North America. The specific epithet "helianthiglobulus" references both its host genus Helianthus and the rounded shape of the galls it produces. This species exemplifies the intimate plant-insect relationships characteristic of gall midges, where larval development occurs entirely within plant tissue.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae Helianthus sunflower stem-gall globular-gall plant-manipulation gall-induction eastern-North-America
Bucculatrix simulans
Bucculatrix simulans is a small ribbed cocoon-making moth in the family Bucculatricidae, described by Annette Frances Braun in 1963. It occurs in central North America from Texas northward to Iowa and east to Ohio. Adults are active primarily from January through July, with a wingspan of 9.5–10 mm. The larvae are known to feed on Helianthus (sunflower) species and create distinctive stem galls.
Lepidoptera Bucculatricidae ribbed-cocoon-maker-moth North-America stem-gall Helianthus sunflower Annette-Frances-Braun 1963 Texas Iowa Ohio small-moth January July white-cocoon light-grey-cocoon gall-former
Burnettweldia washingtonensis
fuzzy gall wasp
Burnettweldia washingtonensis is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive stem galls on white oaks (Quercus sect. Quercus) along the Pacific coast of North America. The species was originally described as Cynips washingtonensis in 1894 and later transferred to Disholcaspis before its current placement in Burnettweldia. It is locally common and among the more frequently observed oak gall wasps in its range, with over 1,400 citizen science records.
gall-wasp cynipid oak-gall stem-gall Pacific-coast white-oak
Callirhytis perdens
Ruptured Twig Gall Wasp
Callirhytis perdens is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive stem galls on several oak species in California. Unlike many gall wasps where larvae develop entirely within attached galls, this species exhibits a unique life history where mature larval capsules are expelled from fissures in the gall and complete development on the ground. The species was formerly classified under the genus Andricus. It is considered locally abundant within its restricted range.
gall-wasp Cynipidae oak-gall California-endemic stem-gall integral-gall capsule-expulsion ground-development
Callirhytis quercusbatatoides
Southern Live Oak Stem Gall Wasp
Callirhytis quercusbatatoides is a cynipid gall wasp that induces stem galls on Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) and related oak species. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of many oak gall wasps, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce morphologically distinct galls. The specific epithet 'quercusbatatoides' references the gall's resemblance to a sweet potato (batata). The species is well-documented in the southeastern United States where its host oaks are native.
cynipidae gall-wasp oak-gall stem-gall Quercus alternating-generations southeastern-US live-oak parasitoid-host plant-insect-interaction
Callirhytis quercussuttoni
Gouty Stem Gall Wasp
Callirhytis quercussuttoni is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on stems of oaks in the red oak group (section Lobatae). The species is restricted to the west coast of North America, where it has been documented on coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and interior live oak (Q. wislizeni). Its common name refers to the swollen, irregular galls it produces on host stems.
gall-wasp Cynipidae oak-gall stem-gall Pacific-coast Quercus
Caloptilia murtfeldtella
Caloptilia murtfeldtella is a small gracillariid moth known for its distinctive larval biology. The species creates stem galls on Penstemon plants, with larvae developing inside individual galls before emerging through a specially prepared epidermal window. Adults overwinter and have been recorded across multiple U.S. states and Canadian provinces. The species was named in honor of naturalist Mary Murtfeldt, who collected the type specimens.
gall-former Penstemon Gracillariidae leaf-miner-moth stem-gall
Celticecis oviformis
Hackberry Spherical Stem Gall Midge
Celticecis oviformis is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive spherical stem galls on hackberry trees (Celtis species). The species is native to North America and has been documented through gall formation rather than direct observation of the adult midge. The galls are among the most conspicuous and structurally complex of hackberry galls, often persisting on branches for multiple years. The midge completes its life cycle within these galls, with larvae developing inside the protective plant tissue.
gall-midge hackberry Celtis stem-gall Cecidomyiidae North-America
Clinodiplosis
Clinodiplosis is a genus of gall midges (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera) established by Kieffer in 1894. Species in this genus are gall inducers that form stem galls on host plants across multiple families including Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, and Urticaceae. The genus has been documented in Brazil and has distribution records in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the United States (Vermont).
gall-midge gall-inducer Cecidomyiidae phytophagous Neotropical stem-gall phenological-synchronization
Diastrophus kincaidii
thimbleberry gallmaker wasp, thimbleberry gall wasp
Diastrophus kincaidii is a cynipid wasp that induces integral stem galls on thimbleberry plants (Rubus parviflorus). The galls form the basis of a complex derivative ecosystem, supporting a weevil and at least nine species of parasitic wasps. Females are flightless and exhibit communal oviposition behavior, with multiple females often ovipositing at the same site. Gall shape and size influence parasitism rates, with large, round, multilocular galls showing lower parasite frequency than small or narrow galls.
gall-wasp cynipid stem-gall thimbleberry Rubus flightless-female communal-oviposition parasitoid-community
Epiblema strenuana
ragweed borer, stem-galling moth
Epiblema strenuana is a tortricid moth native to North America that has been widely introduced as a biological control agent against invasive Asteraceae weeds. Its larvae form stem galls on host plants, functioning as nutrient sinks that place the plant under metabolic stress. The species has established populations in Australia and China, but was rejected for release in India and South Africa due to non-target risks to the oil-seed crop Guizotia abyssinica. Taxonomic confusion with the closely related E. minutana has complicated host range assessments.
biological-control stem-gall invasive-weed-management Parthenium-hysterophorus tortricid taxonomic-revision
Gnorimoschema baccharisella
Coyote Brush Stem Gall Moth
Gnorimoschema baccharisella is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, first described by August Busck in 1903. It is found in California, where its larvae induce hard stem galls on Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush). The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in forewing size, with females being slightly larger than males.
gall-former endemic California Gelechiidae Baccharis stem-gall
Lasioptera ephedrae
Mormon Tea Stem Gall Midge
Lasioptera ephedrae is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It is known for inducing stem galls on Ephedra trifurca, a desert shrub commonly called Mormon tea. The species was described by Cockerell in 1898 and is found in arid regions of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Like other gall midges, it has a complex life cycle involving intimate association with its host plant.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae gall-former stem-gall Ephedra Mormon-tea desert-insect plant-parasite
Neolasioptera boehmeriae
Boehmeria stem gall midge
Neolasioptera boehmeriae is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae, commonly known as the Boehmeria stem gall midge. The species induces galls on false nettles (Boehmeria spp.), with which it has a specialized host relationship. It occurs in the northeastern United States and southern Canada. The species was first described by Beutenmüller in 1908.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae gall-former Boehmeria false-nettle stem-gall
Neolasioptera lathami
Neolasioptera lathami is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae, described by Gagné in 1971. The species is associated with goldenrod (Solidago) host plants, where it induces stem galls. It has been documented in 745 iNaturalist observations, indicating moderate public awareness and detectability. As a member of Neolasioptera, it belongs to a genus of gall midges specialized on asteraceous plants.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae goldenrod Solidago stem-gall parasitoid-host induced-structure plant-insect-interaction
Neolasioptera nodulosa
nodular stem gall midge
Neolasioptera nodulosa is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae, commonly known as the nodular stem gall midge. The species induces characteristic nodular galls on host plant stems. It was first described by Beutenmüller in 1907. As a member of the gall midge family, it is part of a diverse group of flies whose larvae develop within plant tissue, causing distinctive growth deformities.
gall-midge stem-gall plant-gall Diptera Cecidomyiidae
Rabdophaga salicisbatatus
Potato Gall Midge, Tuber-gall Midge
Rabdophaga salicisbatatus is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive stem galls on willows (Salicaceae). The species is commonly known as the potato gall midge or tuber-gall midge, referencing the swollen, tuber-like galls it produces. It has been documented across much of North America with over 1,100 iNaturalist observations. The adult midge is small and inconspicuous, with the galls being the most visible sign of its presence.
gall-midge willow-gall stem-gall Cecidomyiidae Salicaceae
Rhopalomyia baccharis
coyote brush twisted stem gall midge, Baccharis Stem Gall Midge
Rhopalomyia baccharis is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces twisted stem galls on Baccharis species, particularly coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis). The species was described by Felt in 1908 and is associated with host plants in the Asteraceae family. Like other Cecidomyiidae, it has a complete metamorphosis life cycle with distinct larval, pupal, and adult stages.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae Baccharis stem-gall parasitoid plant-insect-interaction
Rhopalomyia hirtipes
Rhopalomyia hirtipes is a gall midge species in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive galls on Solidago juncea (early goldenrod) in eastern North America. The species forms large, ovoid, multi-chambered stem galls at the base of host plant stems, surrounded by a rosette of long leaves. Adults emerge in early to late September following larval development and pupation within the gall structure.
gall-midge cecidomyiidae solidago goldenrod stem-gall eastern-north-america
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
biological-control gall-wasp grassland invasive-species-management host-specificity cryptic-species phylogenomics Eurytomidae Chalcidoidea Hymenoptera phytophagy Poaceae stem-gall inflorescence-gall integrated-pest-management riparian-restoration molecular-systematics species-delimitation GMYC COI 28S biocontrol-agent Arundo-donax giant-reed medusahead African-lovegrass Eragrostis Sporobolus barley-jointworm integrated-taxonomy Southern-Hemisphere-diversity grassland-expansion Miocene-diversification monophagy host-range-testing non-target-effects tick-habitat cattle-fever-tick Rio-Grande Big-Bend-National-Park greenhouse-rearing oviposition-behavior water-deficit-stress generation-time parasitoid Eurytoma-amicophaga Eurytominae Walker-1848 Terebrantes Apocrita microhymenoptera minute-wasp reduced-wing-venation antennal-segmentation mesosoma-sculpture ovipositor molecular-operational-taxonomic-units MOTU species-boundaries cryptic-diversity sampling-effects SPEDE-sampler 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information-sharing alarm-call mobbing distraction-display broken-wing-display tailing persecution attack escape flight fight freeze faint death-feigning tonic-immobility startle-response withdrawal avoidance dishabituation latent-inhibition blocking overshadowing relative-validity conditioned-inhibition spontaneous-recovery renewal reinstatement rapid-reacquisition latent-learning insight-learning observational-learning vicarious-learning emulation imitation social-facilitation social-inhibition audience-effect bystander-effect conformity obedience compliance commitment consistency foot-in-the-door door-in-the-face low-ball that's-not-all sunk-cost endowment-effect loss-aversion risk-aversion risk-seeking probability-weighting hyperbolic-discounting temporal-discounting intertemporal-choice optimal-foraging marginal-value-theorem prey-choice patch-choice diet-breadth central-place-foraging load-size travel-time handling-time search-time encounter-rate prey-density prey-profitability prey-handling prey-detection prey-pursuit prey-capture prey-consumption prey-rejection ingestion-rate digestion-rate assimilation-efficiency production-efficiency ecological-efficiency trophic-transfer-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency ten-percent-rule pyramid-of-numbers pyramid-of-biomass pyramid-of-energy food-chain trophic-network energy-flow material-cycling biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle water-cycle hydrological-cycle atmospheric-circulation ocean-circulation thermohaline-circulation El-Niño La-Niña ENSO NAO AO PDO AMO climate-oscillation climate-anomaly weather-extreme drought flood heat-wave cold-snap storm hurricane typhoon cyclone tornado thunderstorm lightning wildfire volcanic-eruption earthquake tsunami landslide avalanche meteor-impact mass-extinction background-extinction speciation-rate extinction-rate net-diversification turnover standing-diversity fossil-record taphonomy preservation-bias sampling-bias collection-bias publication-bias citation-bias language-bias geographic-bias temporal-bias taxonomic-bias size-bias abundance-bias habitat-bias facies-bias Lagerstätte Konservat-Lagerstätte Konzentrat-Lagerstätte trace-fossil body-fossil chemical-fossil molecular-fossil biomarker isotope-signature paleoclimate-proxy paleoecology paleobiogeography paleoecosystem paleocommunity paleoenvironment paleogeography paleolatitude paleolongitude continental-drift plate-tectonics seafloor-spreading subduction orogeny mountain-building basin-formation sedimentation erosion weathering soil-formation pedogenesis horizon-development profile-development chronosequence toposequence biosequence climosequence landform geomorphology topography relief elevation slope aspect curvature roughness drainage watershed catchment basin subbasin reach segment zone riffle pool run glide cascade waterfall wetland marsh swamp bog fen mire peatland tundra taiga boreal-forest temperate-forest temperate-rainforest temperate-grassland tropical-forest tropical-rainforest tropical-dry-forest tropical-savanna tropical-grassland desert hot-desert cold-desert semiarid steppe prairie pampas veld savanna woodland shrubland chaparral maquis garigue fynbos kwongan mallee mulga mogote karst cave sinkhole doline polje uvala ponor spring seep oasis wadi arroyo gully ravine canyon gorge valley dale glen strath rift graben horst fault fold anticline syncline monocline dome plateau mesa butte escarpment bluff cliff crag tor inselberg bornhardt kopje hill knoll mound ridge spur saddle pass col gap notch cleft fissure joint bedding-plane foliation lineation cleavage schistosity gneissic-banding magma lava igneous-rock sedimentary-rock metamorphic-rock mineral crystal grain texture structure fabric composition chemistry mineralogy petrology geochemistry geophysics geochronology radiometric-dating isotopic-dating dendrochronology varve-chronology lichenometry archaeomagnetism paleomagnetism thermoluminescence optically-stimulated-luminescence electron-spin-resonance cosmogenic-nuclide exposure-dating burial-dating terrestrial-cosmogenic-nuclide in-situ-cosmogenic-nuclide meteoric-cosmogenic-nuclide fallout-radionuclide lead-210 cesium-137 plutonium americium radiocarbon carbon-14 calibration-curve intcal marine-reservoir-effect terrestrial-reservoir-effect hard-water-effect contamination pretreatment combustion graphitization accelerator-mass-spectrometry liquid-scintillation-counting gas-proportional-counting beta-counting gamma-spectrometry alpha-spectrometry mass-spectrometry inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry thermal-ionization-mass-spectrometry secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry laser-ablation-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry electron-microprobe scanning-electron-microscopy transmission-electron-microscopy light-microscopy confocal-microscopy fluorescence-microscopy polarizing-microscopy phase-contrast-microscopy differential-interference-contrast-microscopy dark-field-microscopy bright-field-microscopy stereomicroscopy dissecting-microscopy microtomy sectioning staining mounting embedding fixation preservation collection curation vouchering repository herbarium museum archive database registry catalogue checklist inventory survey monitoring assessment evaluation appraisal audit review synthesis rapid-review scoping-review narrative-review critical-review state-of-the-art-review literature-review bibliometric-analysis citation-analysis co-citation-analysis bibliographic-coupling co-authorship-analysis collaboration-network knowledge-map concept-map ontology taxonomy classification nomenclature typification designation description diagnosis illustration measurement morphometry meristics count ratio index score rank grade scale level category class group set subset cluster clade lineage branch stem crown root node tip terminal internal basal derived ancestral plesiomorphic apomorphic synapomorphic autapomorphic homologous homoplastic convergent parallel reversal gain loss duplication deletion insertion inversion fusion fission polyploidy aneuploidy chromosome-number genome-size gene-number transcriptome proteome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome phenome connectome epigenome microbiome virome mycobiome bacteriome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome parasitome pathobiome diseasome toxome exposome foodome nutriome pharmacome toxicome adverse-outcome-pathway mode-of-action mechanism-of-action target-site receptor-binding enzyme-inhibition ion-channel-blockade membrane-disruption DNA-intercalation inflammation cell-differentiation cell-migration cell-adhesion cell-signaling signal-transduction gene-expression transcription translation post-translational-modification protein-folding protein-degradation protein-trafficking vesicle-transport exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis mitophagy pexophagy ribophagy ER-phagy lysophagy lipophagy glycophagy ferritinophagy aggrephagy xenophagy entosis cytosis syncytium plasmodesmata gap-junction tight-junction adherens-junction desmosome hemidesmosome focal-adhesion cell-polarity cell-asymmetry cell-division mitosis meiosis cytokinesis karyokinesis chromosome-segregation spindle-assembly checkpoint DNA-replication DNA-recombination transposition retrotransposition horizontal-gene-transfer vertical-gene-transfer endosymbiosis symbiogenesis holobiont hologenome extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering keystone-process ecological-function ecosystem-function ecosystem-good natural-capital natural-resource renewable-resource non-renewable-resource common-pool-resource public-good private-good club-good externality market-failure government-failure policy-failure institutional-failure tragedy-of-the-commons free-rider collective-action social-dilemma prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game zero-sum-game positive-sum-game negative-sum-game win-win lose-lose win-lose Pareto-optimal Pareto-improvement Kaldor-Hicks-improvement cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-decision-analysis decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system rule-based-system case-based-reasoning machine-learning deep-learning neural-network random-forest support-vector-machine decision-tree regression-tree classification-tree clustering-algorithm dimensionality-reduction feature-selection feature-extraction pattern-recognition image-analysis signal-processing time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geographic-information-system remote-sensing satellite-imagery aerial-photography drone-imagery LiDAR radar sonar seismic geophysical geochemical biogeochemical ecoinformatics bioinformatics computational-biology systems-biology synthetic-biology biotechnology nanotechnology genetic-engineering genome-editing CRISPR TALEN zinc-finger-nuclease transgenic cisgenic intragenic subgenic agrobacterium-mediated-transformation biolistics electroporation microinjection protoplast-fusion somatic-hybridization cybrid asymmetric-hybrid synthetic-polyploid doubled-haploid haploid-induction anther-culture microspore-culture ovule-culture embryo-culture endosperm-culture protoplast-culture cell-culture tissue-culture organ-culture shoot-culture root-culture callus-culture suspension-culture bioreactor hairy-root-culture transformation hardening micropropagation clonal-propagation meristem-culture shoot-tip-culture axillary-bud-culture nodal-culture leaf-culture petiole-culture stem-culture internode-culture rhizome-culture bulb-culture corm-culture tuber-culture seed-culture zygotic-embryo-culture somatic-embryo-culture somatic-embryogenesis organogenesis caulogenesis rhizogenesis adventitious-shoot-formation direct-regeneration indirect-regeneration primary-metabolism secondary-metabolism biosynthesis biotransformation bioconversion biodegradation bioremediation phytoremediation mycoremediation zooremediation bioaugmentation biostimulation natural-attenuation monitored-natural-attenuation engineered-natural-attenuation permeable-reactive-barrier pump-and-treat soil-vapor-extraction air-sparging thermal-desorption incineration landfilling containment capping slurry-wall grout-curtain sheet-piling clay-liner geomembrane geotextile geogrid geocomposite geosynthetic geofabric geonet geocell geopipe geostrip geofoam geobag geotube geocontainer geomat geoblanket geospacer geodrain geoinjection geogrout geopier geocolumn geopile geowall geoberm geotrench geocut geofill geolift geoslab geopanel geoblock geobrick geotile geopaver geoweb geomattress geocushion
Valentibulla californica
Elliptical Stem Gall Fly
Valentibulla californica is a species of fruit fly in the family Tephritidae, commonly known as the Elliptical Stem Gall Fly. The species was described by Coquillett in 1894. Like other members of the genus Valentibulla, it is associated with gall formation on plant stems. The species is found in the United States, particularly in California as suggested by its specific epithet.
gall-fly Tephritidae California Diptera stem-gall