Cynipidae

Guides

• Acraspis

  Acraspis is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. Species in this genus induce distinctive galls on oak leaves (Quercus spp.), including the jewel oak gall and oak pea gall. The genus exhibits specialized host associations with oaks and has been documented to employ spacing strategies that reduce parasitoid attack rates.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallQuercusparasitoidchalcidAcraspis-hirtajewel-oak-gallplant-manipulationinduced-gall

• Acraspis pezomachoides

  Acraspis pezomachoides is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of the genus Acraspis, it induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species was described by Osten Sacken in 1862. Specific gall morphology and host associations for this species are not well documented in the provided sources, though the genus is known for producing structurally complex galls on white oaks.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenoptera

• Acraspis prinoides

  Acraspis prinoides is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces characteristic galls on oak trees. The species is part of a diverse group of Cynipidae that exhibit highly specialized relationships with their host plants, with each species typically inducing galls of distinctive morphology on specific oak species or groups.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopterainsect

• Acraspis villosa

  Acraspis villosa is a gall-forming wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces galls on bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). The species has been documented in Canada and the United States. Molecular studies have confirmed alternate sexual and asexual generations using DNA sequencing of cytb and ITS2 markers.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallQuercus-macrocarpabur-oak

• Amphibolips

  Amphibolips is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, first described by Reinhard in 1865. The genus contains approximately 57 described species, with additional undescribed species known. All members are native to the Americas and are specialized gall inducers, primarily on oaks (Quercus spp.).

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeNearcticNeotropicalparasitoid-host

• Amphibolips acuminata

  Fusiform Oak Apple Gall Wasp

  Amphibolips acuminata is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, commonly known as the Fusiform Oak Apple Gall Wasp. The species induces distinctive galls on oak trees, specifically forming fusiform (spindle-shaped) oak apple galls. As with other members of the genus Amphibolips, this species has an alternation of generations with distinct sexual and asexual forms that produce different gall types. The species is associated with oaks in the genus Quercus and has been documented across a broad geographic range in North America.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenopteraQuercusparasitoidalternation-of-generations

• Amphibolips confluenta

  spongy oak apple gall wasp

  Amphibolips confluenta, commonly known as the spongy oak apple gall wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species induces characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.) and has been recorded from multiple oak host species across eastern North America. Its range extends from Ontario and Quebec in Canada through much of the eastern United States.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeplant-insect-interactionNorth-America

• Amphibolips cookii

  Oak Apple Gall Wasp

  Amphibolips cookii is a cynipid gall wasp that induces the formation of oak apple galls on oak trees. The species is widely distributed in North America and has been documented extensively through community science observations. Its life cycle involves an alternation of generations between sexual and asexual forms, a trait common among Cynipidae but with specific host associations for this species. The wasp itself is small and inconspicuous; its primary visibility comes from the distinctive galls it produces on oak foliage.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallheterogonyNorth-America

• Amphibolips ellipsoidalis

  Amphibolips ellipsoidalis is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Members of this genus are known to induce galls on oak trees (Quercus species). The specific epithet 'ellipsoidalis' refers to the elliptical shape of the gall structure it produces. This species is part of a diverse radiation of cynipid wasps specialized on oaks in North America.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeleaf-gall

• Amphibolips femoratus

  A species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, originally described by Ashmead in 1887 as Andricus femoratus before transfer to Amphibolips. Like other members of this genus, it induces galls on oaks (Quercus spp.). The species is documented from limited observations, with most records from North America.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenopteraoak-associate

• Amphibolips fusus

  Amphibolips fusus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Alfred Kinsey in 1937. The species belongs to a genus known for inducing galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). It has been documented from central Mexico, specifically in Ciudad de México and Zacatecas states. Like other members of Cynipidae, it likely has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual generations, though specific details for this species remain poorly documented.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallmexicokinsey-1937

• Amphibolips gainesi

  Amphibolips gainesi is a species of gall wasp described by Bassett in 1900. It belongs to the family Cynipidae, a group of wasps known for inducing galls on oak trees. The genus Amphibolips is associated with oak galls, though specific details about this species' biology remain limited in published literature.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenoptera

• Amphibolips ilicifoliae

  Amphibolips ilicifoliae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on oak leaves. It is one of numerous Amphibolips species associated with oaks in North America. The species is distinguished by its specific host association with certain oak groups and the morphology of the galls it produces. Like other cynipid gall wasps, it has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual generations, though details specific to this species remain incompletely documented.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteranorth-americaquercusleaf-gallcynipiniamphibolipsinsecta

• Amphibolips murata

  Amphibolips murata is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of galls on oak trees (Quercus species). The species is documented from multiple observations, though detailed biological studies remain limited.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaehymenoptera

• Amphibolips nubilipennis

  translucent oak gall wasp

  Amphibolips nubilipennis is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive succulent galls on oak trees. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations, each producing different gall types. The translucent oak gall formed by the sexual generation accumulates exceptionally high concentrations of malic acid, creating extremely acidic tissue conditions. This species has been documented across eastern North America and serves as a model organism for studying gall chemistry and plant-insect interactions.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaemalic-acidplant-insect-interactionchemical-defensealternating-generationseastern-North-AmericaQuercusacidic-gall

• Amphibolips quercuscoelebs

  Amphibolips quercuscoelebs is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), specifically associated with the host species suggested by its specific epithet. Like other members of the genus Amphibolips, this species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations, though detailed documentation for this particular species remains limited. The species has been documented through a small number of observations, indicating it may be uncommon or underreported.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraintegral-gall

• Amphibolips quercusinanis

  larger empty oak apple wasp

  Amphibolips quercusinanis is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces large, apple-sized galls on leaves of red oak species in central and eastern North America. The species is notable for producing conspicuous, hollow galls that become brittle and empty after the adult wasp emerges. It has been widely documented through citizen science observations.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeparasitoidplant-manipulation

• Amphibolips quercusostensackenii

  Small Oak Apple Gall Wasp

  Amphibolips quercusostensackenii is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive galls on red oak leaves. The species was reclassified from Andricus to Amphibolips in 2002 based on adult morphology. It is distributed throughout eastern North America.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallred-oakNorth-Americaleaf-gall

• Amphibolips quercusracemaria

  Amphibolips quercusracemaria is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Ashmead in 1881. The specific epithet "quercusracemaria" indicates an association with oak (Quercus), likely inducing galls on catkins or inflorescences. Like other members of the genus Amphibolips, this species is part of the diverse North American cynipid fauna specialized on oaks.

  gall-waspoak-gallcynipidaehymenoptera

• Andricus

  oak gall wasps

  Andricus is a large and diverse genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, comprising approximately 375 species—though many are considered taxonomically dubious. These tiny wasps are obligate gall inducers on oaks (Quercus spp.), with each species typically restricted to one or a few closely related host species. The genus exhibits complex life cycles involving alternation between sexual and asexual generations, often on different oak hosts or plant organs. Andricus is the most diverse genus in the tribe Cynipini and has a cosmopolitan distribution centered on the Northern Hemisphere, with species in Europe, Asia, North America, and Central America.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoakQuercusheterogonyparthenogenesisplant-insect-interactioncoevolutionspeciationparasitoid-host

• Andricus balanella

  Andricus balanella is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a group renowned for inducing distinctive plant galls on oak species. Like other members of the genus Andricus, this species forms intimate associations with oaks (Quercus spp.), with females laying eggs in plant tissues to initiate gall development. The resulting galls serve as both shelter and food source for the developing larva. The specific gall morphology and host oak species for A. balanella are not well documented in available sources, though the genus is characterized by highly species-specific gall forms.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallAndricushymenopterainsectparasitoidplant-manipulationQuercusmonophagousoligophagous

• Andricus brunneus

  Clustered Gall Wasp

  Andricus brunneus is a small oak gall wasp found along the Pacific Coast of North America. Only females of this species are known to exist, indicating reproduction occurs through parthenogenesis. The species induces distinctive round galls on white oak leaves, particularly blue oaks (Quercus douglasii). Adults emerge in autumn.

  gall-waspoak-gallparthenogenesisPacific-CoastCynipidaeQuercusleaf-gall

• Andricus burnetti

  Andricus burnetti is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a group renowned for inducing diverse and structurally complex galls on oak trees. As a member of the genus Andricus, this species participates in the intricate life cycle characteristic of cynipid wasps, where females lay eggs in oak tissues and the developing larvae secrete substances that redirect plant growth to form specialized galls. The species was described by Burnett, for whom it is named. Like many Andricus species, it likely exhibits host specificity to particular oak species, though detailed biological accounts remain limited in published literature.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopterainquilinecynipidplant-manipulationparasitoidoak-associategall-formerAndricusCynipiniCynipinaegall-inductionCynipoideaoak-parasiteplant-animal-interactiongall-biologyCynipid-waspoak-specialistInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaburnettiAndricus-burnettispecies

• Andricus capillatus

  Andricus capillatus is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of the genus Andricus, this species induces characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), with each cynipid species producing a distinct gall morphology specific to its biology. The genus Andricus is one of the most diverse genera of gall wasps, with numerous species specialized on different oak species and plant tissues.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallHymenopteraAndricus

• Andricus coconinoensis

  Andricus coconinoensis is a species of cynipid gall wasp described in 2021. As a member of the family Cynipidae, it induces characteristic galls on oak host plants. The specific epithet references Coconino County, Arizona, suggesting a southwestern United States distribution. Like other Andricus species, it exhibits intimate host plant specialization typical of this diverse gall wasp genus.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteracoconino-countyarizona2021-descriptionmelikanichollsstone

• Andricus coquilletti

  Andricus coquilletti is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a group renowned for inducing characteristic plant galls on oaks. Like other members of its genus, this species has an intimate ecological relationship with oak trees (Quercus spp.), where females deposit eggs into developing leaf tissue using their ovipositor, triggering the formation of protective galls that house developing larvae. The species is part of one of the most diverse radiations of gall-forming insects, with each cynipid species typically producing a distinct gall morphology on specific host tissues.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallQuercusparasitoidplant-insect-interactioncecidogenesisHymenoptera

• Andricus dimorphus

  Clustered Midrib Gall Wasp

  Andricus dimorphus, commonly known as the clustered midrib gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp that induces distinctive galls on oak leaves. The species forms clusters of up to 50 globular, red-brown galls along the midrib on the abaxial (underside) surface of white oak leaves, beginning in late summer. Adults emerge from galls the following year. The species was first described by William Beutenmuller in 1913 as Cynips dimorphus and later transferred to Andricus via the genus Adleria.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallleaf-gallwhite-oakhymenopteraparasitoid-hostinquiline-habitat

• Andricus mamillaformis

  A cynipid gall wasp in the genus Andricus that induces distinctive galls on oak hosts. Like other members of this large genus, it exhibits high host specificity typical of gall wasps, with each species producing a characteristic gall morphology that serves as both shelter and food source for developing larvae. The species name 'mamillaformis' suggests a nipple- or breast-shaped gall form.

  cynipidaegall-waspandricusoak-gallhymenopterainquilinececidomyiid-mimic

• Andricus nigricens

  Andricus nigricens is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of the genus Andricus, this species induces characteristic galls on oak (Quercus) host plants. The species is part of a highly diverse radiation of gall-forming wasps that have evolved intimate relationships with oaks, with each species typically producing a distinct gall morphology on specific plant tissues.

  cynipidaegall-wasphymenopteraoak-gallparasitoidinquiline

• Andricus pedicellatus

  hair stalk gall wasp

  Andricus pedicellatus, commonly known as the hair stalk gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp that induces distinctive long, spindly leaf galls on blue oaks (Quercus douglasii). The species is fairly common along the Pacific coast of North America. Like other members of the genus Andricus, it exhibits high host specificity, attacking only one or a few closely related oak species.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallblue-oakquercus-douglasiileaf-gallpacific-coast

• Andricus pilularis

  Andricus pilularis is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, this wasp induces the formation of distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the characteristic life cycle of gall wasps, with larvae developing inside plant tissue structures that provide both food and shelter. Specific details regarding its host associations and gall morphology require further documentation.

  cynipidaegall-wasphymenopteraoak-galls

• Andricus quercusformosus

  Andricus quercusformosus is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species was originally described by Bassett in 1864 under the basionym Cynips quercusformosa. Like other members of the genus Andricus, this species is associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.) as host plants. The specific epithet "quercusformosus" derives from Latin, combining "quercus" (oak) with "formosus" (beautiful), likely referring to the appearance of the galls it produces. The species belongs to the highly diverse gall wasp family Cynipidae, which contains thousands of species that form characteristic galls on various plant parts.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallQuercusHymenopteragall-former

• Andricus quercuspetiolicola

  Oak Petiole Gall Wasp

  Andricus quercuspetiolicola is a species of cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive galls on white oaks (Quercus alba). The species name reflects its biology: 'quercus' for oak and 'petiolicola' indicating its habit of forming galls on leaf petioles and midribs. Adult wasps are small and inconspicuous, while the galls they produce are the most visible sign of their presence. Like other Andricus species, this wasp has a complex life cycle typically involving alternation between sexual and asexual generations on different oak tissues, though specific details for this species remain incompletely documented.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallQuercus-albapetiole-gallparasitoidparthenogenesisplant-manipulationspecialist-herbivore

• Andricus quercusstrobilanus

  lobed oak gall wasp, pine cone oak gall wasp

  Andricus quercusstrobilanus is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive cone-shaped galls on white oaks in North America. The species name references both its oak host ('quercus') and the strobilus-like (cone-shaped) structure of the gall it produces. The galls are sometimes called 'pine cone oak galls' due to their appearance. Adults of this species have not been formally described.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallinquilinesparasitoids

• Andricus robustus

  Andricus robustus is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of the genus Andricus, this species induces characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The specific gall morphology and host associations of A. robustus have not been extensively documented in the available literature. The species follows the typical cynipid life cycle involving an alternation of generations between sexual and asexual forms, though detailed studies of its biology remain limited.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallHymenopteraAndricus

• Andricus sessilum

  Andricus sessilum is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a group known for inducing distinctive plant growths called galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). Like other members of the genus Andricus, this species exhibits high host specificity, with females laying eggs in oak tissues to initiate gall formation. The developing larva secretes chemical signals that manipulate plant growth, creating a specialized structure that provides both food and shelter. Cynipid gall wasps are among the most diverse gall-forming insects, with each species typically producing a characteristic gall morphology on specific host plants or plant parts.

  gall-waspCynipidaeAndricusoak-gallQuercusplant-manipulationHymenopteramonophagoushost-specificgall-induction

• Andricus stropus

  leafy-wreath gall

  Andricus stropus is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive galls on oak trees. The species is part of the highly diverse Andricus genus, which contains numerous oak-associated gall wasps, each producing characteristic gall structures. Like other cynipids, A. stropus has a complex life cycle involving manipulation of plant tissue through chemical secretions that redirect host oak growth patterns. The species is known from observations primarily in North America.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraleafy-wreath-gallAndricusQuercusparasitoidplant-manipulationcecidology

• Andricus texanus

  Andricus texanus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, a diverse group of insects that induce characteristic growths on oak trees. Like other members of its genus, this species manipulates plant tissue to form specialized structures that provide shelter and food for developing larvae. The specific gall morphology and host associations distinguish it from related Andricus species.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallparasitoidplant-manipulationparthenogenesisQuercus

• Andricus tubularius

  A cynipid gall wasp in the genus Andricus that induces distinctive galls on oak hosts. Like other members of this large and diverse genus, this species exhibits high host specificity and complex life cycles typical of oak gall wasps. The specific gall morphology and exact host associations for this species require further documentation.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallparasitoidplant-manipulationAndricusHymenopteraCynipidae

• Andricus vacciniifoliae

  Golden Oak Apple Gall Wasp, Golden Oak Apple Wasp

  Andricus vacciniifoliae is a gall-forming cynipid wasp native to the west coast of North America. The species creates distinctive stem galls on huckleberry oak (Quercus vacciniifolia) and canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). The galls are colorful and fruit-like in appearance, often leading to misidentification as actual fruit. The wasp has been reclassified from Andricus to Trichoteras in some taxonomic treatments, though both names remain in use.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallstem-gallwestern-north-americahuckleberry-oakcanyon-live-oakquercus-vacciniifoliaquercus-chrysolepistrichoterastaxonomy-disputed

• Andricus weldi

  Andricus weldi is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of this diverse family, it induces the formation of specialized plant galls on oak hosts. The species was named in honor of Lewis H. Weld, a prominent American cynipidologist who authored foundational works on gall wasps of the eastern United States. Specific details regarding its gall morphology, host associations, and biology remain limited in the available literature.

  cynipidgall-waspoak-gallHymenopteraCynipidaeAndricusparasitoidinquiline-habitatplant-manipulation

• Andricus wheeleri

  Andricus wheeleri is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of this genus, it induces distinctive gall formations on oak host plants. The species is part of a highly diverse radiation of cynipid wasps that have evolved intimate associations with Quercus species. Specific details regarding its gall morphology and host relationships are not well documented in the available literature.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenoptera

• Antistrophus

  undescribed Silphium flower gall wasp

  An undescribed species of gall wasp in the genus Antistrophus that induces flower galls on Silphium species, particularly in tallgrass prairie ecosystems. The wasp manipulates plant tissue to form protective galls that house developing larvae. This species represents part of a complex of Antistrophus wasps specialized on Silphium host plants, with distinct species targeting stems versus flowers.

  gall-waspCynipidaeSilphiumprairieundescribed-speciesflower-gallplant-manipulationtallgrass-prairie

• Antistrophus

  An undescribed species in the genus Antistrophus, a group of cynipid gall wasps that induce distinctive galls on Asteraceae host plants. Members of this genus are typically monophagous, with each species associated with a single host plant species. The specific epithet reference to 'laciniatum' suggests association with Silphium laciniatum (compass plant), though this remains to be confirmed. The species has not been formally described in the scientific literature.

  gall-waspcynipidaeundescribed-speciesprairieasteraceaemonophagoussilphiumleaf-gallhymenopterainsectaarthropodaanimalia

• Antistrophus jeanae

  Antistrophus jeanae is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described in 2004 by Tooker and Hanks. Like other members of the genus Antistrophus, this species is likely associated with specific host plants in the Asteraceae family, though detailed natural history information remains limited. The species is known from a small number of observations, suggesting it may be relatively rare or underreported. It belongs to a genus characterized by stem-galling habits on composite plants.

  cynipidaegall-waspstem-gallasteraceae-associates

• Antistrophus laciniatus

  Antistrophus laciniatus is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces stem galls on Silphium integrifolium (wholeleaf rosinweed), a prairie plant in the Asteraceae. The species was described by Gillette in 1891 and is one of several Antistrophus species associated with Silphium hosts. New host plant and distribution records have been documented in recent years.

  gall-waspCynipidaeprairieSilphiumstem-gallmonophagousconservation-concernindicator-species

• Antistrophus rufus

  Antistrophus rufus is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls in flowering stems of prairie perennials in the genus Silphium. It is part of the A. rufus species complex, which was revised from three to five species based on morphological, ecological, and DNA barcode data. The species exhibits a unique chemical ecology: males and females use host plant volatiles as olfactory cues for mate location and host selection. Gall induction alters monoterpene enantiomer ratios in host stems, creating species-specific chemical signals.

  gall-waspCynipidaeprairieSilphiumchemical-ecologyinduced-plant-volatilesmonoterpenesenantiomer-ratiosmate-locationhost-locationAulacideini

• Antron

  Antron is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. These insects induce distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus species), with the urchin gall induced by A. quercusechinus being particularly notable for its striking appearance. The genus belongs to the tribe Cynipini, which contains the majority of oak gall wasps. Species in this genus are specialized to specific oak hosts and gall locations.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenopterainquilineplant-manipulationQuercus

• Antron douglasii

  Spined Turban Gall Wasp

  A cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive spined turban galls on oak leaves. The galls are characterized by their fleshy, pink to reddish appearance with bristly projections. This species is part of the highly diverse oak gall wasp fauna of western North America. The wasp manipulates plant tissue development through chemical cues, though the precise mechanism remains unknown.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallplant-manipulationcalifornia-endemic-faunaspined-turban-gall

• Antron quercusnubila

  Antron quercusnubila is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to the southwestern United States. The species exhibits an alternating sexual and asexual generation cycle, a trait confirmed through molecular analysis of cytb and ITS2 sequences. Like other members of the Cynipidae, this wasp manipulates oak host tissue to form protective galls that shelter and nourish developing larvae.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallalternating-generationsmolecular-taxonomysouthwestern-USAarizona

• Atrusca

  Atrusca is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini, comprising approximately 42 species distributed across North and Central America. These tiny wasps are specialized herbivores that induce characteristic galls on oak (Quercus) host plants. The genus forms a phylogenetically distinct clade most closely related to Cynips, Philonix, and Xanthoteras, and morphologically resembles Cynips and Antron. Species exhibit high host specificity, with each typically restricted to one or a few closely related oak species.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallQuercusherbivoreparasitoidNorth-AmericaMexicoCentral-AmericaCynipiniinduced-gallplant-insect-interactionhost-specificityalternation-of-generationsasexual-reproductionsexual-reproductionecosystem-engineerinquilinehyperparasitoidbella-species-complexphylogeneticstaxonomyKinsey-1930

• Atrusca aggregata

  Atrusca aggregata is a species of cynipid gall wasp described by Weld in 1926. Like other members of the family Cynipidae, this tiny wasp induces the formation of characteristic galls on oak leaves. The genus Atrusca is known for producing colorful, detachable leaf galls on various Quercus species. Adult females emerge from galls and use their ovipositor to inject eggs into leaf tissues, initiating the next generation of galls.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallQuercusleaf-gallparasitoidHymenopteraCynipidaeAtruscaWeld-1926aggregata

• Atrusca brevipennata

  little oak-apple gall wasp

  Atrusca brevipennata is a cynipid gall wasp that produces distinctive galls on oak leaves in western North America. Formerly known as Andricus pellucidus, this species was first described by Gillette in 1893 and later studied by Alfred Kinsey. The wasp is locally common in the American Southwest, with records extending as far north as Denver. It oviposits into leaves of shrub live oak (Quercus turbinella) and Gambel oak (Q. gambelii), inducing the formation of small oak-apple galls. The species is visually similar to Atrusca bella and may be confused with it in the field.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallQuercusAmerican-SouthwestAlfred-Kinseyhost-specificoak-apple-gallentomological-history

• Atrusca capronae

  striped oak-apple gall wasp

  Atrusca capronae, commonly called the striped oak-apple gall wasp, is a cynipid wasp species that induces characteristic galls on oak leaves in southwestern North America. The species is most frequently observed in Arizona but occurs throughout the region where its host plants grow. The wasp's common name derives from the striped appearance of the galls it produces, though stripe intensity varies geographically. The species is considered fairly common within its range.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallinquilineparasitoidhymenopteraarizonasouthwestern-north-americaquercusshrub-live-oakoak-apple-gallplant-insect-interactioncecidology

• Atrusca carolina

  Atrusca carolina is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of the genus Atrusca, this species induces galls on oak leaves. The genus is known for producing colorful and structurally distinctive galls on Quercus species. Specific details about A. carolina's biology, host associations, and distribution remain poorly documented in available literature.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopterainsectadata-deficient

• Atrusca cubitalis

  Atrusca cubitalis is a species of cynipid gall wasp, a group of tiny wasps known for inducing characteristic plant galls on their host plants. As a member of the family Cynipidae, this species exemplifies the highly specialized host relationships typical of gall wasps, where each species typically induces a distinct gall type on a specific host plant or closely related group of plants. The genus Atrusca is known for producing colorful and structurally distinctive galls on oak leaves (Quercus spp.), with A. cubitalis specifically associated with post oak (Quercus stellata) based on related species observations. The life cycle involves the female wasp using her ovipositor to inject eggs into leaf tissue, after which the developing larvae secrete plant growth hormones that cause the formation of a specialized gall structure within which they feed and develop.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallpost-oakQuercus-stellataleaf-gallhymenopteraparasitoidplant-manipulationfall-emergence

• Aulacidea

  Aulacidea is a genus of herb gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Aylacini. Species in this genus induce galls on herbaceous plants, particularly in the Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae families. The genus is considered basal within the cynipid complex and exhibits relatively simple gall developmental patterns compared to more derived cynipid lineages. Aulacidea species support diverse parasitoid communities, with some species serving as hosts for multiple parasitoid wasps.

  gall-waspsherb-gall-waspsCynipidaeAylacinigall-inductionparasitoid-hostsbasal-cynipidsasterid-galls

• Aulacidea acroptilonica

  Russian Knapweed Gall Wasp

  Aulacidea acroptilonica is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, commonly known as the Russian Knapweed Gall Wasp. It is a specialist herbivore that induces galls on its host plant. The species is native to regions associated with Russian knapweed and has been recorded in the conterminous United States. Like other members of the genus Aulacidea, it is likely targeted by parasitoid wasps. The species was described by Tyurebaev in 1979.

  gall-waspCynipidaebiological-controlRussian-knapweedAcroptilon-repensherbivoreparasitoid-host

• Aulacidea harringtoni

  Aulacidea harringtoni is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Ashmead in 1887. The genus Aulacidea comprises gall-forming wasps that induce galls on host plants. Distribution records indicate presence in North America, specifically in Canada including Ontario.

  gall-waspCynipidaeHymenopteraNorth-AmericaCanadaOntario

• Aulacideini

  herb gall wasps

  Aulacideini is a tribe of herb gall wasps within the family Cynipidae. Members of this tribe induce galls on herbaceous plants, with documented associations spanning multiple plant families including Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Plantaginaceae. The tribe has undergone significant taxonomic revision based on molecular phylogenetic analyses, resulting in refined generic boundaries. Notable genera include Aulacidea, Antistrophus, Neaylax, and the recently erected Fumariphilus.

  gall-waspherb-gallCynipidaeHymenopteraplant-insect-interactiongall-inductionphylogenetic-revision

• Belonocnema

  Belonocnema is a genus of cynipid gall wasps restricted to the southeastern United States. The genus comprises three recognized species that induce distinct galls on section Virentes oaks, including live oaks. All species exhibit heterogony, with alternating sexual and asexual generations producing morphologically and ecologically different gall types. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with Dryorhizoxenus now synonymized under Belonocnema.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallheterogonyinquilineparasitoidhyperparasitoidsection-virenteslive-oakroot-gallleaf-gallsoutheastern-united-statesendemicgustav-mayr1881dryorhizoxenus-synonymcynipini

• Bootanomyia

  Bootanomyia is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Megastigmidae. Members are small chalcidoid wasps that develop as parasitoids within oak galls induced by cynipid gall wasps. Two European species morphologically keyed to B. dorsalis have been introduced to North America: one clade found in New York, and another in the Pacific Northwest. These introductions represent the first documented cases of Bootanomyia establishment in North America.

  parasitoid-waspsoak-gallsinvasive-speciesMegastigmidaeCynipidaebiological-introductionsNorth-AmericaEuropegenetic-barcodingmtCOI

• Callirhytis

  Callirhytis is a genus of gall wasps comprising more than 90 described species, all members of the family Cynipidae. These wasps are specialized herbivores that induce the formation of galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.) in North America. The genus exhibits complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual generations, often producing morphologically distinct galls. Callirhytis species are among the most extensively studied cynipids due to their ecological importance and the structural diversity of their galls.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeNorth-Americaheterogonyparthenogenesisplant-insect-interaction

• Callirhytis balanopsis

  Callirhytis balanopsis is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species induces galls on oak hosts, continuing the genus's well-documented association with Quercus species. Like other Callirhytis species, it exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce distinct gall types. The specific epithet 'balanopsis' references the acorn-like appearance of its galls.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallalternation-of-generationsQuercus

• Callirhytis carmelensis

  Mottled Acorn Gall Wasp

  A cynipid gall wasp endemic to California that induces distinctive galls on acorns of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni). The galls form at the acorn attachment point, often preventing normal nut development. The species produces a honeydew secretion that attracts other insects. Despite being described in 1922, it remains uncommon and poorly studied relative to other California oak gall wasps.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallcalifornia-endemicacorn-gallquercuslive-oakhoneydew-producing-galluncommon-speciesWeld-1922

• Callirhytis congregata

  sausage flower gall wasp

  Callirhytis congregata is a cynipid gall wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on the catkins of three oak species: coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni), and canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). The species was originally described by William Harris Ashmead in 1896 under the genus Andricus. It is considered locally common within its range. The galls are described as rugose, yellowish-brown woody swellings with multiple cells, appearing to grow from the tips of slender twigs with a long peduncle-like base.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoakcaliforniaendemiccatkin-gallQuercusparasitoidplant-insect-interactioncecidology

• Callirhytis ellipsoida

  Callirhytis ellipsoida is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of galls on oak hosts. The species exhibits the typical complex life cycle of oak cynipids, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce morphologically distinct galls.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraparasitoid

• Callirhytis elliptica

  Callirhytis elliptica is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species is known to induce galls on oak hosts, consistent with the genus's well-documented association with oaks. As with other members of Callirhytis, this species exhibits the complex life cycles typical of cynipid gall wasps, often involving alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce different gall forms. Specific details regarding the morphology of its galls and precise host oak species remain limited in published sources.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallHymenopteraCynipidae

• Callirhytis favosa

  Honeycomb leaf gall wasp

  Callirhytis favosa is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive honeycomb-patterned galls on oak leaves. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of many cynipids, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce different gall types on different oak tissues. The specific epithet 'favosa' refers to the honeycomb-like appearance of the galls.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraleaf-gallalternating-generationsparthenogenesis

• Callirhytis flavipes

  Callirhytis flavipes is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Species in this genus are known to induce galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The genus Callirhytis is part of the tribe Cynipini, which comprises the oak gall wasps. Specific biological details for C. flavipes remain poorly documented in accessible literature.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenopteraCynipini

• Callirhytis frequens

  Callirhytis frequens is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Members of the genus Callirhytis are known to induce galls on oak species (Quercus). The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of many cynipids, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that often produce morphologically distinct galls on different oak tissues or species. As with most Callirhytis species, detailed natural history information for C. frequens remains limited in published literature.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenoptera

• Callirhytis glandulus

  Callirhytis glandulus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of the genus Callirhytis, this species induces the formation of galls on oak hosts (Quercus). The species was described by Beutenmüller in 1913. As with many Cynipidae, it likely exhibits an alternating generation life cycle with distinct sexual and asexual phases that produce different gall morphologies.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallhymenopteranorth-america

• Callirhytis juvenca

  Callirhytis juvenca is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces galls on oak hosts (Quercus species). The species exhibits the typical complex life cycle of cynipid gall wasps, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that often produce morphologically distinct galls. Specific details regarding its host associations and gall morphology remain limited in published literature.

  gall-waspoak-gallcynipidaehymenopteraparasitoid

• Callirhytis lanata

  Callirhytis lanata is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces galls on oak species (Quercus), with specific host associations and gall morphology distinguishing it from congeners. The species exhibits the typical cynipid life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce different gall forms.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenopteraNorth-AmericaQuercus

• Callirhytis perdens

  Ruptured Twig Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis perdens is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive stem galls on several oak species in California. Unlike many gall wasps where larvae develop entirely within attached galls, this species exhibits a unique life history where mature larval capsules are expelled from fissures in the gall and complete development on the ground. The species was formerly classified under the genus Andricus. It is considered locally abundant within its restricted range.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallCalifornia-endemicstem-gallintegral-gallcapsule-expulsionground-development

• Callirhytis perfoveata

  leaf ball gall wasp

  Callirhytis perfoveata is a cynipid gall wasp endemic to California that induces distinctive spherical leaf galls on oak trees. Formerly classified as Andricus perfoveata, this species specifically targets coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), interior live oak (Q. wislizeni), and occasionally California black oak (Q. kelloggii). The galls form embedded within leaf tissue, appearing as roughly spherical structures that emerge bright green and mature to brown.

  gall-waspoak-gallCalifornia-endemicleaf-gallCynipidae

• Callirhytis pigra

  oak midrib gall

  A cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive galls on oak leaves. The species exhibits the typical complex life cycle of oak gall wasps, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce different gall morphologies on different oak tissues. The common name refers to the gall's position along the leaf midrib.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallheterogonyleaf-gallmidrib-gall

• Callirhytis piperoides

  Callirhytis piperoides is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces gall formation on oak hosts (Quercus species). The species was described by Bassett in 1900. As with many Cynipidae, it exhibits a complex life cycle involving alternating generations that may produce different gall types on different plant tissues.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallHymenopteraNorth-America

• Callirhytis pulchra

  Callirhytis pulchra is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Bassett in 1890. Like other members of its genus, this species induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the complex life cycles typical of Cynipidae, often involving alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce different gall types on different plant tissues. As an oak specialist, it contributes to the remarkable diversity of gall-forming insects associated with this tree genus in North America.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeparthenogenesisplant-manipulationNorth-America

• Callirhytis quercusbatatoides

  Southern Live Oak Stem Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis quercusbatatoides is a cynipid gall wasp that induces stem galls on Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana) and related oak species. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of many oak gall wasps, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce morphologically distinct galls. The specific epithet 'quercusbatatoides' references the gall's resemblance to a sweet potato (batata). The species is well-documented in the southeastern United States where its host oaks are native.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallstem-gallQuercusalternating-generationssoutheastern-USlive-oakparasitoid-hostplant-insect-interaction

• Callirhytis quercusmodesta

  Callirhytis quercusmodesta is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species induces galls on oaks (Quercus spp.) as part of its life cycle. Like other members of the genus Callirhytis, it exhibits heterogony, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce morphologically distinct galls. The species is known from the central United States.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallheterogonymissouriprairiemidwesthymenopterainquilineparasitoid-host

• Callirhytis quercussuttoni

  Gouty Stem Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis quercussuttoni is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on stems of oaks in the red oak group (section Lobatae). The species is restricted to the west coast of North America, where it has been documented on coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) and interior live oak (Q. wislizeni). Its common name refers to the swollen, irregular galls it produces on host stems.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallstem-gallPacific-coastQuercus

• Callirhytis quercusventricosa

  Callirhytis quercusventricosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, known for inducing galls on oaks (Quercus). The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of Cynipini, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce distinct gall morphologies on different oak tissues. It is one of numerous oak-galling species in the large genus Callirhytis.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeheterogonyNorth-America

• Callirhytis rugulosa

  Callirhytis rugulosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of this family, it induces the formation of galls on host plants, though specific gall morphology and host associations for this species are not well documented in available sources. The species belongs to a genus predominantly associated with oak galls.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallhymenopterainsectaarthropodaanimaliacynipidaecallirhytisparasitoidplant-parasitegall-former

• Callirhytis seminator

  Wool Sower, Wool Sower Gall Wasp

  Callirhytis seminator, commonly known as the wool sower, is a gall wasp that induces distinctive cotton-like galls on white oak trees. The species exhibits a complex alternating life cycle involving two different gall types, though the alternate gall form remains unidentified. Adults are small, dark brown wasps approximately 3 mm in length. The species poses no threat to humans or oak tree health.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallalternating-generationswhite-oakHymenoptera

• Callirhytis seminosa

  Callirhytis seminosa is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, this species induces galls on oak hosts (Quercus spp.). The genus Callirhytis is known for forming distinct galls on oaks, with different species typically associated with specific oak species or gall morphologies. The specific epithet "seminosa" suggests a possible association with seed or acorn-related structures, though this remains speculative without direct observation.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopterainquilineparasitoidgall-induceroakquercusnorth-america

• Callirhytis serricornis

  kernel flower gall wasp

  Callirhytis serricornis is a cynipid gall wasp endemic to California that induces distinct bottle- or vase-shaped galls on oak trees. The species exhibits alternating generations with different gall phenotypes: first-generation galls are brown, while second-generation galls are red and green. It is restricted to two host oak species in the western United States.

  gall-waspCynipidaeCalifornia-endemicoak-gallheterogonyQuercus-agrifoliaQuercus-wislizeni

• Callirhytis tubicola

  Callirhytis tubicola is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces galls on oak trees. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of oak gall wasps, with alternating sexual and asexual generations that produce distinct gall morphologies on different oak tissues.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenopteraCallirhytis

• Ceroptres

  Ceroptres is a genus of gall wasps in the tribe Ceroptresini (Cynipidae). The genus includes 43 described species, of which 40 are known from North America. Ceroptres species are inquilines: they do not induce their own galls but instead oviposit into galls formed by other organisms. Host galls are primarily those induced by other gall wasps (Cynipini), though some species use galls formed by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae). Species are host specialists, typically associated with a single host gall species or with several phylogenetically or ecologically related galls.

  gall-waspinquilineCynipidaeCeroptresiniNorth-Americahost-specialistcecidomyiidCynipinioak-gall

• Ceroptresini

  Ceroptresini is a tribe of inquiline gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, containing two genera: Ceroptres (with 43 species) and Buffingtonella (with one species). First established as a tribe in 2015, these wasps are predominantly found in North America, though some species occur in the Eastern Palearctic and Oriental regions. Members of this tribe do not induce their own galls but instead inhabit galls created by other cynipid wasps, primarily on oaks (Quercus spp.), with some species reared from cecidomyiid midge galls.

  gall-waspinquilineoak-gallCynipidaeHymenopteraNearcticagastoparasitism

• Cynipini

  Oak Gall Wasps

  Cynipini is the largest tribe of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, comprising approximately 936 to 1,000 described species. Members are commonly known as oak gall wasps due to their specialized association with oaks (Quercus) and other Fagaceae. The tribe is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region, with significant diversity also in Mexico and Central America. Cynipini species induce structurally diverse galls on various oak tissues including leaves, buds, branches, petioles, catkins, acorns, and roots. Most species exhibit cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that often produce different gall morphotypes on the same or different host tissues.

  gall-waspsoak-gall-waspsCynipidaeQuercusparthenogenesisheterogonygall-inductionecosystem-engineersinquilinesparasitoidsHolarcticMexico-biodiversityFagaceae

• Cynips

  oak gall wasps

  Cynips is a genus of gall wasps comprising approximately 39 species, all associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.). The genus includes the well-known common oak gall wasp (C. quercusfolii), which induces spherical galls on oak leaf undersides. Species in this genus exhibit heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that typically produce morphologically distinct galls. The genus was established by Linnaeus in 1758 and remains taxonomically stable, though some former members (such as Antron) have been reinstated as separate genera.

  gall-waspoakCynipidaeheterogonyplant-insect-interactiontanninsQuercus-roburCynipini

• Cynips conspicuus

  Fuzzy Gall Wasp

  Cynips conspicuus, commonly known as the Fuzzy Gall Wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species is known for inducing galls on oak trees. It has been documented in 1,259 iNaturalist observations, indicating it is relatively well-observed among gall wasp species.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenopterainquiline

• Diastrophus potentillae

  cinquefoil bud gall wasp

  Diastrophus potentillae is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces bud galls on cinquefoil plants. The species is known from eastern North America, with records from Canada and the northeastern United States. It has been documented on Potentilla canadensis and P. simplex as host plants.

  gall-waspCynipidaegall-inductionPotentillaeastern-North-America

• Diplolepis

  gall wasps, rose gall wasps

  Diplolepis is a genus of gall-inducing wasps in the family Diplolepididae, most commonly associated with roses (Rosa spp.). These small wasps are notable for inducing complex, often conspicuous galls on their host plants through chemical manipulation of plant tissues. The genus includes both sexual and parthenogenetic species, with some like D. rosae reproducing primarily by thelytokous parthenogenesis. Diplolepis species exhibit intricate life cycles involving alternation between sexual and agamic generations, and their galls support diverse communities of parasitoids and inquilines.

  gall-waspsCynipidaeDiplolepididaeRosaparthenogenesisthelytokybedeguarplant-gallsparasitoidsinquilinesHolarcticrose-pestsinduced-plant-structuresalternation-of-generationsagamic-generationsexual-generationovipositorchemical-ecologynutrient-regulationWolbachiagenomic-rearrangementmodel-organism

• Diplolepis gracilis

  Diplolepis gracilis is a species of gall wasp in the family Diplolepididae, first described by Ashmead in 1897. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of galls on host plants, likely within the rose family (Rosaceae) given the genus's strong association with this plant group. The species is recorded from multiple provinces across Canada including Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Ontario. As with most Diplolepis species, it exhibits a complex life cycle involving an alternation between sexual and parthenogenetic generations.

  gall-waspCynipidaeDiplolepididaeHymenopteragall-formerparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Diplolepis ignota

  gall wasp

  Diplolepis ignota is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces spherical, single-chambered galls on the leaves of wild rose species (Rosa). The galls serve as both shelter and food source for developing larvae. Multiple galls frequently coalesce into irregularly rounded clusters. Adults emerge from galls the summer following gall initiation. The species has been reported throughout most of the continental United States and in parts of central Canada.

  gall-waspcynipidaerose-gallhymenopteraparasitoid-hostinquiline-habitat

• Diplolepis nervosa

  Spiked Pea Gall Wasp

  Diplolepis nervosa is a gall wasp in the family Diplolepididae that induces distinctive spiked pea galls on wild roses (Rosa species). Like other members of its genus, it exhibits an alternation of generations with both sexual and parthenogenetic phases. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America, where it has become established. The galls it produces are among the most recognizable of rose galls due to their characteristic spiny, pea-like appearance.

  gall-waspCynipidaeDiplolepididaeRosarose-gallparthenogenesisheterogonyintroduced-speciesEuropeNorth-America

• Diplolepis polita

  Spiny Leaf Gall Wasp

  Diplolepis polita is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by William Harris Ashmead in 1890. The species induces distinctive spherical, spiny galls on the leaves of wild roses, primarily Rosa acicularis and Rosa arkansana, in spring and early summer. Originally known only from western North America west of the Rocky Mountains, it has demonstrated host flexibility by colonizing the introduced domestic shrub rose Rosa rugosa in urban environments. This host shift provides insight into the vagility and host specificity of cynipid wasps.

  gall-waspCynipidaeRosahost-shifturban-ecologyparasitoidinquiline

• Diplolepis rosaefolii

  Diplolepis rosaefolii is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive lenticular (lens-shaped) galls on the leaves of rose plants across Canada. The species exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle typical of cynipid wasps, with a bisexual spring generation producing the visible galls and an agamic (asexual) winter generation of wingless females. In Ontario and Quebec, it is primarily associated with native Rosa acicularis, though populations have been documented on the cultivated hybrid rugosa shrub rose 'Thérèse Bugnet'. The galls support a diverse component community including multiple parasitoid wasp species and inquilines.

  gall-waspcynipidaerose-gallsparasitoid-communityhost-shiftparthenogenesisalternation-of-generationslenticular-gallRosa-acicularisCanada

• Disholandricus lasius

  Disholandricus lasius is a cynipid gall wasp species that induces galls on oak hosts. Formerly classified in the genus Andricus, this species was reassigned to Disholandricus based on phylogenetic and morphological studies. Like other members of the Cynipidae family, the wasp manipulates host plant tissue to form a protective structure that houses and nourishes its developing larvae. The species exhibits the complex life cycle typical of oak gall wasps, involving both sexual and asexual generations that alternate between different plant structures or host species.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenopteraparasitoidplant-manipulationalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis

  Disholcaspis is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae containing more than 40 described species. Species in this genus induce characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), with gall morphology varying by species and generation. Some species produce galls that secrete honeydew, establishing facultative mutualisms with ants that defend the galls from parasitoids. The genus exhibits heterogony, with alternating sexual and parthenogenetic asexual generations that typically produce different gall forms.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeheterogonyant-mutualismhoneydew-secretionvenom-glandplant-manipulationparasitoid-defenseQuercusparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis bassetti

  Disholcaspis bassetti is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, a group known for inducing distinctive plant growths. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species induces galls on oak species (Quercus). The genus is characterized by alternation of generations between sexual and asexual (agamic) forms, with the latter producing the more conspicuous galls. Specific details about D. bassetti's host associations and gall morphology are not well-documented in available sources.

  gall-waspCynipidaeDisholcaspisoak-gallparthenogenesisagamic-generationHymenoptera

• Disholcaspis canescens

  Round Honeydew Gall Wasp

  Disholcaspis canescens is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, known for inducing distinctive galls on oak trees. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species produces round, detachable galls on oak twigs. The genus is notable for having eliminated males from the life cycle in all known species, with females reproducing parthenogenetically and producing only female offspring. The specific epithet 'canescens' refers to a grayish or hoary appearance, though the precise application to this species' galls or wasps is not detailed in available sources.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallparthenogenesisthelytokytwig-gallhymenopteraDisholcaspisRound-Honeydew-Gall-Wasp

• Disholcaspis cinerosa

  Mealy oak gall wasp

  Disholcaspis cinerosa, commonly known as the mealy oak gall wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), specifically known as "mealy oak galls." The species has been documented to possess exceptionally large venom glands relative to its body size—when unfolded, the venom gland is approximately 10 times longer than the abdomen—making it a notable subject in studies of gall induction mechanisms. Like other cynipid wasps, it exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and asexual (parthenogenetic) generations.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallmealy-oak-gallparthenogenesisalternation-of-generationsvenom-glandplant-manipulationQuercusHymenoptera

• Disholcaspis eldoradensis

  Honeydew Gall Wasp

  Disholcaspis eldoradensis is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive galls on valley oak (Quercus lobata). The species is notable for producing sucrose-secreting galls that attract ant mutualists, particularly invasive Argentine ants, which defend the galls against parasitoids. This mutualism creates a complex trophic community involving multiple ant species, parasitoids, and other associated insects. The species exhibits variable ecological outcomes depending on local conditions, with ant defense benefits varying across years and gall characteristics influencing parasitism rates.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallant-mutualismsucrose-secretionmultitrophic-interactionsQuercus-lobatainvasive-antsparasitoid-communityfacultative-mutualism

• Disholcaspis globosa

  Globular root gall

  A cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive globular galls on oak roots. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction in at least one generation, with females capable of producing offspring without mating. The species is one of approximately twelve described in the genus, all of which appear to have eliminated males from their life cycles. Root galls differ from the more commonly observed twig and leaf galls of related species, occurring below ground where they are rarely encountered unless excavated.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallroot-gallparthenogenesisHymenoptera

• Disholcaspis lacuna

  Disholcaspis lacuna is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Like other members of its genus, it induces the formation of characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the typical cynipid life cycle involving alternation of generations, with separate sexual and parthenogenetic (agamic) generations that produce distinct gall forms. Its biology and gall morphology are less documented than those of congeners such as D. quercusmamma and D. quercusglobulus.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeparthenogenesisalternation-of-generationsQuercusoak-ecosysteminquiline-habitatparasitoid-host

• Disholcaspis pedunculoides

  Disholcaspis pedunculoides is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Weld in 1926. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it induces gall formation on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific host associations and gall morphology for this species remain poorly documented in published literature. The species follows the typical cynipid life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteragall-inductionparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis perniciosa

  Disholcaspis perniciosa is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, first described by Bassett in 1890. As a member of the genus Disholcaspis, it is part of a diverse group of oak-associated gall wasps found in North America. The genus is known for producing distinctive bullet-shaped or spherical galls on oak trees. Like other cynipids, this species likely exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and agamic (asexual) generations producing different gall types on their host plants.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallHymenopteraCynipidaeDisholcaspisparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgen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• Disholcaspis quercusomnivora

  Disholcaspis quercusomnivora is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Ashmead in 1885. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, this species induces distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific gall morphology and host associations for this particular species are not well documented in available sources. The genus is known for producing hard, bullet-shaped or spherical galls on oak twigs and branches. As with many cynipid wasps, D. quercusomnivora likely exhibits an alternation of generations life cycle with both sexual and asexual phases.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallDisholcaspisHymenopteraQuercusplant-manipulationparthenogenesisalternation-of-generations

• Disholcaspis rubens

  Disholcaspis rubens is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Gillette in 1893. Like other members of its genus, it induces distinctive galls on oak host plants. Species in Disholcaspis are known for producing twig galls rather than leaf galls, and many exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction with all-female generations. The genus is characterized by enlarged venom glands, which are implicated in the chemical induction of gall formation.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallparthenogenesisDisholcaspisHymenopteratwig-gallvenom-glandinduced-plant-growth

• Disholcaspis simulata

  Dried Peach Gall Wasp

  Disholcaspis simulata is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Alfred C. Kinsey in 1922. Like other members of its genus, this species induces the formation of characteristic galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species exhibits the complex alternation of generations typical of many cynipid wasps, with both sexual and agamic (parthenogenetic) generations. The specific epithet 'simulata' and common name 'Dried Peach Gall Wasp' suggest the gall's resemblance to a dried peach in appearance.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallalternation-of-generationsparthenogenesisKinsey

• Disholcaspis spissa

  Disholcaspis spissa is a gall-inducing wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Weld in 1957. Like other members of the genus Disholcaspis, it induces galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.), though specific host associations for this species are not well documented in the provided sources. The species is part of a diverse radiation of cynipid wasps that manipulate plant growth to create protective structures for their developing larvae. Research on related Disholcaspis species indicates these wasps possess enlarged venom glands, implicating venom compounds in the induction of gall formation.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallHymenopteraCynipidaeplant-manipulationparthenogenesis

• Druon

  Druon is a genus of cynipid gall wasps re-established in 2021, containing 15 Nearctic species that induce galls on oak trees (Quercus). Most species are known only from asexual generations, though two species (D. ignotum and D. quercuslanigerum) have documented alternating sexual and asexual generations. The genus was previously synonymized under Andricus but restored based on morphological and molecular evidence. Species are characterized by woolly galls and specific metasomal sculpturing patterns.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallNearcticheterogonyQuercus

• Druon fullawayi

  yellow wig gall wasp

  Druon fullawayi, commonly called the yellow wig gall wasp, is a species of cynipid gall wasp native to western North America. The species was originally described by William Beutenmüller in 1913 under the genus Andricus and later transferred to Druon. It induces distinctive woolly, yellowish galls on oak trees, particularly valley oak (Quercus lobata). The species has been documented in California and Zacatecas, Mexico.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeQuercusCalifornia-endemic

• Druon ignotum

  Druon ignotum is a gall wasp that induces galls on white oaks in central and eastern North America. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual generations, each producing morphologically distinct galls. First described as Cynips ignota in 1881, it has undergone several taxonomic revisions before its current placement in Druon.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeheterogonywhite-oakNorth-America

• Druon quercuslanigerum

  Druon quercuslanigerum is a cynipid gall wasp that alternates between sexual and asexual generations on live oaks. The sexual generation forms small galls on catkins in spring, while the asexual generation produces distinctive woolly galls on leaf undersides. It is one of only two species in the genus Druon with documented alternating generations.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallheterogonylive-oakwoolly-gallalternating-generationsnearcticmexicointroduced-species

• Dryocosmus albidus

  Dryocosmus albidus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Weld in 1944. Members of this genus are known to induce galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species name 'albidus' (Latin for 'whitish') likely refers to some aspect of the adult's coloration or the gall structure. As with other cynipids, this species has a complex life cycle typically involving both sexual and asexual generations, with associated morphological and ecological differences between generations.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenopteraparasitoid-associated

• Dryocosmus archboldi

  Dryocosmus archboldi is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described in 2021 by Melika and Abrahamson. It belongs to a genus whose members are associated with oak trees (Quercus species) and induce the formation of galls. The species name honors Archbold Biological Station in Florida, where the type specimen was collected. As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-associatedFlorida-endemicrecently-described

• Dryocosmus asymmetricus

  Dryocosmus asymmetricus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Kinsey in 1922. The genus Dryocosmus comprises gall-forming wasps associated with oak trees (Quercus species). Members of this genus induce galls on various parts of host oaks, though specific details about D. asymmetricus remain limited in published literature.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-associatedHymenoptera

• Dryocosmus cinereae

  Dryocosmus cinereae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Ashmead in 1887. The genus Dryocosmus comprises gall-forming wasps associated with oak trees (Quercus species). As a member of Cynipidae, this species likely induces gall formation on host plant tissue, though specific gall morphology and host associations for D. cinereae require verification from primary sources. The species has been documented in citizen science observations, suggesting established populations in regions where it occurs.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeHymenoptera

• Dryocosmus favus

  Dryocosmus favus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Beutenmueller in 1911. Members of the genus Dryocosmus are known to induce galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species has been documented through a limited number of observations.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenoptera

• Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae

  Dryocosmus quercuslaurifoliae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Species in this genus are associated with oak trees (Quercus), inducing the formation of galls on various plant tissues. The specific epithet "quercuslaurifoliae" indicates an association with Quercus laurifolia, the laurel oak.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeQuercusparasitoidplant-insect-interaction

• Dryocosmus quercuspalustris

  Succulent Oak Gall Wasp

  Dryocosmus quercuspalustris, commonly known as the Succulent Oak Gall Wasp, is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species was described by Osten Sacken in 1861. It induces galls on oak trees, with the specific epithet referencing Quercus palustris (pin oak) as a host. The species has been recorded from eastern North America including Canada and the northeastern United States.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeNorth-Americaforest-insect

• Feron bakkeri

  Pinched Leaf Gall Wasp

  Feron bakkeri is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive pink leaf galls on oaks. The species was formerly classified under the genus Andricus and has been reclassified to Feron based on phylogenetic studies. It is considered relatively uncommon compared to other oak gall wasps in its range.

  gall-waspoak-gallleaf-gallCynipidaeCaliforniaOregonQuercus

• Feron crystallinum

  Crystalline Gall Wasp

  Feron crystallinum is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinct galls on oak species in California. The species exhibits complex alternation of generations, producing different gall morphologies and wasp forms across seasonal cycles. The parthenogenic generation forms large, pink, hairy galls on leaf undersides, while the bisexual generation produces smaller, less hairy galls. Formerly classified as Andricus crystallinus, this species has been reclassified to the genus Feron based on phylogenetic relationships.

  gall-waspoak-gallheterogonyparthenogenesisCalifornia-endemicCynipidaeFeronalternation-of-generations

• Feron izabellae

  Pink Bow-Tie Gall Wasp

  Feron izabellae is an oak gall wasp described in 2023 from Northern California. The species induces distinctive pink spangle galls on white oak leaves, with galls folding at maturity to resemble bow-ties. Only the asexual generation is known. The species was named in memory of the senior author's mother and granddaughter.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeCalifornia-endemicasexual-generationleaf-gallspangle-gallwhite-oak-associaterecently-described-species

• Heteroecus dasydactyli

  Heteroecus dasydactyli is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species was originally described by Ashmead in 1896 under the name Andricus dasydactyli before being transferred to the genus Heteroecus. Like other members of Cynipidae, this species induces gall formation on host plants, though specific host associations require verification. The species has been documented in iNaturalist observations, indicating ongoing contemporary presence.

  gall-waspCynipidaeHymenopteraplant-gall-inducer

• Heteroecus lyoni

  Lyon's Gall Wasp

  Heteroecus lyoni is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Species in this genus are known to induce galls on oaks (Quercus), though specific details for H. lyoni are limited in available literature. The species was named in honor of someone with the surname Lyon, a common practice in taxonomic nomenclature. Like other cynipids, it likely exhibits a complex life cycle with alternating generations between sexual and parthenogenetic forms, though this has not been explicitly documented for this species.

  HymenopteraCynipidaegall-waspoak-gallparasitoidHeteroecusinsectarthropod

• Heteroecus pacificus

  beaked spindle gall wasp

  Heteroecus pacificus, commonly known as the beaked spindle gall wasp, is a species of cynipid gall wasp native to western North America. It induces distinctive galls on canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) and huckleberry oak (Quercus vaccinifolia). The species exhibits a complex life cycle with two annual generations: one sexual generation producing males and females, and one parthenogenetic generation consisting solely of females.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallheteroeciousparthenogenesiswestern-north-americaquercusinduced-galls

• Holocynips

  Holocynips is a genus of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, established by Kieffer in 1910. The genus occurs in the Nearctic region and contains species that induce galls on oak trees (Quercus). A 2023 description of H. illinoiensis prompted preliminary discussion on the coherence of the genus, suggesting taxonomic boundaries may require revision.

  oak-gall-waspNearcticQuercusgall-inducerCynipidae

• Kokkocynips difficilis

  Kokkocynips difficilis is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, originally described by Ashmead in 1887 as Andricus difficilis. It belongs to the tribe Cynipini, which comprises gall-inducing wasps associated with oaks (Quercus spp.). The genus Kokkocynips was established relatively recently (2021) following taxonomic revision of the oak gall wasps. Like other members of this genus, K. difficilis likely induces galls on oak species, though specific host associations and gall morphology remain poorly documented in the available literature.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraparasitoidplant-insect-interaction

• Kokkocynips rileyi

  Kokkocynips rileyi is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species was originally described as Andricus rileyi by Ashmead in 1896 and has undergone taxonomic revisions, with recent treatments placing it in the genus Kokkocynips. Like other cynipid wasps, this species induces gall formation on host plants, though specific gall morphology and host associations require further documentation. The species name honors an individual, following the Latin convention for male eponyms ending in -i.

  gall-waspCynipidaeHymenopteraplant-parasite

• Liposthenes glechomae

  Glechoma gall wasp

  Liposthenes glechomae is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on its host plant Glechoma hederacea (ground ivy). The species is native to Europe and Northern Asia but has been introduced to North America, where both the wasp and its host plant are considered invasive. Research on this species has contributed to understanding gall induction mechanisms in cynipid wasps.

  gall-waspCynipidaeinvasive-speciesplant-insect-interactiongall-induction

• Loxaulus

  Loxaulus is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini. Members are small, specialized insects that induce the formation of plant galls on host plants. The genus was established by Mayr in 1881. As with other cynipine gall wasps, species likely exhibit complex life cycles involving alternating sexual and asexual generations on different host plants, though detailed studies remain limited.

  gall-waspCynipidaeHymenopteraoak-gallCynipini

• Melikaiella flora

  Live Oak Petiole Gall Wasp

  Melikaiella flora is a cynipid gall wasp that induces distinctive leaf galls on live oak trees (Quercus agrifolia, Q. wislizeni, and Q. chrysolepis) in California. The species exhibits a complex life cycle involving two generations, with second-generation females ovipositing into acorns rather than leaf tissue. The galls typically engulf the entire petiole and may extend into the leaf blade, representing one of the more dramatic gall morphologies among North American Cynipidae. Formerly classified as Callirhytis milleri, the species was reclassified to reflect improved understanding of cynipid phylogeny.

  gall-waspcynipidaeoak-gallheterogonyCalifornia-endemicQuercuspetiole-gallbivoltinelife-cycle-polymorphismacorn-gallinsect-plant-interactionHymenopteralive-oakendemic-speciesNorth-Americacitizen-scienceiNaturalist

• Neuroterus

  Neuroterus is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae that induce galls on oak species. The genus was first described by Theodor Hartig in 1840. Some species, notably N. saltatorius, produce distinctive 'jumping galls' that detach from the host plant and move along the ground due to larval activity within. Like other oak gall wasps, Neuroterus species exhibit complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual (agamic) generations, with each generation typically inducing galls on different parts of the host plant.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoakQuercusjumping-gallheterogonyparasitoid-hostpolyphyly

• Neuroterus alexandrae

  Neuroterus alexandrae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described by Nicholls and Melika in 2021. As a member of the genus Neuroterus, it induces distinctive galls on oak leaves. The genus Neuroterus is known for producing some of the most recognizable oak galls, including spangle galls and jumping galls.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallNeuroterusHymenopteraCynipidae

• Neuroterus aliceae

  Neuroterus aliceae is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, described in 2021. Like other members of the genus Neuroterus, this species induces gall formation on oak leaves. The genus Neuroterus is known for creating distinctive leaf galls, including the jumping oak galls where larval movement can cause detached galls to move. This species is part of the diverse radiation of oak-associated cynipid wasps, with over 800 species of oak gall wasps documented in North America.

  gall-waspcynipidoak-gallNeuroterusleaf-gallHymenopteraCynipidae

• Neuroterus fragilis

  succulent gall wasp

  Neuroterus fragilis, commonly known as the succulent gall wasp, is a species of oak gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces distinctive galls on California oak species, with only the spring bisexual generation currently documented. The species is notable for its relatively large galls compared to its tiny adult body size.

  gall-waspoak-gallCalifornia-endemicCynipidaeNeuroterus

• Neuroterus minutus

  Neuroterus minutus is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. Members of this genus are known to induce galls on oak trees (Quercus species). The species has been documented through citizen science observations, with records available on platforms such as iNaturalist. As with many cynipid wasps, detailed biological studies of this particular species appear limited in the available literature.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraparasitoidinsectarthropodoak-associatedundescribed-biologydata-deficient

• Neuroterus niger

  jumping gall wasp, black jumping gall wasp

  Neuroterus niger is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces distinctive galls on oak leaves. This species exhibits an alternating sexual and asexual life cycle, with different generations producing different gall types. The asexual generation creates small, spherical galls that detach from leaves and fall to the ground, where the larva's movements cause the gall to jump—giving rise to the common name "jumping gall." The sexual generation produces inconspicuous leaf galls. The species has been documented across much of eastern and central North America.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-galljumping-gallheterogonyparthenogenesisNorth-AmericaQuercus

• Neuroterus quercusmajalis

  Neuroterus quercusmajalis is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on oak leaves. As a member of the genus Neuroterus, it is part of a diverse group of cynipid wasps specialized on oaks. The species was described by Beutenmüller in 1909. Like other Neuroterus species, it exhibits complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual generations that produce different gall types on oak tissues.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallneuroterushymenoptera

• Neuroterus quercusminutissimus

  Neuroterus quercusminutissimus is a species of cynipid gall wasp in the genus Neuroterus. The species was described by Ashmead in 1885 and is associated with oak trees (Quercus species), as indicated by its specific epithet. Like other Neuroterus species, it induces the formation of galls on oak tissue. The genus Neuroterus contains approximately 50-60 species, many of which are known for their complex life cycles involving alternating generations that produce different gall types on oak leaves or other plant parts.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraparasitoid-hostquercusneuroterusparthenogenesisalternating-generations

• Neuroterus saltarius

  Jumping Gall Wasp

  Neuroterus saltarius is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, commonly known as the jumping gall wasp. It induces distinctive leaf galls on oak trees that detach from the plant and fall to the ground. The developing larva inside the fallen gall can cause the gall to jump when it moves, a unique behavioral trait that gives the species its common name. This species is part of the diverse Neuroterus genus, which contains many oak-associated gall wasps with complex life cycles.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoakjumping-gallparthenogenesisNeuroterusleaf-gallground-dwelling-gall

• Neuroterus saltatorius

  Jumping Gall Wasp

  Neuroterus saltatorius, commonly known as the jumping gall wasp, is a North American oak gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species is notable for producing small, round galls that detach from leaves and exhibit a distinctive jumping behavior caused by larval movements. It has a complex life cycle with alternating bisexual and parthenogenetic generations, each producing different gall types on oak hosts.

  gall-waspoak-galljumping-gallheterogonyparthenogenesisCynipidaeNeuroterusoakQuercus

• Paracraspis patelloides

  Bowl Gall Wasp

  Paracraspis patelloides, commonly known as the Bowl Gall Wasp, is a species of cynipid wasp that induces distinctive gall formation on host plants. First described by Trotter in 1910 under the genus Andricus, it was later transferred to Paracraspis. The species is part of the diverse Cynipidae family, which contains numerous gall-inducing wasps primarily associated with oaks and related plants. Observations suggest it is moderately well-documented, with over 100 records on iNaturalist.

  gall-waspCynipidaeoak-gallHymenoptera

• Phanacis

  Phanacis is a genus of cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in the tribe Aylacini. The genus includes species that induce galls on host plants, with Phanacis taraxaci documented as forming leaf galls on common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). These galls function as physiological sinks that actively redirect carbon and mineral nutrients from host tissues.

  cynipidaegall-waspgall-inducerparasitoidhymenopterainsectarthropodanimaliaaylacinicynipinae

• Phanacis hypochoeridis

  Catsear Gall Wasp

  Phanacis hypochoeridis is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It induces galls on plants in the Asteraceae family, specifically on catsear (Hypochaeris radicata) and related species. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to other regions including Oceania. As a gall-former, it manipulates host plant tissue to create a protective structure for its developing larvae.

  gall-waspCynipidaePhanacisHypochaerisAsteraceaebiological-control

• Philonix fulvicollis

  Philonix fulvicollis is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, first described by Fitch in 1859. It has an alternation of sexual and asexual generations, a phenomenon confirmed through molecular analysis of cytb and ITS2 sequences. The species is distributed across eastern and central North America, with records from the United States and Canada. Like other cynipid wasps, it induces gall formation on host plants, though specific host associations require further documentation.

  gall-waspcynipidalternation-of-generationscyclical-parthenogenesisNorth-AmericaHymenopteraCynipidaePhilonixinsectarthropodgall-formingsexual-asexual-alternationmolecular-confirmationcytbITS2Fitch-1859ManitobaOntarioQuebecNew-BrunswickAlbertaNew-YorkMichiganTennesseeIllinoisKansas

• Philonix gigas

  Philonix gigas is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, first described by Weld in 1922. The genus Philonix is part of the diverse Cynipidae family, which comprises insects known for inducing plant galls. As with many Cynipidae species, specific biological details for P. gigas remain poorly documented in available literature. The species name 'gigas' suggests relatively large size compared to congeners, though this has not been quantified in accessible sources.

  gall-waspCynipidaeHymenopterainsectPhilonix

• Phylloteras

  Phylloteras is a North American genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini. These insects are specialized associates of oak trees (Quercus), inducing galls on leaves. The genus contains at least 4 described species, with estimates suggesting up to 11 species may exist. As members of the oak gall wasp tribe, they exhibit the characteristic life history of alternating generations between sexual and asexual forms, often with distinct gall morphologies for each generation.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeNorth-AmericaQuercusheterogonyleaf-gall

• Protobalandricus spectabilis

  Tapered Stem Gall Wasp

  Protobalandricus spectabilis is a gall wasp species in the family Cynipidae, originally described as Andricus spectabilis by Kinsey in 1922 and later transferred to the genus Protobalandricus by Nicholls, Stone & Melika in 2018. It is commonly known as the Tapered Stem Gall Wasp. The species is part of the diverse Cynipini tribe, which includes numerous gall-inducing wasps associated with oaks and related plants. As a cynipid wasp, it induces the formation of plant galls during its life cycle, though specific gall morphology and host associations for this species require further documentation.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallhymenopteraparasitoidplant-parasitetaxonomic-revision

• Sphaeroteras

  Sphaeroteras is a genus of cynipid wasps established by Ashmead in 1897. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Biorhiza, a genus of gall wasps that induce galls on oak trees. Records from Scandinavia suggest these wasps are associated with temperate European oak woodlands.

  gall-waspoakCynipidaesynonymScandinavia

• Striatoandricus

  Striatoandricus is a genus of Neotropical gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, established by Pujade-Villar in 2020. The genus comprises approximately six described species, with four species transferred from the genus Andricus. Despite morphological similarities to Andricus, phylogenetic analyses indicate the two genera are not closely related. The genus name refers to the striations on the metasomal segments combined with its superficial resemblance to Andricus.

  gall-waspCynipidaeNeotropicaloak-gallphylogenetically-distinct-from-Andricus

• Synergini

  inquiline gall wasps

  Synergini is a tribe of inquiline gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. Members have lost the ability to induce their own galls and instead inhabit galls created by other cynipid wasps, primarily those in tribe Cynipini. The tribe includes genera such as Synergus, Saphonecrus, Lithosaphonecrus, and Ufo. Most species are associated with oaks (Quercus) and related Fagaceae. A 2015 taxonomic revision transferred three former Synergini genera to other tribes: Ceroptres to its own tribe Ceroptresini, and Periclistus and Synophromorpha to Diastrophini.

  inquilinegall-waspCynipidaeoakFagaceaeevolutionary-reversalspeciationmolecular-phylogeneticsEastern-PalearcticNew-Worldseasonalityhost-shiftarrhenotokylocularities

• Trigonaspis

  Trigonaspis is a genus of cynipid wasps in the family Cynipidae, tribe Cynipini. These insects are gall wasps that induce galls on host plants. The genus was established by Hartig in 1840 and is part of the diverse radiation of oak gall wasps and related lineages.

  cynipidaegall-wasphymenopteraoak-gallcynipini

• Trigonaspis polita

  Trigonaspis polita is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae, originally described as Cynips polita by Bassett in 1881. The species was later transferred to the genus Trigonaspis. Like other cynipids, it is associated with the formation of plant galls, though specific gall morphology and host associations for this species require further documentation. The genus Trigonaspis is part of the diverse Cynipidae family, which contains numerous species that induce galls on oaks and related plants.

  cynipidaegall-wasphymenoptera

• Trigonaspis quercusforticorne

  Trigonaspis quercusforticorne is a cynipid wasp that induces galls on oak trees. It is one of several oak gall wasps in the genus Trigonaspis, which are characterized by their distinctive gall formations on specific host tissues. The species has been documented across multiple European countries and is associated with Quercus species. Its biology and life history follow the typical pattern of unilocular cynipid galls with alternating sexual and asexual generations.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeQuercusalternating-generationspalearctic

• Trigonaspis radicola

  Trigonaspis radicola is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. The species is known for inducing root galls on oak species (Quercus), distinguishing it from many cynipids that form galls on above-ground plant parts. Like other members of the tribe Cynipini, it has a complex life cycle involving alternating sexual and asexual generations, typically associated with different oak host species or plant structures. The species name 'radicola' (meaning 'root-dwelling') reflects its distinctive subterranean gall-forming habit.

  Cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallroot-gallCynipinialternating-generationssubterraneanQuercusEurope

• Xanthoteras eburneum

  Xanthoteras eburneum is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It is one of several North American species in the genus Xanthoteras, which induce distinctive galls on oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species is primarily known from observations of its characteristic galls rather than the adult wasps themselves.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeparasitoidplant-manipulation

• Zapatella

  Zapatella is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. The genus includes at least one well-documented species, Z. davisae, which has become a significant pest of black oak (Quercus velutina) in the northeastern United States. Gall wasps in this genus induce gall formation on oak hosts. The genus was described in 2012 by Pujade-Villar & Melika.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaepestinvasiveparasitoidphytophagousZ.-davisaeblack-oakQuercus-velutinaNortheastern-United-Statesoutbreakbiological-controlSycophila

• Zapatella davisae

  black oak gall wasp

  Zapatella davisae is a cynipid gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) described in 2016 that has become a significant pest of black oak (Quercus velutina) in the northeastern United States. Larvae develop under bark in late summer, with adults emerging in early spring. The species has undergone notable population outbreaks on Long Island, NY (first documented 1990), Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard, MA (2008), and more recently in coastal Rhode Island and Nantucket, MA. High parasitism rates by Sycophila species can lead to rapid population collapse, as observed on Long Island in 2016.

  gall-waspforest-pestoakinvasiveparasitoidCynipidaeoutbreakQuercus-velutinanortheastern-United-States

• Zapatella quercusmedullae

  Oak Rough Bulletgall Wasp

  Zapatella quercusmedullae is a gall wasp in the family Cynipidae that induces galls on oak trees (Quercus). The species was transferred from Andricus to Zapatella based on phylogenetic studies. It produces distinctive bullet-shaped galls on twigs and branches of host oaks. The wasp has an alternating sexual and asexual generation life cycle typical of many Cynipini.

  cynipidaegall-waspoak-gallalternating-generationstwig-gallcynipini

• Zapatella quercusphellos

  Zapatella quercusphellos is a species of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae. It is known to induce galls on oaks (Quercus species). The species was described by Carl Robert Osten Sacken and has been documented in the northeastern United States. It belongs to a genus of cynipid wasps specialized on oak hosts.

  gall-waspoak-gallCynipidaeZapatellacynipiniparasitoidQuercusNorth-AmericaUnited-StatesVermont