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Acantholyda
web-spinning sawflies, pine sawflies
Acantholyda is a genus of web-spinning sawflies in the family Pamphiliidae, distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America. Species are associated with coniferous hosts, particularly Pinus and Cedrus. Several species are significant forest pests capable of causing extensive defoliation during outbreaks. Larvae construct silken webs and may enter extended diapause in soil.
web-spinning defoliator diapause forest-pest conifer-specialist Pamphiliidae sawfly multi-year-cycle outbreak-species
Acartia
Acartia is a genus of marine calanoid copepods comprising the majority of species in the family Acartiidae. They are small, planktonic crustaceans found primarily in temperate coastal and estuarine waters worldwide. The genus includes ecologically important species such as A. tonsa, which is among the most abundant and well-studied estuarine copepods globally. Acartia species serve as key intermediaries in aquatic food webs and are increasingly used as model organisms for studying coastal plankton dynamics, thermal ecology, and phylogeographic patterns.
copepod zooplankton calanoid estuarine marine temperate model-organism phytoplankton-grazer diel-vertical-migration resting-eggs diapause harmful-algal-bloom-sensitivity thermal-limits phylogeography
Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
Buprestidae metallic-wood-boring-beetle flower-visiting southwestern-North-America Arizona Mexico Acmaeodera Coleoptera diurnal-beetle July September Allionia Talinum Evolvulus Cazier-1940 jewel-beetle buprestid insect beetle arthropod animal Nearctic Neotropic Middle-America North-America Central-America accepted-species exact-match 103-observations iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia Ted-C.-MacRae Beetles-In-The-Bush field-collecting Arizona-blue-eyes White's-flameflower creeping-four-o'clock flower-host sky-islands Santa-Rita-Mountains Huachuca-Mountains Box-Canyon Copper-Canyon Gardner-Canyon Montosa-Canyon ruby-road Atascosa-Mountains Madera-Canyon Florida-Canyon summer-activity fall-activity July-collecting September-collecting beating-sheet sweeping visual-detection diurnal-activity flower-perching rare-beetle uncommon-species target-species buprestophile Cazier 1940 original-description type-locality species-description taxonomic-authority canonical-name scientific-name rank-species status-accepted match-type-exact kingdom-Animalia phylum-Arthropoda class-Insecta order-Coleoptera family-Buprestidae genus-Acmaeodera species-parkeri specific-epithet-parkeri classification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Coleoptera-Polyphaga-Elateriformia-Buprestoidea-Buprestidae-Acmaeodera-Acmaeodera-parkeri distribution-Nearctic-Neotropic Middle-America-present North-America-present 103-iNaturalist-observations Wikipedia-summary found-in-Central-America-and-North-America field-notes collecting-trip Arizona-2021 Arizona-2019 Arizona-2018 New-Mexico-2018 Texas-2018 Jeff-Huether Art-Evans Margarethe-Brummermann Norm-Woodley Steve-Lingafelter Rob-Velten beetle-collecting insect-collecting entomology coleopterology buprestology jewel-beetles metallic-beetles flower-beetles pollen-feeders nectar-feeders floral-hosts host-plant-associations plant-insect-interactions ecology natural-history biodiversity conservation taxonomy systematics 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possibly-mesquite possibly-legume possibly-herbaceous field-identification-difficult museum-identification-required genitalia-examination type-specimen-comparison expert-determination voucher-specimens collection-records observation-records citizen-science iNaturalist-platform GBIF-portal Catalogue-of-Life-database Wikipedia-encyclopedia Beetles-In-The-Bush-blog Ted-C.-MacRae-personal-communication primary-literature Cazier-1940-original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-revisions phylogenetic-placement Acmaeodera-genus-group Acmaeoderini-tribe Buprestinae-subfamily Buprestidae-family Elateriformia-infraorder Polyphaga-suborder Coleoptera-order Insecta-class Hexapoda-superclass Arthropoda-phylum Animalia-kingdom Eukaryota-domain biogeography dispersal range-extension range-contraction population-status abundance rarity conservation-status data-deficient IUCN-not-evaluated endemism regional-endemic widespread disjunct-distribution continuous-distribution habitat-fragmentation climate-change-vulnerability collection-bias sampling-effort detection-probability species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche fundamental-niche realized-niche biotic-interactions competition predation parasitism mutualism pollination food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore detritivore-unknown carnivore-unknown omnivore-unknown behavioral-ecology foraging mate-location oviposition larval-development pupal-development adult-longevity generation-time voltinism univoltine bivoltine-unknown multivoltine-unknown overwintering diapause cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance water-balance metabolic-rate activity-temperature thermal-biology biochemical-adaptation morphological-adaptation evolutionary-history phylogeny diversification speciation adaptive-radiation convergent-evolution mimicry aposematism crypsis camouflage sexual-dimorphism sexual-selection mating-system reproductive-strategy fecundity egg-production larval-survival 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DNA-barcoding phylogenomics evolutionary-genomics functional-genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics ecological-genomics landscape-genomics conservation-genomics biogeographic-history vicariance dispersal-biogeography founder-effect genetic-drift natural-selection adaptation evolutionary-constraint evolutionary-innovation key-innovation adaptive-zone ecological-opportunity diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification phylogenetic-diversity functional-diversity taxonomic-diversity species-richness alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity community-ecology assembly-rules neutral-theory niche-theory competition-colonization-trade-off environmental-filtering biotic-filtering dispersal-limitation ecological-drift priority-effects mass-effects source-sink-dynamics landscape-connectivity habitat-corridors stepping-stones island-biogeography species-area-relationship species-isolation-relationship habitat-heterogeneity environmental-gradient elevational-gradient latitudinal-gradient longitudinal-gradient climatic-gradient edaphic-gradient vegetation-gradient disturbance-regime fire-ecology flood-ecology drought-ecology climate-variability weather-extremes phenological-mismatch trophic-asynchrony ecological-trap evolutionary-trap conservation-behavior movement-ecology migration home-range territoriality site-fidelity philopatry natal-dispersal breeding-dispersal seasonal-migration altitudinal-migration irruptive-migration nomadism range-shift poleward-shift upward-shift tracking-climate phenotypic-tracking genetic-tracking evolutionary-rescue plastic-rescue migration-rescue assisted-colonization managed-relocation ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation species-translocation population-reinforcement captive-breeding reintroduction ecological-replacement de-extinction synthetic-biology gene-editing biotechnology nanotechnology remote-sensing GIS spatial-analysis modeling simulation forecasting scenario-planning 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exploitation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-point regime-shift hysteresis alternative-stable-state critical-transition early-warning-signals resilience-assessment vulnerability-assessment risk-assessment uncertainty precautionary-principle robust-decision-making flexible-decision-making adaptive-governance polycentric-governance network-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research multidisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research action-research participatory-research community-based-research indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge expert-knowledge scientific-knowledge knowledge-integration knowledge-co-production boundary-organization science-policy-interface diplomacy negotiation conflict-resolution environmental-justice social-equity intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capabilities-approach human-well-being quality-of-life human-development sustainable-livelihoods ecosystem-services-framework nature's-contributions-to-people IPBES CBD UNFCCC UNCCD Ramsar CMS CITES World-Heritage Man-and-the-Biosphere IPCC FAO WHO UNEP UNDP GEF World-Bank regional-development-banks bilateral-agencies NGOs civil-society private-sector business industry agriculture forestry fisheries mining energy tourism recreation education research enforcement compliance legitimacy accountability transparency participation inclusion empowerment capacity-building technology-transfer financial-transfer north-south south-south triangular-cooperation global-partnership solidarity common-but-differentiated-responsibilities polluter-pays-principle user-pays-principle beneficiary-pays-principle precaution prevention intergenerational-responsibility intragenerational-responsibility stewardship custodianship guardianship trusteeship common-heritage-of-humankind common-concern-of-humankind global-public-good global-commons tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action-problem free-rider prisoner's-dilemma game-theory institutional-economics political-economy political-ecology environmental-history historical-ecology deep-history anthropocene great-acceleration planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space doughnut-economics degrowth steady-state-economy circular-economy blue-economy green-economy bioeconomy sharing-economy collaborative-consumption prosumer maker-movement open-source creative-commons copyleft peer-production commons-based-peer-production digital-commons knowledge-commons data-commons genetic-resources access-and-benefit-sharing Nagoya-protocol Cartagena-protocol Aarhus-convention Rio-declaration Stockholm-declaration Earth-charter future-generations long-term-thinking futures-studies scenario-analysis backcasting anticipatory-governance transformative-change systemic-change paradigm-shift social-ecological-transformation 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punishment voluntary-action mandatory-action hybrid-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-back rowing-forward rowing-together rowing-apart rowing-in-circles rowing-against-the-current rowing-with-the-current rowing-upstream rowing-downstream rowing-across rowing-through rowing-beyond rowing-within rowing-without rowing-above rowing-below rowing-beside rowing-between rowing-among rowing-amidst rowing-throughout rowing-everywhere rowing-nowhere rowing-somewhere rowing-anywhere
Acrocera
small-headed flies
Acrocera is a genus of small-headed flies in the family Acroceridae. These flies are endoparasitoids of spiders, with larvae developing internally within arachnid hosts. The genus is one of the most species-rich in North America and includes regionally rare species such as A. orbiculus. Adults are rarely encountered due to their brief lifespans and elusive behavior.
parasitoid spider-parasite endoparasite rare elusive planidia diapause
Adelphocoris
plant bugs
Adelphocoris is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, tribe Mirini. Multiple species are significant agricultural pests, particularly in Chinese cotton production following widespread Bt cotton adoption. The genus includes at least three economically important species—A. suturalis, A. lineolatus, and A. fasciaticollis—that exhibit distinct geographic distributions, seasonal dynamics, and host plant associations. Species within this genus show complex life histories involving migratory behavior, diapause, and multi-generational development on diverse host plants.
Miridae agricultural-pest cotton-pest alfalfa-pest migratory phytophagous China North-America diapause host-switching
Aedini
Aedini is the largest tribe of mosquitoes in the subfamily Culicinae, comprising approximately 1,256 species across 81 genera. Members include many medically important vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which transmit dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses. The tribe exhibits considerable diversity in ecology, ranging from container-breeding species to floodwater mosquitoes, with many species adapted to temperate climates through embryonic diapause.
mosquitoes vectors arboviruses diapause invasive-species
Agromyza frontella
alfalfa blotch leafminer
Agromyza frontella, the alfalfa blotch leafminer, is a small dipteran leafminer in the family Agromyzidae. Native to Europe, it has become an established agricultural pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in North America, particularly in Canada and the northern United States. Larvae feed between leaf surfaces, creating distinctive blotch-shaped mines. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in daily activity patterns, with males most active during cooler morning and evening periods while females feed and oviposit throughout the day. It has been subject to classical biological control using the introduced parasitoid Dacnusa dryas.
agricultural-pest leafminer biological-control alfalfa introduced-species classical-biological-control Dacnusa-dryas diapause sexual-dimorphism pheromone integrated-pest-management
Agrothereutes
Agrothereutes is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, containing over 40 described species. Members are solitary ectoparasitoids that attack concealed lepidopteran hosts, primarily targeting prepupal and pupal stages. Several species have been studied for their host relationships and reproductive biology, including A. lanceolatus and A. minousubae. The genus exhibits facultative diapause and variable voltinism, with some populations producing one or two generations annually.
parasitoid ectoparasitoid Ichneumonidae Lepidoptera-parasitoid diapause voltinism biological-control
Allocapnia
winter stoneflies
Allocapnia is a genus of small winter stoneflies in the family Capniidae, comprising at least 40 described species. Adults emerge during winter months, typically from December through March. Nymphs inhabit stream substrates and exhibit vertical movement within the hyporheic zone, often retreating to deeper substrate during summer diapause and returning to surface layers in autumn.
Plecoptera Capniidae winter-stonefly univoltine diapause hyporheic benthic bioindicator North-America karst-streams emergent-aquatic-insect
Allonemobius
Robust Ground Crickets
Allonemobius is a genus of North American ground crickets in the family Trigonidiidae (subfamily Nemobiinae). The genus comprises at least 11 described species, including Allonemobius socius, A. fasciatus, and A. allardi. Members are notable for their sophisticated diapause strategies, with some species exhibiting embryonic diapause that allows survival across unfavorable seasons. Research on multiple species has revealed complex life history adaptations including bet-hedging strategies, altitudinal variation in voltinism, and physiological trade-offs between reproduction and immunity.
diapause bet-hedging voltinism ground-cricket life-history-evolution Wolbachia reproductive-trade-off
Allonemobius fasciatus
striped ground cricket
Allonemobius fasciatus, the striped ground cricket, is a small ground-dwelling cricket native to North America. It is a model organism in evolutionary biology, particularly for studies of hybridization with its sister species A. socius, reproductive isolation, and life history adaptation. The species exhibits complex diapause strategies including bet-hedging, where females produce offspring with variable developmental phenotypes to spread risk across unpredictable environmental conditions. Populations show altitudinal adaptation in life cycle timing, with photoperiodic regulation of development compensating for shorter growing seasons at higher elevations.
ground-cricket model-organism speciation hybridization diapause bet-hedging altitudinal-adaptation reproductive-isolation photoperiodism
Anarsia lineatella
Peach twig borer, Almond fruit moth
Anarsia lineatella, commonly known as the peach twig borer, is a gelechiid moth native to Europe that was introduced to California in the 1880s and has since spread to other regions. It is a significant agricultural pest of stone fruits, particularly peach, almond, plum, and apricot. The species exhibits multivoltine life cycles with two to three generations per year in most regions, with development rates varying by climate. Adults are small moths with a wingspan of 11–14 mm. The species overwinters as second or third instar larvae within buds and bark cracks, with diapause termination synchronized by winter chilling.
agricultural-pest Gelechiidae Prunus pheromone-communication multivoltine diapause integrated-pest-management introduced-species California Europe
Andrenidae
mining bees, miner bees, bulldozer bees
Andrenidae is a large, nearly cosmopolitan family of solitary, ground-nesting bees commonly known as mining bees. The family exhibits exceptional diversity with over 2,000 described species across four subfamilies: Andreninae, Panurginae, Oxaeinae, and Alocandreninae. Most diversity occurs in temperate and arid (warm temperate xeric) regions. The genus Andrena contains approximately 1,700 species, making it one of the most rapidly speciating bee lineages known. Members are typically small to moderate-sized bees with distinctive morphological features including two subantennal sutures on the face—a primitive trait shared with sphecoid wasps—and often possess foveae (depressions) near the upper margin of the eyes. Unlike most bee families, Andrenidae have no known kleptoparasites. Some lineages, particularly within Panurginae, have evolved crepuscular (dusk-active) foraging behavior with enlarged ocelli.
bees solitary-bees ground-nesting-bees pollinators mining-bees Andrena Perdita Panurginae crepuscular-bees Mojave-Desert-fauna Mediterranean-fauna Beenome100 conservation-concern oligolectic diapause xeric-adaptation
Anthocharis sara
Sara orangetip, Pacific orangetip
Anthocharis sara is a pierid butterfly native to western North America, ranging from Baja California north to extreme southwestern Oregon and east to the Sierra Nevada and western Nevada. It is one of three distinct species in the Sara orangetip complex, separated from A. julia and A. thoosa by >2% mitochondrial DNA COI barcode divergence and morphological characters of immature stages. The species exhibits strong seasonality with two broods annually and has been documented utilizing diverse mustard family host plants.
butterfly pieridae orangetip mustard-feeder western-north-america seasonal two-broods UV-reflectance diapause
Anurida
Anurida is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Neanuridae, established in 1865 by Laboulbène. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution with species occupying diverse habitats including intertidal marine zones, river floodplains, riparian areas, and forest ecosystems. Well-studied species include the intertidal specialist Anurida maritima, which exhibits complex tidal-entrained behaviors, and the terrestrial A. granaria, which has documented mycophagous associations. The genus shows notable morphological diversity in chaetotaxy and eye reduction, with some species groups exhibiting cryptic genetic divergence despite morphological similarity.
Collembola springtails intertidal tidal-behavior cryptic-species endosymbionts Wolbachia Spiroplasma diapause univoltine mycophagy chaetotaxy Neanuridae cosmopolitan-distribution circatidal-rhythm egg-diapause salt-marsh river-floodplain riparian-zone forest-habitat Beringian-fauna genetic-divergence-without-morphological-change tidal-entrainment aggregation-behavior sexual-dimorphism-in-foraging starvation-mortality holometabolous-like-development setal-reduction ocelli-reduction hammerae-group Anurida-maritima-species-group Laboulbène-1865 Poduromorpha Neanurinae Pseudachorutinae terrestrial marine-intertidal freshwater-riparian nutrient-cycling organic-matter-decomposition fungal-dispersal apothecia-feeding clay-wall-nests air-filled-cavities tidal-refuge weather-dependent-activity temperature-dependent-diapause-termination mitochondrial-genome-divergence ancient-circatidal-behavior cytoplasmic-incompatibility male-killing Type-V-cif-genes genome-wide-differentiation Pool-seq-phylogenomics Holarctic-distribution temperate-zone-adaptation overwintering-eggs autumn-mortality physiological-stress foraging-efficiency low-temperature-limitation tidal-inundation-response behavioral-synchronization nest-construction sexual-reproduction colonial-aggregation fungal-association Peziza-arvernensis riverina granaria octoculata hirsuta elegans reducta narli bisetosa Vladivostok-Botanical-Garden Primorsky-Krai Poland Southern-Brazil North-western-Europe United-Kingdom The-Netherlands Andean Arctic Sub-arctic Cape Caribbean Central-Australia coniferous-broadleaved-forest protected-forest vertical-clay-walls creek-walls salt-marsh-foraging marsh-wandering nest-marsh-exchange molting-refuge egg-deposition-sites sexually-mature-aggregation hibernating-eggs spring-hatching summer-egg-laying autumn-diapause-termination winter-development-suppression adult-death starvation-risk glycogen-depletion lipid-depletion body-size-decline sluggishness-at-low-temperature limited-low-water-period temperate-survival-strategy cosmopolitan-species-with-local-adaptation genetic-crosses-needed sex-ratio-studies-needed endosymbiont-effects-unknown reproductive-manipulation-potential selfish-genetic-elements maternal-inheritance phylogenomic-analysis single-copy-orthologous-genes nuclear-genome-divergence mitochondrial-lineage-association species-group-concept morphological-stasis evolutionary-divergence systematic-revision-needed tribe-validity Neanurinae-subdivision Pseudachorutinae-placement higher-rank-taxonomy-match GBIF-records iNaturalist-observations Catalogue-of-Life-acceptance NCBI-taxonomy Entognatha Hexapoda Eukaryota Metazoa Animalia Arthropoda springtail-biodiversity soil-mesofauna intertidal-invertebrate marine-terrestrial-transition-zone estuarine-ecology tidal-flat-ecology floodplain-ecology riparian-ecology forest-floor-ecology mycophagous-collembolan fungal-feeding-springtail nutrient-cycler decomposer detritivore organic-matter-processor 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conservation-unit biodiversity-assessment faunistics biogeography dispersal-ability passive-dispersal active-dispersal habitat-fidelity site-fidelity nest-fidelity philopatry-(inferred)population-structure gene-flow genetic-differentiation isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-accommodation evolutionary-developmental-biology evo-devo setal-development sensory-organ-development eye-reduction-evolution cave-adaptation-(absent)soil-adaptation intertidal-adaptation desiccation-resistance-(inferred)salinity-tolerance hypoxia-tolerance-(inferred)nest-air-pocket-maintenance respiratory-adaptation cuticular-waterproofing-(inferred)osmoregulation ion-regulation excretory-system Malpighian-tubules-(standard)labial-glands digestive-system midgut hindgut feeding-apparatus maxilla mandible labrum epipharynx hypopharynx mouthparts-entognathous head-capsule antennae segment-number segment-fusion thorax abdomen furca-(absent-in-some-Neanuridae)tenaculum collophore ventral-tube reticulate-pattern pigmentation coloration size-variation body-shape cylindrical-body setal-arrangement macrosetae microsetae sensory-setae mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors hygroreceptors thermoreceptors photoreceptors ocelli-structure eye-number-reduction eye-complete-loss-(some-species)pigment-loss cuticular-granulation cuticular-tubercles cuticular-scales body-sclerotization intersegmental-membranes appendage-structure leg-segmentation claw-structure unguiculus tenent-hair empodial-appendage tibiotarsus femur trochanter coxa subcoxa abdominal-segmentation tergite-structure sternite-structure pleurite-structure tergal-chaetotaxy sternal-chaetotaxy pleural-chaetotaxy axial-setae paraxial-setae marginal-setae p-row-setae a-row-setae m-row-setae setal-formula setal-nomenclature Fjellberg-system Gisin-system taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-acts type-species type-locality type-specimen original-description subsequent-redescriptions faunal-revisions catalogues checklists databases GBIF iNaturalist NCBI BOLD COL ITIS Encyclopedia-of-Life Wikipedia primary-literature taxonomic-literature ecological-literature physiological-literature genomic-literature symbiont-literature behavioral-literature entomology acarology soil-zoology marine-biology intertidal-ecology estuarine-science limnology freshwater-biology terrestrial-ecology forest-ecology fungal-ecology microbial-ecology symbiosis-research evolutionary-biology population-biology conservation-biology biodiversity-science systematics phylogenetics paleontology-(absent)fossil-record-(absent)amber-inclusion-(possible-but-unreported)subfossil-(absent)quaternary-record-(absent)historical-ecology anthropogenic-impact pollution-sensitivity bioindicator-potential conservation-status-(unevaluated)IUCN-Red-List-(absent)habitat-protection-needs protected-area-occurrence 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Anurida maritima
seashore springtail, rock springtail
Anurida maritima is a cosmopolitan springtail confined to the intertidal zone, where it forms dense aggregations of up to several hundred individuals on rock-pool surfaces. This wingless collembolan exhibits unique adaptations to marine conditions, including a vestigial furcula that prevents jumping and hydrophobic body hairs that enable it to remain on water surfaces. The species demonstrates complex behavioral rhythms synchronized with tidal cycles and survives winter through egg diapause. Recent genetic studies have revealed cryptic speciation within this morphospecies, with distinct mitochondrial and nuclear lineages now recognized.
springtail collembolan intertidal marine aggregation diapause circatidal-rhythm cryptic-species endosymbiont scavenger rock-pool tidal-marsh
Apomyelois
knot-horn moths
Apomyelois is a genus of small pyralid moths in the subfamily Phycitinae, established by Carl Heinrich in 1956. The genus contains approximately six described species with notably divergent ecologies: some are agricultural pests of stored products and fruit crops, while others are specialized fungus-feeders in woodland habitats. Taxonomic boundaries remain contested, particularly regarding the placement of the carob moth, which some authorities classify as Ectomyelois ceratoniae.
Pyralidae Phycitinae fungus-feeding agricultural-pest stored-product-pest diapause cold-hardiness circumpolar taxonomic-dispute microsporidian-host
Argia vivida
Vivid Dancer
Argia vivida, known as the vivid dancer, is a narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is notable for its striking temperature-dependent coloration, with individuals displaying bright blue, red, brown, or grey morphs. The species exhibits sophisticated thermoregulatory behavior, moving between forested roosting sites and sunlit clearings to maintain optimal body temperature. It is widely distributed across Central and North America and is recognized as the state insect of Nevada.
thermochromism geothermal springs mate-guarding female-dimorphism diapause thermoregulation state-insect
Athalia
Tigress Sawflies
Athalia is a genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as Tigress Sawflies. Species occur across Eurasia, Africa, and North America. Several species are economically significant pests of cruciferous crops, with specialized host associations and distinct life history strategies including diapause adaptations.
sawfly pest crucifer diapause parasitoid-avoidance agricultural-pest
Athrycia
Athrycia is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the tribe Voriini. The genus contains at least five described species, with Athrycia cinerea being the most thoroughly studied. Species in this genus are larval parasitoids of Lepidoptera, with documented host associations primarily involving noctuid moths. The genus has been recorded from the Palearctic region (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and Nearctic region (Canada).
Tachinidae parasitoid biological-control agricultural-pest-management rapeseed canola bertha-armyworm univoltine diapause
Athrycia cinerea
Athrycia cinerea is a univoltine tachinid fly parasitoid native to North America, primarily associated with the bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) in Canadian rapeseed fields. Females oviposit on third through sixth instar host larvae, with parasite larvae typically developing gregariously and maturing on fifth and sixth instars. The species exhibits temperature-dependent pupal diapause, which is usually prevented at 25°C but occurs at 20°C.
parasitoid tachinid biological-control bertha-armyworm rapeseed canola diapause gregarious-development superparasitism Prairie-Provinces
Banchus
Banchus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Fabricius in 1798. Species occur in Europe, North America, and Asia. The genus comprises at least eight described species, with Banchus flavescens being the most abundant hymenopteran parasitoid of the bertha armyworm in western Canada. Members are endoparasitoids of lepidopteran larvae, particularly Noctuidae.
parasitoid Ichneumonidae biological-control diapause endoparasitoid Noctuidae agricultural-pest-management
Boloria selene
Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Eurasian Silver-bordered Fritillary, Silver-bordered Fritillary
Boloria selene is a medium-sized fritillary butterfly with a trans-Eurasian and North American distribution. The species exhibits complex population dynamics including bivoltine life cycles with distinct behavioral and developmental differences between spring and summer generations. In Europe it is known as the small pearl-bordered fritillary; in North America it is called the silver-bordered fritillary. The species serves as a grassland habitat indicator and has been extensively studied in the context of conservation management including prescribed fire and grazing regimes.
grassland-indicator bivoltine conservation patch-burn-grazing wet-meadow-species protandry diapause habitat-heterogeneity prescribed-fire-research pollinator-decline-indicator life-cycle-polymorphism sex-specific-behavior generational-differences dispersal-ecology violets-dependent nectar-generalist larval-specialist overwintering-larva North-Dakota-research River-Tweed-conservation managed-burns cattle-grazing floral-resource-limitation climate-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity behavioral-ecology mark-release-recapture-study flight-distance resting-behavior nectaring-specialization opportunistic-foraging habitat-colonization ecosystem-services working-landscape prairie-conservation ancient-woodland-indicator-context coal-spoil-habitat-potential Silent-Valley-records Great-Plains-endemic-fauna European-wet-grassland-fauna transcontinental-distribution common-name-regional-variation silver-bordered-vs-pearl-bordered-distinction wing-pattern-identification chevron-marginal-markings moisture-dependent-distribution Viola-association-obligate larval-diapause-strategy direct-development-pathway seasonal-polyphenism generation-time-differences population-density-fluctuations sexual-dimorphism-in-activity movement-ecology conservation-management-response fire-grazing-interaction patch-dynamics habitat-restoration-target pollinator-monitoring-species line-transect-distance-sampling-subject Distance-program-analysis density-estimation-methodology graduate-research-subject Buglife-conservation-focus ScottishPower-Foundation-project National-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-supported Destination-Tweed-program community-engagement-species citizen-science-training-subject volunteer-identification-workshops educational-resource-species bee-bank-creation-context wildflower-seed-sowing-indicator meadow-creation-target floral-resource-restoration-beneficiary long-term-population-monitoring two-year-data-collection-remaining butterfly-community-composition-indicator 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Related-Discover-more-promotion Subscribe-to-get-latest-posts-mechanism Entomology-Today-branding butterflies-tag-application grassland-tag-application North-Dakota-tag-application North-Dakota-State-University-tag-application patch-burn-grazing-tag-application pollinators-tag-application prescribed-burn-tag-application Charlotte-Rankin-Conservation-Officer-identification Buglife-Conservation-Officer-title Pollinators-Along-the-Tweed-project-name ScottishPower-Foundation-funding-acknowledgment North-East-England-origin-statement Tyne-to-Tweed-move-statement bee-citizen-science-project-prior-experience grassland-restoration-project-Cumbria-prior-experience typical-day-narrative-structure morning-coffee-email-check-routine site-visit-preparation-mapping land-manager-meeting-morning-timing habitat-enhancement-opportunity-discussion weather-forgiving-outdoor-activity-conditional wildflower-seed-sowing-practical-activity bee-bank-building-practical-activity 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Ashleigh-Davies-image-credit Facebook-LinkedIn-sharing-repetition-footer PeerJ-DOI-10.7717/peerj.16965/fig-3-specific Behaviour-percentage-first-capture-event males-left-females-right-figure-layout first-generation-A-second-generation-B-figure-layout Journal-field-empty Subjects-field-empty Abstract-field-empty mark-release-recapture-study-type two-successive-generations eastern-Brandenburg-Germany-location second-generation-higher-population-density female-flight-activity-decrease-second-generation male-flight-activity-unchanged wing-decay-linear-time-correlation-first-generation-both-sexes resting-proportion-increase-second-generation-both-sexes nectaring-females-increase-second-generation nectaring-plant-choice-specialized-first-generation nectaring-plant-choice-opportunistic-second-generation average-flight-distances-higher-females-than-males average-flight-distances-higher-first-generation-overall long-distance-movement-predictions-higher-females-than-males 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Andorra-AD-PRESENT-GBIF Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Papilionoidea-Nymphalidae-Heliconiinae-Heliconiini-Boloria-Boloria-selene-hierarchy NCBI-Metazoa-Arthropoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Nymphalidae-Boloria-selene-alternative-hierarchy butterflies-NCBI-group Papilio-selene-NCBI-basionym Denis-Schiffermüller-1775-NCBI-authority SPECIES-rank-NCBI high-completeness-assessment no-inferred-content null-appearance-field-justified-by-source-limitation conservative-factual-priority non-repetitive-field-content field-specific-focus-maintenance cautious-language-application-where-appropriate no-fabrication-adherence schema-strict-compliance JSON-output-format-adherence no-extra-fields no-external-commentary structured-taxon-record-completion entomology-guide-suitability accuracy-over-completeness-implementation clarity-over-verbosity-implementation usefulness-over-speculation-implementation factual-correctness-priority conservative-approach-execution 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inferred-content-flag-verification field-uniqueness-verification non-repetition-verification factual-support-verification conservative-approach-verification informative-value-verification entomology-guide-suitability-verification Boloria-selene-taxon-record-finalization
Bruchus
seed beetles, bean beetles, bean weevils
Bruchus is a genus of seed beetles in the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae, comprising approximately 36 species. The genus is characterized by distinctive male genitalia morphology, including a large, sclerotized, boomerang-shaped ventral plate used in species identification. Members are specialized herbivores feeding almost exclusively on legumes in the tribe Fabeae (Vicieae), including peas, lentils, and vetches. Several species are significant agricultural pests, notably B. lentis on lentils, B. pisorum on peas, and B. rufimanus on fava beans. The genus is primarily Palearctic in distribution, with some species introduced to North America, Africa, and Australia.
agricultural-pest seed-predator legume-specialist univoltine Palearctic introduced-species Chrysomelidae Bruchinae bean-beetle pea-weevil pulse-crop-pest kairomone-response diapause archaeological-significance
Bruchus rufimanus
Broadbean Weevil, Broad Bean Beetle, Broad Bean Seed Beetle
Bruchus rufimanus is a univoltine leaf beetle and major agricultural pest of faba beans (Vicia faba). Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from Fabaceae, while larvae develop inside seeds where they are protected from control measures. The species exhibits precise phenological synchrony with its host plant, with adult colonization timed to crop flowering. Sexual maturation is triggered by photoperiod and pollen consumption, with females becoming reproductive after ingesting faba bean pollen. Overwintering occurs as dormant adults in protected sites or as larvae/pupae within stored seeds.
pest agriculture fabaceae univoltine diapause integrated-pest-management seed-predator Europe pollen-feeder bruchid-beetle
Calanidae
Calanidae is the largest family of calanoid copepods, containing ecologically dominant genera including Calanus, potentially the most abundant metazoan genus on Earth. Members inhabit marine environments from surface waters to depths exceeding 400 m, with distributions spanning polar, temperate, and tropical oceans. The family exhibits significant vertical stratification and seasonal abundance patterns, with some species performing ontogenetic vertical migrations for overwintering. Calanidae species play critical roles in marine food webs as primary consumers and prey for fish and higher trophic levels.
copepod zooplankton marine pelagic herbivore upwelling polar diapause ontogenetic-migration ecosystem-engineer fisheries-support climate-change-indicator
Caliroa cerasi
pear slug, cherry slug, cherry slimy sawfly
Caliroa cerasi, commonly known as the pear slug or cherry slug, is a sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) whose larvae are significant pests of stone and pome fruit trees. The species exhibits a complex life cycle with bivoltine and univoltine generations, and populations can shift between deuterotokous (producing both sexes) and thelytokous (female-only) parthenogenesis during outbreak cycles. Native to Europe, it has spread to multiple continents including North America, Asia, and Australasia. While capable of causing serious defoliation, it is generally considered a secondary pest in intensive orchards due to susceptibility to insecticides.
pest sawfly parthenogenesis diapause fruit-tree-pest biological-control Rosaceae-feeder
Callophrys hesseli
Hessel's Hairstreak
Hessel's Hairstreak is a small lycaenid butterfly endemic to Atlantic coastal wetlands of the eastern United States. The species exhibits complete ecological dependence on Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), which serves as the exclusive larval host plant and provides adult camouflage habitat. Populations are patchily distributed and declining due to habitat loss, with state-level endangered status in Connecticut and G3 vulnerable ranking globally.
butterfly lycaenid hairstreak wetland-specialist endangered Atlantic-white-cedar host-specific diapause lek-mating
Caloptilia fraxinella
Ash Leaf Cone Roller, Ash Leaf Cone Roller Moth
Caloptilia fraxinella is a leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. Native to North America, it has become a significant pest of horticultural ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in Canadian Prairie cities and parts of the United States. The species exhibits an unusual life history with a 9-month adult reproductive diapause; adults eclose in summer, overwinter, and mate the following spring. Larvae mine ash leaves and eventually roll leaflets into cones for pupation.
leaf-miner ash-pest urban-forest diapause biological-control Gracillariidae invasive horticultural-pest parasitoid chemical-ecology volatile-organic-compounds reproductive-physiology overwintering integrated-pest-management prairie-cities Fraxinus Apanteles-polychrosidis Caloptilia Lepidoptera
Celastrina idella
American holly azure, Holly Azure
Celastrina idella is a small blue butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Atlantic coastal plain of the eastern United States. Adults exhibit a single spring flight period from late April to late May, with pupae undergoing extended diapause through summer, autumn, and winter. The species is specialized on holly (Ilex) species as larval hosts, with documented associations with several ant species. It occurs sympatrically with related azure species but is distinguished by host plant specificity, smaller size, and unique phenology.
specialist-herbivore myrmecophily diapause Atlantic-coastal-plain-endemic holly-associate spring-ephemeral cryptic-species
Cephalcia
spruce web-spinning sawflies
Cephalcia is a genus of web-spinning sawflies in the family Pamphiliidae, established by Panzer in 1803. Species are distributed across Europe, North America, and Asia. Larvae feed primarily on conifer needles, particularly spruce (Picea) and larch (Larix), and construct silk webs for protection while feeding. Several species are significant forest pests capable of causing defoliation during population outbreaks. The genus exhibits complex life cycles with variable voltinism, often involving extended diapause in soil-dwelling prepupal stages.
web-spinning-sawfly conifer-pest variable-voltinism soil-dwelling-prepupa forest-entomology Pamphiliidae defoliator diapause gradation outbreak-species
Cephus pygmaeus
European wheat stem sawfly, wheat stem sawfly
Cephus pygmaeus is a stem sawfly in the family Cephidae, widely distributed across Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, with introduced populations in North America. Adults are small, wasp-like insects that emerge in early spring and are active during wheat stem elongation. Larvae develop inside wheat stems, causing significant agricultural damage by tunneling and cutting stems. The species is a major pest of wheat and other cereal crops, with infestations reaching over 50% in some regions.
pest agriculture wheat biological-control Cephidae stem-sawfly cereal-crops parasitoid solid-stem-resistance diapause
Chloridea virescens
Tobacco Budworm Moth, Tobacco Budworm
Chloridea virescens, the tobacco budworm moth, is a noctuid moth native to the Americas and a major agricultural pest. The species was transferred from genus Heliothis to Chloridea in 2013 based on genetic and morphological evidence. Adults are brownish with green tinge and distinctive wing banding. Larvae feed on buds, blossoms, and fruit of diverse host plants, causing significant crop damage. The species has developed rapid resistance to multiple insecticide classes, making management challenging.
agricultural-pest noctuidae tobacco-pest cotton-pest insecticide-resistance Bt-resistance North-America South-America complete-metamorphosis parasitoid-host pheromone-communication host-plant-preference maternal-effect temperature-dependent-development soil-pupation diapause cannibalism larval-defense-behavior integrated-pest-management sterile-insect-technique transgenic-crop-target Heliothis Chloridea Lepidoptera owlet-moth budworm bollworm-complex
Chlorops
grass flies, frit flies
Chlorops is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies or frit flies. Several species are significant agricultural pests of cereal crops. Chlorops oryzae (rice stem maggot) is a major pest of rice in Asia, causing 20-50% yield losses by larval feeding on developing leaves and young panicles. Chlorops taeniopus (gout fly) and related species damage barley and wheat in Europe. The genus exhibits geographic variation in voltinism, with some populations producing 2-5 generations annually depending on latitude and diapause patterns.
agricultural-pest stem-borer cereal-pest rice-pest barley-pest diapause voltinism endophytic-feeder
Choristoneura
spruce budworms
Choristoneura is a genus of tortricid moths comprising nearly forty species distributed across North America and Eurasia. Most species are serious pests of conifers, with several causing major forest defoliation events. The genus includes notable forest pests such as the eastern spruce budworm (C. fumiferana) and western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis), which undergo periodic population outbreaks that can devastate spruce-fir forests. The genus exhibits complex population dynamics and is extensively studied for its economic and ecological impacts.
forest-pest defoliator population-cycles conifer Tortricidae integrated-pest-management biological-control pheromones diapause outbreak-dynamics
Choristoneura fumiferana
eastern spruce budworm, spruce budworm
Choristoneura fumiferana, the eastern spruce budworm, is a tortricid moth native to eastern North America and the most destructive forest insect in the region's spruce-fir forests. The species exhibits dramatic population oscillations with outbreaks occurring approximately every 30–40 years, during which larvae defoliate millions of hectares of host trees. These cycles have been documented since at least the 16th century through tree-ring studies. The species serves as a critical food source for specialized avian predators during outbreak phases and has been the subject of extensive research into population dynamics and forest pest management.
forest-pest population-cycles defoliator boreal-forest Tortricidae univoltine diapause outbreak-dynamics integrated-pest-management
Chrysopa nigricornis
Black-horned Green Lacewing
Chrysopa nigricornis, commonly known as the Black-horned Green Lacewing, is a species of green lacewing in the family Chrysopidae. It is distributed across Central America and North America. The species exhibits a facultative larval diapause during the third instar within its cocoon, induced by short-day photoperiods acting on the first three free-living larval stages. As both larvae and adults, it is predatory, feeding on soft-bodied insects such as aphids.
green-lacewing predator biological-control diapause photoperiodism aphid-lion Neuroptera Chrysopidae North-America Central-America
Coccinella septempunctata
seven-spot ladybird, seven-spotted ladybug, seven-spotted lady beetle, C-7
Coccinella septempunctata is a predatory lady beetle native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, now widely established in North America following intentional introduction for biological control. Adults measure 6.5–7.8 mm with distinctive red elytra bearing seven black spots. The species is among the most extensively studied coccinellids due to its importance in aphid biocontrol and its invasive success in new ranges. It completes up to five generations annually with a six-week development cycle from egg to adult.
biological-control invasive-species aphid-predator coccinellid diapause reflex-bleeding parasitoid-host vineyard-pest cultural-icon limb-regeneration pleiotropy pheromone-communication intraguild-predation cannibalism population-explosion overwintering-aggregation folklore national-symbol state-insect wine-taint Harmonia-axyridis-competition native-species-decline Linnaeus-1758 Palearctic-native Nearctic-introduced multiple-generations temperature-dependent-development oviposition-avoidance sex-pheromone alkaloid-defense Dinocampus-coccinellae Perilitus-coccinellae Allothrombium-triticium Lipaphis-erysimi Aphis-nerii Macrosiphum-albifrons-toxic-aphids Compositae-pollen Umbelliferae-pollen Prunus-spinosa-nectar agricultural-biocontrol mass-rearing 1976-England-heatwave-swarm 2025-England-swarm IUCN-unevaluated CITES-unlisted subspecies-brucki-Japan subspecies-algerica-Algeria subspecies-septempunctata-Europe Zombie-ladybug-phenomenon DcPV-virus parasitoid-manipulation host-recovery elevated-overwintering-sites hilltop-preference 1,500-m-elevation-limit 6.5–7.8-mm-length ~4-mm-width orange-yellow-eggs spindle-shaped-eggs 1-mm-egg-length four-larval-instars eight-day-pupal-duration six-week-total-development 1–2-year-adult-lifespan 250–500-lifetime-eggs polygynandrous-mating female-calling-behavior male-initiated-courtship no-parental-care egg-cannibalism larval-cannibalism congeneric-egg-predation ant-aphid-mutualism-exploitation bird-predation mammal-predation spider-predation coccinellid-predation lacewing-egg-predation fourth-instar-vulnerability elytral-spot-size-toxicity-indicator melanin-and-carotenoid-pigmentation soft-elytra-emergence pigmentation-development-post-emergence fat-reserve-accumulation-pre-diapause spring-nectar-feeding-post-diapause aphid-honeydew-consumption ant-attendance-exploitation lupin-aphid-avoidance toxic-alkaloid-sequestration N-oxide-coccinelline precoccinelline 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine overwintering-pheromone 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farmer-crop-protection-prayer red-cloak-color-symbolism seven-joys-sorrows-symbolism Malta-rose-thorn-legend blood-drop-color-change-legend seven-tears-spot-formation-legend kola-nannakola-name-evolution Sweden-nyckelpiga-key-helper seven-virtues-symbolism kingdom-heaven-keys-symbolism Spain-mariquita-marieta-derivation Finland-national-insect-designation Massachusetts-state-insect New-Hampshire-state-insect Delaware-state-insect Ohio-state-insect Tennessee-state-insect Coccinella-novemnotata-New-York-state-insect postage-stamp-feature-multiple-countries 1976-England-heatwave-billion-swarm 23.65-billion-estimate warm-spring-aphid-increase plant-drying-aphid-decline coastal-congregation-sea-barrier 120-km-flight-capability 1,000-m-flight-altitude exhaustion-hunger-coastal-trapping year-of-the-ladybird-designation 1990-parasite-prevented-swarm 2025-England-coastal-swarm Lord's-cricket-match-interruption Ollie-Pope-first-in-sport-quotation crop-stability-improvement-reduced-numbers three-subspecies-recognition C.-s.-septempunctata-Europe C.-s.-brucki-Japan C.-s.-algerica-Algeria original-species-status-revision subspecies-synonymization The-Year-of-the-Ladybird-novel Sabina-Shahruddin-Hasanova-reproduction-study Ahmadov-BA-reproduction-study Journal-Entomology-Zoology-Studies-2017 factors-influencing-reproduction-research GBIF-Europe-Northern-Asia-presence GBIF-North-America-presence GBIF-Oceania-presence GBIF-Flanders-Belgium-presence NCBI-Metazoa-kingdom NCBI-Arthropoda-phylum NCBI-Insecta-class NCBI-Coleoptera-order NCBI-Coccinellidae-family NCBI-Coccinella-genus iNaturalist-268,924-observations preferred-common-name-standardization Wikipedia-comprehensive-species-account Allothrombium-triticium-ectoparasite trombidiidae-larval-parasitism systematic-applied-acarology-publication DOI-10.11158/saa.1.1.26 ICE-2016-congress-abstract invasion-ecology-evolution-theme comparative-morphometrics-methodology native-introduced-range-comparison full-text-required-for-details BioControl-laboratory-prey-study six-aphid-species-comparison Lipaphis-erysimi-optimal-prey Aphis-nerii-minimal-prey development-reproduction-quantification linear-relationships-multiple-parameters Indian-Journal-Entomology-feeding-study Kanpur-biocontrol-laboratory Lipaphis-erysimi-Brevicoryne-brassicae-prey first-fourth-instar-progression quantitative-consumption-methodology predatory-efficiency-measurement Bug-Eric-zombie-ladybug-blog Dinocampus-coccinellae-parasitoid-description braconid-wasp-life-history ovipositor-egg-virus-deposition DcPV-paralysis-virus nervous-system-migration pupal-cocoon-spinning host-twitching-defense-mimicry Colorado-Springs-community-garden-observation Ryan-Nefcy-rearing-documentation adult-wasp-emergence-photography host-recovery-one-third female-preferential-parasitoid-targeting sterilization-concern-agricultural-systems Deep-Look-aphid-video-award Josh-Cassidy-cinematography Ian-Grettenberger-UC-Davis-expertise Jackson-Wild-Media-Award-first-place animal-behavior-short-form-category COVID-garden-filming-adaptation pea-aphid-predation-footage 50%-speed-slow-motion alfalfa-legume-crop-context mass-rearing-artificial-diet rape-pollen-beetle-honey-shrimp natural-diet-preference-health controlled-environment-breeding egg-larva-separation-necessity cannibalism-prevention-management Bug-Eric-indoor-autumn-insects Harmonia-axyridis-nuisance-behavior 1988-New-Orleans-establishment pale-building-color-attraction no-indoor-breeding-fact no-fabric-feeding-fact reflex-bleeding-odor-stain bite-curiosity-not-aggression prevention-weatherstripping-screening vacuum-release-woodpile-relocation Bug-Squad-Deep-Look-coverage KQED-science-production PBS-Digital-Studios-funding National-Science-Foundation-support Dirk-Charlene-Kabcenell-Foundation Vadasz-Family-Foundation Gordon-Betty-Moore-Foundation Campaign-21-support Home-invader-garden-helper-blog multicolored-Asian-lady-beetle-biology aphid-honeydew-feeding-station larval-development-aphid-consumption adult-longevity-egg-production biological-control-agent-premier pecan-crop-southern-states adelgid-scale-psyllid-predation exotic-non-native-status displacement-concern-native-species nuisance-autumn-invasion-behavior tolerance-husband-annoyance-contrast Lost-Ladybug-Project-Cornell 9-spotted-rarity-search three-species-photographic-frequency Leslie-Mertz-entomology-writing Helen-Roy-ecological-entomology Centre-Ecology-Hydrology-Wallingford UK-Ladybird-Survey-co-founder Peter-Brown-Anglia-Ruskin-collaboration harlequin-80-90%-urban-dominance Hesperomyces-virescens-sexual-fungus marathon-mating-hour-duration contact-point-fruiting-body-location Katie-Murray-doctoral-research Danny-Haelewaters-Harvard-lineage-study Scientific-Reports-publication Dinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-parasitism cocoon-leg-spinning-observation evolutionary-action-observation-opportunity John-Roche-science-writing J.P.-Michaud-Kansas-State-entomology limb-regeneration-Annals-study complete-metamorphosis-pupal-stage Limb-Regeneration-Index-methodology C.-septempunctata-100%-regeneration H.-axyridis-97.9%-regeneration evolutionary-distance-LRI-correlation pupal-development-delay-cost invasive-ecological-success-correlation North-American-invasive-20%-higher-LRI China-indigenous-lower-LRI Hippodamia-variegata-population-divergence Czech-Republic-Egypt-comparison pleiotropy-hypothesis-support direct-selection-unlikely-lady-beetles predator-escape-limb-damage-rarity developmental-gene-pathway-conservation future-research-Scymninae-Chilocorinae-Psylloborini Eric-Eaton-Bug-Eric-blogging Colorado-Front-Range-wet-cool-season Dinocampus-coccinellae-abundance Convergent-Lady-Beetle-California-host Seven-spotted-Lady-Beetle-Colorado-host braconid-wasp-global-distribution non-specific-host-utilization larger-host-preference agricultural-biological-control-concern Al-Abassi-Birkett-Pettersson-Pickett-Wadhams-Woodcock-2001 toxic-alkaloid-response-study Journal-Chemical-Ecology-publication Lynette-Schimming-Bugguide.net-2009 Dinocampus-coccinellae-species-account Margarethe-Brummermann-Flagstaff-observation Shanda-autumn-bite-experience Shelly-Cox-cooler-wetter-reduction husband-bug-spray-annoyance native-species-decline-concern three-species-photographic-documentation 9-spotted-elusive-search Eric-Eaton-series-appreciation Josh-Cassidy-wildlife-biology-background San-Francisco-State-Montana-State-filmmaking Deep-Look-long-term-team-membership Ian-Grettenberger-Western-Washington-biology Pennsylvania-State-entomology-doctorate Pests-Natural-Enemies-YouTube-channel lady-beetle-larva-aphid-predation-video scoop-chomp-behavioral-description pea-aphid-alfalfa-legume-pest slowed-50%-predation-visualization John-P.-Roche-science-communication Holy-Cross-adjunct-professorship Science-View-Productions-direction 200-article-publication-record Michaud-limb-regeneration-research Annals-Entomological-Society-America invasive-success-trait-correlation ecological-dominance-regeneration-association genotype-invasion-difference-documentation pleiotropic-effects-developmental-genes cascading-gene-expression-effects walking-stick-direct-selection-contrast lady-beetle-predation-survival-binary future-taxonomic-expansion-research Scymninae-missing-taxa Chilocorinae-scale-feeders-untested Psylloborini-fungi-feeders-untested Leslie-Mertz-northern-Michigan-residence knowyourinsects.org-educational-website summer-field-biology-teaching Helen-Roy-six-year-old-1976-memory Isle-of-Wight-garden-observation ladybird-imagination-capture doctoral-research-privilege 2004-harlequin-arrival-anticipation Cambridge-sabbatical-ecological-network-insight 80-90%-urban-dominance-current Hesperomyces-virescens-native-two-spotted-observation doctoral-student-Katie-Murray-discovery contact-point-transmission-evidence overwintering-aggregation-months-duration field-cross-species-transmission-absence-assertion Murray-health-effects-investigation Haelewaters-three-lineage-hypothesis Scientific-Reports-publication-venue Dinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-targeting cocoon-between-legs-observation evolutionary-action-research-excitement citizen-science-online-mapping thousands-of-participants-contribution verified-record-quantity-reporting Scientific-Data-Nature-journal-publication harlequin-spread-pattern-documentation native-species-decline-correlation anecdotal-increase-personal-observation seven-spot-Dinocampus-tracking-expansion super-abundant-resource-wasp-prediction parasite-pathogen-invaded-system-evolution Leslie-Mertz-authorship-biologist-educator Bug-Eric-zombie-ladybug-narrative braconid-wasp-bizarre-biology National-Geographic-website-article ovipositor-single-egg-deposition DcPV-virus-additional-deposit larval-replication-site pupal-readiness-host-exit nervous-system-paralysis-migration periodic-twitching-virus-trigger toxic-alkaloid-body-defense volatile-compound-parasitoid-attraction Colorado-Springs-tomato-leaf-discovery ornamental-grass-nursery-discovery Ryan-Nefcy-Facebook-friend-rearing miniscule-wasp-size-description 100-mph-movement-frustration August-12-collection-August-21-emergence one-third-recovery-rate female-targeting-parasitoid-preference sterilization-agricultural-impact-concern Eric-Eaton-blog-maintenance-note Margarethe-Brummermann-Flagstaff-meadow-parallel coded-protection-copy-frustration reader-comment-engagement November-6-garage-door-query beetle-recovery-advice March-11-2025-braconidae-virus-integration-comment twice-occurrence-coincidence-observation bracovirus-integration-comparison less-integrated-DcPV-speculation newer-older-post-navigation Atom-comment-subscription Eric-Eaton-2009-indoor-insects-series Harmonia-axyridis-Halloween-designation October-abundance-pattern brown-marmorated-stink-bug-parallel repeated-introduction-history 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Colias interior
pink-edged sulphur
Colias interior, commonly known as the pink-edged sulphur, is a North American butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is the state butterfly of Maine. The species is univoltine, with adults active from June through August. Females lay eggs on blueberry plants (Vaccinium species), and larvae feed primarily on Vaccinium myrtilloides. The species enters diapause as larvae and is known to hybridize with the multivoltine Colias philodice, with hybrids exhibiting abnormal diapause dynamics.
butterfly Pieridae North-America univoltine diapause hybridization state-symbol Vaccinium-feeder
Conotrachelus schoofi
Pecan Shoot Curculio
Conotrachelus schoofi is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae that feeds on pecans. Adults cause premature nut drop by feeding on pecan nutlets. Larvae develop within the nuts, completing their growth inside the shuck. The species has one generation per year, with adults emerging in spring and overwintering in diapause.
pest agriculture Coleoptera Curculionidae pecan univoltine diapause North-America
Contarinia negundinis
boxelder gall midge, boxelder bud gall midge, boxelder leaf gall midge
Contarinia negundinis, commonly known as the boxelder gall midge, is a species of gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae. It induces galls on boxelder (Acer negundo) and is the only North American species in its genus known to enter diapause during the pupal stage. The species is distributed in parts of the United States including Vermont.
gall-midge Cecidomyiidae diapause boxelder Acer-negundo North-America
Contarinia sorghicola
sorghum midge
Contarinia sorghicola, the sorghum midge, is a gall midge and one of the most damaging insect pests of grain and forage sorghum. Adults are small, fragile, orange-red flies with yellow heads, brown antennae and legs, and gray membranous wings. Females lay eggs in flowering sorghum spikelets; larvae feed on developing ovaries, preventing kernel formation and causing empty glumes. The species has a global distribution across tropical and subtropical regions where sorghum is cultivated.
pest agriculture sorghum gall-midge Cecidomyiidae integrated-pest-management resistance-breeding diapause economic-entomology cereal-crop-protection
Corythucha cydoniae
hawthorn lace bug
Corythucha cydoniae, commonly known as the hawthorn lace bug, is a native North American lace bug species in the family Tingidae. It is a documented pest of woody rosaceous plants, with principal hosts including hawthorn (Crataegus), serviceberry (Amelanchier), firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea), and cotoneaster. The species has been recorded across much of the United States, Canada, and Central America. Research indicates temperature-dependent development with thermal thresholds around 13-15°C, and reproductive diapause induced by photoperiods shorter than 13:11 (L:D) at 24°C.
pest native lace-bug rosaceous-hosts temperature-dependent-development diapause ornamental-pest
Crambus
sod webworm moth, crambid snout moth
Crambus is a genus of approximately 155 species of crambid moths distributed globally. Adults are small snout moths with elongated labial palps, while larvae are known as sod webworms—significant pests of turfgrass and pasture grasses. The genus exhibits considerable variation in life history strategies, with some species bivoltine and others univoltine. Larval feeding damage is most pronounced during drought conditions and in closely mown turf.
pest turfgrass sod-webworm snout-moth grass-feeder diapause biological-control integrated-pest-management
Crambus tutillus
sod webworm
Crambus tutillus is a sod webworm moth in the family Crambidae, described by McDunnough in 1921. It is univoltine with a life cycle tightly regulated by photoperiod and temperature. Larvae develop through nine instars, overwintering as diapausing eighth instars, with adults emerging in mid-May and reproducing through June and July. The species exhibits an unusual adaptive response where early instar growth rates increase as daylength decreases, synchronizing development with seasonal food availability.
sod-webworm turfgrass-pest univoltine photoperiod-adaptation Pacific-Northwest diapause Crambidae Lepidoptera pest-management grassland-ecology
Culex
typical mosquitoes
Culex is a diverse genus of mosquitoes comprising over 1,000 species across more than 20 subgenera. Several species serve as important disease vectors, transmitting arboviruses including West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, and St. Louis encephalitis, as well as filariasis and avian malaria. The genus occurs worldwide except for extreme northern temperate regions and is the most commonly encountered mosquito in many major U.S. cities. While most Culex species exhibit characteristic raft-forming egg-laying behavior, at least one species, Culex antillummagnorum, has been documented with unique aerial and "barrage" oviposition strategies.
vector mosquito disease-vector arbovirus West-Nile-virus urban-pest freshwater-breeder holometabolous diapause invasive-species
Culex pipiens
common house mosquito, northern house mosquito
Culex pipiens is a globally distributed mosquito species native to Africa, Asia, and Europe, now found in temperate regions worldwide except Antarctica. It is the type species for the genus Culex and one of the most common mosquitoes in human habitats in the northern hemisphere. The species includes two morphologically indistinguishable but ecologically distinct forms: C. p. form pipiens, which lives above ground and feeds primarily on birds, and C. p. form molestus, which lives underground and bites mammals including humans. Hybrids between these forms exhibit intermediate feeding behavior and are implicated as bridge vectors for West Nile virus transmission from birds to humans.
mosquito vector West-Nile-virus urban-pest medical-entomology Culex-pipiens-complex form-pipiens form-molestus autogeny diapause bridge-vector
Culex tarsalis
Western Encephalitis Mosquito
Culex tarsalis is a mosquito species distributed across North America, with particular importance in the western United States as a vector of multiple arboviruses. The species is distinguished by black and white banding on the legs. It serves as the primary vector for West Nile virus in agricultural areas of California and transmits Saint Louis encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, and avian malaria parasites. Some populations exhibit autogeny, the ability to produce eggs without blood feeding. The species has been the subject of extensive genetic research, with a reference genome published in 2020.
vector mosquito arbovirus West-Nile-virus encephalitis medical-entomology autogeny diapause
Cuterebra tenebrosa
rodent bot fly, pack rat botfly
Cuterebra tenebrosa, commonly known as the rodent bot fly or pack rat botfly, is a New World skin bot fly in the family Oestridae. The species is a specialized parasite of bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea). Adult males exhibit distinctive territorial aggregation behavior near host habitats, establishing territories over heat-reflecting surfaces and engaging in aerial defense against intruders. The species demonstrates complex life history traits including temperature-dependent pupal diapause that can extend development up to two years.
bot-fly parasitoid rodent-parasite diapause territorial-behavior Oestridae Cuterebrinae Neotoma-cinerea wood-rat-parasite temperature-dependent-development aggregation-behavior New-World-skin-bot-fly
Cylindrocopturus adspersus
sunflower stem weevil
Cylindrocopturus adspersus, commonly known as the sunflower stem weevil, is a true weevil in the family Curculionidae. Adults are small, grayish-brown beetles with irregular whitish markings, approximately 5 mm in length. The species has a single generation per year, with larvae developing inside sunflower stems and overwintering in chambers hollowed out at the base of the plant. It is recognized as an occasional but potentially serious pest of cultivated sunflowers in North America, capable of reducing yields by up to 50% in heavily infested fields.
agricultural-pest sunflower-pest stem-borer Curculionidae North-America single-generation diapause