Invasive
Guides
Acanalonia
cone-headed planthoppers
Acanalonia is a genus of planthoppers in the family Acanaloniidae, containing the majority of species within that family. Species are generally small, mostly green, and feed on woody and semi-woody plants. Several species have become invasive in Europe, including A. conica, which has established populations in multiple countries.
Acantholyda erythrocephala
red-headed pine sawfly, pine false webworm
Acantholyda erythrocephala is a sawfly in the family Pamphiliidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America in 1925, where it became an invasive pest of pine trees. The species is commonly known as the red-headed pine sawfly or pine false webworm. Its larvae construct distinctive silken tubes for feeding and shelter, causing defoliation of host trees. The species has been the target of biological control efforts using parasitoid flies and viral agents.
Acizzia
Acizzia is a genus of psyllids in the monotypic subfamily Acizziinae, established by George Heslop-Harrison in 1961. Species are primarily associated with leguminous hosts, particularly Acacia and Albizia species in Australia, though some have expanded to Solanaceae and Loranthaceae. Many species exhibit high host specificity, with some being monophagous or oligophagous. Several species have become invasive outside their native ranges following the global horticultural trade of their host plants.
Acizzia jamatonica
Acizzia jamatonica is a psyllid species (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) native to Asia that has established populations in Europe and North America. It is associated with Albizia species, particularly Albizia julibrissin. The species was first described by Kuwayama in 1908 from Japan and has since been detected as a non-native introduction in multiple countries.
Acrididae
Short-horned Grasshoppers, Grasshoppers
Acrididae is the largest family of grasshoppers, comprising approximately 6,700–10,000 species within the suborder Caelifera. Members are characterized by short, stout antennae and auditory tympana located on the first abdominal segment. The family includes all locust species capable of forming destructive swarms, making it economically significant worldwide. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate the family originated in South America during the Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago, rather than Africa as previously believed.
Adelges cooleyi
Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Douglas fir adelgid, gall adelgid
Adelges cooleyi is a gall-forming adelgid native to western North America, specifically the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains. It is a host-alternating species with a complex life cycle involving two primary hosts: spruce (Picea) species as primary hosts and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) as the secondary host. On spruce, the adelgid induces the formation of distinctive pineapple-shaped galls at branch terminals. On Douglas fir, it produces white, cottony wax masses containing eggs but causes less conspicuous injury. The species has two generations per year and exhibits morphological dimorphism: progredientes migrate to current-year needles while sistentes settle on older needles.
Agrilus cyanescens
Agrilus cyanescens is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. The species is native to Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) and has been introduced to North America, where it is now considered invasive. It has been newly recorded in Connecticut and other eastern states. Two subspecies are recognized: A. c. cyanescens and A. c. johanidesi.
Agrilus sinuatus
sinuate peartree borer, hawthorn jewel beetle
Agrilus sinuatus is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, native to Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) with introduced or established populations in North America. The species has emerged as a significant pest of rosaceous trees in European orchards and nurseries, particularly pear, quince, and hawthorn. It was historically an occasional pest in the 19th century, became rare during the broad-spectrum insecticide era, then resurged dramatically from 1992–1997 in Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium, with a major population explosion recorded in Hungary in 2019 causing 40–50% tree mortality in a quince orchard. The species exhibits a two-year life cycle with thermophilic tendencies, showing increased population growth following hot summers.
Aleurodicus
whiteflies, spiraling whiteflies, rugose spiraling whitefly (for A. rugioperculatus), giant whitefly (for A. dugesii)
Aleurodicus is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) comprising at least 30 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Several species are significant agricultural and ornamental pests, including the invasive rugose spiraling whitefly (A. rugioperculatus) and the spiraling whitefly (A. dispersus). The genus is characterized by distinctive wax-producing capabilities and puparial morphology used extensively in taxonomic identification.
Aleurodicus dugesii
giant whitefly, spiralling whitefly
Aleurodicus dugesii, commonly known as the giant whitefly, is a polyphagous pest of horticultural crops native to the Americas and invasive in Asia. It produces distinctive long wax filaments during the nymph stage that resemble a beard. Population densities can exceed 1,900 individuals per leaf on preferred hosts, causing severe defoliation and plant damage. The species serves as host for several introduced parasitoids used in biological control programs.
Amphiareus obscuriceps
Amphiareus obscuriceps is a minute predatory flower bug (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) native to the Sino-Japanese Region of East Asia. The species has become invasive in North America and Europe, where it has been recorded since at least 2007. It inhabits dead leaf clusters of deciduous trees and shrubs, where it preys on small arthropods. Phylogeographic studies indicate the species diverged into Chinese and Japanese lineages approximately 1.07 million years ago, influenced by Pleistocene sea level fluctuations.
Amphibalanus
acorn barnacle
Amphibalanus is a genus of acorn barnacles in the family Balanidae, established by Pitombo in 2004 to accommodate species formerly assigned to Balanus. The genus contains multiple species including the widespread and economically significant Amphibalanus amphitrite and A. improvisus. These barnacles are characterized by their conical calcareous shells, cemented base, and planktonic larval stages culminating in a settlement-competent cyprid stage. Several species have become established outside their native ranges as invasive biofouling organisms in ports and harbors worldwide.
Amphibalanus amphitrite
striped barnacle, purple acorn barnacle, Amphitrite's rock barnacle
Amphibalanus amphitrite is a medium-sized acorn barnacle with distinctive purple or brown vertical stripes. It is a globally distributed marine species native to warm and temperate waters, now recognized as a significant biofouling organism. The species has become a model organism for larval settlement research due to its invasive potential, worldwide distribution, and ease of laboratory culture. Its genome has been sequenced, and extensive neurobiological studies have examined the settlement behavior of its cyprid larvae.
Anastrepha suspensa
Caribbean fruit fly, Greater Antillean fruit fly, guava fruit fly, Caribfly
Anastrepha suspensa is a tephritid fruit fly native to the Caribbean region and now established in Florida. Adults are 11–14 mm long with yellow-orange-brown coloration and distinctive wing venation patterns. The species is a significant agricultural pest, infesting over 100 host plants with particular preference for guava, Cayenne cherry, and citrus. Females possess a serrated ovipositor for cutting into fruit to deposit eggs. Mating occurs through lek formation on host fruit, with males establishing territories and producing acoustic signals through wing vibrations.
Anthonomus rubi
strawberry blossom weevil, strawberry-blossom weevil
Anthonomus rubi is a small weevil native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa that has become established in North America (first detected in British Columbia, Canada in 2019, then Washington State, USA in 2021). It is a major agricultural pest of strawberry and raspberry, with females laying single eggs in unopened flower buds before severing the stalk, causing bud death and yield losses up to 80% in severe cases. The species has been observed to exhibit prolonged adult activity year-round in protected cultivation systems, with recent documentation of direct fruit feeding behavior in addition to traditional bud damage.
Anthonomus testaceosquamosus
hibiscus bud weevil
Anthonomus testaceosquamosus, commonly known as the hibiscus bud weevil, is a small curculionid weevil native to northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. The species was first detected as an invasive pest in south Florida in May 2017, where it infests China rose hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) in ornamental production systems. It has three larval instars and completes its life cycle only at 27±1°C. The species is now regulated in Florida due to significant economic damage to the hibiscus industry.
Antispila
shield-bearer moths
Antispila is a genus of leaf-mining moths in the family Heliozelidae, established by Jacob Hübner in 1825. The genus comprises approximately 50 described species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Larvae feed internally on leaves of host plants, creating distinctive serpentine or blotch mines that terminate in oval cutouts ('shields') used for pupation. Several species are economically significant as pests of grapevines, dogwoods, and ornamental shrubs. Taxonomic revisions using DNA barcoding have resolved longstanding species complexes, particularly among Cornus-feeding species in Europe.
Aplos
Aplos is a monotypic genus of issid planthoppers in the family Issidae, established by Gnezdilov in 2018. The sole species, Aplos simplex, was previously classified under the genus Thionia. The genus has established invasive populations in Europe.
Appendiseta
Appendiseta is a monotypic genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Richards in 1965. The sole described species, Appendiseta robiniae, is known as the black locust aphid and has been introduced to Europe from its native North American range. The genus is classified within the tribe Therioaphidini and subfamily Calaphidinae.
Archips fuscocupreanus
exotic leafroller moth, apple tortrix
Archips fuscocupreanus is a leafroller moth in the family Tortricidae, native to East Asia (China, South Korea, Japan, and eastern Russia). It is an introduced species in the northeastern United States, where it has established populations in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Washington. The species is a generalist herbivore with larvae feeding on numerous woody and herbaceous plants across multiple families. Adults are active in summer, with flight periods recorded from June to July in China.
Atholus bimaculatus
Spotted Clown Beetle
Atholus bimaculatus, commonly known as the spotted clown beetle, is a species of histerid beetle with a remarkably broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents. The species is native to the Palearctic region (Europe, Northern Asia, North Africa) and has been introduced to North America, South America, and parts of Asia. It belongs to the family Histeridae, a group commonly called clown beetles or hister beetles, which are typically associated with decomposing organic matter. The specific epithet 'bimaculatus' refers to two spots, likely describing a characteristic marking pattern on the elytra.
Attagenus smirnovi
Brown Carpet Beetle, Vodka Beetle
Attagenus smirnovi is a synanthropic dermestid beetle commonly known as the brown carpet beetle. Native to Africa, it has established populations across Central and Northern Europe through human-mediated dispersal. The species is a significant pest of museum collections and households, feeding on keratin-based materials including wool textiles, carpets, fur, and skin. First described by Rustem Devletovich Zhantiev in 1973, it was named after E.S. Smirnov, who first observed it in Moscow in 1961.
Aulacaspis
Aulacaspis is a genus of armored scale insects in the family Diaspididae. These small, sap-sucking insects are characterized by their protective waxy coverings, called tests, which shield their soft bodies. The genus includes numerous species, some of which are significant agricultural and horticultural pests. The type species is Aulacaspis rosae. Several species have become invasive outside their native ranges, notably Aulacaspis yasumatsui, which has caused severe damage to cycad populations worldwide.
Bactrocera oleae
olive fruit fly, olive fly, δάκος της ελιάς
Bactrocera oleae is a tephritid fruit fly and the most destructive pest of olive cultivation worldwide. Larvae feed exclusively on olive fruits (Olea europaea), causing direct damage to pulp and oil quality. Annual crop losses can reach 30% without control, and exceed 90% in severe infestations. The species is monophagous on olives and has developed resistance to multiple insecticide classes, driving research into alternative management strategies including sterile insect technique and biological control.
Badumna
House Spiders, Black House Spider, Grey House Spider
Badumna is a genus of medium to large cribellate spiders in the family Desidae, first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1890. The genus is native to the Indo-Australian region, with most species endemic to Australasia. Several species, particularly B. longinqua and B. insignis, have become synanthropic and have been introduced to multiple continents, establishing populations in urban environments. The most well-known species, B. insignis, is commonly called the 'black house spider' and has been documented in Japan as an introduced species.
Badumna longinqua
Grey House Spider
Badumna longinqua, the grey house spider, is a medium-sized spider native to eastern Australia that has become a widespread invasive species. It is highly synanthropic, thriving in urban environments and artificial structures rather than natural habitats. The species constructs distinctive messy, ladder-like webs from retreats in cracks and crevices. Females may remain in the same web for their entire lives, while males disperse to seek mates during warmer months.
Blattella asahinai
Asian cockroach
Blattella asahinai, the Asian cockroach, is a small peridomestic cockroach species first described in 1981 from Okinawa, Japan. It is nearly morphologically identical to the German cockroach (B. germanica) but occupies distinct ecological niches, preferring outdoor habitats with leaf litter and vegetation. The species is a strong flier attracted to light, contrasting with its flight-avoidant relative. Since its introduction to Florida in 1986, it has spread throughout the southeastern United States, where it can reach extremely high population densities in suitable habitats.
Boisea trivittata
eastern boxelder bug, box bug, maple bug, adobe bug
Boisea trivittata, commonly known as the eastern boxelder bug, is a North American true bug in the family Rhopalidae. Despite being classified as 'scentless plant bugs,' this species produces defensive monoterpene hydrocarbons that deter predators. Adults are approximately 12-13 mm long with dark brown or black coloration marked by distinctive red wing veins and abdominal markings. The species undergoes incomplete metamorphosis, with bright red nymphs maturing to winged adults before winter. It is primarily associated with boxelder trees (Acer negundo), though it also occurs on other maples and ash trees.
Brachyplatys subaeneus
black bean bug
Brachyplatys subaeneus, commonly known as the black bean bug, is a shield bug in the family Plataspidae native to Asia. It has established invasive populations in the Western Hemisphere, first detected in Panama in 2012 and subsequently reported from Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, and Florida (USA). The species is a significant agricultural pest with a strong preference for legume crops, though it feeds on multiple plant families. Genetic studies have identified three distinct lineages within its native range and traced invasive populations to specific source regions.
Bruchus affinis
seed beetle
Bruchus affinis is a univoltine seed beetle native to the western Palaearctic Region, first recorded in North America in Canada (British Columbia, Ontario, Québec) before 2007. It was likely introduced via imported Lathyrus seeds for planting. The species develops inside seeds of Lathyrus species, with adults feeding on pollen and nectar. Development from egg to adult requires approximately 60 days. The parasitoid Dinarmus basalis has been recorded causing about 10% mortality in Canadian populations.
Cacoecimorpha pronubana
Carnation Tortrix, Carnation Leaf-roller
Cacoecimorpha pronubana is a highly polyphagous tortricid moth of Mediterranean origin, now widespread across Europe, North Africa, and introduced to North America and South Africa. The sole species in its genus, it is a significant pest of ornamental plants and horticultural crops. Larvae feed on foliage, flowers, and fruits, rolling leaves with silken webbing to create concealed feeding shelters. The species exhibits complex transgenerational responses to host plant changes, with parental diet affecting offspring development and reproduction.
Cacopsylla fatsiae
Cacopsylla fatsiae is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, described by Jensen in 1957. It belongs to the genus Cacopsylla, which includes numerous phloem-feeding insects associated with woody plants. The species has been recorded in Japan, China (Hong Kong), and California (USA). Like other Cacopsylla species, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem sap, though specific host associations for C. fatsiae remain poorly documented in published literature.
Callidiellum rufipenne
Japanese Cedar Longhorned Beetle
Callidiellum rufipenne is a small longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) native to East Asia, commonly known as the Japanese Cedar Longhorned Beetle. It is a wood-boring pest of conifers in the Cupressaceae and Pinaceae families. The species has been introduced to multiple regions outside its native range, including eastern North America, Europe, and Oceania, where it has established populations. It is of economic concern due to damage to ornamental and timber conifers.
Calomycterus setarius
Imported Long-horned Weevil
Calomycterus setarius, commonly known as the imported long-horned weevil, is a broad-nosed weevil native to Japan that has become established in eastern North America. The species belongs to the family Curculionidae and is classified within the subfamily Entiminae. It is frequently encountered in the northeastern and midwestern United States, with confirmed records from states including Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa.
Caloptilia fraxinella
Ash Leaf Cone Roller, Ash Leaf Cone Roller Moth
Caloptilia fraxinella is a leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. Native to North America, it has become a significant pest of horticultural ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in Canadian Prairie cities and parts of the United States. The species exhibits an unusual life history with a 9-month adult reproductive diapause; adults eclose in summer, overwinter, and mate the following spring. Larvae mine ash leaves and eventually roll leaflets into cones for pupation.
Camponotus sexguttatus
Six-spotted Carpenter Ant
Camponotus sexguttatus is a Neotropical carpenter ant native to South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The species has established invasive populations in Florida, Hawaii, and Arizona, where it has been documented as a 'tramp ant' in urban environments. It belongs to the diverse genus Camponotus, which includes over 1,000 species of wood-nesting ants. Multiple subspecies have been described across its native range.
Carcinus
Green crabs
Carcinus is a genus of crabs in the family Carcinidae, comprising two recognized species: C. maenas (the European green crab or shore crab) and C. aestuarii (the Mediterranean shore crab). The genus is notable for containing one of the world's most successful marine invasive species, C. maenas, which has established populations across temperate coastlines on multiple continents. Both species share similar ecological roles as opportunistic predators in coastal marine systems. C. aestuarii is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and has been implicated in at least one invasion event in Japan.
Carpophilus hemipterus
dried-fruit beetle
Carpophilus hemipterus is a sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae known as the dried-fruit beetle. It is a cosmopolitan pest of ripening and dried fruits, with documented infestations on dates, litchi, mango, guava, papaya, and stone fruits. The species exhibits strong aggregation behavior mediated by pheromones and shows phototactic flight responses that transition readily to vegetative orientation upon encountering food odors. It completes multiple generations per season in warm climates, with population peaks correlating with temperature and humidity optima. Both adults and larvae cause direct damage to fruits and can vector microorganisms associated with fermentation and aflatoxin production.
Cephennium gallicum
Cephennium gallicum is a minute rove beetle in the subfamily Scydmaeninae, native to Europe and first recorded in North America in 2004 from Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia. The species is believed to have been introduced via shipping activity at the port of Halifax. It represents one of several documented cases of Palearctic Coleoptera establishing populations in North American port cities.
Cercopagididae
Cercopagididae is a family of predatory branchiopod crustaceans in the order Onychopoda. Members are planktonic water fleas characterized by specialized predatory adaptations including modified thoracopods and distinctive labral morphology. The family includes notable invasive species such as Bythotrephes longimanus (spiny water flea) and Cercopagis pengoi (fishhook water flea), which have been introduced to North America and pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems. Native to the Palearctic, several species have expanded their ranges through human-mediated dispersal.
Cercyon lateralis
Cercyon lateralis is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is native to Europe and parts of Asia, and has been introduced to North America where it is now established across much of Canada and the northern United States. The species occupies moist terrestrial and semi-aquatic habitats, typical of the genus Cercyon.
Chlosyne theona
Theona Checkerspot
Chlosyne theona, commonly known as the Theona Checkerspot, is a species of brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is native to North America and has been recorded in Hawaii. The species is part of the checkerspot group within the genus Chlosyne, which includes several similar-looking species with patterned orange and black wing markings. The MONA or Hodges number for this species is 4508.
Chrysis angolensis
Chrysis angolensis is a cuckoo wasp in the family Chrysididae. Originally described from Angola, it has established populations across much of the world through human-mediated dispersal. The species is a documented parasite of mud dauber nests, with a known association to the black and yellow mud dauber Sceliphron caementarium. It has been recorded as introduced to French Polynesia and is well-established in North America.
Cithaeron
Cithaeron is a genus of small, nomadic spiders in the family Cithaeronidae. Members are characterized by depressed posterior median eyes and pseudosegmented tarsi. The genus includes species with Old World origins that have become established as human-mediated introductions in multiple regions, including the Americas. Cithaeron praedonius, the best-known species, was first documented in Florida in 2011 and has since been recorded in multiple counties.
Cithaeronidae
Curly-legged Ground Spiders
Cithaeronidae is a small family of araneomorph spiders in the superfamily Gnaphosoidea, established by Simon in 1893. The family contains two genera—Cithaeron and Inthaeron—with approximately ten described species. Members are small, pale yellowish, fast-moving nocturnal hunters that construct silken retreats under rocks. Several species, notably Cithaeron praedonius, have been introduced to the Americas and Australia through human activity.
Coccotrypes cyperi
seed borer
A small weevil species in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the seed borer. Native to Southeast Asia, it has established cosmopolitan distribution through human-mediated dispersal, particularly via international trade in seeds and plant materials. The species is polyphagous and has been documented from approximately 50 host plant species. It is recognized as an invasive pest in multiple regions including the United States, where it was introduced in the early 1900s through imported bird seeds and avocado seeds.
Coptodisca
Coptodisca is a genus of small moths in the family Heliozelidae, established by Walsingham in 1895. Species are leafminers whose larvae feed internally on leaves of woody plants, creating distinctive blotch mines. Several species have become invasive pests in Europe, particularly C. lucifluella and C. juglandiella on walnut (Juglans) and related trees. The genus is native to the Nearctic region with approximately 20 described species.
Coptotermes
Coptotermes is a genus of subterranean termites in the family Rhinotermitidae, containing approximately 71 described species. The genus is thought to have originated in Southeast Asia and includes some of the world's most economically destructive termite pests, notably Coptotermes formosanus (Formosan subterranean termite) and C. gestroi (Asian subterranean termite). A 2013 consensus among 31 termite experts reduced the number of validated species from 69 to 21 based on morphological and molecular evidence, with many historical names suspected to be synonyms. Species in this genus exhibit complex social behaviors including age-based task division and unique nitrogen recycling strategies.
termitepestinvasivestructural-pestsubterraneanRhinotermitidaeHeterotermitidaeeconomic-pesturban-entomologycolonysocial-insectmoltingnitrogen-recyclingexuviaeage-polyethismFormosan-subterranean-termiteAsian-subterranean-termiteSoutheast-Asia-originwood-feedingcellulosegut-protozoalower-termiteevolutionary-transitiontunnelingforagingtrophallaxisproctodeal-trophallaxiscarton-nestAhamitermesparasitechitin-synthesis-inhibitorCSI-baitmolting-site-fidelityinvasive-speciesurban-peststructural-damagequarantineshippingrailroad-tiesmulchHawaiiFloridaLouisianaTaiwanJapanChinaPhilippinesAustraliatemperature-limitationhumidity-requirementcolony-sizeseveral-millionalatesswarmingnematode-associationvertical-transfermorphological-plasticitymolecular-identificationmitochondrial-DNACOII12S-rRNA16S-rRNAconsortium-taxonomytaxonomic-cold-casesynonymyWasmann-1896Crangonyctidae
Crangonyctidae is a family of freshwater amphipod crustaceans containing both surface-dwelling and subterranean species. The family includes notable genera such as Crangonyx, Stygobromus, Bactrurus, and Synurella. Many species are obligate groundwater inhabitants adapted to cave and aquifer environments, while others occupy springs, streams, and lakes. The family has a broad geographic distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, with significant diversity in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Crangonyx
cave amphipods, spring amphipods
Crangonyx is a genus of freshwater amphipod crustaceans in the family Crangonyctidae. Species inhabit diverse aquatic environments including surface waters (marshes, swamps, lakes, rivers) and subterranean habitats (caves, springs, groundwater systems). The genus includes both native and highly invasive species, with some taxa exhibiting troglobitic adaptations such as reduced eyes and elongated appendages. Several species have been introduced outside their native ranges, notably Crangonyx pseudogracilis and C. floridanus in Europe and Asia, where they interact competitively and predatorily with native amphipods.
Creugas gulosus
Creugas gulosus is a species of true spider in the family Corinnidae, first described by Thorell in 1878. Native to South America, it has established introduced populations across Africa, Myanmar, Australia, and Pacific islands. The species belongs to a genus of ground-dwelling spiders that are part of the diverse corinnid fauna.
Crossopriza lyoni
Tailed Cellar Spider, Tailed Daddy Longlegs Spider, Box Spider
Crossopriza lyoni is a cosmopolitan cellar spider (Pholcidae) characterized by extremely long, fragile legs and a distinctive box-shaped abdomen. Females reach 3–7 mm in body length, males 2.5–6 mm, with leg spans up to 6 cm. The species is synanthropic, thriving in human dwellings worldwide, particularly in tropical to subtropical regions. It constructs extensive, irregular cobweb-like webs and is often regarded as both a household pest and beneficial predator of mosquitoes and other arthropods. Native range unknown; now pantropical through human-mediated introduction.
Cryptorhynchus
hidden snout weevils
Cryptorhynchus is a genus of hidden snout weevils in the family Curculionidae, containing at least 480 described species. The genus name derives from Greek roots meaning 'hidden' and 'snout,' referring to the concealed rostrum characteristic of these beetles. The genus includes economically significant species such as Cryptorhynchus lapathi, the poplar-and-willow borer, which is a major pest of Salix and Populus species in North America and elsewhere.
Cryptorhynchus lapathi
Poplar-and-Willow Borer, Poplar and Willow Borer, Willow Borer, Osier Weevil, Willow Weevil
Cryptorhynchus lapathi is a Eurasian-origin weevil (Curculionidae) introduced to North America, now established as a significant pest of willow (Salix) and poplar (Populus) species. Larvae bore into stems, creating infection courts for pathogens and causing structural weakening that leads to stem breakage. The species has expanded its range considerably in British Columbia since its first detection in 1923, with prevalence linked to thermal regimes—areas with more months above 10°C show higher attack rates. Climate modeling predicts continued northward range expansion and increased suitable habitat area through 2100.
Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
gray silverfish, long-tailed silverfish, paper silverfish
Ctenolepisma longicaudatum is a synanthropic silverfish species first described from South Africa in 1905, now distributed worldwide in human dwellings. It has become a significant indoor pest in Europe since the early 2000s, particularly in newly constructed buildings with stable climates. The species damages cellulose-based materials including books, documents, and textiles, and can survive extended periods without food.
Ctenophora
comb jellies, sea gooseberries, sea walnuts, Venus's girdles
Ctenophora is a phylum of marine invertebrates distinguished by eight rows of fused cilia used for locomotion, called comb rows. They are the largest animals to swim using cilia. Unlike cnidarians, they lack stinging cells and instead capture prey using colloblasts—sticky adhesive cells. The phylum contains approximately 150–186 recognized species exhibiting diverse body plans, from egg-shaped cydippids with retractable tentacles to flattened benthic platyctenids and large-mouthed beroids. Ctenophores possess a decentralized nerve net without a brain, and their phylogenetic position as either the earliest or second-earliest branching animal lineage remains actively debated.
Cydia pomonella
Codling Moth
Cydia pomonella is a tortricid moth and major global pest of apple and pear orchards. The caterpillar, commonly known as the 'worm in the apple,' bores into fruit and prevents normal development, causing premature ripening and crop loss. Adults are attracted to pheromone traps with limited plume reach, requiring multiple traps for reliable monitoring. The species has been detected via environmental DNA in yard waste shipments, highlighting its potential for human-mediated dispersal.
Desidae
intertidal spiders, desid spiders
Desidae is a family of spiders with remarkable ecological diversity, ranging from truly marine intertidal species to inland web-builders. The family was historically defined by intertidal members of the genus Desis, which construct air-filled silk retreats in barnacle shells or kelp holdfasts to survive tidal submersion. Modern circumscription includes inland genera such as Badumna and Phryganoporus. The family contains 63 genera and over 320 species, with the majority native to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia. Some species have become invasive synanthropes, establishing populations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia.
Dieuches armatipes
Dieuches armatipes is a seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. Native to Africa, it has established populations in the Western Hemisphere including the Caribbean and Florida. The species was first documented in the Western Hemisphere from Grand Cayman and St. Kitts in 1993, with subsequent records from intercepted specimens in the Dominican Republic and Jamaica. It has since been confirmed on the Florida mainland and in Belgium.
Dinoderus minutus
bamboo borer, bamboo powderpost beetle
Dinoderus minutus is a small wood-boring beetle in the family Bostrichidae, commonly known as the bamboo borer or bamboo powderpost beetle. Native to Asia, it has become a globally distributed pest of bamboo products through international trade. The species is attracted to the internal starch content of bamboo and is considered one of the most damaging pests of the bamboo industry, capable of causing significant economic losses in storage and finished products. It has established populations across multiple continents including Europe, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania.
Drepanaphis acerifoliae
painted maple aphid
Drepanaphis acerifoliae, commonly known as the painted maple aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is one of 16 species in the genus Drepanaphis, all native to North America. This species has the broadest geographic range among its congeners and is the only member of the genus known to have been introduced to Europe, where it has established populations in the Mediterranean region and beyond. Climate modeling suggests potential for further northward expansion in both North America and Europe over the coming decades.
Dryadaula terpsichorella
dancing moth, Hawaiian Dancing Moth
Dryadaula terpsichorella is a small moth known for its distinctive dancelike movements upon landing. Native to south-eastern Polynesia, Samoa, and Fiji, it has established populations in Hawaii, Florida, and California. The species was first described by August Busck in 1910. It is commonly called the "dancing moth" or "Hawaiian Dancing Moth" due to its characteristic behavioral display.
Echidnophaga gallinacea
hen flea, sticktight flea, stickfast flea
Echidnophaga gallinacea is a small, dark brown flea that parasitizes a broad range of bird and mammal hosts including poultry, dogs, cats, and occasionally humans. Adult females embed permanently into host skin—typically on bare areas of the head and face—using a serrated mouthpart to feed on blood, while males remain mobile. Heavy infestations cause ulceration, dermatitis, anemia, and can be fatal to young or small hosts. The species has spread globally through poultry farming and is now established across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions.
fleaectoparasitepoultry-pestvectorinvasivecosmopolitanintegrated-pest-managementcage-free-poultrybackyard-chickenshematophagypermanent-attachmentsessile-femaleresilinjumpingctenidia-absentanaemiadermatitisulcerationRickettsiaBartonellaplaguediatomaceous-earthmaldisonpesticide-resistanceorganic-farminganimal-welfareeconomic-entomologyveterinary-entomologyhost-generalisturban-wildlife-interfacesynanthropicEchinothrips americanus
Poinsettia thrips, Impatiens thrips, American thrips
Echinothrips americanus is a small thrips species in the family Thripidae, native to eastern North America and first described from Florida in 1913. It has become an invasive pest of global concern, spreading to Europe, Asia, Australia, and other regions since the 1990s. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on foliage of at least 48 plant families, with particular preference for Araceae and Balsaminaceae. It is primarily a greenhouse and ornamental pest, causing chlorotic damage to leaves through piercing-sucking feeding.
Ectobius
wood cockroaches, field cockroaches
Ectobius is a genus of small, cool-adapted cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae. Adults measure 6–12 mm in length with brown to yellowish coloration and pale margins. The genus has a complex biogeographic history: fossil evidence from the 49-million-year-old Green River Formation in Colorado indicates Ectobius originated in North America, despite its long absence from the continent until recent reintroductions. Species are primarily distributed across Europe, Africa, the eastern Palearctic, and the Near East. Several species have been introduced to northeastern North America within the last 65 years, where Ectobius lapponicus has become synanthropic.
Eriosoma lanigerum
woolly apple aphid, woolly aphid, American blight
Eriosoma lanigerum is a small phloem-feeding aphid native to North America that has become a major worldwide pest of apple cultivation. Adults are concealed beneath dense white, cotton-like wax secretions produced from specialized abdominal glands, giving the species its common name. The aphid induces gall formation on both aerial and root tissues of host plants, disrupting vascular transport and potentially killing trees. Populations are primarily parthenogenetic in most regions, though sexual reproduction occurs where American elm (Ulmus americana) is present.
Euphyllura olivina
olive psyllid
Euphyllura olivina is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae that feeds exclusively on olive (Olea europaea). Native to the Mediterranean region, it has become invasive in California where it threatens olive production. The species develops two generations annually, with spring and autumn reproductive activity and summer reproductive diapause induced by high temperatures. Nymphal infestations concentrate near fruits and on shaded, lower canopy portions. Temperature sensitivity shapes its distribution and seasonal activity patterns.
Eupteryx
Eupteryx is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species within this genus are small, plant-feeding insects with documented associations primarily with plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae) and stinging nettles (Urtica dioica). Some species, notably E. decemnotata, have undergone rapid range expansion in recent decades. The genus exhibits host-specific oviposition behavior and color polymorphism in nymphal stages.
Eurhinus magnificus
Jewel Weevil, Iridescent Weevil
Eurhinus magnificus, commonly known as the jewel weevil, is a brilliantly colored weevil native to Central America. Adults are small (5–6 mm long, 3–4 mm wide) with striking metallic blue-green bodies accented by metallic red-copper on the humeri, elytra apex, pronotum, rostrum, and legs. The species was first described by Leonard Gyllenhaal in 1836 and has been introduced to southern Florida, where it was first detected in 2002. It is a gall-forming herbivore whose larvae develop within stem galls on its primary host plant, Cissus verticillata.
Euura lipovskyi
Azalea Sawfly
Euura lipovskyi, commonly known as the Azalea Sawfly, is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae. The species was first described from the eastern United States and has undergone recent taxonomic revision, with the combination Euura lipovskyi newly proposed. Larvae are specialized feeders on Rhododendron species in section Pentanthera. The species has shown notable range expansion in recent decades, now occurring in the Pacific Northwest, Europe, and Canada.
Exapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
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rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setGabrius astutoides
Gabrius astutoides is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Staphylininae. Originally described from Europe in 1946, it has established populations in eastern North America through human introduction. The species belongs to the diverse genus Gabrius, which contains numerous similar-looking species requiring careful examination for identification.
Glycaspis
Glycaspis is a genus of plant-parasitic psyllids in the family Aphalaridae. Species in this genus are strongly associated with Eucalyptus host plants. The genus includes at least two described species: Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid), a significant invasive pest of eucalyptus plantations worldwide, and Glycaspis granulata. Many Glycaspis species exhibit high host specificity, often restricted to single Eucalyptus species or closely related host groups. The genus is native to Australia, where it shows patterns of short-range endemism linked to host plant distribution.
Glyphodes pyloalis
lesser mulberry snout moth, lesser mulberry pyralid, beautiful glyphodes moth, mulberry pyralid
Glyphodes pyloalis is a small crambid moth native to Asia that has expanded its range to North America, Africa, and Central Asia. It is a specialist pest of mulberry (Morus spp.), with larvae feeding on leaves and causing significant economic damage to sericulture and mulberry cultivation. The species has shown notable range expansion in recent decades, facilitated by climate warming and wind dispersal. Population dynamics are strongly influenced by temperature extremes, with cold winters causing mass mortality of overwintering larvae.
Grapholita delineana
Eurasian hemp moth, hemp moth, hemp borer
Grapholita delineana, commonly known as the Eurasian hemp moth or hemp borer, is a tortricid moth species in the family Tortricidae. It has emerged as a significant economic pest of hemp (Cannabis sativa) in the United States following the crop's legalization for commercial production. The species is native to Eurasia but has established populations in North America where it can cause substantial damage to hemp crops, particularly those grown for cannabidiol (CBD) production.
Gynaikothrips ficorum
Cuban laurel thrips, fig leaf-rolling thrips
Gynaikothrips ficorum is a tube-tailed thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae, commonly known as the Cuban laurel thrips or fig leaf-rolling thrips. It is a gall-forming pest of Ficus species, inducing characteristic curled and folded leaf galls where it feeds, reproduces, and shelters. The species has achieved near-cosmopolitan distribution through human transport of its host plants. It was first described by Paul Marchal in 1908 as Phloeothrips ficorum.
Hemigrapsus
Hemigrapsus is a genus of varunid crabs containing fifteen recognized species. The genus is naturally distributed almost exclusively in the Pacific Ocean, with one species endemic to the Atlantic coast of South America. Two species—H. sanguineus and H. takanoi—have been introduced from East Asia to the North Atlantic region, where they have established invasive populations along European coasts and the eastern United States. One species, H. estellinensis, is considered extinct; it was endemic to a hypersaline spring in the Texas Panhandle.
Heterobostrychus
horned powder post beetles
A genus of wood-boring beetles in the family Bostrichidae, comprising six described species. Members are known for infesting timber, processed wood products, and certain crop plants. The genus has significant economic importance due to damage caused to lumber, furniture, and agricultural commodities. Several species have been introduced beyond their native ranges through international trade in wood products.
Heterobostrychus aequalis
oriental wood borer, lesser auger beetle, oriental bostrichid
Heterobostrychus aequalis is a horned powder-post beetle (family Bostrichidae) and serious pest of seasoned hardwood timber. Native to tropical and subtropical Asia, it has been introduced to multiple continents including North America, Australia, Africa, and Oceania. The species attacks starch-rich sapwood of timber and wood products, often remaining undetected until emergence holes and frass appear. In Florida, it has been intercepted at ports and is now established in the wild. In Australia, its establishment status remains ambiguous despite multiple detections, with evidence suggesting at most a tenuous local population in northern Queensland rather than widespread establishment.
Homalodisca vitripennis
Glassy-winged Sharpshooter
Homalodisca vitripennis, commonly known as the glassy-winged sharpshooter, is a large leafhopper native to the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico. It has become a major invasive pest in California, Hawaii, and the Pacific Islands, where it vectors Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterium causing Pierce's disease of grapevine—a lethal condition for vineyards. The species exhibits complex vibrational communication during mating, with males and females engaging in duets using species-specific signals. Populations in California's Central Valley have developed significant resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides, particularly imidacloprid, creating challenges for chemical management. Classical biological control using egg parasitoids from the genus Gonatocerus (family Mymaridae) has proven effective, with parasitism rates reaching 80-100% in some areas.
Hoplocampa testudinea
apple sawfly, European apple sawfly
Hoplocampa testudinea is a sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae that is a significant pest of apple orchards. Native to Europe, it was accidentally introduced to North America in 1939 and has since become invasive across the northeastern United States and Canada. The larvae develop inside developing apple fruitlets, causing characteristic ribbon scars or fruit drop, while adults are active during apple bloom and oviposit into the calyx of flowers.
Hyalopterus
Mealy Plum-Reed Aphids
Hyalopterus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as mealy plum-reed aphids. Species in this genus are cosmopolitan pests of stone fruit trees in the genus Prunus, causing damage through direct feeding and virus transmission. The genus has undergone recent taxonomic revision, with molecular and morphometric analyses supporting at least three distinct species: H. pruni, H. amygdali, and H. persikonus (the latter described in 2006). Species boundaries are strongly correlated with host-plant associations.
Hyblaea puera
teak defoliator
A small moth (wingspan 3–4 cm) and major defoliator of teak and mangrove ecosystems across tropical Asia. Adults have greyish-brown forewings that conceal brightly colored black and orange-yellow hindwings at rest. The species undergoes dramatic population outbreaks, with densities shifting from endemic levels to epidemic proportions seasonally. It has expanded beyond its native South and Southeast Asian range to Central America, Africa, and Australia, and has recently emerged as a serious invasive pest of mangroves in India and China.
Hyblaeoidea
Teak Moths
Hyblaeoidea is a small superfamily of moths in the order Lepidoptera, containing a single family Hyblaeidae with two genera (Hyblaea and Erythrochrus) and approximately 20 species. The superfamily has an uncertain phylogenetic position within the group Obtectomera, sometimes placed near Pyraloidea. Members are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The genus Hyblaea includes significant forest pests, notably Hyblaea puera, the teak defoliator.
Hypoponera punctatissima
Roger's ant
Hypoponera punctatissima, commonly known as Roger's ant, is a small ponerine ant native to Africa that has become a globally distributed tramp species. The species is strongly associated with human-modified environments, particularly heated buildings, greenhouses, and animal waste. Colonies are small, typically containing approximately 200 workers, and are often polydomous. The species is frequently encountered through alate gynes that appear above ground.
Incisitermes minor
Western Drywood Termite
Incisitermes minor, commonly known as the western drywood termite, is a drywood termite species in the family Kalotermitidae. Native to western North America, it has become established across much of the United States and has been introduced to Hawaii, China, and Japan. It is a significant structural pest, ranking as the second most destructive termite in California after the western subterranean termite (Reticulitermes hesperus), with estimated annual economic impact of approximately $250 million in California and Arizona combined. The species forms one-piece nests entirely within dry wood, does not require soil contact, and exhibits temperature-driven seasonal and daily activity patterns.
Leiobunum
harvestmen, daddy long-legs
Leiobunum is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones, family Sclerosomatidae) comprising over 100 described species. Members are characterized by exceptionally long legs relative to body size, with the second pair serving as sensory appendages rather than locomotory structures. The genus exhibits pronounced gregarious behavior, with many species forming dense aggregations on vertical surfaces. Leiobunum species are found across North America, Europe, and Asia, with some populations demonstrating rapid invasive spread in Europe.
Lepidosaphes ulmi
oystershell scale, apple mussel scale
Lepidosaphes ulmi, commonly known as the oystershell scale or apple mussel scale, is a widely distributed armored scale insect in the family Diaspididae. It is a significant pest of deciduous trees and woody plants, including major fruit crops such as apples, pears, plums, and peaches. The species causes damage by attaching to bark and sucking sap, potentially killing branches or entire trees under heavy infestation. It has been introduced to many regions worldwide beyond its native range and is considered invasive in numerous countries.
Leuronota fagarae
Wild Lime Psyllid
Leuronota fagarae (Wild Lime Psyllid) is a psyllid species in the family Triozidae, native to Paraguay and invasive in Florida, USA since 2001. It feeds on Zanthoxylum fagara (wild lime), a citrus relative in the Rutaceae family, causing characteristic rolled leaf edges that shelter developing nymphs. The species is taxonomically related to Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing (citrus greening), and their ranges overlap in Florida's transition zones between wild and cultivated citrus habitats. A novel Wolbachia endosymbiont strain (wLfag-FL, supergroup B) has been characterized from this species, revealing potential nutritional provisioning roles and informing research on symbiont-based pest control strategies.
Ligia exotica
sea roach, wharf roach, wharf louse
Ligia exotica is a large intertidal isopod commonly known as sea roach or wharf roach. It inhabits rocky coasts and harbor walls in the supralittoral zone just above the high water mark. The species has a complex taxonomic history with uncertain native origins, though molecular evidence points to East and Southeast Asia as the center of diversity. It has spread globally via human maritime activity and comprises multiple cryptic genetic lineages that may represent distinct species.
Luridiblatta
Luridiblatta is a genus of cockroaches in the family Ectobiidae, established by Fernandes in 1965. The genus contains 10 recognized species, including L. trivittata which has been introduced to California and is known there as the "tiny cockroach." Most species exhibit an almost circum-Mediterranean distribution. A 2022 taxonomic revision described 7 new species and organized them into three species-groups based on morphological characteristics.
Macrancylus linearis
Macrancylus linearis is a terrestrial weevil in the family Curculionidae. The species is believed to have originated in the Pacific region and has been introduced to mainland United States. It has been documented in shoreline habitats, specifically in association with driftwood.
Macropsis fuscula
Raspberry Leafhopper
Macropsis fuscula is a leafhopper species native to Europe, first recorded in North America in 1952 on Lulu Island, British Columbia, where it established as a pest of cultivated loganberry. The species exhibits population dynamics responsive to host availability and climatic events, having crashed after a severe freeze eliminated cultivated hosts in 1955, then rebounded within three years via re-infestation from wild host plants. It is now known from multiple localities across Europe and Asia, with 71 iNaturalist observations documenting its continued presence.
Megalonotus sabulicola
Introduced Dirt-colored Seed Bug
Megalonotus sabulicola is a seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae, native to Europe and northern Asia. It has been introduced to North America, where it is established and frequently recorded. The species is associated with sandy habitats, as indicated by its specific epithet 'sabulicola' (sand-dwelling). It is one of the more commonly observed dirt-colored seed bugs in its introduced range.
Megasternum concinnum
Megasternum concinnum is a small water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It has a broad native distribution across Europe, North Africa, and western Asia, and has been introduced to western North America. The species belongs to the subfamily Sphaeridiinae, whose members are generally associated with moist organic substrates rather than truly aquatic habitats.
Microplax
Microplax is a genus of true bugs in the family Oxycarenidae, established by Fieber in 1860. The genus includes species native to the Mediterranean region, with at least one species, Microplax albofasciata, having expanded its range northward to the Channel Islands and Germany, and subsequently introduced to North America. The 2012 detection in California represents the first documented occurrence in the United States.
Microtheca ochroloma
Yellow-margined Leaf Beetle, Yellowmargined Leaf Beetle
Microtheca ochroloma is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to South America and adventive in North America. It is a significant agricultural pest of cruciferous crops, with documented populations in the southeastern United States. Development from egg to adult takes approximately 17–57 days depending on temperature, with optimal survival around 20–25°C. The species exhibits strong host preferences, favoring turnip and mustard while showing least preference for collard and cabbage.
Modisimus culicinus
cellar spider
Modisimus culicinus is a cellar spider (family Pholcidae) native to South America that has become established across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide through human-mediated dispersal. It is considered a pantropical, synanthropic species strongly associated with human structures. The species was previously classified under the genus Hedypsilus, which has been synonymized with Modisimus.
Molytinae
Molytinae is a large and diverse subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) described by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1823. The subfamily contains numerous tribes and genera distributed worldwide, with particularly high diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Many Molytinae species are associated with specific host plants, including conifers, oaks, and various flowering plants. Some species are economically important as pests of forestry and agricultural crops, while others are restricted to specialized habitats such as leaf litter, caves, or high-elevation ecosystems. The subfamily has undergone significant taxonomic revision in recent decades, with many new species described particularly from Central America, Africa, and Asia.
Myllocerus undecimpustulatus
Sri Lanka weevil, yellow-headed ravenous weevil
Myllocerus undecimpustulatus is an oriental broad-nosed weevil (Curculionidae: Entiminae) native to Sri Lanka and the Indian subcontinent. It is a polyphagous pest with a wide host range that has established invasive populations in Florida, USA, since at least 2000. The species exhibits distinctive sexual behavior including female abdominal rocking as a mate-strength test and prolonged copulatory guarding by males. It shows seasonal variation in cold tolerance and feeding activity, with winter-collected adults consuming more leaf material after cold exposure than summer-collected individuals.
Nanophyes marmoratus
Flower Bud Weevil
Nanophyes marmoratus is a small weevil in the family Brentidae, commonly known as the Flower Bud Weevil. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. The species is associated with flower buds of its host plants, though specific host relationships require further documentation. It is one of approximately 180 species in the genus Nanophyes, a group of minute weevils typically under 5 mm in length.
Naupactus
White-fringed Weevils
Naupactus is a large genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as white-fringed weevils. The genus comprises exclusively Neotropical species, several of which have been introduced to other regions and become significant agricultural pests. Members of this genus are characterized by reduced humeri and lack of metathoracic wings, traits formerly used to separate them into the genus Graphognathus before taxonomic revision. Some species exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction, and flightless adults are common.
Nemastoma bimaculatum
Gold-spotted Harvestman
Nemastoma bimaculatum is a small harvestman species native to western Europe, recognized by its distinctive coloration. It has been introduced to North America, where established populations occur in Ontario, Canada. The species was first documented in North America by LeSage (1977).
Neophyllaphis podocarpi
Podocarpus Aphid
Neophyllaphis podocarpi is an aphid species in the subfamily Neophyllaphidinae, known as the podocarpus aphid. It is specialized on Podocarpus species (Podocarpaceae), a genus of coniferous trees. The species was first described from Japan in 1920 and has since been recorded in multiple regions including Hawaii, Italy, the Azores, and the Iberian Peninsula. Its spread appears linked to horticultural trade of host plants.
Neoscapteriscus vicinus
tawny mole cricket
Neoscapteriscus vicinus, the tawny mole cricket, is a burrowing orthopteran native to South America that has become established in the southeastern United States since its introduction around 1900. The species was reclassified from Scapteriscus to the new genus Neoscapteriscus in 2015 based on morphological differences. It is a significant agricultural and turf pest that damages plants through root feeding and tunneling activities.
Obolodiplosis
locust gall midge
Obolodiplosis is a monotypic genus of gall midges in the family Cecidomyiidae, containing the single species Obolodiplosis robiniae. The genus was established by Felt in 1908. All biological information known for this genus derives from studies of its sole representative species.
Ochetellus glaber
black household ant, black house ant, tramp ant, Copper-bellied Ant
Ochetellus glaber is a small ant species native to Australia, widely introduced globally through human commerce. Workers measure 2–3 mm, with queens reaching 5.2–5.5 mm. The species is recognized as a species complex with cryptic diversity, complicating identification and management decisions. It nests arboreally and in structures, forming conspicuous trails to exploit honeydew and food resources. Considered a household pest, it has established populations in Hawaii, Florida, New Zealand, and multiple Asian and Pacific regions.
Ocypus nitens
Ocypus nitens is a large, adventive rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Staphylininae, native to Central Europe and now established in eastern North America. First reported from the Americas in 1944, it remained restricted to New England for decades before rapidly expanding its range after 2000. The species was first detected in Canada in 2016 through citizen science contributions to BugGuide, representing the first Canadian record. It is among the largest and most conspicuous rove beetles in its introduced range, making it relatively easy to detect.
Odontomachus
trap-jaw ants
Odontomachus is a genus of ants commonly known as trap-jaw ants, characterized by their extraordinary spring-loaded mandibles that can snap shut at speeds among the fastest recorded for animal movements. The genus contains approximately 84 valid species distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. These ants are active predators that use their powerful jaws for hunting, defense, and in some species, locomotion via jumping. Several species have been introduced to new regions, including the southeastern United States, where they are expanding their ranges.
Oecobius amboseli
Oecobius amboseli is a species of wall spider in the family Oecobiidae, first described in 1974. Native to East Africa and Egypt, it has established introduced populations in northwestern Europe including Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium. As a member of the Oecobiidae, it belongs to a family known for constructing flat, circular webs on vertical surfaces.
Onychopoda
Onychopoda is a specialized order of predatory branchiopod crustaceans within the superorder Cladocera, distinguished by having only four pairs of legs (compared to five or six in related orders) and segmented raptorial appendages used for grasping prey. The order comprises three families (Cercopagididae, Podonidae, Polyphemidae), ten genera, and approximately 33 described species. Most species are endemic to the Ponto-Caspian basin, though some occur in freshwater and marine habitats worldwide. Onychopoda exhibits one of the most distinctive morphological and ecological radiations among cladocerans, having evolved predation as a novel feeding strategy and colonized habitats across a broad salinity range.
Operophtera brumata
Winter Moth
Operophtera brumata, the winter moth, is a geometrid moth native to Europe and the Near East that has been introduced to North America. It is notable among temperate Lepidoptera for adult activity during late fall and early winter. Females are flightless, while males are fully winged. The species is a significant pest of deciduous trees and an important food source for birds such as Blue Tits, which feed their young almost exclusively on winter moth caterpillars. The USA National Phenology Network includes this species in its Pheno Forecast program to aid pest management.
Opogona
fungus moths
Opogona is a genus of fungus moths in the family Tineidae, representing the type genus of subfamily Hieroxestinae. The genus is most diverse in tropical regions, with approximately 30 species known from Australia alone. Some species have been introduced outside their native ranges, including the banana moth (O. sacchari) and O. omoscopa in Europe. The genus exhibits exceptional radiation on St Helena Island in the South Atlantic, where 41 species occur, 31 of them endemic.
Opogona sacchari
banana moth, sugar-cane moth
Opogona sacchari is a tineid moth native to humid tropical and subtropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, including Madagascar and Indian Ocean islands. It has become established in glasshouses and tropical agriculture worldwide, causing damage to bananas, pineapples, sugarcane, and numerous ornamental plants. The species exhibits thermal sensitivity, with development optimal at 25°C and complete mortality above 30°C.
Opopaea deserticola
Goblin spider
Opopaea deserticola is a species of goblin spider in the family Oonopidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1892. Originally described from Southeast Asia, this species has demonstrated remarkable dispersal capabilities and is now recognized as having one of the widest distributions among oonopid spiders. It has been introduced to numerous regions worldwide including the Americas, Pacific islands, Atlantic islands, and Japan. The species is part of a diverse radiation of minute spiders that inhabit leaf litter and soil microhabitats, where their small size and cryptic coloration make them exceptionally difficult to detect.
Ostrinia nubilalis
European corn borer, European corn worm, European high-flyer
The European corn borer is a non-native moth pest of corn and other crops in North America, Europe, and North Africa. Larvae bore into corn plants, causing damage to stems, ears, and leaves. Two pheromone strains exist: the Z strain (prevalent in the midwestern U.S.) and the E strain (more abundant in the eastern U.S. and Europe). Widespread adoption of Bt corn since 1996 has dramatically reduced populations in North America, with over 90% suppression reported in some regions.
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis
cotton seed bug
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, commonly known as the cotton seed bug, is a small seed-feeding true bug in the family Oxycarenidae. It is a polyphagous pest of Malvaceae, with Gossypium (cotton) as its preferred host. The species is native to the Mediterranean region and Africa but has expanded its range to the Caribbean in recent decades. It completes three to four generations per year under favorable conditions.
Ozognathus
death-watch beetles, spider beetles
Ozognathus is a genus of beetles in the family Ptinidae, commonly referred to as death-watch and spider beetles. The genus contains at least 11 recognized species native to the Americas. One species, Ozognathus cornutus, has become established as an alien species in Europe and the Mediterranean region, where it colonizes woody galls and decaying organic matter. The genus is taxonomically placed in the subfamily Ernobiinae (or historically Anobiinae), reflecting its close relationship to other wood-associated beetles.
Ozognathus cornutus
Acorn Anobiid
Ozognathus cornutus is a small spider beetle native to North America that has established populations across Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, New Zealand, and South America. Adults are dark brown to black, measuring 1.5–2.8 mm. The species is saproxylophagous, feeding primarily on decaying wood tissues within galls formed by other insects, as well as dried fruits, vegetables, wood shavings, and insect excrements. It acts as a secondary occupant (successor) in galls of various gall-forming insects, with documented associations on at least 41 host-plant species. Despite potential to damage stored food products, the species shows strong preference for woody galls, which may limit economic impact.
Palaemon elegans
rockpool shrimp, rockpool prawn
Palaemon elegans is a small caridean shrimp native to northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal waters. It has expanded its range through human-mediated transport and changing environmental conditions, becoming established in the Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea. The species is ecologically similar to several congeners, particularly Palaemon adspersus, with which it competes and has displaced in some regions. Its tolerance of variable salinity has facilitated colonization of brackish environments.
Pediopsis tiliae
lime leafhopper
Pediopsis tiliae, commonly known as the lime leafhopper, is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. It is associated with lime trees (Tilia species) as its host plant. The species has been recorded across parts of Europe and has been introduced to North America, with observations in the northeastern United States.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
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Periphyllus Aphids, maple aphids
Periphyllus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Chaitophorinae, containing more than 40 described species. Species in this genus are primarily associated with maple trees (Acer spp.), though some feed on related host plants such as Koelreuteria. Many species exhibit complex life cycles with polymorphic forms including viviparous females, aestivating dimorphs, and sexual morphs. Several species are invasive pests outside their native ranges, spreading with ornamental host plants.
Phalangium opilio
European Harvestman, Common Harvestman, Brown Harvestman, Daddy Longlegs
Phalangium opilio is the most widespread harvestman species globally, native to Europe and much of Asia and introduced to North America, North Africa, and New Zealand. It is a synanthropic species that thrives in human-modified environments including agricultural fields, gardens, and urban green spaces. The species has become a model organism for arachnid developmental biology and comparative genomics due to its ease of laboratory culture and continuous life cycle. Adults are generalist predators and scavengers that contribute to biological pest control in agricultural systems.
Phaneroptera nana
Mediterranean katydid, southern sickle bush-cricket
Phaneroptera nana is a small katydid native to mainland Europe, the Near East, and North Africa. It has established invasive populations in California (first recorded 1952), Oregon (since 2015), and South America, likely spreading via shipping. The species inhabits sunny, dry environments with shrubs and low tree branches. Adults are active primarily in summer and fall.
Philonthus caucasicus
Philonthus caucasicus is a rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Nordmann in 1837. The species is native to the Caucasus region and broader Eurasia, with established introduced populations in North America. As a member of the large genus Philonthus, it shares the characteristic shortened elytra and predatory habits typical of staphylinid beetles.
Phorodon cannabis
Cannabis Aphid, Hemp Aphid
Phorodon cannabis is a monophagous aphid pest specialized on hemp (Cannabis sativa), causing significant damage in field and greenhouse cultivations. Native to Eurasia and North Africa, it was first detected in North America in 2016 and has since spread to multiple U.S. states and Canada. The species feeds on phloem sap, causing plant wilting, yellowing, and yield reduction, and transmits Cannabis Streak Virus. Optimal development occurs at 25°C, with mild abiotic stress paradoxically stimulating reproduction via hormesis.
Phyllobius oblongus
Brown Leaf Weevil
Phyllobius oblongus is a European weevil species in the family Curculionidae that has been introduced to North America, with records dating to 1969. It inhabits northern hardwood forests and has been documented in association with sugar maple reproduction in Michigan. The species has a broad native distribution across Europe and western Russia.
Phyllotreta striolata
Striped Flea Beetle, Turnip Flea Beetle
Phyllotreta striolata is a small flea beetle (1.5–2.5 mm) in the family Chrysomelidae, native to Eurasia and now distributed worldwide. It is a major pest of Brassicaceae crops, causing substantial yield losses through adult feeding on aboveground plant parts and larval feeding on roots. The species exhibits strong positive phototaxis with peak sensitivity to blue wavelengths (350–430 nm). It has been recorded from diverse habitats including open prairie, boreal forest, and agricultural systems across North America, Europe, and Asia.
Platycorypha
Platycorypha is a genus of jumping plantlice (psyllids) in the family Psyllidae, established as the type genus of the subfamily Platycoryphinae in 2021. The genus comprises approximately 16 described species, including two extinct species known from fossils. Species occur across the Americas, southern Europe, and Africa. Some species have become invasive pests in urban landscapes, notably Platycorypha nigrivirga on Tipuana tipu in Mediterranean Europe.
Platycorypha nigrivirga
tipu psyllid
Platycorypha nigrivirga, the tipu psyllid, is a Neotropical psyllid species that has become invasive in multiple temperate regions. It exhibits strict host specificity to Tipuana tipu (Fabaceae), feeding on phloem and causing leaf curling and premature defoliation. The species was first documented in Southern California in 2008 and has established populations in Europe and Africa. It is subject to biological control by a complex of generalist arthropod predators.
Pleistodontes froggatti
Moreton Bay fig wasp
Pleistodontes froggatti is a small fig wasp native to Australia with an obligate mutualistic relationship with the Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla). The species was deliberately introduced to Hawaii in 1921 to support fig cultivation, and established in New Zealand by 1993 through long-distance dispersal or accidental transport. Adult females are approximately 3 mm in length, while males are smaller at 1.5 mm and exhibit distinct coloration. The wasp cannot reproduce outside the syconia of its specific host fig.
Pleistodontes imperialis
Port Jackson Fig Wasp
Pleistodontes imperialis is a fig wasp native to Australia that maintains an obligate mutualism with Ficus rubiginosa (Port Jackson fig), serving as its exclusive pollinator. It is the type species of the genus Pleistodontes. The species has been introduced outside its native range through the ornamental planting of its host figs in Mediterranean urban habitats, with confirmed records from Greece and Cyprus. In its introduced range, it has demonstrated host-switching behavior, also developing in Ficus watkinsiana figs despite this species having a different native pollinator.
Plocamaphis flocculosa
Large Waxy Willow Aphid
Plocamaphis flocculosa is a large aphid species known for its conspicuous waxy covering. It is specialized on willows (Salix species) and produces dense flocculent wax secretions that give it a distinctive woolly appearance. The species is native to North America and has been introduced to parts of Europe, where it has established populations. Its common name directly references the characteristic waxy filaments that coat the body.
Polistes dominula
European Paper Wasp
Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.
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Polydrusus is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae, containing dozens of species distributed across Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. Several species have been introduced to North America and have become established in northern hardwood forests, where some function as polyphagous herbivores with documented impacts on tree crops. The genus is taxonomically complex, with multiple subgenera recognized including Conocetus and Orodrusus, and has been subject to recent revisionary work clarifying species boundaries and synonymies. Polydrusus species are frequently confused with the genus Phyllobius due to superficial morphological similarities, though they are not closely related.
Porcellio scaber
Common Rough Woodlouse, Rough Woodlouse
Porcellio scaber is a European woodlouse species with a cosmopolitan distribution, now found across North America, South Africa, Australia, and sub-Antarctic islands through human-mediated dispersal. It is one of the most abundant and widespread terrestrial isopods in many regions, including the United Kingdom where it is considered one of the 'big five' woodlouse species. The species is notable for its rough, tuberculate exoskeleton and inability to conglobate (roll into a ball), instead relying on tonic immobility and chemical defenses when threatened. Research has documented individual personality traits in this species, expressed through consistent differences in defensive behavior duration.
Procambarus
crayfish, crawfish, crawdad
Procambarus is a genus of freshwater crayfish in the family Cambaridae, native to North and Central America. The genus contains approximately 160 species in 16 subgenera, making it one of the most species-rich crayfish genera. It includes both widespread surface-dwelling species and numerous troglobitic (cave-dwelling) species. The marbled crayfish (marmorkrebs), a parthenogenetic form, is also classified within this genus. Several species, particularly P. clarkii (red swamp crayfish), have been introduced globally and are recognized as invasive species with significant ecological and economic impacts.
Procambarus acutus acutus
White River crayfish, eastern white river crayfish
Procambarus acutus acutus is a subspecies of freshwater crayfish native to the southeastern United States. It has been introduced to Ontario, Canada, where established populations now exist in the Severn Sound region and Oakbank Pond near Toronto. The species forms stable dominance hierarchies and exhibits status recognition between conspecifics. It is capable of causing economic damage to fisheries through scavenging behavior.
Pryeria
Pryeria is a genus of zygaenid moths native to southeastern Asia, with three described species. The genus gained attention when Pryeria sinica was discovered in Virginia and Maryland in 2002, representing a new invasive pest of ornamental Euonymus shrubs in North America. The larvae are gregarious feeders that create distinctive marginal notches on leaves.
Pseudacysta perseae
Avocado Lace Bug
Pseudacysta perseae is a lace bug in the family Tingidae, originally described by Heidemann in 1908. It is a significant foliar pest of avocado (Persea americana), causing characteristic damage to leaves. The species has undergone substantial range expansion from its original Caribbean distribution to include Mexico, the southern United States, and Central America. It has been introduced to California, where population genetic studies indicate at least two separate invasion events. The species passes through four nymphal instars and exhibits sexual dimorphism in antennal coloration, with adult males having a substantially darker fourth antennal segment.
Pseudoedophrys hilleri
Peach Root Weevil
Pseudoedophrys hilleri is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. Native to Japan, it has been introduced to eastern North America and is now established in multiple U.S. states and the District of Columbia. It is the sole described species in its genus. The common name "Peach Root Weevil" suggests association with peach cultivation, though specific host relationships require verification.
Pseudoloxops coccineus
Pseudoloxops coccineus is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, originally described from Europe in 1843. The species has been introduced to North America, with established populations documented in Ontario, Canada since approximately 1973. Its introduction is believed to have occurred accidentally via nursery stock importations of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior). The species belongs to a genus that has undergone significant taxonomic revision in recent years, with integrative approaches revealing substantial cryptic diversity in Pacific island populations.
Pterocomma populeum
Poplar Bark Aphid
Pterocomma populeum is an aphid species specialized on poplar trees (Populus spp.). It forms dense colonies on branches and in bark crevices, feeding on phloem sap. The species relies on the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola to obtain essential amino acids absent from its carbohydrate-rich diet. Heavy infestations can cause shoot dieback in poplar plantations.
Reticulitermes flavipes
Eastern Subterranean Termite
Reticulitermes flavipes, the eastern subterranean termite, is the most common and economically significant termite species in North America. Colonies are large, ranging from 20,000 to 5 million workers, with a primary queen producing 5,000–10,000 eggs annually. The species exhibits complex caste differentiation including workers, soldiers, and multiple reproductive forms. Native to the southeastern United States, it has become invasive in Europe, South America, and other regions through human transport.
Rhagoletis completa
Walnut Husk Fly
Rhagoletis completa, the walnut husk fly, is a tephritid fruit fly native to central North America and now established in Europe. It is the most economically significant pest of walnut (Juglans regia) production, causing yield losses up to 80% through larval feeding on husk tissue. Adults emerge over a prolonged period from mid-May to October and are distinguished by a dark triangular wing pattern and yellowish-white scutellum. The species has one generation per year, with larvae pupating in soil and a small proportion entering prolonged dormancy.
Rhyacionia buoliana
pine shoot moth, European Pine Shoot Moth
Rhyacionia buoliana is a tortricid moth known as the pine shoot moth. Native to North Africa, North Asia, and Europe, it has become invasive in North and South America. The species is a significant pest of pine trees, with larvae feeding on shoots of Pinus species. Adults are active during summer months in temperate regions.
Salmincola californiensis
gill lice, gill maggot, salmon gill maggot
Salmincola californiensis is a freshwater parasitic copepod in the family Lernaeopodidae that infests the gills and branchial cavities of salmonid fishes, particularly species of Oncorhynchus. Native to the Pacific Rim and now established in introduced ranges including Japan and Colorado, this parasite has become a significant concern for fisheries management and salmonid conservation. Recent research has documented a previously unrecognized naupliar stage and demonstrated strong temperature-dependence in egg development and copepodid survival, with implications for disease management under climate change scenarios.
Sarucallis
crape myrtle aphid
Sarucallis is a monotypic genus of aphids in the family Aphididae. The sole described species, Sarucallis kahawaluokalani, is commonly known as the crape myrtle aphid. Adults measure 1.2 to 1.8 millimeters in body length. The genus is native to Asia and has become widely distributed globally through the ornamental plant trade, tracking the spread of its host plant, crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.).
Sarucallis kahawaluokalani
Crapemyrtle Aphid
Sarucallis kahawaluokalani, the crapemyrtle aphid, is a specialist phloem-feeding pest native to Southeast Asia and first described from Hawaii in 1907. It has spread globally through the ornamental plant trade, closely tracking the distribution of its host plant Lagerstroemia spp. The species exhibits complex life cycle alternation between asexual summer generations and sexual autumn generations producing overwintering eggs. Heavy infestations cause aesthetic and physiological damage through honeydew production and associated sooty mold growth.
Scantius aegyptius
Mediterranean red bug
Scantius aegyptius, commonly known as the Mediterranean red bug, is a ground-dwelling true bug in the family Pyrrhocoridae. It is recognized by its striking red and black aposematic coloration. The species is native to the Mediterranean region and has established invasive populations in North America, particularly in California since 2009. It feeds primarily on seeds and seed pods of plants in the family Malvaceae.
Schistocerca nitens
vagrant grasshopper, gray bird grasshopper
Schistocerca nitens is a large grasshopper native to southern North America, closely related to the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria). Adults are sexually dimorphic in size, with females reaching 60–70 mm and males 40–50 mm. The species exhibits mottled gray, brown, and yellow coloration with a distinctive stripe running from head to thorax. Unlike true locusts, it does not undergo phase polymorphism, though dense populations can occur through favorable conditions rather than behavioral transformation. The species has become invasive in Hawaii, where it caused severe vegetation damage on Nīhoa in 2004.
Schizaphis
Grass Aphids, Greenbug
Schizaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, superfamily Aphidoidea. Originally distributed in the Palaearctic region, several species have been introduced worldwide. The genus contains more than 40 recognized species, with Schizaphis graminum (greenbug) being the most economically significant. Species in this genus are primarily associated with grasses and cereal crops, exhibiting varying degrees of host specificity from monophagy to polyphagy.
Scolytus mali
larger shothole borer, apple bark beetle, large fruit bark beetle
Scolytus mali is a bark beetle native to Europe that has become invasive in North America. It is commonly known as the larger shothole borer or apple bark beetle, reflecting its association with fruit trees. The species exhibits brief maturation feeding on living but weakened apple trees before aggregating for breeding in response to female-produced pheromones. Both sexes possess a well-developed gular-prosternal stridulatory apparatus and produce characteristic double chirps through head movement, with distinct acoustic differences between stress and attraction signals.
Scrobipalpa atriplicella
goosefoot groundling moth
Scrobipalpa atriplicella is a small gelechiid moth native to Eurasia, now established as an introduced species in North America. Adults have a wingspan of 10–14 mm and exhibit two generations per year. The species has emerged as a significant agricultural pest on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in both Europe and North America, where larval feeding on seeds and foliage can cause complete crop loss. Originally associated with wild Chenopodiaceae including Chenopodium album and Atriplex species, its host range has expanded to include cultivated crops.
Scutigera coleoptrata
House Centipede, Thousand-legger
Scutigera coleoptrata, commonly known as the house centipede, is a fast-moving predatory centipede native to the Mediterranean region that has become cosmopolitan through human commerce. Adults possess 15 pairs of extremely long, delicate legs and well-developed faceted eyes—unusual traits among centipedes. They are synanthropic, thriving in human dwellings where they hunt household arthropods. Despite their alarming appearance and speed, they pose minimal threat to humans and are considered beneficial predators of pests.
Scyphophorus
agave weevils, sisal weevils
Scyphophorus is a genus of snout and bark beetles in the subfamily Dryophthorinae, comprising approximately seven described species. The genus is best known for Scyphophorus acupunctatus, commonly called the agave weevil or sisal weevil, which is a major pest of agave crops worldwide. Species in this genus are native to the Americas but have been introduced to multiple continents through global plant trade. The genus is characterized by its association with plants in the families Asparagaceae (Agavoideae) and Asparagaceae (Nolinoideae, formerly Dracaenaceae).
Scyphophorus acupunctatus
agave weevil, sisal weevil, picudo del agave
Scyphophorus acupunctatus is a specialized weevil native to Central and North America that has become a globally significant pest of agaves and related plants. Adults bore into agave stalks and rosettes, creating entry points for pathogenic bacteria and fungi that ultimately kill the host plant. The species has established invasive populations across Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and South America, facilitated by the international trade of ornamental agaves. Its economic impact is particularly severe on Agave tequilana, threatening the tequila industry, and on wild agave populations important for mezcal production and ecosystem stability.
Singhiella
ficus whitefly
Singhiella is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) containing species that are significant pests of Ficus plants. The most economically important species, Singhiella simplex (the ficus whitefly), has become invasive across multiple continents, causing severe defoliation of ornamental Ficus hedges and trees. The genus is distinguished by puparial characteristics used in whitefly taxonomy, including color, shape, and wax placement.
Sinoxylon anale
horned powder-post beetle, auger beetle
Sinoxylon anale is a wood-boring beetle in the family Bostrichidae, commonly known as horned powder-post beetles or auger beetles. The species has a broad intercontinental distribution spanning Australia, North America, Southern Asia, and Europe. It develops in dead or dying woody material and has been recorded as a pest in agricultural and nursery settings. Recent studies have documented its establishment in Brazil and first record in Greece, with expanding host associations including allspice, jabuticaba, and various native and exotic woody plants.
Sitobion avenae
English Grain Aphid
Sitobion avenae, the English grain aphid, is a globally distributed pest of cereal crops. It feeds on phloem sap and transmits yellow dwarf viruses to wheat, barley, and oats. Population dynamics are influenced by temperature, water availability, and host plant quality. The species exhibits complex reproductive strategies including both cyclical and obligate parthenogenesis. Management challenges include insecticide resistance, variable biotypes, and climate change impacts on dispersal and adaptation.
Sitochroa palealis
carrot seed moth
Sitochroa palealis, known as the carrot seed moth, is a crambid moth native to Europe that was first reported in the United States in 2002. The species has a wingspan of 26–34 mm and is active during summer months. Its larvae specialize on umbelliferous plants, including cultivated carrot and fennel.
Sophonia
Sophonia is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Evacanthinae. Species in this genus are native to Asia and have been introduced to multiple regions including Hawaii, the continental United States, and Europe. At least one species, Sophonia rufofascia, has become an established pest in Hawaii since its detection in 1987. The genus is characterized by features typical of the Evacanthinae subfamily.
Sophonia orientalis
Two-spotted Leafhopper
Sophonia orientalis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Two-spotted Leafhopper. It is polyphagous and has established populations across Asia, Europe, the United States, and Oceania. The species is notable for its broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents.
Spanioneura fonscolombii
Spanioneura fonscolombii is a plant-parasitic psyllid specialized on box (Buxus) species. First described from Europe in 1848, it has been accidentally introduced to the United States and represents a pest of ornamental and native boxwoods. The species shows distinctive green coloration with patterned wings and has been documented causing damage to host plants, with some dispute regarding gall formation.
Stator limbatus
Stator limbatus is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to the southwestern United States, Mexico, and northern South America. It has established populations in multiple regions outside its native range, including Hawaii, South Africa, the Middle East, and Mediterranean islands. The species occupies xeric and semi-arid environments and has been documented feeding on legume seeds.
Steatoda bipunctata
Rabbit Hutch Spider
Steatoda bipunctata is a small cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae, commonly known as the Rabbit Hutch Spider due to its frequent association with human structures. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is now established across the Atlantic provinces, northern New England, and southern Québec and Ontario. It closely resembles the native North American species Steatoda borealis and has been documented to competitively displace it in disturbed habitats. The species poses minimal medical risk to humans.
Stephanitis
lace bugs
Stephanitis is a genus of lace bugs (family Tingidae) comprising at least 80–90 described species. Members are small, plant-feeding true bugs characterized by reticulated, lace-like forewings. Several species are significant ornamental pests, including the azalea lace bug (S. pyrioides) and andromeda lace bug (S. takeyai), which cause characteristic stippling damage on host foliage. The genus has a broad distribution across Asia, Europe, North America, and other regions, with some species introduced outside their native ranges.
Stephanitis pyrioides
Azalea Lace Bug
Stephanitis pyrioides, the azalea lace bug, is an invasive pest native to the East Palaearctic that has spread globally. It is a specialist feeder on Rhododendron species, particularly azaleas, causing characteristic white stippling damage to leaves through mesophyll feeding. The species undergoes multiple generations annually in temperate regions and has become a significant pest of ornamental horticulture.
Stephanitis takeyai
Andromeda lace bug
Stephanitis takeyai, the andromeda lace bug, is a small sap-feeding insect native to Japan that has become an invasive pest of ornamental Ericaceae in North America and Europe. It is closely associated with Pieris japonica (Japanese andromeda), its preferred host, but has been documented on multiple genera within Ericaceae including Rhododendron, Vaccinium, and Kalmia. The species exhibits facultative seasonal host alternation in parts of its native range, moving from evergreen Pieris japonica in winter to deciduous Lyonia elliptica in summer when the latter is available.
Stictocephala
buffalo treehoppers
Stictocephala is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, characterized by a prominent pronotum that extends over the body. The genus contains approximately 18 described species, most distributed in North America. Several species, notably S. bisonia, have become invasive pests in Europe and Asia, with documented spread to Russia, China, and India. These invasions have occurred primarily within the last 20-30 years, facilitated by climate change and global trade.
Supella longipalpa
brown-banded cockroach, brownbanded cockroach, TV roach
Supella longipalpa, commonly known as the brown-banded cockroach, is a small synanthropic pest of presumed African origin that has become established in human-built structures worldwide. It is notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long, functional wings and are capable of flight, while females are broader with short, non-functional wings. The species completes its entire life cycle indoors and shows distinct behavioral preferences for warmer, drier locations compared to other domestic cockroaches, often inhabiting furniture, appliances, and upper wall areas.
Symmetrischema tangolias
South American potato tuber moth, Andean potato tuber moth, tomato stemborer
Symmetrischema tangolias is a gelechiid moth native to the Andean region of South America that has become a globally significant agricultural pest. The species infests solanaceous crops, particularly potatoes and tomatoes, with larvae burrowing into stems, leaves, petioles, and tubers. It has established invasive populations in North America, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Chile. The species is adapted to cooler temperatures than the related potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella, with optimal development occurring between 14–17°C.
Synthesiomyia
Synthesiomyia is a small genus of muscid flies in the family Muscidae. The genus contains at least one well-documented species, Synthesiomyia nudiseta, which has gained forensic importance as a carrion-associated fly in tropical, subtropical, and recently colonized Palearctic regions. Species in this genus exhibit facultative predatory behavior and are used in postmortem interval estimation.
Tachystola hemisema
Tachystola hemisema is a small moth in the family Oecophoridae. Originally described from Australia in 1885, it has established invasive populations in New Zealand and the United States. The species is believed to have been transported internationally with Australian plant material.
Talitroides alluaudi
Alluaudi's landhopper
A terrestrial amphipod (landhopper) native to the Atlantic forests of southeastern Brazil, now distributed worldwide through synanthropic human-mediated dispersal. Found in leaf litter of tropical and subtropical forests, urban parks, greenhouses, and silviculture areas. Females dominate populations with a strongly female-biased sex ratio observed in field samples. Exhibits highly stereotyped grooming behavior for hygiene maintenance.
Tarophagus colocasiae
Taro Planthopper
Tarophagus colocasiae is a sap-feeding planthopper in the family Delphacidae, commonly known as the taro planthopper. It is strongly associated with its primary host plant, taro (Colocasia esculenta), and is native to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Pacific islands. The species was first detected in the continental United States in Florida in 2015, representing a recent introduction to North America. Its potential economic impact in new regions remains under evaluation.
Tasgius ater
Large rove beetle
Tasgius ater is a large rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, native to Europe and now introduced to North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It is among the larger species in this diverse beetle family and exhibits typical rove beetle morphology with shortened elytra exposing most of the abdomen. The species has expanded its range significantly in North America since first detected in the 1930s.
Tempyra biguttula
Large-spotted Seed Bug
Tempyra biguttula is a minute dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. Native to North America, Mexico, and the Caribbean, it has established populations across Oceania including Hawaii and the Galapagos Islands. The species has recently expanded into the Mediterranean region, with confirmed records in Spain, Portugal, France, and Croatia. It is attracted to light and has been documented exhibiting teratological antennae abnormalities.
Tenodera sinensis sinensis
Chinese praying mantis, Chinese mantis
Tenodera sinensis sinensis, the Chinese praying mantis, is a large non-native mantis in North America, first discovered in 1897 near Philadelphia, likely arriving as a stowaway in nursery stock from Asia. It has become one of the most well-known exotic mantids in the United States, recognized for its substantial size and effective predation on pest insects including the brown marmorated stink bug and spotted lanternfly. The species exhibits flexible hunting strategies that shift between active pursuit and ambush predation depending on satiety level. Adults typically appear in September, with females depositing brown, styrofoam-like egg cases (oothecae) on upright vegetation that overwinter and hatch in spring.
Thereuonema
Thereuonema is a genus of scutigeromorph centipedes in the family Scutigeridae. The genus contains at least one well-documented species, Thereuonema tuberculata, which is native to Asia and has been introduced to Europe and North America. Members of this genus are associated with human-modified environments and have established populations outside their native range.
Trachymela sloanei
Australian tortoise beetle, small eucalyptus tortoise beetle
Trachymela sloanei is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, native to Australia where it feeds on Eucalyptus trees. The species has established invasive populations in multiple regions including California, Chile, Spain, Portugal, Greece, and China. It was first detected in Europe in 2014 and reported from Algeria in May 2025, representing the first African record. The beetle is recognized as a defoliating pest of Eucalyptus species with potential economic and ecological impacts in invaded regions.
Trichocorixa
water boatmen
Trichocorixa is a genus of water boatmen in the family Corixidae comprising approximately 14 described species. Members of this genus are notable for their exceptional tolerance of saline and hypersaline habitats, ranging from brackish coastal marshes to salt ponds with salinities exceeding 150‰. Several species have become invasive outside their native ranges, with documented ecological impacts through predation on brine shrimp and other zooplankton. The genus exhibits complex life history adaptations including staggered egg hatching, salinity-dependent embryonic development, and overwintering strategies that vary among species and populations.
Trypodendron domesticum
European hardwood ambrosia beetle
Trypodendron domesticum is a European ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is a wood-boring pest of hardwoods that has been introduced to North America. The species is morphologically similar to the closely related T. lineatum, requiring molecular methods for reliable identification. It is one of four Trypodendron species documented in Europe.
Tychius meliloti
Sweet Clover Weevil
Tychius meliloti is a small weevil in the tribe Tychiini, native to Europe and introduced to North America. In Canada, it has been recorded from scattered localities in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The species is associated with sweet clover (Melilotus spp.) as host plants. It represents one of four European Tychius species established in North America.
Ulomoides
Chinese beetle, Chinese weevil, peanut beetle, cancer beetle, asthma beetle, gorgojo chino
Ulomoides is a genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) native to Asia. The most well-known species, Ulomoides dermestoides, has spread globally due to human cultivation for alleged medicinal purposes. Members of this genus are stored product pests that feed on grain and grain products. The beetles produce defensive quinones that have cytotoxic properties.
Uroleucon sonchi
Sow-thistle Aphid, Large Sow-thistle Aphid, Brown Lettuce Aphid
Uroleucon sonchi is a large aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the sow-thistle aphid or brown lettuce aphid. Native to the Palaearctic region, it has been introduced to multiple continents and is now cosmopolitan in distribution. The species is economically significant as a pest of cultivated lettuce and related crops, while also occurring on wild Asteraceae hosts. It reproduces parthenogenetically during spring and summer, typical of many aphids.
Vasates quadripedes
Maple Bladdergall Mite, maple bladder-gall mite
Vasates quadripedes is an eriophyid mite known for inducing distinctive bladder-like galls on maple leaves. The species is native to North America and has been introduced to parts of Europe, including Britain where it was first recorded in 2002. It is associated primarily with silver maple, red maple, and sugar maple. The galls it produces are a reliable indicator of its presence and are more readily observed than the microscopic mites themselves.
Vatiga
cassava lace bugs
Vatiga is a genus of lace bugs (family Tingidae) containing approximately 11 described species. The genus is native to the Neotropical region and has become economically significant as an invasive pest in cassava-growing regions worldwide. Species in this genus are highly host-specific, feeding exclusively on cassava (Manihot esculenta). The most extensively studied species are Vatiga illudens and Vatiga manihotae, which have been introduced to Indonesia and Africa, posing threats to food security in these regions.
Vespinae
Hornets and Yellowjackets
Vespinae is a subfamily of eusocial wasps within Vespidae, encompassing the largest and most familiar social wasps. The subfamily includes true hornets (genus Vespa), yellowjackets (genera Dolichovespula and Vespula), and the poorly known nocturnal genus Provespa from Southeast Asia. These wasps construct paper nests from chewed wood fibers and exhibit complex colonial organization with queen-worker caste differentiation. Several species have become invasive beyond their native ranges, posing significant threats to apiculture and native ecosystems.
Xyleborinus andrewesi
Xyleborinus andrewesi is a small ambrosia beetle in the weevil subfamily Scolytinae. Native to the Old World tropics, it has been widely introduced to the New World. The species is polyphagous and has been recorded from 59 host plants across 29 families. It was synonymized with Xyleborinus mimosae in a 2021 taxonomic revision.
Xyleborus affinis
sugarcane shot-hole borer
Xyleborus affinis is a highly widespread ambrosia beetle native to the American tropics, now found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It cultivates symbiotic fungi in galleries bored into decaying wood, feeding exclusively on these fungal gardens. The species exhibits facultative eusociality with delayed dispersal of adult offspring, who assist with nest maintenance and brood care. Females are the dispersing sex and are strongly attracted to ethanol and specific host plant volatiles. Despite frequent association with declining trees, it primarily colonizes wood already in early decay rather than causing primary mortality.
Xystrologa grenadella
Xystrologa grenadella is a small moth in the family Tineidae. It has been documented as an invasive pest in greenhouse environments in southern Florida, USA and Germany. The species is native to the West Indies, with type locality in Grenada.
Zapatella
Zapatella is a genus of gall wasps in the family Cynipidae. The genus includes at least one well-documented species, Z. davisae, which has become a significant pest of black oak (Quercus velutina) in the northeastern United States. Gall wasps in this genus induce gall formation on oak hosts. The genus was described in 2012 by Pujade-Villar & Melika.
Zapatella davisae
black oak gall wasp
Zapatella davisae is a cynipid gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) described in 2016 that has become a significant pest of black oak (Quercus velutina) in the northeastern United States. Larvae develop under bark in late summer, with adults emerging in early spring. The species has undergone notable population outbreaks on Long Island, NY (first documented 1990), Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard, MA (2008), and more recently in coastal Rhode Island and Nantucket, MA. High parasitism rates by Sycophila species can lead to rapid population collapse, as observed on Long Island in 2016.
Zeuzera pyrina
leopard moth, wood leopard moth
Zeuzera pyrina is a medium-sized wood-boring moth in the family Cossidae, commonly known as the leopard moth or wood leopard moth. Adults are highly distinctive with white wings marked by numerous black spots, giving the species its common name. The larvae are xylophagous pests that tunnel into the wood of fruit trees and other deciduous hosts, causing significant economic damage in orchards worldwide. The species is native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia, and has been introduced to the northeastern United States.