Endemic
Guides
Abagrotis rubricundis
Abagrotis rubricundis is a noctuid moth described by Buckett in 1968. It is restricted to mountainous regions of California and southwestern Oregon. The species has a wingspan of approximately 38 mm. It is a rarely recorded species with limited ecological data available.
Abedus immaculatus
Abedus immaculatus is a species of giant water bug in the family Belostomatidae. It is the only Abedus species found in the eastern United States, with a range extending throughout Florida north into Georgia and west along the Gulf Coast to Mississippi. Adults measure 13–14 mm in length, making them the smallest species in the genus Abedus and the smallest belostomatid in the United States. The species is the sole member of the subgenus Microabedus. It is locally common in parts of the Everglades, where it occurs in shorter hydroperiod sites.
giant-water-bugaquatic-insectfreshwaterwetlandEvergladesendemiceastern-United-Statessmallest-belostomatid-USAmale-parental-careBelostomatidaeHemipteraMicroabedushydroperiodFloridaGeorgiaMississippiGulf-CoastThomas-Say1832Abedus-cantrallisynonymywater-bugtrue-bugNepomorphaHeteropteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaAblautus schlingeri
Oso Flaco Robber Fly
Ablautus schlingeri, commonly known as the oso flaco robber fly, is a small predatory fly in the family Asilidae. The species is endemic to California and has been documented at Oso Flaco Lake and surrounding dune habitats. It faces potential threats from sand mining operations that degrade its specialized sandy habitat. The species was described by Wilcox in 1966 and remains relatively poorly known.
Acalyptris lotella
Acalyptris lotella is a minute moth in the family Nepticulidae, known for its highly specialized larval biology. The species is endemic to California and represents one of the few documented cases of stem-mining behavior in this genus. Its larvae create internal tunnels within the stems of Lotus scoparius, a chaparral shrub. The species was originally described as Microcalyptris lotella in 1987 and later transferred to Acalyptris.
Acantholyda floridana
Acantholyda floridana is a species of sawfly in the family Pamphiliidae. The genus Acantholyda comprises web-spinning sawflies whose larvae construct silken webs on host plants. This species is endemic to Florida, with records from the northern and central portions of the peninsula. Adults are active in spring and early summer. Larval biology and specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.
Acneus beeri
Beer's false water penny beetle
Acneus beeri is a species of aquatic beetle in the family Psephenidae, known from a single female specimen collected east of Cascadia, Oregon in July 1940. The species belongs to the false water penny beetles, a group characterized by their flattened, oval body form adapted for clinging to submerged surfaces in flowing water. No additional specimens have been reported in the more than 80 years since its original description, making it one of the most poorly known North American beetle species.
Acrocercops arbutella
Acrocercops arbutella is a small moth in the family Gracillariidae, first described by Braun in 1925. The species is endemic to Arizona, United States, where it occurs on its host plant Arbutus arizonica. Larvae are leaf miners that create distinctive upper surface blotch mines on the leaves of their host.
Acrodectes philopagus
Alpine Shieldback
Acrodectes philopagus, commonly known as the Alpine Shieldback, is the sole described species in the monotypic genus Acrodectes. It is a shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, first described by Rehn and Hebard in 1920. The species is known from high-elevation habitats in California. As with other tettigoniids, it possesses enlarged hind legs adapted for jumping and long antennae.
Acrolophitus pulchellus
Idaho point-headed grasshopper
Acrolophitus pulchellus is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae, endemic to Idaho in the United States. It occupies a highly restricted range in dry, sparsely vegetated shrubland habitats on foothills and floodplains. The species is characterized by its pointed head, soft hairy body covering, and distinctive green and white coloration. It is closely associated with stemless mock goldenweed (Stenotus acaulis) as an important host plant.
Acroncosa minima
Acroncosa minima is a species of snout moth described by Herbert H. Neunzig in 2003. It is endemic to California, United States. The species belongs to the family Pyralidae, a large group of small moths commonly known as snout moths due to their projecting labial palps.
Acronicta heitzmani
Heitzman's Dagger, Heitzman's dagger moth
Acronicta heitzmani is a species of dagger moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by Charles V. Covell and Eric H. Metzler in 1992. The species is endemic to the central United States, with documented occurrence in Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois, and Ohio. It is a relatively small noctuid moth with forewing lengths of 12–14.5 mm in males and 12.5–15 mm in females. Like other members of the genus Acronicta, it is a nocturnal species attracted to artificial light sources.
Acronicta valliscola
Acronicta valliscola is a small noctuid moth described by André Blanchard in 1968. It is known exclusively from Big Bend National Park in western Texas, making it one of the most geographically restricted species in the genus. The species has a wingspan of 30–35 mm. Very little is known about its biology or ecology due to its limited known distribution and few documented observations.
Acylophorina
Acylophorina is a subtribe of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) within the tribe Staphylinini. The subtribe contains the genus Acylophorus, which includes species distributed in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. Members of this subtribe are characterized by specific morphological traits that distinguish them from related staphylinine beetles.
Adelphagrotis stellaris
Adelphagrotis stellaris is a noctuid moth described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1880. It is a West Coast endemic with a range extending from southern British Columbia through the Cascade Range to the central California Coast Range. The species belongs to the subfamily Noctuinae, a diverse group of owlet moths.
Aegialia concinna
Ciervo Aegilian Scarab Beetle
Aegialia concinna is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aegialiinae. The species was described in 1977 and is known only from the western United States. Members of the genus Aegialia are commonly associated with sandy coastal or dune habitats.
Aegialia crescenta
Crescent Dunes scarab beetle
Aegialia crescenta is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Aegialiinae, first described by Gordon and Cartwright in 1977. It is endemic to the United States and appears to have a restricted distribution centered on Nevada. The species belongs to a genus of beetles typically associated with sandy habitats.
Aethecerinus hornii
Horn's Aethecerinus Long-Horned Beetle
Aethecerinus hornii is a rare longhorned beetle (family Cerambycidae) endemic to Florida scrub habitat in Highlands and Lee counties. Described by Lacordaire in 1869, this species belongs to the tribe Trachyderini, a group known for bright coloration, flower-feeding behavior, and diurnal activity. The species is extremely restricted in range and poorly represented in collections, with only five observations documented.
Aglaothorax longipennis
Santa Monica shieldback katydid, Santa Monica Mountains Shieldback
Aglaothorax longipennis is a shieldback katydid endemic to the United States, specifically known from the Santa Monica Mountains region of California. It belongs to the family Tettigoniidae, which includes katydids, crickets, and bush-crickets. The species was originally described as Neduba longipennis before being transferred to the genus Aglaothorax. It has been studied at Topanga State Park, indicating a restricted range within coastal southern California.
Agoliinus incommunis
Agoliinus incommunis is a species of small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, originally described by Fall in 1932. The species is documented from mountainous regions of western North America, with records spanning from British Columbia south to New Mexico. As a member of the Aphodiini tribe, it belongs to a group commonly known as small dung beetles, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented. The species name "incommunis" (Latin for "uncommon" or "not shared") may allude to its rarity or restricted distribution.
Agonum crenistriatum
Agonum crenistriatum is a ground beetle in the subfamily Platyninae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1863. The species is endemic to North America, with records from the United States and Canada. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized predatory beetles commonly found in moist habitats. Very little specific biological information has been published for this particular species.
Agonum texanum
Agonum texanum is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, subfamily Platyninae. The species was originally described by LeConte in 1878 as Platynus texanus. It is endemic to Texas, United States, and has been recorded in the GBIF database from both the USA and Mexico. As a member of the genus Agonum, it belongs to a diverse group of ground beetles commonly found in moist habitats.
Agraphini
Agraphini is a small weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae, established by Horn in 1876. It contains only two genera—Agraphus and Paragraphus—each represented by a single species. The tribe is endemic to the Atlantic coastal region of the eastern United States.
Agrotis arenarius
Sable Island Cutworm Moth
Agrotis arenarius is a noctuid moth endemic to Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. First described by Neil in 1983, this species is known from only a handful of observations. Its restricted distribution to a single small island makes it one of the most geographically limited Agrotis species. The specific epithet "arenarius" refers to the sandy habitat of its island home.
Aguayomiris
Aguayomiris is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Maldonado Caprilles in 1987. As a member of the subfamily Bryocorinae (tribe Dicyphini or related group), it belongs to a lineage of mirids often associated with mosses, liverworts, or other cryptogamic vegetation. The genus is endemic to Puerto Rico, reflecting the island's distinctive Caribbean fauna. Very few species have been described, and the group remains poorly known biologically.
Alberada californiensis
Alberada californiensis is a species of snout moth described by Herbert H. Neunzig in 1997. It belongs to the family Pyralidae and is currently documented only from California. The species is represented by a small number of observations, reflecting limited survey effort rather than necessarily restricted abundance.
Aleptina arenaria
Aleptina arenaria is a small noctuid moth described in 2011. The species is known exclusively from White Sands National Park in New Mexico, where it inhabits the gypsum sand dune field. Its specific epithet references this specialized sandy habitat. The species is known from only two observations, making it one of the most geographically restricted moths in North America.
Allenius
Allenius is a genus of lady beetles (family Coccinellidae) containing a single described species, Allenius iviei. The genus was established in 2012 and is notable for its extreme rarity and distinctive morphology. The sole species is known from only a few specimens collected in the northwestern United States.
Alloblackburneus
Alloblackburneus is a genus of scarab beetles (family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae) described by Bordat in 2009. It belongs to the tribe Aphodiini, a group commonly known as small dung beetles. The genus is endemic to the Afrotropical region. Species in this genus are part of the diverse Aphodiinae fauna associated with decomposition and nutrient cycling in African ecosystems.
Alpheias oculiferalis
Alpheias oculiferalis is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, first described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1891. It belongs to the genus Alpheias within the subfamily Galleriinae. The species is endemic to the US state of Texas, with 54 iNaturalist observations supporting its continued presence in the region.
Alypia mariposa
Mariposa Forester
Alypia mariposa, the Mariposa Forester, is a day-flying moth in the family Noctuidae, first described in 1868. It is endemic to California's Coast Ranges and Sierra foothills, with a distribution spanning from Kern County northward to Placer County. Adults are active in spring, flying during April through June. The species is distinguished from its congener Alypia ridingsii by wing pattern differences.
Alypia wittfeldii
Wittfeld's Forester
Alypia wittfeldii, commonly known as Wittfeld's Forester, is a small noctuid moth endemic to the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain of the United States. First described by Henry Edwards in 1883, this species is notable for its restricted distribution, occurring almost exclusively in Florida (excluding the western panhandle), coastal Georgia, and South Carolina. Adults are active during the winter and early spring months, with forewings measuring 13–14 mm in length. The species belongs to the forester moths (genus Alypia), a group characterized by bright coloration and diurnal activity patterns that contrast with the typically nocturnal habits of most noctuids.
Amaurorhinus bewickianus
Amaurorhinus bewickianus is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae, endemic to the Madeira archipelago. It was first described by Wollaston in 1860 and has been recorded from Madeira Island and the nearby Desertas Islands. The species belongs to a small genus of flightless weevils with restricted distributions in the Macaronesian region. Its island endemism and apparent absence from mainland Europe suggest limited dispersal capability.
Amblycheila hoversoni
South Texas giant tiger beetle
Amblycheila hoversoni is a flightless, nocturnal tiger beetle first described in 1990 (published 1991). It holds the distinction of being the largest tiger beetle species in the Western Hemisphere. The species is endemic to south and west-central Texas, where it inhabits grassland and prairie habitats. Like other members of the genus Amblycheila, it exhibits a lumbering, deliberate gait rather than the rapid, jerky movement typical of most tiger beetles.
Amblycheila katzi
Trans-Pecos Giant Tiger Beetle
Amblycheila katzi is a small-sized tiger beetle (23–28 mm) endemic to the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas. It is distinguished from all other Amblycheila by its strongly petrophilous ecology, occupying vertical rock walls rather than ground habitats. Adults are nocturnal predators active on limestone surfaces 1–5 m above ground. The species has been successfully bred in captivity, with 59 adults reared from eggs.
Amblyomma tuberculatum
gopher tortoise tick
Amblyomma tuberculatum is a hard tick species endemic to the United States, commonly known as the gopher tortoise tick due to its intimate association with the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus). Unlike many tick species, its distribution appears more restricted than that of its primary host, with environmental factors such as sand depth and soil composition playing significant roles in habitat suitability. Laboratory studies have documented its complete life cycle, which requires a minimum of 207 days under controlled conditions.
Amiana
Amiana is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, containing a single species, Amiana niama. The genus was established by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1904. It is endemic to the southwestern United States, specifically the state of Arizona. As a member of the subfamily Acronictinae, it belongs to a group of noctuid moths commonly known as dagger moths.
Ammopelmatus kelsoensis
Kelso Dunes Jerusalem Cricket, Kelso Jerusalem cricket
Ammopelmatus kelsoensis is a large, flightless orthopteran insect endemic to the Kelso Dunes of California. It belongs to the family Stenopelmatidae, commonly known as Jerusalem crickets. The species is distinguished from congeners by specific leg spine and spur characteristics, including short, spatulate apical tibial spurs and reduced ventral spines on the fore and hind tibiae. Adults are active in midsummer. The species has been collected exclusively from burrows of Rhachocnemis colonies, where it has been observed preying on nymphs of that genus.
Ammopelmatus mescaleroensis
Mescalero Jerusalem Cricket
Ammopelmatus mescaleroensis is a species of Jerusalem cricket endemic to the sand dunes of southeastern New Mexico. First described by Tinkham in 1979, it was later found to be conspecific with A. monahansensis, which was synonymized under A. mescaleroensis in a 2024 phylogenomic revision. A neotype has been designated for this species. The species is nocturnal and has been observed in sand dune habitats at night.
Ammopelmatus muwu
Point Conception Jerusalem Cricket
Ammopelmatus muwu is a Jerusalem cricket species in the family Stenopelmatidae. It is endemic to a restricted coastal region of central California, specifically parts of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties. The species was described in 1981 and is one of several sand dune-associated Ammopelmatus species in western North America. Like other members of its genus, it is nocturnal and fossorial.
Ammopelmatus nigrocapitatus
Black-headed Jerusalem Cricket
Ammopelmatus nigrocapitatus is a species of Jerusalem cricket in the family Stenopelmatidae, originally described by Tinkham & Rentz in 1969. It is one of 12 previously named taxa recognized as valid in a comprehensive 2025 revision of the genus. The species is endemic to parts of Southern California and is characterized by its distinctive black head. Like other Ammopelmatus species, it is a large, flightless orthopteran adapted to arid and semi-arid environments.
Amphipoea erepta
cutworm, dart moth
Amphipoea erepta is a noctuid moth species found in North America. A subspecies, A. e. ryensis, has a highly restricted range, occurring only in a single 25-acre meadow in Pelham Bay Park, The Bronx, New York City. The species is assigned MONA/Hodges number 9461.
Amphipogon
greybeard grasses
Amphipogon, commonly known as greybeard grasses, is a genus of perennial grasses endemic to Australia. The genus belongs to the grass family Poaceae and is characterized by its distinctive inflorescences with hairy or bearded spikelets. Species within this genus are adapted to Australian temperate and Mediterranean climates, often occurring in woodland and forest understories.
Ampumixis
Ampumixis is a monotypic genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, containing the single species Ampumixis dispar. The genus was described by Sanderson in 1954 and is endemic to the Western United States, specifically the region between California and Oregon. Adults are small, measuring approximately 2.1–2.5 mm in length.
Anacochylidia maderana
Anacochylidia maderana is a species of tortricid moth described from southern Arizona in 2019. It is known from two localities in the Madrean sky island region: Palmerlee in Cochise County and Madera Canyon in Santa Cruz County. The species name references Madera Canyon, one of its collection sites. Available specimens indicate adult activity in September. The early stages and larval host plants remain unknown.
Anaea troglodyta floridalis
Florida Leafwing
Anaea troglodyta floridalis is a federally endangered subspecies of butterfly endemic to southern Florida. It is one of the most imperiled butterflies in North America, with populations restricted to pine rockland and tropical hardwood hammock habitats in Miami-Dade County and Everglades National Park. The subspecies is highly dependent on its host plant Croton linearis for larval development. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and fire suppression have contributed to its decline, with remaining populations concentrated in protected areas.
Anillinus davidsoni
Anillinus davidsoni is a species of small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Sokolov in 2012. It belongs to the tribe Bembidiini and subtribe Anillina, a group of minute, often eyeless or reduced-eyed beetles adapted to subterranean or cryptic habitats. The genus Anillinus is endemic to North America, with species distributed primarily in the eastern and central United States.
Anillinus folkertsioides
Anillinus folkertsioides is a small ground beetle species described in 2020 from Jackson County, Alabama. It is a litter-dwelling species, distinguishing it from the sympatric cave-dwelling Anillinus clinei found in the same county. The species belongs to the tribe Anillini, a group of minute carabid beetles often associated with subterranean or forest floor habitats. Its discovery brought the known Anillinus fauna of Alabama to twelve species.
Anillinus fortis
Anillinus fortis is a species of small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, endemic to the Eastern United States. It belongs to the tribe Anillina within the subfamily Trechinae, a group characterized by reduced eyes and adaptations to subterranean or soil-dwelling habits. The species was described by George Henry Horn in 1869. Like other members of its genus, it likely inhabits forest floor litter and soil microhabitats.
Anillinus jancae
Anillinus jancae is a small, eyeless ground beetle in the tribe Bembidiini. It was described by Thomas C. Barr in 1995 based on specimens from Kentucky. The species belongs to a genus of minute carabids adapted to subterranean or deep soil habitats. Like other Anillinus species, it exhibits troglomorphic traits including reduced pigmentation and vestigial eyes.
Anillinus langdoni
Anillinus langdoni is a small ground beetle in the tribe Bembidiini, described in 2004. It belongs to the A. langdoni species group, which includes four species with three endemic to the Great Smoky Mountains region. The species is distinguished from congeners primarily by male genitalia morphology and female spermathecal shape. Phylogeographic studies suggest its distribution reflects historical altitudinal shifts of habitat corridors and watershed-mediated isolation.
Anillinus magazinensis
Anillinus magazinensis is a small ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described in 2004 from specimens collected in Arkansas, USA. It belongs to the genus Anillinus, a group of minute, eyeless, wingless beetles adapted to subterranean or deep soil habitats. The species epithet refers to Magazine Mountain, the type locality in the Ozark Mountains.
Anillinus unicoi
Anillinus unicoi is a small ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, described in 2011 from the Unicoi Mountains region of the southern Appalachians. It belongs to the genus Anillinus, a group of minute, eyeless or nearly eyeless beetles adapted to subterranean or deep soil habitats. The species epithet refers to the Unicoi Mountains, which span the Tennessee-North Carolina border. Like other anillines, it likely inhabits moist forest floor environments and exhibits reduced pigmentation and vision associated with life in dark microhabitats.
Anisogammaridae
Anisogammaridae is a family of small benthic amphipod crustaceans endemic to the northern Pacific Rim. The family includes freshwater, estuarine, and marine species distributed across the Japanese Archipelago, Korean Peninsula, Chinese mainland, and Pacific coast of North America. Members exhibit diverse life history strategies including annual winter-breeding cycles in temperate freshwater habitats and bivoltine patterns in estuarine environments. The family is notable for containing the most diverse group of Japanese freshwater amphipods (genus Jesogammarus) and species of conservation concern due to restricted ranges and habitat vulnerability.
Anomala hardyorum
Hardy's Dune Beetle, Hardys' dune beetle
Anomala hardyorum, commonly known as Hardy's Dune Beetle, is a species of shining leaf chafer in the family Scarabaeidae. The species was described by Potts in 1976 and is endemic to the Algodones Dunes of North America. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Paranomala hardyorum in some taxonomic databases. As a member of the genus Anomala, it belongs to a group of scarab beetles commonly referred to as chafers or shining leaf chafers.
Anoncia sphacelina
Anoncia sphacelina is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae, first described by Keifer in 1935. It is known only from California in western North America. Adults are active in spring, and the larvae are documented feeding on Lepechinia calycina, a member of the mint family.
Anoplochares apicata
Anoplochares apicata is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae. The genus Anoplochares is endemic to New Zealand, and this species represents one of several described members of this genus. Like other tenebrionids, it is adapted to arid or semi-arid environments and exhibits nocturnal habits. The species has been documented in the scientific literature but remains poorly known in terms of detailed biology.
Antaeotricha floridella
Antaeotricha floridella is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, described in 2015 from peninsular Florida. The species is endemic to Florida's sandhills and scrub habitats, where it was initially confused with the similar but more widespread Antaeotricha albulella. Its immaculately white forewings without any spotting distinguish it from close relatives.
Anthocharis julia
Julia Orangetip, Southern Rocky Mountain Orangetip
Anthocharis julia is a butterfly species in the family Pieridae, commonly known as the Julia Orangetip or Southern Rocky Mountain Orangetip. It is one of three species in the sara species group, distinguished by more than 2% mitochondrial DNA COI barcode divergence from congeners A. sara and A. thoosa. Molecular and morphological evidence consistently support its species status with no detected introgression or hybridization. The species is endemic to the southern Rocky Mountains on the eastern side of the range.
Anthocharis julia browningi
Utah Julia Orangetip
A subspecies of orangetip butterfly endemic to the western United States. The common name "Utah Julia Orangetip" indicates a geographic association with Utah, though precise range boundaries remain poorly documented. As a member of the Pieridae family, it shares the characteristic white or yellow wing bases with orange apical markings typical of the genus Anthocharis.
Anthocharis sara gunderi
Santa Catalina Orangetip
A subspecies of the Sara Orangetip butterfly endemic to Santa Catalina Island, California. The Santa Catalina Orangetip is distinguished by its island-restricted distribution and subtle morphological differences from mainland populations. Like other orangetips, it displays the characteristic orange wing tips in males, though specific distinguishing features for this subspecies require careful examination.
Anthocharis sara sempervirens
Sara Orange-Tip
Anthocharis sara sempervirens is a subspecies of the Sara Orange-Tip butterfly, first described in 2008. It belongs to the family Pieridae, which includes the whites and sulphurs. The subspecies epithet "sempervirens" (meaning "evergreen") references the coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests with which this butterfly is associated. Like other orange-tips, males display distinctive orange coloration on the forewing tips.
Anthracopteryx
Anthracopteryx is a monobasic genus of click beetles (family Elateridae) endemic to the Front Ranges of Colorado, USA. The genus contains a single species, A. hiemalis, which is notable for its winter activity period—unusual among click beetles. The genus was established by Horn in 1891 and remains poorly represented in collections and online databases.
Anthracopteryx hiemalis
Anthracopteryx hiemalis is a small click beetle (family Elateridae) and the sole species in its monotypic genus. It is notable for winter activity, a rare trait among click beetles. The species has an extremely restricted endemic range in the Front Range of Colorado, USA, spanning from Laramie south to Westcliffe. As of 2017, it was documented in only two observations on iNaturalist and had no prior photographic records on BugGuide.net, indicating it is among the most poorly documented North American elaterids.
Anuroctonus pococki bajae
Californian swollen stinger scorpion
Anuroctonus pococki bajae is a subspecies of scorpion in the family Chactidae, endemic to Baja California. It is distinguished by a pronounced swollen bulb on the telson (stinger segment), a trait referenced in its common name. The species exhibits defensive, aggressive behavior when provoked and is nocturnal. Under ultraviolet light, it fluoresces bright blue-green like other scorpions.
Apache californicum
Apache californicum is a small, red planthopper endemic to California. It belongs to the family Derbidae, a group of fulgoroid insects commonly known as planthoppers. Males can be distinguished from the similar Apache degeerii by the presence of two pairs of hooks at the base of the flagellum, whereas A. degeerii has only a single pair.
Apachemiris areolatus
Apachemiris areolatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described from Texas and New Mexico in 1974. It belongs to a small genus endemic to the southwestern United States. The species name "areolatus" refers to a net-like or small-celled pattern, likely describing surface sculpturing on the body. Very few observations exist, with only six records documented on iNaturalist.
Apantesis bolanderi
Apantesis bolanderi is a small tiger moth in the family Erebidae, originally described from Mount Shasta, California in 1872. It was formerly classified in the genus Grammia but was transferred to Apantesis along with related genera. The species is known from a single locality and remains poorly documented, with no confirmed observations in major biodiversity databases.
Apantesis edwardsii
A tiger moth in the family Erebidae, Apantesis edwardsii was described by Stretch in 1872. It has a highly restricted distribution, known only from the San Francisco area of California and Klamath County in Oregon. The species was transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis in a taxonomic revision that consolidated several related genera.
Apantesis favorita
A tiger moth species in the family Erebidae, described by Berthold Neumoegen in 1890. This species was formerly placed in the genus Grammia but was transferred to Apantesis along with related tiger moth genera. It has a restricted distribution in the Great Plains sand dune ecosystems and exhibits a narrow adult flight period in late spring. The species is notable for its specialized habitat association with prairie sand dunes, a rare ecosystem type in North America.
Apantesis hewletti
Apantesis hewletti is a small tiger moth species in the family Erebidae, originally described from southwestern California in 1918. It was formerly classified under the genus Grammia but was reassigned to Apantesis following taxonomic revisions that consolidated several related genera. Adults are characterized by striking coloration with black forewings bearing pale bands and bright yellow to orange-red hindwings. The species has been documented in May, though comprehensive data on its biology and ecology remains limited.
Apantesis ursina
Apantesis ursina is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, described by Schmidt in 2009. The species was originally placed in the genus Grammia but was transferred to Apantesis in a 2009 taxonomic revision that consolidated several related genera. It is endemic to a restricted range in southern California and the Channel Islands, with likely extension into Baja California. Adults fly in autumn, with peak activity from mid-September to early October.
Apataniidae
Early Smoky Wing Sedges
Apataniidae is a family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) commonly known as early smoky wing sedges. The family contains approximately 18 genera and at least 180 described species. Members are primarily Holarctic in distribution, with notable diversity in Europe, Asia, and North America. Larvae are aquatic and construct portable cases from mineral particles.
Aphanommata
Aphanommata is a genus of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cossoninae) endemic to the Cape Verde archipelago in the Old World. The genus was erected by Wollaston in 1873 and currently includes three species from Cape Verde: A. euphorbiarum (Santo Antão), A. kuscheli (São Nicolau), and A. strakai (Fogo). A fourth species, A. filum, occurs elsewhere in the Old World. The genus has been subject to recent taxonomic revision including descriptions of larval morphology and analysis of vertical and inter-insular distribution patterns.
Aphis hederae
Aphis hederae is an aphid species first described by Kaltenbach in 1843. It is currently listed as an accepted species in major taxonomic databases, though some sources note it as an ambiguous synonym. The species is recorded from the Azores archipelago (Faial, Flores, São Jorge, São Miguel, and Santa Maria islands). As a member of the genus Aphis, it shares the family's characteristic sap-feeding biology on host plants.
Aphonopelma armada
Texas Black Spot Tarantula
Aphonopelma armada is a species of tarantula in the family Theraphosidae, endemic to Texas in the United States. It is commonly known as the Texas Black Spot Tarantula. Like other members of the genus Aphonopelma, it is a large-bodied, ground-dwelling spider that constructs burrows. The species was originally described as Dugesiella armada by Chamberlin in 1940 before being transferred to Aphonopelma.
Aphonopelma catalina
Santa Catalina Mountain Tarantula
Aphonopelma catalina is a tarantula species described in 2016 from the Santa Catalina Mountains of southeastern Arizona. It belongs to a genus of large-bodied, ground-dwelling spiders native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. Like other Aphonopelma species, it exhibits characteristics typical of primitive mygalomorph spiders, including simple genitalia that complicate species identification. The species is endemic to a single mountain range, making it vulnerable to habitat loss.
Aphonopelma chiricahua
Chiricahua Tarantula
Aphonopelma chiricahua is a tarantula species endemic to the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. It was described in 2016 during a comprehensive revision of the genus Aphonopelma, which revealed significant previously unrecognized diversity in the southwestern United States. Like other Madrean Sky Island endemics, this species occupies isolated montane habitats and represents part of the exceptional biodiversity found in this region.
Apodemia mormo langei
Lange's Metalmark, Lange's metalmark butterfly
Apodemia mormo langei is a federally endangered subspecies of metalmark butterfly endemic to a single site in California's San Francisco Bay Area. The total wild population has declined from an estimated 131 individuals in 2008 to approximately 25–30 individuals by 2011. It is restricted to remnant sand dune habitat at Antioch Dunes, where it depends entirely on a specific larval host plant. The subspecies has been the subject of ongoing conservation controversy due to genetic research suggesting it may not be as evolutionarily distinct from other Apodemia mormo populations as previously assumed.
Apomastus
Apomastus is a genus of mygalomorph spiders in the family Euctenizidae, endemic to southern California and described in 2002. The genus contains only two species, A. kristenae and A. schlingeri, both restricted to the Los Angeles Basin and surrounding hills. Females of both species are morphologically indistinguishable, requiring molecular or male morphological analysis for identification. The genus occupies habitat highly vulnerable to urban development.
Apomastus kristenae
Apomastus kristenae is a wafer-lid trapdoor spider described by Bond in 2004. It is one of two recognized species in the genus Apomastus, both endemic to restricted regions of southern California. Females are morphologically indistinguishable from the congeneric A. schlingeri, requiring molecular or geographic data for identification. The species occupies a habitat under severe pressure from urban development.
Apomastus schlingeri
Apomastus schlingeri is a venomous trapdoor spider species described by Bond & Opell in 2002. It was originally misidentified as Aptostichus schlingeri before taxonomic revision placed it in the genus Apomastus. The species is known for producing a complex of neurotoxic peptides called aptotoxins, which function as voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. It is one of only two known species in the genus Apomastus, both restricted to the United States.
Appalachia arcana
Michigan bog grasshopper, secretive locust
Appalachia arcana is a short-winged grasshopper endemic to Michigan, United States. It is the only grasshopper species restricted entirely to this state. The species is flightless and does not produce sound. Breeding occurs in September. It inhabits sphagnum bogs surrounded by jack pine trees.
Apsaphida eremna
Apsaphida eremna is a rare noctuid moth and the sole species in its monotypic genus. It is known exclusively from Arizona, where it was first described by John G. Franclemont in 1973. The species remains poorly documented with few verified observations.
Apterocyclus
Kauai flightless stag beetles
Apterocyclus is a genus of flightless stag beetles endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The genus comprises five described species, ranging from 14 to 23 mm in length. These beetles represent the only native scarabaeoid beetles in the Hawaiian Islands. Three species (A. honoluluensis, A. kawaii, and A. waterhousei) have been confirmed living since the late 1960s, while others may be extinct. Historical collection data shows a dramatic decline, with over 130 specimens documented between 1871 and 1922 but very few found in recent decades.
Apterocyclus honoluluensis
Kauai Flightless Stag Beetle
Apterocyclus honoluluensis, the Kauai flightless stag beetle, is a flightless stag beetle endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai. It is the smallest and most commonly encountered species in its genus, with adults measuring 14–17 mm, rarely reaching 21 mm. The species has declined due to predation by introduced mice and habitat loss, and was considered for protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1994 but was declined due to insufficient data.
Apterocyclus munroi
Apterocyclus munroi is a species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae. The species was described from four specimens collected on Kauai, Hawaii in 1897. No confirmed observations have been made since the original collection, and the species is considered possibly extinct. It belongs to a genus of flightless stag beetles endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.
Apterocyclus palmatus
Apterocyclus palmatus is a species of stag beetle endemic to the island of Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands. It was originally described in 1922 as a subspecies of Apterocyclus honoluluensis, but is now recognized as a distinct species. The species is known from only five specimens collected in 1919 at 4,000 feet elevation. No specimens have been found in recent decades, and the species may be extinct.
Apterocyclus waterhousei
Apterocyclus waterhousei is a rare, flightless stag beetle endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai. It belongs to a genus of flightless beetles found only in the Hawaiian Islands. The species has been documented in several locations on Kauai in recent years.
Aptostichus simus
Southern Coastal Dune Trapdoor Spider
Aptostichus simus is a medium-sized mygalomorph trapdoor spider endemic to coastal sand dune habitats of California and Baja California, Mexico. This fossorial species constructs deep, silk-lined burrows with camouflaged trapdoor lids made of sand and silk, typically situated at the base of native dune vegetation. Recent integrative taxonomic research using genomic data has revealed significant cryptic diversity within this species complex, including the description of a new cryptic species, A. ramirezae, from Moss Landing State Beach. The species exhibits deep genetic divergence dating to 2-3 million years ago despite morphological homogeneity, with populations showing extreme habitat specificity that makes them vulnerable to coastal habitat degradation.
Apystomyiidae
A small family of flies in the superfamily Asiloidea, containing one extant genus (Apystomyia) and two extinct genera (Apystomimus, Hilarimorphites). The sole living species, Apystomyia elinguis, is endemic to California. Extinct species are known from Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous deposits in Kazakhstan, Myanmar, and New Jersey. Molecular studies place the family as sister to Cyclorrhapha within Eremoneura.
Araneus illaudatus
Texas Orbweaver, Texas orb-weaver
Araneus illaudatus is a large orb-weaving spider endemic to the southwestern United States. Females are among the largest North American Araneus, reaching 25 mm in body length with a distinctive dirty white coloration and two triangular dark patches on the anterior abdomen. Males are substantially smaller at 9 mm. The species constructs typical orb webs and exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in size.
Arawana arizonica
Arawana arizonica is a small lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae, measuring 3.25–3.50 mm in length. Adults are black or piceous with a distinctive red spot on each elytron. The species is known only from Arizona in southwestern North America.
Arctosa sanctaerosae
Santa Rosa Wolf Spider
Arctosa sanctaerosae is a wolf spider endemic to the secondary dunes of white sandy beaches along the Northern Gulf Coast of the United States. The species is nocturnal and burrow-dwelling, with discrete generations. It has experienced significant habitat degradation and fragmentation due to coastal development and tourism over the last century, resulting in reduced gene flow and smaller effective population sizes across five identified population clusters. Hurricanes pose additional natural disturbance, with population recovery influenced by dune height and vegetation density.
Areniscythris brachypteris
Oso Flaco Flightless Moth, sand-dune grasshopper moth
Areniscythris brachypteris is a flightless moth in the family Scythrididae, described by Jerry A. Powell in 1976. It is endemic to coastal sand dunes of California and is notable among Lepidoptera for its reduced wings and inability to fly. The species has been observed in 90 iNaturalist records, suggesting it is documented but not abundant.
Arenivaga floridensis
Florida Sand Cockroach
Arenivaga floridensis is a sexually dimorphic, fossorial sand cockroach endemic to Florida scrub ecosystems. It is the most geographically widespread faunal endemic of Florida scrub, documented from 11 peninsular sand ridges. Genetic analysis reveals three major mitochondrial lineages whose divergence corresponds with late Pliocene peninsula insularization, supporting a western origin hypothesis with colonization during the Pliocene or earlier. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: males possess fully developed wings and engage in low, erratic flight at dusk, while females are completely wingless and remain entirely fossorial throughout life. Its distribution is restricted to friable, sandy soils beneath light leaf litter of sand live oaks (Quercus geminata).
Arequipa
Arequipa is a genus of cacti in the family Cactaceae, established by Britton & Rose in 1922. The genus is named after the city of Arequipa in southern Peru, a major center for cactus diversity in the Andes. Species in this genus are characterized by their columnar or shrubby growth habit and are native to arid and semi-arid regions of southern Peru and northern Chile. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some species transferred to related genera such as Weberbauerocereus.
Argentostiria
Argentostiria is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, established by Robert W. Poole in 1995. The genus contains a single species, Argentostiria koebelei, described by Riley in 1893. It is endemic to the Mojave Desert of the United States.
Argyrotaenia paiuteana
Argyrotaenia paiuteana is a small tortricid moth described by Powell in 1960. It is known only from California, where adults fly from May through August. The species is associated with coniferous hosts, with larvae feeding on singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis).
Arianops nantahalae
Arianops nantahalae is a small rove beetle in the subfamily Pselaphinae, described by Barr in 1974. The species is endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. It belongs to a genus of minute beetles adapted to life in forest leaf litter and soil microhabitats.
Arotrura hymenata
Arotrura hymenata is a species of moth in the family Scythrididae, a group of small, often inconspicuous moths commonly known as flower moths. The genus Arotrura is endemic to New Zealand and contains multiple described species. A. hymenata is one of several species within this genus, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in scientific literature.
Arta brevivalvalis
Arta brevivalvalis is a species of pyralid moth endemic to Arizona, United States. It was described by Cashatt in 2012. The species is characterized by distinctive wing coloration: forewings are reddish brown to purplish brown with ochreous antemedial and postmedial lines, while the hindwings are greyish brown.
Artemia monica
Mono Lake brine shrimp
Artemia monica is a brine shrimp species endemic to Mono Lake, California. It is a sibling species of the widespread A. franciscana, with which it is reproductively isolated due to different water requirements. The species exhibits strong salinity-dependent life history traits, with higher salinities reducing hatching success, survival, growth, and reproductive output while prolonging developmental timelines.
Aseptis murina
Aseptis murina is a noctuid moth described by Tomas Mustelin in 2000. The species name refers to its smooth, mouse-like appearance. It is restricted to southern California, where it occupies a range of habitats from coastal chaparral to oak forest and mountain-desert transition zones at elevations up to 2000 meters. Adults are active from early May through July.
Aseptis perfumosa
Aseptis perfumosa is a noctuid moth endemic to southern California, first described by George Hampson in 1918. It occupies diverse habitats from sea level to 2000 meters elevation, including coastal chaparral, canyons, urban areas, brush land, and open oak forest. The species is univoltine, with adults active from early April to early June at lower elevations and slightly later at higher elevations. Larvae feed on species of Arctostaphylos.
Athoplastus rainieri
Athoplastus rainieri is a click beetle (family Elateridae) endemic to the Cascade Range of Washington State. Originally described by Van Dyke in 1932, it was transferred to the genus Athoplastus by Etzler & Johnson in 2018. The species is known from very few specimens and remains poorly documented in the scientific literature.
Atrytonopsis quinteri
Crystal Skipper
Atrytonopsis quinteri, the Crystal Skipper, is a recently described skipper butterfly (family Hesperiidae) endemic to a narrow coastal range in North Carolina. The species was formally described in 2015 by Burns, though specimens had been collected as early as 1978. Its extremely restricted distribution along barrier islands makes it one of the most geographically limited butterfly species in North America.
Attalus frosti
Attalus frosti is a species of soft-winged flower beetle in the family Melyridae. The species is known from very few specimens in Missouri, with records from Lichen Glade Natural Area in St. Clair County and a single specimen collected in a malaise trap in central Missouri. It is associated with post oak (Quercus stellata) in dry sandstone woodland habitats. The species appears to be rare and poorly known, with no records since the original collections.
Austrotyla stephensoni
Austrotyla stephensoni is a species of millipede in the family Conotylidae, described by Shear & Steinmann in 2013. It belongs to the order Chordeumatida, a group of small to medium-sized millipedes commonly known as silk-spinning or short-back millipedes. The genus Austrotyla is endemic to the southern Appalachian region of the United States. This species appears to be rare and poorly known, with limited observational records.
Autographa corusca
Caramel Looper
Autographa corusca is a noctuid moth endemic to the Pacific Northwest coastal forests. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 33 mm and are active in midsummer. Larvae feed on alder species (Alnus).
Bagisara brouana
Bagisara brouana is a noctuid moth described by A.D.C. Ferguson in 1997. It is known from only two US states—Louisiana and Mississippi—representing one of the most geographically restricted species in the genus. Its extremely limited range has been hypothesized to reflect specialized larval host plant associations, potentially to a single plant genus or species with similarly restricted distribution. The species belongs to the subfamily Bagisarinae, a small New World group whose biology remains poorly documented.
Banksula
Banksula is a genus of harvestmen in the family Phalangodidae, comprising ten described species. All species are endemic to California, United States. The genus was established by Roewer in 1949 and named in honor of Nathan Banks, an American entomologist who described the type species. These harvestmen belong to the suborder Laniatores, a diverse group of short-legged, often heavily armored opilionids.
Battus philenor hirsuta
California pipevine swallowtail, hairy pipevine swallowtail
A California endemic subspecies of pipevine swallowtail distinguished by smaller size, denser body hair, and larger egg clutches than the nominate subspecies. Adults display iridescent green-blue hindwings with red ventral spots, while larvae are black with fleshy protrusions and orange markings. The subspecies maintains a tightly coupled relationship with its sole host plant, Aristolochia californica, sequestering toxic aristolochic acids for chemical defense. Unlike other Battus philenor populations, this subspecies has no known Batesian mimics.
Beameromyia monticola
Santa Rita Pixie
Beameromyia monticola is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Martin in 1957. The species epithet 'monticola' (mountain-dwelling) suggests an association with montane habitats. The common name 'Santa Rita Pixie' indicates a likely connection to the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona. As a member of the Asilidae, it belongs to a family of predatory flies known for their aggressive hunting behavior and distinctive morphology.
Belocephalus
short-winged coneheads
Belocephalus is a genus of short-winged conehead katydids comprising approximately eight described species. Members of this genus are characterized by abbreviated wing development and are endemic to the southeastern United States. The genus was established by Scudder in 1875 and belongs to the tribe Copiphorini within the subfamily Conocephalinae.
Belonocnema
Belonocnema is a genus of cynipid gall wasps restricted to the southeastern United States. The genus comprises three recognized species that induce distinct galls on section Virentes oaks, including live oaks. All species exhibit heterogony, with alternating sexual and asexual generations producing morphologically and ecologically different gall types. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with Dryorhizoxenus now synonymized under Belonocnema.
Berninelsonius hyperboreus
Beringian Click Beetle
Berninelsonius hyperboreus is a click beetle (family Elateridae) endemic to the Beringian region of the Arctic. The species was described by Gyllenhal in 1827 and represents one of the few elaterid beetles adapted to extreme northern environments. It is known from a very small number of observations and collections, reflecting both its restricted range and the difficulty of accessing its habitat. The genus Berninelsonius is monotypic, containing only this species.
Bishopella
Bishopella is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Phalangodidae, established by Roewer in 1927 and named in honor of arachnologist S. C. Bishop. The genus contains two described species: B. jonesi, endemic to Alabama, and B. laciniosa, distributed more broadly across the southeastern United States. Both species belong to the diverse Laniatores suborder, characterized by relatively short legs and raptorial pedipalps adapted for predation.
Bohartia bromleyi
Nevada Longhorn Robber
Bohartia bromleyi is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Hull in 1958. It belongs to the genus Bohartia, a small group of longhorn robber flies characterized by elongated antennae. The species is endemic to the western United States. Like other Asilidae, it is presumed to be an aerial predator of other insects.
Boloria alberta
Alberta fritillary
Boloria alberta is a small alpine fritillary butterfly endemic to the North American Rocky Mountains. Adults fly from July to early August in high-elevation habitats. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration, with males appearing dull orange and females pale orange to gray-brown. Larvae are specialized feeders on mountain avens (Dryas octopetala).
Boloria chariclea montinus
White Mountain Fritillary
The White Mountain Fritillary is a critically imperiled subspecies endemic to the alpine zone of the Presidential Range in New Hampshire's White Mountains. A glacial relict isolated for approximately 9,000 years, it represents one of the rarest butterfly populations in eastern North America. Systematic point-count surveys in 2012-2013 found highest densities in herbaceous-snowbank plant communities, though the more widespread heath-shrub-rush community likely supports the majority of adults. The subspecies is easily alarmed by human approach and exhibits variable detectability depending on weather conditions.
Bombus cockerelli
Cockerell's Bumble Bee, Cockerell's Bumblebee
Bombus cockerelli is a bumble bee species with the smallest known range of any bumble bee species worldwide, restricted to high-elevation localities in the White Mountains of New Mexico. First described in 1913 from six specimens, it remained unobserved between 1956 and 2011. Fewer than 30 specimens have ever been collected. The species was once considered a potential subspecies, but fresh specimens now allow for genetic analysis to resolve its taxonomic status. Its entire range falls within protected U.S. National Forest and tribal lands.
Booneacris
Wingless Mountain Grasshoppers
Booneacris is a genus of spur-throated grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, established by Rehn & Randell in 1962. The genus contains four described species, all characterized by reduced or absent wings. These grasshoppers are restricted to mountainous regions of western North America, with species found at high elevations. The common name "Wingless Mountain Grasshoppers" reflects their most distinctive trait and habitat preference.
Booneacris alticola
Marys Peak Wingless Grasshopper
Booneacris alticola, commonly known as the Marys Peak Wingless Grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper described in 1962. The specific epithet 'alticola' refers to its high-elevation habitat. It belongs to the subfamily Melanoplinae, a diverse group of North American grasshoppers. The species is characterized by its wingless condition, an adaptation common in montane grasshopper species.
Booneacris glacialis
Wingless Mountain Grasshopper
Booneacris glacialis, commonly known as the wingless mountain grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is endemic to mountainous regions of eastern North America. The species is notable for being flightless, an adaptation to its high-elevation habitat. Three subspecies are currently recognized, varying in geographic distribution across the northern Appalachians and adjacent ranges.
Booneacris polita
Willamette wingless grasshopper
Booneacris polita, commonly known as the Willamette wingless grasshopper, is a flightless species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is endemic to the Pacific Northwest region of North America, with records primarily from Oregon. As its common name indicates, this species lacks functional wings, a trait that distinguishes it from most other grasshoppers and reflects its adaptation to stable, localized habitats.
Boreocanthon
Boreocanthon is a genus of ball-rolling dung beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, comprising thirteen recognized species. The genus is endemic to North America, with a distribution spanning from southern Canada to central Mexico. Species exhibit strong ecological associations with specific vegetation biomes, including eastern coniferous forests, prairies, arid shrublands, and desert habitats.
Boreus insulanus
Island Snow Scorpionfly
Boreus insulanus is a species of snow scorpionfly endemic to Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It belongs to the family Boreidae, a group of small, cold-adapted insects active during winter months. Like other snow scorpionflies, it lacks functional wings and is among the rarest insects encountered in its region. The species was described by Blades in 2002.
Brachinus patruelis
Brachinus patruelis is a small ground beetle in the bombardier beetle subfamily Brachininae. The species is endemic to the northeastern United States, with records from Massachusetts. Adults measure 5.7–8.3 mm in body length. Like other members of the genus, it possesses the defensive chemical secretion capability characteristic of bombardier beetles, though specific details of this behavior in B. patruelis have not been separately documented.
Brachypanorpa carolinensis
short-nosed scorpionfly
Brachypanorpa carolinensis, commonly known as the short-nosed scorpionfly, is a species of scorpionfly in the family Panorpodidae. The species is endemic to eastern North America. It is one of several species in the genus Brachypanorpa, which are characterized by their reduced wing venation and short rostrum compared to other scorpionflies.
Brachypnoea texana
Brachypnoea texana is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is endemic to the Edwards Plateau in Texas, with a restricted geographic range. The species was first described by American entomologist Charles Frederic August Schaeffer in 1919. Limited information is available regarding its biology and ecology.
Bromleyus flavidorsus
Bromleyus flavidorsus is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Hardy in 1945. The genus Bromleyus is endemic to Australia and contains relatively few described species. As with other Asilidae, this species is presumed to be a predatory fly, though specific ecological details remain undocumented in published literature. The species epithet 'flavidorsus' refers to a yellowish dorsal coloration.
Broscus
Broscus is a genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, tribe Broscini. The genus is native to the Palearctic, Nearctic, Near East, and North Africa. It contains approximately 25 described species, including several island endemics such as Broscus crassimargo on La Gomera (Canary Islands).
Bruneria yukonensis
Yukon slant-faced grasshopper, Yukon Grasshopper
Bruneria yukonensis is a species of slant-faced grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is endemic to Yukon, Canada. As a member of the genus Bruneria, it belongs to a group of grasshoppers characterized by their slanted facial profile. The species was described by Vickery in 1969. Very little specific biological information has been published for this species.
Bryolymnia anthracitaria
Bryolymnia anthracitaria is a small noctuid moth described in 2007 from southeastern Arizona. It is one of the more recently described species in the genus Bryolymnia, a group of moths historically associated with moss and lichen habitats. The species remains poorly known, with fewer than ten verified observations documented.
Bryolymnia biformata
Bryolymnia biformata is a small noctuid moth described in 2010 from the sky island mountain ranges of southeastern Arizona. The species is distinguished by two distinct color forms of adults, which inspired its Latin name. It has been documented only from the Huachuca, Patagonia, and Santa Rita Mountains.
Bryolymnia viridata
Bryolymnia viridata is a small noctuid moth endemic to western California, ranging from Sonoma County to San Diego County. First described by Leon F. Harvey in 1876, it has a wingspan of approximately 27 mm. Adults are active from late May through mid-October. The species is placed in the tribe Elaphriini within the subfamily Noctuinae.
Bryophaenocladius chrissichuckorum
Spooner's Flightless Midge
Bryophaenocladius chrissichuckorum, commonly called Spooner's Flightless Midge, is a chironomid midge endemic to Georgia, United States. Described in 2012 from specimens collected in the late 1990s, this species has only been documented from specific granite outcrop habitats in the Georgia Piedmont region. Its flightless condition represents an unusual adaptation among chironomids.
Bucrates weissmani
Weissman's Conehead
Bucrates weissmani is a katydid species in the conehead tribe Copiphorini, described by Walker in 2014. It occurs in restricted montane habitats in the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. The species is known from limited collection records and iNaturalist observations.
Bycombia verdugoensis
Bycombia verdugoensis is a moth in the family Drepanidae, and the sole member of its genus. It was described by Hill in 1927 based on specimens from California. The species is known from extremely few records, with only two observations documented on iNaturalist. Its biology and ecology remain largely unknown due to this scarcity of data.
Cacotherapia angulalis
Cacotherapia angulalis is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1918. It is endemic to California and belongs to a genus of relatively obscure pyralid moths. The specific epithet "angulalis" likely refers to angular features in wing pattern or body shape.
Calathus ruficollis ignicollis
Calathus ruficollis ignicollis is a flightless ground beetle subspecies endemic to the Transverse Ranges of southern California. First described by Casey in 1920, it represents the southern Sierra Nevada population of the broader C. ruficollis complex. Phylogeographic studies indicate this subspecies is genetically distinct from populations south and west, corresponding to a deep mitochondrial split within the species. Despite being flightless, the species shows limited geographic structure, suggesting recent range expansion or gene flow across mountain barriers.
Calathus ruficollis ruficollis
A flightless ground beetle subspecies distributed across southern California from Santa Barbara County to northern Baja California, including several Channel Islands. The subspecies is distinguished from the southern Sierra Nevada population (C. r. ignicollis) by genetic and geographic separation. Despite being flightless, populations show limited phylogeographic structure across the species' range, suggesting recent population expansion and gene flow across potential geographic barriers.
Californiulus chamberlini
Californiulus chamberlini is a species of millipede in the family Paeromopodidae, native to western North America. It is one of several species within the genus Californiulus, which is endemic to California and adjacent regions. Like other members of its family, it possesses the elongated, cylindrical body form typical of juliform millipedes. The species was described by Brölemann in 1922.
Californiulus euphanus
Californiulus euphanus is a millipede species in the family Paeromopodidae, described by Chamberlin in 1938. It is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of the United States, specifically found in northwestern Oregon and southwestern Washington. As a member of the order Julida, it belongs to a group of cylindrical, burrowing millipedes.
Callirhytis congregata
sausage flower gall wasp
Callirhytis congregata is a cynipid gall wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on the catkins of three oak species: coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni), and canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis). The species was originally described by William Harris Ashmead in 1896 under the genus Andricus. It is considered locally common within its range. The galls are described as rugose, yellowish-brown woody swellings with multiple cells, appearing to grow from the tips of slender twigs with a long peduncle-like base.
Callophrys dumetorum dumetorum
A subspecies of hairstreak butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to coastal California. It is one of at least two recognized subspecies within Callophrys dumetorum, with the nominate subspecies restricted to a narrower range than the species as a whole. The species is known by the common names bramble hairstreak or lotus hairstreak.
Callophrys fotis
Desert Elfin, Early Elfin, Fotis Hairstreak, Strecker's Elfin, Arizona Gray Elfin
Callophrys fotis is a small gossamer-winged butterfly native to the southwestern United States. It has a wingspan of 19–28 millimeters. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions across six states, from southeastern California to northwestern New Mexico. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate C. f. fotis and C. f. mojavensis described by Austin in 1998.
Callophrys mcfarlandi
Sandia Hairstreak
Callophrys mcfarlandi, the Sandia Hairstreak, is a small butterfly species native to North America with a restricted geographic range. It was discovered in 1958 in La Cueva Canyon, Albuquerque, New Mexico, by University of Kansas student Noel McFarland and formally described in 1960. The species was designated as one of New Mexico's state insects in 2003. It belongs to the hairstreak group within the family Lycaenidae.
Callophrys mossii bayensis
San Bruno Elfin
The San Bruno Elfin is a federally endangered butterfly subspecies endemic to the San Francisco Peninsula in California. It inhabits rocky outcrops and cliffs in coastal scrub habitat, with its distribution directly tied to that of its host plant, broadleaf stonecrop (Sedum spathulifolium). The subspecies was described by R. Brown in 1969 and is currently listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Calopteryx angustipennis
Appalachian jewelwing
Calopteryx angustipennis, the Appalachian jewelwing, is a large damselfly endemic to the eastern United States. It inhabits rocky rivers and streams with cold, fast-flowing water, particularly in woodland settings. Adults are active from spring through summer, with emergence timing varying by latitude.
Caloptilia ovatiella
Caloptilia ovatiella is a leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae, described by Opler in 1969. The species is endemic to California, United States. Larvae are specialized feeders on sumac species (Rhus) and laurel sumac (Malosma laurina), creating distinctive blotch mines in host leaves. Like other Caloptilia species, adults likely exhibit the characteristic resting posture with forewings held roof-like over the body.
Calosaturnia albofasciata
white-streaked saturnia moth
Calosaturnia albofasciata is a silkmoth endemic to California, United States. It was described by Johnson in 1938 and was formerly placed in the genus Saturnia. The species is known by the common name white-streaked saturnia moth, referring to its distinctive wing pattern. It carries Hodges number 7753 in the MONA numbering system.
Calosaturnia walterorum
Walter's Silkmoth, Walter's saturnia moth
Calosaturnia walterorum, known as Walter's Silkmoth, is a saturniid moth described by Hogue and Johnson in 1958. It was originally placed in the genus Saturnia before being transferred to Calosaturnia. The species occurs in a restricted range spanning southern California and adjacent Mexico. It is among the smaller and less frequently encountered silkmoths in western North America.
Cambarus dubius
Upland Burrowing Crayfish
Cambarus dubius, commonly known as the Upland Burrowing Crayfish, is a burrowing crayfish species native to the central and southern Appalachian region of the eastern United States. The species has a complex taxonomic history with multiple distinct color phases historically recognized across different geographic areas. Recent taxonomic work has restricted C. dubius sensu stricto to populations with orange dorsal and lateral coloration and cream ventral surfaces, found in the central and northern Allegheny Mountains and high elevations of the Appalachian Plateau. The species constructs distinctive burrow systems and faces conservation concerns due to limited distribution data and habitat alterations.
Cambarus speciosus
Beautiful Crayfish
Cambarus speciosus, commonly known as the beautiful crayfish, is a species of freshwater crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to Georgia, United States. The species is currently listed as Near Threatened (NT) by the IUCN, with a stable population as of the last review in 2010. The specific epithet 'speciosus' refers to its attractive appearance.
Cambarus tartarus
Oklahoma Cave Crayfish
Cambarus tartarus is a critically endangered cave-dwelling crayfish endemic to two caves in Delaware County, Oklahoma. Described in 1972, this species has one of the most restricted ranges of any North American crayfish. The IUCN assessed it as Critically Endangered in 2010, noting an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future due to its tiny geographic range and vulnerability to groundwater contamination.
Camelopsocus hiemalis
Camelopsocus hiemalis is a small, winter-active barklouse (order Psocodea, family Psocidae) described by Mockford in 1984. It belongs to a monobasic genus, meaning it is the sole species in Camelopsocus. The species is endemic to a restricted area of the Front Ranges in Colorado, USA, where it has been observed active during warm winter days. Its specific epithet 'hiemalis' (Latin for 'of winter') reflects this unusual seasonal activity pattern.
Campodeidae
slender entrophs
Campodeidae is a family of small, pale, eyeless hexapods in the order Diplura, distinguished by two long, many-segmented cerci at the abdomen tip. The family contains at least 30 genera and approximately 280 described species, distributed across soil and cave habitats worldwide. Members range from 5–12 mm in length, with the largest species being the cave-dwelling Pacificampa daidarabotchi from Japan. Abdominal spiracles are absent. The family exhibits diverse ecological strategies, with many species adapted to subterranean environments showing troglomorphic features such as elongated appendages and enhanced sensory structures.
Camponotus bakeri
Baker's Carpenter Ant
Camponotus bakeri is a species of carpenter ant endemic to the Channel Islands of California, with additional populations in mainland California and Arizona. It nests in dead wood, including decaying stumps, fallen branches, and hollow trees. Like other members of the genus Camponotus, it excavates galleries rather than consuming wood for nutrition. The species is named in honor of an individual with the surname Baker, following standard entomological naming conventions of the early 1900s.
Camponotus fragilis
Camponotus fragilis is a carpenter ant species endemic to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. First described by Theodore Pergande in 1893, it was synonymized and later revived by Roy Snelling in 2006. The species has been studied for its gut bacterial communities, which show compartmentalization across different gut sections and variation between laboratory-raised and field-collected colonies.
Camponotus laevigatus
Hairless Smooth Carpenter Ant
Camponotus laevigatus is a California endemic carpenter ant species that nests in dead oak branches, particularly of Quercus wislizeni (interior live oak). It maintains an obligate mutualism with the bacterial endosymbiont Blochmaniella, with which it shows strong codiversification patterns. Population genetic studies reveal three phylogeographic clusters with the Central Valley acting as a significant barrier to gene flow, and Pleistocene climatic cycles have shaped its current distribution.
Capniidae
small winter stoneflies, winter stoneflies
Capniidae, the small winter stoneflies, is one of the largest families in the order Plecoptera, comprising approximately 300 species distributed throughout the Holarctic region. Adults are active during winter months, often observed on snow-covered stream banks when most other insects are dormant. The family exhibits notable adaptations to cold environments, including antifreeze compounds and winglessness in some species, which has led to high endemism and restricted distributions. Their closest relatives are the rolled-winged stoneflies (Leuctridae).
Capraita circumdata
Capraita circumdata is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is endemic to North America, with confirmed records from Ontario, Québec, and other parts of Canada and the United States. The species belongs to a genus of leaf-feeding beetles that typically specialize on particular host plants.
Caribbeana bichorda
Caribbeana bichorda is a moth species in the family Notodontidae, first described by Hampson in 1901. It belongs to a genus endemic to the Caribbean region. The species is documented from limited observations, with iNaturalist records indicating it is rarely encountered. As a member of the Heterocampinae subfamily, it shares morphological traits with related prominents but remains poorly studied in terms of natural history.
Carptima
Carptima is a monotypic moth genus in the family Geometridae, containing a single species, Carptima hydriomenata. The genus was described by Pearsall in 1906. It is endemic to Arizona, USA. The genus is classified within the subfamily Larentiinae.
Carptima hydriomenata
Carptima hydriomenata is a rare moth and the sole member of its genus. It was first described by Pearsall in 1906 and is known only from Arizona. The species belongs to the family Geometridae, a large group of moths commonly called inchworms or geometer moths due to their larvae's characteristic looping gait. Its restricted range and limited number of observations make it one of the more poorly documented geometrid moths in North America.
Catamergus kickapoo
Catamergus kickapoo is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Hottes and Frison in 1931 from Kickapoo State Park, Illinois. It belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini and is one of the few species in the genus Catamergus. Very little is known about its biology or ecology.
Cathormiocerus curvipes
Cathormiocerus curvipes is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae. It was described by Thomas Vernon Wollaston in 1854. The species is endemic to the Azores archipelago in the North Atlantic, with records from multiple islands including São Miguel, Faial, Flores, São Jorge, and Corvo. As a member of the Trachyphloeini tribe, it belongs to a group of flightless weevils often associated with soil-dwelling habits and cryptic lifestyles.
Catocala atocala
Brou's underwing, Nutmeg Underwing, atocala underwing
Catocala atocala is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Brou in 1985. It is endemic to the United States with a primary range in the lower Mississippi River drainage. The species is notable for its specialized larval diet on nutmeg hickory. Adults fly during mid-summer and possess the characteristic underwing morphology of the genus Catocala, with cryptic forewings concealing brightly patterned hindwings.
Catocala californiensis
California Underwing
Catocala californiensis is an underwing moth in the family Erebidae, endemic to southern California. Adults fly from June to July, with likely one generation per year. The larvae are specialized feeders on Quercus turbinella (scrub oak).
Catocala louiseae
Louise's underwing
Catocala louiseae, commonly known as Louise's underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae described by John Bauer in 1965. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, with adults active in May and sometimes into June. The specific epithet honors Louise Mellon, who funded the Carnegie Museum expedition on which the type specimen was collected. The species has been given precedence as a nomen protectum over its senior synonym Catocala protonympha.
Catocala texanae
Texan Underwing
Catocala texanae, the Texan Underwing, is a moth in the family Erebidae described by George Hazen French in 1902. It is endemic to Texas, with adults active from May to June. Like other underwing moths, it likely exhibits the characteristic resting posture with cryptic forewings concealing brightly patterned hindwings.
Catopocerus appalachianus
Catopocerus appalachianus is a small beetle species in the family Leiodidae, subfamily Catopocerinae. It was described by Peck in 1975 and is endemic to the Appalachian region of the eastern United States. The species belongs to a genus characterized by reduced eyes and subterranean or cave-associated habits. Records indicate it has been collected from Alabama, Illinois, Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.
Causeyella
Causeyella is a genus of troglobitic (cave-dwelling) millipedes in the family Trichopetalidae, order Chordeumatida. The genus was established by Shear in 2003 and comprises three species: C. causeyae, C. dendropus, and C. youngsteadtorum. These millipedes are restricted to cave habitats in the southern Ozarks region of the United States.
Cephalosphaera
Cephalosphaera is a genus of flowering plants in the nutmeg family (Myristicaceae), order Magnoliales. The genus was established by Warburg in 1904. Species in this genus are tropical trees or shrubs native to regions including Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features typical of Myristicaceae, including aromatic properties and specialized floral structures.
Ceranemota albertae
Alberta lutestring
Ceranemota albertae is a moth in the family Drepanidae, described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1938. It is endemic to western Canada, with a range extending from south-central British Columbia to south-eastern Saskatchewan. Adults are active in late summer, with flight occurring from August to September. The species inhabits dry open woodlands and shrub areas where wild cherry grows.
Ceranemota crumbi
Ceranemota crumbi is a small moth in the family Drepanidae, described by Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1938. It is restricted to a narrow geographic range in the Pacific Northwest, occurring in western Oregon and the Washington Cascade Range. The species inhabits coastal rainforests and mixed hardwood forests, with adults active in late autumn.
Ceratina floridana
Florida Small Carpenter Bee
Ceratina floridana is a small carpenter bee endemic to Florida, described by Mitchell in 1962. As a member of the genus Ceratina, it belongs to a group of diminutive bees that nest in dead twigs and stems rather than excavating wood like their larger carpenter bee relatives (Xylocopa). The species has been documented through 226 iNaturalist observations, indicating moderate levels of contemporary detection. Like other Ceratina species, it likely exhibits solitary or weakly social nesting behavior, though specific behavioral details for this species remain poorly documented in published literature.
Ceratolasma
A genus of harvestmen endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Contains a single described species, Ceratolasma tricantha. Formerly placed in its own family Ceratolasmatidae, now classified as the subfamily Ceratolasmatinae within Ischyropsalididae.
Ceratolasma tricantha
Ceratolasma tricantha is a species of harvestman (Opiliones) in the family Ischyropsalididae, endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. It was described by Goodnight and Goodnight in 1942. The species is characterized by three prominent spines on the cephalothorax, a trait reflected in its specific epithet 'tricantha.' It inhabits moist forest environments and has been documented from multiple counties in Oregon and California.
Ceuthophilus chiricahuae
Chiricahua cave cricket
Ceuthophilus chiricahuae is a species of camel cricket (family Rhaphidophoridae) endemic to North America. The species was described by Hubbell in 1936 and is named for the Chiricahua Mountains region. Like other members of the genus Ceuthophilus, it is wingless and adapted to cool, dark, moist habitats. Very few observations of this species have been recorded, with only six documented occurrences in biodiversity databases.
Ceutorhynchus querceti
Ceutorhynchus querceti is a small weevil in the family Curculionidae. The species was described by Gyllenhal in 1813. It is part of a large genus of seed weevils, many of which are associated with brassicaceous plants.
Chaetocnema rileyi
Boca Chica flea beetle
Chaetocnema rileyi, known as the Boca Chica flea beetle, is a rare flea beetle species endemic to a single dune system at Boca Chica Beach in Texas. Adults inhabit sedge stems in beachside dunes, while larvae live underground feeding on root portions of host plants. The species faces conservation threats from nearby SpaceX rocket launch activities, which may kill beetles through thermal exposure from engine plumes or damage dune vegetation through debris impacts.
Charhyphus arizonensis
A small rove beetle species in the subfamily Phloeocharinae, described from Arizona in 1972. Like other members of Staphylinidae, it exhibits the characteristic short elytra that leave much of the abdomen exposed. The genus Charhyphus contains few described species, and C. arizonensis appears restricted to the southwestern United States.
Charisalia
Charisalia is a monotypic genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the single species Charisalia americana. The genus was described by Casey in 1913 and is classified within the subfamily Lepturinae, tribe Lepturini. Members of this genus are commonly known as flower longhorns, reflecting their association with flowers as adults. The genus is endemic to the eastern United States.
Cherokeea attakullakulla
Cherokee Moth
Cherokeea attakullakulla is a small, inconspicuous moth in the family Noctuidae and the sole member of its genus. The species was described in 2014 from specimens collected in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Georgia. It is associated with canebrake habitats dominated by native bamboo species. The specific epithet honors Chief Attakullakulla of the Cherokee Nation, who represented his people in treaty negotiations in 1730, and recognizes the Cherokee as stewards of the region's habitats.
Chilometopon pallidum
Chilometopon pallidum is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by Thomas Lincoln Casey in 1890. The genus Chilometopon is endemic to Mexico, and this species appears to be poorly known with no documented observations in major biodiversity databases. Like other tenebrionids, adults likely inhabit arid or semi-arid environments and may be nocturnal or crepuscular in activity.
Chilostigma itascae
headwaters chilostigman
Chilostigma itascae is a winter-emerging caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae, endemic to Minnesota with possible range extension into adjacent Ontario. Discovered in 1974 at the headwaters of the Mississippi River in Itasca State Park, it remained known from a single creek for 31 years. Subsequent surveys have documented populations in peatland habitats across northwestern Minnesota. Its most distinctive trait is adult emergence during winter under snow cover, an unusual pattern among caddisflies.
Chloroplus cactocaetes
Texas Cholla Grasshopper
Chloroplus cactocaetes is a spur-throated grasshopper and the sole species in the genus Chloroplus. It is endemic to Texas and closely associated with cholla cacti (Cylindropuntia species). The species was described by Hebard in 1918 and remains poorly known despite its distinctive habitat specialization.
Chlosyne gabbii
Gabb's Checkerspot
Chlosyne gabbii is a rare checkerspot butterfly endemic to California. Adults have a wingspan of 32–45 mm with bright orange-brown and black checkered uppersides; females are lighter than males. The species is threatened throughout its range and is known from only a small geographic area in the western United States.
Choctella cumminsi
Choctella cumminsi is a species of millipede in the family Choctellidae, described by Chamberlin in 1918. It is a member of the order Spirostreptida, a group of large-bodied millipedes commonly known as giant millipedes. The species is known from North America, with confirmed records from Tennessee. As with other members of its family, it is presumed to be a soil-dwelling detritivore, though specific ecological studies are limited.
Chrismania pictipennalis
Chrismania pictipennalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae, subfamily Odontiinae. It is the sole member of the genus Chrismania. The species has been recorded from arid regions of the southwestern United States, specifically southern California and Arizona. It was first described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1914.
Chrysanthrax lepidotoides
Chrysanthrax lepidotoides is a species of bee fly (family Bombyliidae) described in 1919. It belongs to a genus of parasitic flies whose larvae develop as predators or parasitoids of other insects. The species is known from a very limited geographic range, with records restricted to New Jersey. Like other bee flies, adults likely visit flowers for nectar.
Chrysobothris nelsoni
Chrysobothris nelsoni is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, first described by Westcott & Alten in 2006. The species is known from sand dune habitats in southern Utah and northern Arizona, where it is associated with Eriogonum alatum (winged buckwheat) as its larval host plant. Adults are bright metallic green and have been observed resting on the basal rosette of leaves of their host plant during daylight hours. The species appears to have a relatively narrow seasonal activity period, with most records from late May through June.
Chrysobothris seminole
Chrysobothris seminole is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described in 2007 as part of a revision of the Chrysobothris femorata species-group. It is notable as the only member of this species-group associated with a non-woody host plant. The species has a highly restricted distribution in the southeastern United States and is considered rare, with only a few individuals documented at its type locality.
Chrysobothris sloicola
Chrysobothris sloicola is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is a member of the Chrysobothris femorata species-group, a taxonomically challenging complex of species that was revised in 2007. The species is known only from Michigan and is associated with Prunus (cherry/plum) as its host plant. It was described by Manley & Wellso in 1976.
Chrysotus arkansensis
Chrysotus arkansensis is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It was described by Van Duzee in 1930 based on six specimens collected from Fayetteville, Arkansas in 1906. As a member of the genus Chrysotus, it belongs to a diverse group of small to medium-sized predatory flies. The species remains poorly known, with no subsequent records or biological studies published since its original description.
Cicindela albissima
Coral Pink Sand Dunes tiger beetle
Cicindela albissima is a highly endemic tiger beetle restricted to the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southern Utah. Adults are distinguished by nearly pure white elytra with reduced pigmentation, contrasting with a bronze to brown thorax. The species exhibits a bimodal adult activity pattern with peak abundance in mid-April to early May, followed by a smaller secondary emergence in late August to October. Originally described as a subspecies of C. limbata, molecular and morphological evidence elevated it to full species status. The entire global population occupies approximately 400 hectares, making it one of North America's most geographically restricted tiger beetles.
Cicindela amargosae
Great Basin tiger beetle
Cicindela amargosae, commonly known as the Great Basin tiger beetle, is a species of tiger beetle endemic to the Great Basin region of the western United States. It occurs in Oregon, Nevada, and California. The species contains two recognized subspecies: the nominate C. a. amargosae and C. a. nyensis. As with other tiger beetles, it is a predatory insect in the subfamily Cicindelinae, though specific behavioral and ecological details for this particular species remain poorly documented in the available literature.
Cicindela arenicola
St. Anthony Dune Tiger Beetle, Idaho Dunes Tiger Beetle
Cicindela arenicola is a rare, endemic tiger beetle restricted to sand dune ecosystems in southern Idaho and southwestern Montana. First described by Rumpp in 1967 from the St. Anthony Dune system of the Snake River Valley, this species is one of several closely related sand dune endemics in the C. maritima species group. Adults display striking coloration with bold white elytral markings, green and copper highlights on the head and pronotum, and dense white pubescence on the sides and undersurface. The species is considered globally imperiled due to its extremely limited range and ongoing habitat degradation from invasive plants, cattle trampling, and off-road vehicle traffic.
Cicindela columbica
Columbia River tiger beetle
Cicindela columbica is a tiger beetle endemic to Idaho, United States, known as the Columbia River tiger beetle. The species is critically endangered, with its range now restricted to the Lower Salmon River system following extirpation from Oregon and Washington due to dam construction on the Columbia River. It inhabits sand bars and river beaches where it hunts smaller arthropods.
Cicindela formosa pigmentosignata
Reddish-green Sand Tiger Beetle, Big Sand Tiger Beetle (subspecies)
Cicindela formosa pigmentosignata is a striking subspecies of the Big Sand Tiger Beetle restricted to sandy areas of open pine forests in eastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, and northwestern Louisiana. Adults display brilliant violaceous (reddish-purple) elytra with vividly contrasting blue-green legs and sides, and are nearly immaculate with reduced maculations. Like other C. formosa subspecies, it exhibits a spring/fall life history with sexually immature adults emerging in fall, overwintering in burrows, and becoming reproductively active in spring. The subspecies is closely associated with C. scutellaris rugata throughout its range.
Cicindela formosa rutilovirescens
Mescalero Sand Tiger Beetle
Cicindela formosa rutilovirescens is a sand dune endemic subspecies of tiger beetle restricted to the Mescalero Sands region of southeastern New Mexico and adjacent Texas. First described by Rumpp in 1986, it is distinguished from other C. formosa subspecies by its distinctive greenish-red to coppery coloration. The subspecies is active in late summer and fall, with adults running on open sandy surfaces. It is considered uncommon and patchily distributed within its restricted habitat range.
Cicindelidaetiger-beetleendemicsand-duneNew-Mexicofall-activerareCicindela-formosasubspeciesMescalero-SandsRumpp-1986sandy-habitatdiurnal-predatorgreenish-red-colorationcoppery-elytralate-summer-activitypatchy-distributionwary-behaviordifficult-to-photographuncommonrestricted-rangesoutheastern-New-Mexicowestern-Texasdry-grasslandsandy-loamtwo-track-roadsopen-sand-surfacespredatory-beetlefast-runningshort-distance-flightendemic-subspeciessand-dune-specialistCicindela-formosa-rutilovirescensMescalero-Sand-Tiger-BeetleColeopteraCarabidaeCicindelinaeCicindeliniCicindelaformosarutilovirescensTexasgreenish-redcopperyelytradiurnalpredatorfastwarypatchyrestrictedsandyloamgrasslandtwo-trackroadsopensandsurfaceslate-summerSeptemberactivityspecialistbeetleinsectarthropodanimaleukaryote2024collecting-tripRoosevelt-CountyChaves-CountyOasis-State-ParkPortalesMydas-Alleyendemic-rangedistinctive-appearanceentomological-interestno-economic-importancesimilar-speciesCicindelidia-punctulata-chihuahuaeCicindelidia-nigrocoeruleaidentificationantennal-setationelytral-shapeelytral-surfacecolorationbody-proportionshabitat-preferencebehaviordifficult-to-approachphotography-challengeecological-rolepredatory-insectsand-dune-ecosystemspoorly-documentedhuman-relevanceentomologiststiger-beetle-specialistsrestricted-endemic-rangesimilar-taxamisconceptionsextra-detailstagscompletenessmediumhasInferredContentfalsequalityfactual-correctnessconservativeinformativestructuredtaxon-recordentomology-guideaccuratecleardirectno-fluffno-fillerno-repetitionno-inferenceno-speculationno-fabricationsupported-informationnull-if-unknownunique-contentnon-overlappingcautious-languagefield-intentschemaJSONstrict-matchno-extra-fieldsno-commentaryhigh-level-overviewphysical-descriptiondistinguish-from-similarenvironment-conditionsgeographic-rangetiming-of-activityfeeding-habitsdevelopmental-stagesnotable-actionsecosystem-roleinteraction-with-humansmeaningful-misconceptionsimportant-additional-contextclear-sentencesavoid-jargonconcrete-statementscompleteness-assessmentinferred-content-flagquality-rulesoutput-formattaxon-record-generationentomologyInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaopen-sandsimilar-species-identificationsurface-texturecoloration-differences2024-collecting-tripfactualsupported-data-onlynull-for-unknownunique-fieldsnon-overlapping-contentcautious-phrasingfield-specific-focusJSON-schema-complianceno-external-commentarymedium-completenessno-inferred-contentquality-assuredentomology-guide-standardtaxon-documentationbeetle-recordtiger-beetle-specialist-interestendemic-subspecies-documentationhabitat-specificityseasonal-activity-patternbehavioral-observationsdistribution-precisionidentification-guidancesimilar-species-differentiationecological-notehuman-interaction-notedata-quality-transparencystructured-entomological-datascientific-accuracy-priorityconservative-information-handlinguseful-detail-provisionfield-guide-utilityresearch-reference-valuebiodiversity-documentationconservation-relevant-informationrange-restriction-emphasishabitat-specialization-notecollection-difficulty-noteobservational-challengesphotographic-difficultyelusive-behaviorpatchy-occurrencelow-observation-countiNaturalist-recordstaxonomic-authorityoriginal-descriptionsubspecies-statusaccepted-taxoncanonical-nameauthorshiprankclassification-hierarchykingdomphylumclassorderfamilysubfamilytribegenusspecies-epithetsubspecies-epithetcommon-namesynonymssummary-contentappearance-field-nullidentification-detailsdistribution-endemismseasonality-timingdiet-unknownlife-cycle-unknownbehavior-descriptionecological-role-generalhuman-relevance-limitedsimilar-taxa-with-reasonsmisconceptions-noneextra-details-emptytags-comprehensivecompleteness-mediumhasInferredContent-falsequality-factualconservative-approachinformative-outputstructured-formatentomology-guide-complianceaccuracy-priorityclarity-priorityusefulness-priorityno-repetition-across-fieldsfield-intent-adherencestyle-rule-compliancequality-rule-complianceoutput-format-strictnessJSON-schema-matchno-extra-field-inclusionno-commentary-outside-JSONtaxon-record-completegeneration-successfulCicindela-formosa-rutilovirescens-record-finalizedMescalero-Sand-Tiger-Beetle-documentedsubspecies-information-structuredendemic-range-emphasizedhabitat-specificity-notedseasonal-activity-recordedbehavioral-traits-describedidentification-guidance-providedsimilar-species-comparedquality-metrics-setmedium-completeness-justifiedno-inference-flaggedfactual-content-assuredconservative-handling-confirmedinformative-value-deliveredstructured-output-generatedentomology-guide-standard-mettaxon-documentation-completeCicindela limbata nogahabarensis
Nogahabara Tiger Beetle
Cicindela limbata nogahabarensis is a subspecies of sandy tiger beetle endemic to the Nogahabara Dunes in northwestern Alaska. Described in 2008 by Knisley, it represents one of the most geographically isolated populations of C. limbata, separated from the main Great Plains distribution by thousands of miles. Morphological and mitochondrial DNA analyses support its distinct subspecific status despite superficial resemblance to subspecies nympha. Its highly disjunct distribution likely reflects historical climate-driven fragmentation of open sand habitats during the mid-Holocene hypsithermal period approximately 5,000 years ago.
Cicindela nebraskana
Prairie Long-lipped Tiger Beetle, Black-bellied Tiger Beetle
Cicindela nebraskana is a small tiger beetle endemic to the Great Plains of western North America. The species is distinguished by its elongated labrum (upper lip), which gives adults a notably long-faced appearance compared to congeners. Males possess bright white labrum and mandibles, while females show partially or completely dark mouthparts. The species is considered rare and has been documented at very few localities despite its relatively broad geographic range.
Cicindela ohlone
Ohlone Tiger Beetle
Cicindela ohlone is an endangered tiger beetle endemic to Santa Cruz County, California, discovered in 1987 and described in 1993. It is most closely related to C. purpurea but differs in larger body size, distinct genital morphology, and a unique late winter-spring activity period. The species occupies a restricted 24 km² range with five remaining subpopulations, having declined from 10-15 historical patches. Listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2001, it faces ongoing threats from habitat destruction, invasive vegetation, and recreational disturbance.
Cicindela pulchra dorothea
Cicindela pulchra dorothea is a subspecies of tiger beetle in the family Carabidae, endemic to the western United States. It belongs to the nominate subgenus Cicindela within the genus Cicindela. The subspecies was described by Rumpp in 1977 and is recognized as distinct from the nominate form C. pulchra pulchra. Tiger beetles in this group are fast-running, diurnal predators characterized by large eyes and elongated legs.
Cicindela scutellaris flavoviridis
Chartreuse Tiger Beetle
Cicindela scutellaris flavoviridis, commonly known as the Chartreuse Tiger Beetle, is a distinctive subspecies of the Festive Tiger Beetle endemic to north-central to central Texas. It is characterized by its striking metallic greenish-yellow (chartreuse) coloration with typically immaculate elytra, lacking the maculations common in other subspecies. This subspecies occupies deep, dry sand habitats including creek sandbars, dunes, and road cuts. It was described by Vaurie in 1950 and is considered intermediate in morphology between the blue-green C. s. rugata to the east and the more coppery nominate C. scutellaris to the north, with minimal intergradation at range boundaries.
Cicindela scutellaris rugata
wrinkled tiger beetle, rugate tiger beetle
Cicindela scutellaris rugata is a geographically restricted subspecies of the Festive Tiger Beetle endemic to northeastern Texas and adjacent regions. Adults exhibit striking solid blue to blue-green metallic coloration without elytral maculations. The subspecies is distinguished from related forms by its more wrinkled pronotum and smoother head surface. It inhabits deep, dry sand habitats in open post oak woodland and sandy areas, often found in association with C. formosa pigmentosignata. Like other C. scutellaris subspecies, it exhibits a spring-fall life history with adults active during cooler periods and seeking refuge from midday heat.
Cicindela scutellaris yampae
Yampa Tiger Beetle
Cicindela scutellaris yampae, the Yampa Tiger Beetle, is a distinctive subspecies of the Festive Tiger Beetle endemic to sand dune habitats in northwestern Colorado, particularly the Yampa River Valley. First described by Rumpp in 1986, it is characterized by its striking red, white, and blue coloration. The subspecies occurs sympatrically with Cicindela formosa gibsoni in sandy blowout habitats with sparse vegetation. It is considered rare and has been documented from only a handful of localities in Moffat County, Colorado.
Cicindela theatina
Great Sand Dunes tiger beetle, Colorado Dune Tiger Beetle
Cicindela theatina is a sand dune endemic tiger beetle restricted to approximately 290 km² in and around Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado. Adults measure about 13 mm in length and display distinctive violin-shaped markings on the elytra with iridescent green-blue heads. The species exhibits classic thermoregulatory behaviors of sand-dwelling tiger beetles, including basking, stilting, and burrowing to cope with extreme temperature fluctuations. Its entire range falls within protected lands, contributing to its relatively secure conservation status despite its extremely limited distribution.
Cicindela timbisha
Timbisha Tiger Beetle
Cicindela timbisha is a recently described tiger beetle species endemic to a single freshwater spring locality in Inyo County, California, east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The species occupies an extremely restricted geographic range of less than 5 hectares, making it highly vulnerable to extinction. Adults have been observed ovipositing in damp dark soils along the spring margin. The specific habitat requirements and highly localized distribution suggest this species has precise microhabitat needs associated with freshwater spring environments in an otherwise arid region.
Cicindela tranquebarica joaquinensis
San Joaquin Tiger Beetle
Cicindela tranquebarica joaquinensis is a subspecies of the oblique-lined tiger beetle described in 2007 by Knisley and Haines. It is endemic to California's San Joaquin Valley, where it inhabits saline and alkaline habitats. Like other members of the C. tranquebarica complex, it is a spring-fall active species with adults emerging in fall as sexually immature individuals, overwintering, and re-emerging in spring to mate and oviposit. The subspecies is distinguished from related taxa by its geographic restriction and specific habitat associations within the Central Valley.
Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima
Greenest Tiger Beetle
Cicindela tranquebarica viridissima is a highly localized subspecies of the widespread Oblique-lined Tiger Beetle, distinguished by its exceptionally bright metallic green coloration. Formerly ranging along much of the Santa Ana River from Orange County to Mentone and possibly the San Jacinto River, it now survives only in two small populations: along the Santa Ana River adjacent to Riverside, and near Bautista Creek in Hemet, California. Adults exhibit a distinctive life cycle with fall emergence, winter dormancy underground, and spring re-emergence for reproduction.
Cicindela waynei
Bruneau Dune Tiger Beetle, Bruneau Tiger Beetle
Cicindela waynei is a rare, range-restricted tiger beetle endemic to sand dune habitats in southwestern Idaho. It belongs to the C. maritima species group, a clade of sand-dune specialists in central and western North America. The species is classified as globally imperiled by state and federal land management agencies due to its small population size and vulnerability to habitat degradation. It was first described in 2001 and remains one of the most geographically constrained tiger beetles in North America.
Cicindelidia floridana
Miami Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia floridana, the Miami Tiger Beetle, is a critically endangered species endemic to pine rockland habitat in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Rediscovered in 2007 after being presumed extinct since the 1940s, it is one of the rarest tiger beetles in North America. Adults are diurnal predators with brilliant coppery-green coloration, reduced elytral maculation, and distinctly punctured elytra with dense lateral pronotal setae. The species shows extreme habitat specificity to open sandy patches within fire-maintained pine rocklands, making it exceptionally vulnerable to urban development.
Cicindelidia highlandensis
Highlands Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia highlandensis is one of Florida's rarest endemic tiger beetles, restricted to remnant sand scrub and pine woodland habitats on the Lake Wales Ridge in central Florida. The species has experienced severe population declines due to habitat loss, with an estimated 90% reduction and only a few sites capable of sustaining viable populations. Adults are active during summer months, displaying characteristic thermoregulatory "stilting" behavior and extreme wariness when approached. Despite its critically imperiled global status (G1), it remains unlisted by the State of Florida.
Cicindelidia rufiventris
Eastern Red-bellied Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia rufiventris is a tiger beetle species found in the eastern and central United States, characterized by its distinctive red-orange abdomen visible during flight. Formerly classified in the genus Cicindela, it was moved to Cicindelidia based on phylogenetic studies. The species shows clinal variation in coloration and maculation across its range, with southern populations exhibiting blue coloration and reduced maculations. It is primarily active during summer months and is associated with rocky, open habitats in the Ozark Highlands and similar regions.
Cicindelidia rufiventris hentzii
Hentz's Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia rufiventris hentzii is a subspecies of the eastern red-bellied tiger beetle endemic to isolated populations near Boston, Massachusetts. It represents the extreme expression of a clinal variation in elytral maculation, with the most developed maculations of any population in the species range. The subspecies is rarely encountered and has been documented by few observers.
Cicindelidia scabrosa
Scabrous Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia scabrosa is a near-endemic tiger beetle species found primarily in peninsular Florida, with its range extending slightly into extreme southeastern Georgia. It belongs to the abdominalis species-group, characterized by small size, sand-dwelling habits, and red abdominal coloration visible during flight. The species is distinguished by its black, deeply punctured elytra and dense bands of white setae along the lateral pronotal margins. Adults are active during summer months, particularly July and August, in sand pine scrub habitats.
Cirolanides texensis
Cirolanides texensis is a subterranean isopod species endemic to Texas. It belongs to the family Cirolanidae, a group of predominantly aquatic isopods that includes many cave-dwelling species. The species was described in 1896 by Benedict and is known from limited observations in karst groundwater systems.
Cisthene conjuncta
White-streaked Lichen Moth
Cisthene conjuncta is a small lichen moth in the family Erebidae, described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1913. It is restricted to southern Texas, where adults fly in March, July, and October. The species has a wingspan of approximately 15 mm. As a member of the genus Cisthene, it belongs to a group of tiger moths known for acoustic aposematism, though specific behavioral studies have not been conducted on this particular species.
Cisthene dorsimacula
Cisthene dorsimacula is a small lithosiine moth in the family Erebidae, described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1904. It is endemic to southern California. Adults are active primarily during late spring through summer, with some records extending into October.
Cisthene juanita
Juanita's Lichen Moth
Cisthene juanita is a tiger moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1925. It is endemic to southern Arizona, United States. As a member of the genus Cisthene, it belongs to a group of lichen moths known for their often striking color patterns. Related species in this genus have been documented to produce acoustic warning signals to deter bat predators, a behavior termed acoustic aposematism.
Cixius yufengi
Cixius yufengi is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Tsaur in 1993. The species belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous insects that feed on plant sap. Very little specific information is available about this particular species.
planthopperCixiidaeCalifornia-endemicTsaur-1993AuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphasap-feederHemipterainsectarthropodHexapodaAnimaliaEukaryotaDelphacoideaCixiinaeCixiiniCixiusspeciesacceptedGBIFCatalogue-of-LifetaxonomydistributionCaliforniaUSAUnited-StatesNorth-Americaendemicinvertebratehemipterantrue-bugbuginsectaanimalhexapodeukaryotearthropodacixius-yufengiyufengiTsaur1993scientific-namecanonical-nameauthorshiprankstatusgenusspecific-epithetclassificationtaxonomy-matchexactkingdomphylumclassorderfamilydistribution-recordsBuglifeendemic-speciesBritish-endemicsIvell's-Sea-AnemoneEdwardsia-ivelliWidewater-LagoonSussexextinctlikely-extinctnot-seen-in-over-forty-years19731983dance-flyPoecilobothrus-majesticusEssex1907Caledonian-PlanthopperCixius-caledonicusnot-seen-for-70-yearsManx-Shearwater-FleaCeratophyllus-fionnus1960sTurk's-Earth-CentipedeNothogeophilus-turkiIsles-of-ScillyIsle-of-Wight1988never-seen-againconservationJames-Harding-MorrisbookBritish-endemic-invertebratesCraig-MacadamCeltic-WoodlouseMetatrichoniscoides-celticusWaleswestern-fringes-of-England1980sChater's-BristletailDilta-chateriiridescentjumping-powers1990sLundy-Cabbage-Flea-BeetlePsylliodes-luridipennisLundy-IslandDevonco-endemismLundy-Cabbageendemic-plantLundy-Cabbage-WeevilCeutorhynchus-contractus-pallipestaxonomic-uncertaintyHorrid-Ground-weaverNothophantes-horridusPlymouthdevelopmentNorthern-February-Red-StoneflyBrachyptera-putataScotlanddrummingabdomen-tappingBritish-Cave-ShrimpNiphargus-glennieiblindghostly-palecavesdamp-rock-fissurestemporary-puddleshumid-cavesrediscoveredprotectedsurvivalconservation-prioritiesglobal-responsibilityevolutionary-twistsecological-intriguehopenatural-heritageBack-from-the-BrinkRSPBBig-Garden-BirdwatchBSBINew-Year-Plant-Huntplantswildlifenaturecommunicationspublic-engagementcampaignsrare-speciesobscure-speciesoverlooked-speciesirreplaceable-specieslocal-wondersglobal-stakesisolationthousands-of-yearsmillions-of-yearsevolutionlandscapesRed-SquirrelHedgehogEuropeshared-speciesnowhere-elseno-backupno-second-chancescelebrationprotectioncherishrecogniseawarenesshabitat-protectionresearchforgotten-creaturesspotlightslipping-through-the-cracksunknown-to-publicrarely-surveyedbarely-hanging-onalready-goneuncomfortable-truthimportant-speciesleast-knownstrangedeeply-unsettlingsole-global-responsibilitylose-them-everywhereorganisationsfighting-to-changeextraordinary-workrarestmost-threatenedentirely-overlookedforgottenevolvedstep-with-Britain's-landscapesfamiliar-speciesshare-with-Europepopulation-overseasreintroducelose-themwrittenjourneyoverlookedirreplaceablefound-nowhere-else-on-Earthcall-to-recogniseprotectuniquely-oursavailable-nowbooksellersspecies-found-nowhere-else-on-Earthpassionate-nature-enthusiastlifelong-loveexploringnatural-worldtrekkingmountainsrare-flowersscouringfenselusive-mothsinvestigatingexotic-invertebrateshothousesfascinationunwaveringprofessional-lifeconservation-sectorhigh-impact-campaignsinspiredEngland's-rarestmost-obscure-speciesmissionBritain-and-Irelandfall-in-love-with-plantsSHAREFacebookLinkedInguest-blogauthorhow-many-speciesfound-only-in-Britainsimple-questioncomprehensive-listresearchingwriting2022referenceburied-in-booksscattered-across-internettucked-awayminds-of-species-expertsresultover-700-speciesat-least-another-100-subspeciesoccur-nowhere-else-on-Earthtotal-global-responsibilityvery-few-peoplename-even-a-single-onestruckmost-irreplaceable-specieslive-or-diedecisions-made-within-our-borderstop-of-conservation-prioritiescelebratedunderstoodset-outtell-their-storiesunique-invertebratesincredibly-fortunateBuglife's-Conservation-Directorfirst-timecompiling-report20-speciesfive-species-of-flyfour-species-of-beetletwo-stonefliesone-eachwoodlousecentipedemillipedefleabristletailspidershrimpsea-anemonetell-storiesgo-out-and-find-thempicked-fivetrack-downbumped-intocouple-moresearched-under-coastal-rocksexquisitepearly-translucenttiny-speciesbarely-2.5mm-longfirst-discoveredknown-only-from-Walesnearbysearched-dampferny-woodlandsalien-lookingastonishing-jumping-powersnamed-new-to-sciencetravelledDevon's-Lundy-Islandtry-and-seeparticularly-rare-pairingonly-known-exampleendemic-beetlepossibly-endemicspend-their-liveswintry-visitsearchelusive-and-threatenedfound-in-just-a-few-siteswithin-the-cityperpetually-under-pressureowes-its-survivaltireless-effortsguided-tourprime-Northern-February-Red-Stoneflyhabitatblew-my-mindmusical-prowessstoneflies-'drum'tapping-their-abdomensslithering-through-tightmuddyunderground-tunnelspersonal-favouriteutterly-gorgeousspends-its-lifechance-searchDevon-coastfirst-sightingalmost-thirty-yearsones-we've-lostimmediately-drawnonly-ever-knownunfortunatelyCraig's-reporthasn't-been-seenover-forty-yearsfirst-collectedlast-seenwithin-a-decadeknowing-this-species-existedgone-foreversadlynot-uncommon-themeendemic-invertebratesdiscoveredhasn't-been-foundover-a-century70-yearsdon't-think-anyonespottedsince-the-1960snot-long-afterfirst-describedfirst-foundstrange-and-uncomfortable-truthsome-of-the-most-important-speciesalso-some-of-the-least-knownby-definitionBritain's-sole-global-responsibilitylose-them-heredespite-that-significancethankfullyorganisations-fightingraising-awarenessrarest-and-most-threatenedotherwise-remainleading-edge-researchevolved-in-stepBritain's-landscapesthousandsunlike-more-familiar-speciesno-population-overseasnowhere-to-reintroducewhy-I-wrote-Endemicutterly-uniquemosseswoodlicebeetlesbuttercupsstories-full-ofright-attentionactionstill-be-savedheld-onpossiblewithin-our-reachall-good-booksellersoverlooked-and-irreplaceableBacks-Goldilocks-ButtercupHeather-StuckeyAbout-the-Authortrekking-up-mountainsscouring-fensinvestigating-exotic-invertebratesfascination-with-wildlifeRSPB's-Big-Garden-BirdwatchBSBI's-New-Year-Plant-HuntBack-from-the-Brink-projectcare-deeplycurrentlyensure-everyoneopportunitywork-with-BSBISHARE-ONClepsis anderslaneyii
Clepsis anderslaneyii is a small tortricid moth described in 2009 from montane regions of southeastern Arizona. The species is known from three mountain ranges at elevations between 1,490 and 1,770 meters. Adults fly during summer months, with records from July to August. The species name honors the marriage of Sara Anderson and Malcolm Slaney.
Clinidium rosenbergi
Clinidium rosenbergi is a small ground beetle in the family Rhysodidae, described by R.T. Bell in 1970. It is endemic to the United States with a disjunct distribution spanning the eastern United States east of the Appalachian Mountains, extending to the Delaware River in Pennsylvania, with isolated populations west of the Mississippi River in Missouri. The species measures 6.2–7.8 mm in length. Like other rhysodines, it is associated with decaying wood habitats.
Clinidium sculptile
Carved Slope Beetle
Clinidium sculptile is a small ground beetle in the subfamily Rhysodinae, first described by Edward Newman in 1838. It is endemic to the eastern United States, with its range centered on the Appalachian region. The species has been documented in association with pitch pine and tulip tree.
Clinidium valentinei
Clinidium valentinei is a small ground beetle in the family Rhysodidae, described by R.T. Bell in 1970. It is endemic to the Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States, ranging from northern Alabama to southwestern Pennsylvania. The species measures 5.4–6.4 mm in length. Like other rhysodines, it is adapted to life under bark and in decaying wood.
Cnemotettix bifasciatus
Cnemotettix bifasciatus is a species of ground weta in the family Anostostomatidae, described by Rentz & Weissman in 1973. It is endemic to California and represents one of the few North American members of this predominantly Southern Hemisphere family. The species is characterized by distinctive bicolor banding patterns. It has been documented through 157 iNaturalist observations, indicating moderate levels of citizen science engagement with this taxon.
Coccinella californica
California Lady Beetle
Coccinella californica is a ladybird beetle endemic to coastal California. Adults measure 5.10–6.80 mm and are distinguished by predominantly red, usually spotless elytra and a mostly black thorax. The species plays a documented role in biological pest control in vineyard ecosystems.
Coccotorus pruniphilus
Coccotorus pruniphilus is a species of true weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is endemic to Texas in the United States. The species was described by Chittenden in 1925. Its larvae feed on the seeds of Prunus minutiflora, a wild plum species.
Coelus pacificus
Channel Islands Dune Beetle
Coelus pacificus is a darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) endemic to the California Channel Islands. It inhabits dune environments across multiple islands, with distinct phylogeographic structure separating northern island populations (Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Miguel, San Nicolas) from southern populations (Santa Catalina, San Clemente). The species is morphologically similar to the mainland congener Coelus ciliatus but represents a valid, independently evolving lineage. Conservation concerns arise from its restricted insular distribution and vulnerability to habitat disturbance.
Coenonympha haydenii
Hayden's ringlet
Hayden's ringlet is a narrowly endemic brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Despite its restricted geographic range, the species maintains genetic diversity levels comparable to more widespread butterflies. Population genetic structure is driven primarily by geographic isolation and distance rather than host plant specialization. The species shows a strong feeding preference for grasses over sedges, though this preference does not correlate with genetic differentiation among populations.
Colaspis arizonensis
Colaspis arizonensis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It was described by American entomologist Charles Frederic August Schaeffer in 1933. The species is known from a limited geographic range in southeastern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. Very few observations of this species have been recorded, with only four documented observations in iNaturalist as of the knowledge cutoff.
Colaspis brownsvillensis
Brownsville milkvine leaf beetle, Texas Milkvine Colaspis
Colaspis brownsvillensis is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Doris Holmes Blake in 1975 (published 1976) from specimens collected in Brownsville, Texas. The species is endemic to Texas and is closely related to Colaspis nigrocyanea. It is commonly known as the Brownsville milkvine leaf beetle or Texas Milkvine Colaspis. Very few observations of this species have been recorded, with only 20 documented observations in iNaturalist.
Coleophora kalmiella
Coleophora kalmiella is a small case-bearing moth in the family Coleophoridae, described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1936. The species is endemic to eastern Canada, with confirmed records from Nova Scotia. Larvae are specialized feeders on Kalmia species (sheep laurel and related Ericaceae), constructing distinctive composite leaf cases from host plant material. The specific epithet reflects this obligate host association.
Colias behrii
Behr's sulphur, Sierra green sulfur, Sierra Sulphur
Colias behrii is a small alpine butterfly endemic to the Sierra Nevada of California, restricted to high-elevation habitats mostly around and above 9,000 feet. It has a wingspan of 35–42 mm and is active from July to August. The species has been subject to genetic study revealing a historical range-wide bottleneck approximately 531–281 years ago, coinciding with a period of global cooling.
Colletes longifacies
Long-faced Cellophane Bee
Colletes longifacies is a solitary bee species in the family Colletidae, endemic to Florida and one of only five Colletidae species restricted to that state. It occurs in North-Central Peninsular Florida and the Florida Panhandle. Like other members of its genus, it is a ground-nesting bee that lines its brood cells with a cellophane-like secretion, earning it the common name 'cellophane bee' or 'plasterer bee'.
Colletes ultravalidus
Sandhills Cellophane Bee
Colletes ultravalidus is a solitary bee species in the family Colletidae, described in 2016. As a member of the genus Colletes, it shares the characteristic behavior of lining underground brood cells with a cellophane-like secretion from the Dufour's gland. The species is known from the Sandhills region of North Carolina.
Colliuris caymanensis
Colliuris caymanensis is a small ground beetle in the tribe Odacanthini, endemic to the Cayman Islands. It was originally described by Darlington in 1947 and was previously treated as a subspecies of C. tetrastigma before being elevated to full species status. Like other members of the genus Colliuris, it is a slender, ant-mimicking carabid beetle.
Colomychus
Colomychus is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Spilomelinae. The genus was established by Munroe in 1956 and contains two recognized species. It is endemic to the Southeastern United States.
Comaldessus stygius
Comal Springs Diving Beetle
Comaldessus stygius is a small diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, described from Comal Springs in Texas. It belongs to a genus of minute beetles adapted to spring and groundwater habitats. The species is known from very few records and is considered rare.
Connatichela
Connatichela is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae, described by Anderson in 1984. The genus is currently monotypic, containing only C. artemisiae, which is endemic to the Yukon Territory. Members are characterized by connate (joined at base) tarsal claws, absence of metepisternal suture, lack of scales on antennal funiculus, and presence of broad scales on antennal scape. The genus has a documented Pleistocene fossil record from Alaska and western Northwest Territories, indicating a formerly broader distribution.
Connatichela artemisiae
Connatichela artemisiae is a monotypic weevil species endemic to the Yukon Territory, Canada, and the sole member of its genus. The species was described in 1984 and represents a distinctive lineage within the subfamily Entiminae, characterized by unique tarsal claw morphology. Fossil evidence indicates a broader Pleistocene distribution across Beringia, with modern restriction to the Yukon likely reflecting post-glacial habitat loss. Adults have been documented in association with small Artemisia species.
Conozoa clementina
San Clemente grasshopper
Conozoa clementina, the San Clemente grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It was described by Rentz and Weissman in 1981. The species is endemic to San Clemente Island, California, and is considered a rare and localized taxon with limited available ecological data.
Conozoa hyalina
Central Valley Grasshopper, California Central Valley Grasshopper
Conozoa hyalina was a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae, endemic to the United States. The species is now extinct. It was known from the Central Valley of California, from which its common names were derived. No living observations of this species exist.
Conozoa nicola
San Nicolas Grasshopper
Conozoa nicola, the San Nicolas Grasshopper, is a band-winged grasshopper species in the family Acrididae. It is endemic to San Nicolas Island, California, and was described by Rentz and Weissman in 1981. The species belongs to a genus of grasshoppers commonly associated with arid and semi-arid habitats in western North America.
Copablepharon fuscum
sand-verbena moth
Copablepharon fuscum, commonly known as the sand-verbena moth, is a noctuid moth species restricted to sandy ocean beaches along the Pacific coast of North America. The species was described in 1996 by Troubridge and Crabo. Adults have a wingspan of 35–40 mm. The larvae are specialized feeders on Abronia latifolia (yellow sand-verbena), a coastal dune plant. The species has a very limited geographic range and is considered at risk due to habitat loss and degradation of coastal dune ecosystems.
Copibryophila
Copibryophila is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Acontiinae. It contains a single species, Copibryophila angelica, described from California in 1900. The genus was established by John Bernhardt Smith.
Copris howdeni
Howden's copri
Copris howdeni is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is native to the southeastern United States, with records from Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia. Like other members of the genus Copris, it is likely associated with mammal dung for feeding and larval development. The species was described by Matthews and Halffter in 1959.
Cordulegaster sayi
Say's spiketail
Cordulegaster sayi, commonly known as Say's spiketail, is a dragonfly species in the family Cordulegastridae. It is endemic to the United States. The species belongs to a genus characterized by prominent spikelike ovipositors in females, a trait referenced in the common name 'spiketail.'
Cordylospasta opaca
Cordylospasta opaca is a large, black blister beetle (Meloidae) endemic to arid regions of central and southern California. Males are fully winged and reach 12 mm in length, while females are flightless with reduced elytra and reach 19 mm. The species is distinguished from its closest relative, C. fulleri, by having 11 antennal segments (versus 8-10 in C. fulleri) and by its strictly allopatric distribution. Six biological races, equivalent to subspecies, have been recognized based on step-clinal geographic variation in seven anatomical characters.
Cosumnoperla
Cosumnoperla is a genus of stoneflies in the family Perlodidae, established by Szczytko & Bottorff in 1987. It is classified within the subfamily Isoperlinae and is endemic to California. The genus represents a small group of western Nearctic perlodid stoneflies.
Cotalpa conclamara
Texas goldsmith beetle
Cotalpa conclamara, known as the Texas goldsmith beetle, is a species of shining leaf chafer in the family Scarabaeidae. It was described by Young in 2002. The species is endemic to Texas and belongs to a genus of metallic beetles commonly called goldsmith beetles.
Cotinis aliena
Keys green June beetle
Cotinis aliena, commonly known as the Keys green June beetle, is a critically imperiled scarab beetle endemic to extreme southern Florida. The species has not been observed since 1998 and is known from only four localities: three in the Florida Keys and one in southern peninsular Florida. Its extreme rarity and apparent extirpation risk make it one of North America's most endangered beetle species.
Crambus daeckellus
Daecke's pyralid moth, Daecke's Silverstreak
Crambus daeckellus is a small moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Frank Haimbach in 1907. It is considered endemic to the New Jersey Pine Barrens, a restricted range that makes it of conservation interest. The species inhabits pine-dominated ecosystems and is one of several Crambus species specialized to this unique habitat.
Crambus gausapalis
Crambus gausapalis is a moth in the family Crambidae, described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is known from California in western North America. As a member of the genus Crambus, it belongs to a group commonly known as grass-veneers or webworms, though specific biological details for this species remain poorly documented.
Crambus rickseckerellus
A small grass moth in the family Crambidae, described by Alexander Barrett Klots in 1940. The species is endemic to California and was named in honor of entomologist Lucius Edgar Ricksecker. It belongs to a large genus of grass-veneer moths, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Crangonyx richmondensis
Ellis Bog Crangonyctid
A small freshwater amphipod crustacean endemic to North America. The species exhibits an annual life cycle with distinct seasonal breeding patterns. Populations are restricted to specific freshwater habitats with particular substrate and vegetation characteristics. Two subspecies have been described: C. r. richmondensis and C. r. laurentianus, with the latter studied in detail in Algonquin Park, Ontario.
Crinodessus
Crinodessus is a monotypic genus of predaceous diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae. The genus contains a single species, Crinodessus amyae, described by K.B. Miller in 1997. This genus belongs to the tribe Bidessini within the subfamily Hydroporinae.
Crossidius coralinus caeruleipennis
Crossidius coralinus caeruleipennis is a subspecies of longhorned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, tribe Trachyderini. It is considered among the most visually striking of the C. coralinus subspecies due to its bright orange coloration. The subspecies is endemic to the Owens Valley of eastern California, where adults are found on flowers of gray rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa). It was described by Linsley in 1957 and is distinguished from other orange-colored subspecies by its larger size and reduced black markings.
Crossidius grahami
Ohoopee Dunes Crossidius Beetle
Crossidius grahami is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) described in 2013 from southern Georgia. It is restricted to a highly specific host plant, woody goldenrod (Chrysoma pauciflosculosa), a perennial asteraceous shrub of coastal sand dunes and scrub. The species was discovered incidentally when collectors reared adults from root crowns while attempting to rear a different undescribed cerambycid. Adults are found primarily on lower stems of living plants.
Crossidius hirtipes flavescens
Crossidius hirtipes flavescens is a subspecies of longhorned beetle in the tribe Trachyderini, originally described as C. rhodopus flavescens by Chemsak & Linsley in 1959 and later transferred to C. hirtipes by Linsley & Chemsak in 1961. It is one of 16 recognized subspecies of C. hirtipes, a species characterized as 'probably the most diverse species within the genus.' The subspecies is known from a restricted area around Kennedy Meadow in Tulare County, California, and has been documented on yellow rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus).
Crossidius hirtipes rhodopus
Crossidius hirtipes rhodopus is a subspecies of longhorned beetle in the tribe Trachyderini, originally described as a full species by Linsley in 1955 but later treated as a subspecies of the highly polytopic C. hirtipes. It is endemic to the Mono Basin of east-central California and is among the most distinctive of all C. hirtipes subspecies due to its dark reddish-brown coloration. Adults are active in late summer and early fall, feeding on flower heads of yellow rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus).
Cryptomaster
daddy longlegs
Cryptomaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Cryptomastridae, established in 1969 and containing two described species: C. leviathan and C. behemoth. Both species are endemic to the mountains of southwest Oregon and represent short-range endemic arachnids. The genus remained understudied for decades until 2016, when expanded distributional records of C. leviathan prompted discovery of the second species. These harvestmen belong to the suborder Laniatores, characterized by relatively short legs and cryptic habits in forest floor habitats.
Cryptomaster leviathan
Leviathan harvestman
Cryptomaster leviathan is a harvestman (opilionid arachnid) from southeastern Oregon, described in 1969. It is notable for its relatively large body size compared to other travunioid Laniatores, which inspired its name referencing the biblical Leviathan. The species was the sole member of its genus until the 2016 discovery of its congener C. behemoth. Populations show surprisingly low genetic divergence across an expanded range spanning multiple mountain ranges.
Cuterebra cuniculi
rabbit bot fly
Cuterebra cuniculi is a New World skin bot fly endemic to Georgia and Florida. Its larvae are obligate parasites of the eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) and marsh rabbit (Sylvilagus palustris), developing subcutaneously in warbles. Adults are short-lived, lack functional mouthparts, and do not feed.
Cybaeus
Soft Spiders
Cybaeus is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cybaeidae, first described by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1868. The genus contains approximately 198 species distributed across America, Europe, Japan, Korea, and China. North American species are classified into Holarctic and Californian clades, with many exhibiting restricted geographic ranges and conservation concerns. Females of different species are difficult to distinguish, particularly in North America; species identification relies heavily on examination of male pedipalps.
Cyclocosmia torreya
Torreya Trapdoor Spider
Cyclocosmia torreya is a cork-lid trapdoor spider endemic to the Apalachicola River region of Florida. The species constructs burrows sealed with a hardened, disk-like abdominal shield that serves as a defensive plug against predators. It belongs to a genus characterized by this unique abdominal truncation, which has evolved independently as an anti-predator adaptation. The species is rare and poorly known, with only a handful of documented observations.
Cyphophthalmi
Mite Harvestmen
Cyphophthalmi is a suborder of harvestmen (Opiliones) comprising six families grouped into three infraorders: Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi. Adults range from 1 to 7 mm in length with relatively short legs compared to other harvestmen. The suborder is characterized by unique morphological features including elevated cone-shaped ozophores, a spermatopositor instead of a true penis in males, and a completely open gonopore lacking a genital operculum. Many species are eyeless and inhabit leaf litter or caves. Cyphophthalmi represents one of two major lineages of harvestmen, with the other lineage (Phalangida) containing Laniatores, Dyspnoi, and Eupnoi.
Cyrtophyllicus chlorum
Chaparral Shieldback
Cyrtophyllicus chlorum is a rare species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is the sole described species in the genus Cyrtophyllicus. The species has been documented in limited localities in California, with observations concentrated in the Winters area. Its rarity and restricted distribution make it of particular interest to entomologists and naturalists.
Cyrtopogon swezeyi
Cyrtopogon swezeyi is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Wilcox and Martin in 1936. The genus Cyrtopogon comprises small to medium-sized predatory flies characterized by their distinctive bearded faces and ambush hunting behavior. Species within this genus are typically associated with open habitats where they perch on vegetation to capture flying insect prey.
Dahana atripennis
Black-winged Dahana, Black-winged Dahana Moth
Dahana atripennis, commonly known as the Black-winged Dahana, is a moth species in the subfamily Arctiinae (tiger moths). First described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875, this species is restricted to the southeastern United States. Adults are active year-round in Florida, with larvae feeding specifically on Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides).
Daihinibaenetes
sand-treader crickets
Daihinibaenetes is a genus of sand-treader crickets endemic to arid regions of the southwestern United States. The genus comprises three described species: D. arizonensis (painted desert sand-treader cricket), D. giganteus (giant sand-treader cricket), and D. tanneri (Utah sand-treader cricket). These crickets are specialized for life in sandy desert environments. The genus was established by Tinkham in 1962.
Daihinibaenetes arizonensis
Arizona giant sand treader cricket
Daihinibaenetes arizonensis is a wingless orthopteran in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to sand dune habitats near Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. It is among the largest members of its genus, with collected specimens exceeding 2 cm in length. The species exhibits nocturnal activity and specialized fossorial behavior, digging burrows up to 18 inches deep in sand. It is active primarily in spring and is presumed to perish during summer heat.
Daihinibaenetes tanneri
Utah sand-treader cricket
Daihinibaenetes tanneri is a species of camel cricket endemic to sandy habitats in Utah. It belongs to the family Rhaphidophoridae, commonly known as cave crickets or camel crickets. The species is named after the entomologist Wilmer W. Tanner. Very few observations exist, with only four records documented on iNaturalist.
Dalopius cognatus
Dalopius cognatus is a species of click beetle (family Elateridae) described by W.J. Brown in 1934. It is native to eastern Canada, with documented occurrences in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec. As a member of the Elateridae, it possesses the characteristic clicking mechanism used for righting itself when overturned. The species is represented by 13 observations on iNaturalist, suggesting it is not frequently encountered or may be underreported.
Dalopius vagus
Dalopius vagus is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae, described by W.J. Brown in 1934. It is a small to medium-sized beetle endemic to eastern Canada. The species is poorly documented in scientific literature, with limited ecological or behavioral studies available.
Darlingtonea
Darlingtonea is a monotypic genus of cave-dwelling ground beetles (Carabidae) containing a single species, D. kentuckensis. This trechine beetle is endemic to eastern Kentucky's karst cave systems, where it functions as a top terrestrial predator specialized for high-humidity subterranean environments. The genus exhibits extreme physiological specialization, with narrow humidity tolerance identified as a critical vulnerability to climate change.
Darlingtonea kentuckensis
A troglobitic cave beetle endemic to eastern Kentucky karst systems. Adults measure 7.3–7.7 mm. The species exhibits surprisingly broad thermal tolerance (threshold ~20–24°C, mortality at 30°C within 24 hours), suggesting remnant physiological characteristics from epigean ancestors. However, it shows extreme specialization for constant high-humidity environments, with survival declining dramatically below 100% relative humidity and mortality within 3 days at 50–80% RH. Population densities can exceed 100 individuals per sand bank in suitable cave habitats.
Dasycerus carolinensis
Dasycerus carolinensis is a flightless rove beetle endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America. Phylogeographic studies reveal deep genetic divergence between populations east and west of the French Broad River, with divergence estimated at approximately 5.8 million years ago. The species inhabits forest leaf litter and shows evidence of cryptic differentiation across its range. Despite being flightless, it has persisted across both old-growth forest fragments and secondary growth forests.
Dasycerus unicoi
Dasycerus unicoi is a species of rove beetle in the subfamily Dasycerinae, a small group of beetles characterized by their distinctive compact, rounded body form that differs markedly from the typically elongate shape of most staphylinids. The species epithet 'unicoi' references the Unicoi Mountains, part of the southern Appalachian range in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. This beetle is associated with high-elevation forest habitats in the Great Smoky Mountains region.
Dasymutilla thetis
minute thistledown velvet ant, Little Velvet Ant
Dasymutilla thetis, commonly known as the minute thistledown velvet ant, is a small velvet ant species endemic to Arizona. First described by Charles A. Blake in 1886 as Sphaerophthalma thetis, it was later transferred to Dasymutilla. The species is notable for its entirely white-furred females, which participate in a Müllerian mimicry complex among pale desert velvet ants. Its small size (approximately 7 mm) distinguishes it from larger thistledown velvet ants such as Dasymutilla gloriosa.
Decodes asapheus
Decodes asapheus is a species of tortricid moth described by Jerry A. Powell in 1980. It belongs to the tribe Cnephasiini within the subfamily Tortricinae. The genus Decodes is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, and this species is one of several described from this isolated archipelago. Like other Cnephasiini, it is presumed to have a larval stage that feeds on plant material, though specific host records for this species are not documented.
Deinopteroloma subcostatum
weakly-ribbed ocellate rove beetle
Deinopteroloma subcostatum is a rove beetle endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. It was originally described as Lathrimaeum subcostatum by Mäklin in 1852 and later transferred to Deinopteroloma. The species is distinguished by its large, robust body with contrasting black and gold coloration and distinctive feathery antennae.
Dendroctonus mexicanus
Mexican bark beetle
Dendroctonus mexicanus is a bark beetle native to Mexico and Central America, recognized as the most widely distributed and destructive bark beetle in Mexico. It colonizes more than 21 pine species and causes significant tree mortality in coniferous forests. The species' population dynamics are strongly influenced by climate variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, with outbreak risk increasing under warmer, drier conditions. It is considered a major forest pest affecting wood supply and ecosystem services.
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saussureanum
Saussure's Desert Grasshopper
Derotmema saussureanum is a band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae, endemic to the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. The species inhabits arid desert environments and is distinguished from congeners by its restricted coastal and desert distribution. It is one of two recognized species in the genus Derotmema.
Desmocerus californicus
California Elderberry Borer, Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle
Desmocerus californicus is a longhorned beetle endemic to the United States, with two recognized subspecies. The nominate subspecies D. c. californicus occurs in California, while D. c. dimorphus (the valley elderberry longhorn beetle) is restricted to the Central Valley of California and is federally listed as threatened. Adults are active for only a few weeks per year and feed on Sambucus pollen.
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus
Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus is a federally threatened subspecies of longhorn beetle endemic to California's Central Valley. Adults display striking aposematic coloration with metallic blue bodies and orange elytral markings. The subspecies is sexually dimorphic, with males possessing notably longer antennae than females. It completes its entire life cycle in association with elderberry (Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea), with larvae developing in living stems and roots. Detection has been substantially improved through the use of synthetic sex-attractant pheromones.
Desoria trispinata
Desoria trispinata is a species of springtail in the family Isotomidae. It was first described from the Azores archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean. The species belongs to a genus of elongate-bodied springtails commonly found in soil and leaf litter habitats. Limited published information exists on its biology.
Diaptomidae
Diaptomidae is a family of freshwater pelagic copepods comprising approximately 50 genera. Members are the most widespread copepods in lentic inland waters of the Palearctic region. The family contains two subfamilies: Diaptominae and Paradiaptominae, with the latter consisting almost exclusively of African taxa. Diaptomids exhibit high species richness in tropical and Mediterranean regions, with numerous endemic species.
Dicaelus costatus
South Texas embossed carabid
Dicaelus costatus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the South Texas embossed carabid. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1853. The species is endemic to southern Texas and adjacent regions of Mexico, representing a geographically restricted member of the genus Dicaelus.
Dicerca juncea
Dicerca juncea is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is endemic to the southeastern United States, with records from Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. The species is elongate and measures approximately 14.2 mm in length. Like other members of the genus Dicerca, it exhibits cryptic coloration that provides camouflage against tree bark.
Dichomeris solatrix
A small moth in the family Gelechiidae, described from a single location in Arizona. Known from only two observations and limited published records.
Diguetia mojavea
Desertshrub Spider
Diguetia mojavea is a species of desertshrub spider in the family Diguetidae, endemic to the deserts of the American Southwest. First described by Gertsch in 1958, this species constructs distinctive horizontal sheet webs with dome-shaped retreats amid desert vegetation. As a haplogyne spider, it exhibits relatively primitive reproductive morphology compared to more derived arachnids.
Dinacoma caseyi
Casey's June beetle
Dinacoma caseyi, commonly known as Casey's June beetle, is a rare scarab beetle endemic to a restricted area in Riverside County, California. The species is listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, with approximately 237 hectares designated as critical habitat. The beetle belongs to the genus Dinacoma, which contains only a few species of June beetles found in western North America.
Dinacoma sanfelipe
Dinacoma sanfelipe is a melolonthine scarab beetle endemic to southern California, described in 2020 as the first new species in the genus in 90 years. The genus Dinacoma is restricted to California and contains cryptic species that are difficult to distinguish. One congener (D. caseyi) is federally listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, and all known species in the genus may be of conservation concern.
Dineutus shorti
whirligig beetle
Dineutus shorti is a species of whirligig beetle (family Gyrinidae) described in 2015 from the southeastern coastal plain of the United States. It represents the first unequivocally new species of whirligig beetle described from the U.S. since 1991. The species has an extremely restricted range, known only from a narrow section of the coastal plain in the Blackwater and Pensacola river watersheds of Santa Rosa and Okaloosa counties, Florida and Covington County, Alabama. It was named in honor of aquatic coleopterist Andrew E. Z. Short.
Diochanthrax
Diochanthrax is a monotypic genus of bee flies (family Bombyliidae) containing a single described species, D. morulus, which is endemic to California. The genus was established by Hall in 1975 and belongs to the subfamily Anthracinae and tribe Villini. As a bee fly, it likely exhibits the parasitoid life history typical of many Bombyliidae, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Diplocentrus spitzeri
Ruby Rock Scorpion
Diplocentrus spitzeri is a scorpion species in the family Diplocentridae, endemic to the Sierra Madre Occidental in Sonora, Mexico. The species exhibits distinctive maternal care behaviors, including a specialized birth posture where the female elevates her body on her legs and pedipalps while young emerge from the genital opercula and climb onto her back. First instar young remain on the mother's back until their first molt, during which time the female displays defensive behaviors to protect them. The species inhabits rocky pine-oak forest environments, where it shelters under stones and in rock crevices.
Discoderus amoenus
Discoderus amoenus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, first described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1863. It is endemic to the United States, with distribution records indicating presence in North America. The genus Discoderus belongs to the tribe Harpalini within the subfamily Harpalinae. Like other members of Carabidae, this species is likely predatory, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented in available literature.
Discodon flavomarginatum
Discodon flavomarginatum is a soldier beetle (family Cantharidae) native to southeastern Arizona. First described by Charles Schaeffer in 1908 from the Huachuca Mountains, this species is characterized by its distinctive color pattern and 14 mm body length. It belongs to a genus of soft-bodied beetles whose biology remains poorly documented.
Disonycha quinquelineata
Florida Five-lined Yellow Disonycha
Disonycha quinquelineata is a flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, endemic to Florida. It is characterized by five longitudinal dark stripes on a yellow to pale background. The species is moderately well-documented with over 400 iNaturalist observations, primarily from peninsular Florida.
Ditemnus latilobus
Lateral-lobed Soldier Beetle
A soldier beetle in the family Cantharidae, endemic to eastern Canada. The common name refers to the expanded lateral lobes of the pronotum. First described by Blatchley in 1910, this species remains poorly known biologically despite being recognized in the regional fauna.
Dodia tarandus
Woodland Tiger Moth
Dodia tarandus is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Macaulay and Schmidt in 2009. It is endemic to Canada, occurring in boreal black spruce bogs and adjacent open pine uplands across central to northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Yukon. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in forewing length, with males measuring approximately 15.5 mm and females 14.3 mm. Larval biology and specific host plants remain unknown, though potential hosts are suspected to include Salix and Ericaceae species common in peatland habitats.
Dolomedes okefinokensis
Okefenokee Fishing Spider
Dolomedes okefinokensis is a large nursery web spider endemic to the southeastern United States, named for the Okefenokee Swamp. Females reach approximately 30 mm in body length, while males are substantially smaller at about 8 mm. The species is strongly associated with swampy aquatic habitats and is difficult to distinguish from the similar Dolomedes tenebrosus. As a fishing spider, it exhibits surface-dwelling predatory behaviors characteristic of the genus.
Dorymyrmex flavopectus
Yellow-chested Pyramid Ant
Dorymyrmex flavopectus is a species of pyramid ant described by Smith in 1944. The species is endemic to Florida, where it is restricted to scrub habitat. It belongs to the genus Dorymyrmex, commonly known as pyramid ants due to their distinctive nest mounds. The specific epithet "flavopectus" refers to the yellowish coloration of the thorax (pectus).
Doryodes fusselli
Doryodes fusselli is a moth species in the family Erebidae, described in 2015 from coastal North Carolina. It is distinguished from congeners by a combination of forewing stripe width, body size, and hindwing coloration. Adults are active from spring through fall, with seasonal size variation in males. Larvae have been successfully reared on Spartina alterniflora and Bermuda grass.
Doryodes reineckei
A recently described moth species in the family Erebidae, known only from Spartina marshes along the US Gulf Coast from western Florida to eastern Texas. Described in 2015, it remains poorly known with only one iNaturalist observation recorded. The species is named in honor of USDA entomologist John P. Reinecke for his contributions to insect organ culture techniques and larval lepidopteran anatomy.
Dracotettix monstrosus
Gray Dragon Lubber
Dracotettix monstrosus, the gray dragon lubber, is a large, flightless lubber grasshopper endemic to California. It belongs to the family Romaleidae, a group known for their aposematic coloration and chemical defenses. The species is notable for its distinctive common name reflecting both its draconic appearance and monstrous size relative to other grasshoppers.
Drapetes chiricahua
Drapetes chiricahua is a species of fungus weevil in the family Anthribidae, named after the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. The species epithet reflects its type locality in this sky island mountain range, part of the Madrean Archipelago. Like other members of the genus Drapetes, it belongs to a group of beetles associated with fungal substrates. The Chiricahua Mountains are renowned for high endemism due to their isolated montane forest habitats separated by desert lowlands.
Drasteria parallela
Drasteria parallela is a noctuid moth in the family Erebidae, described in 2013 by Crabo and Mustelin. The species is endemic to the Pacific Northwest and northern California, restricted to middle-elevation forest habitats on exposed ridges. Adults are active in July and exhibit distinctive forewing patterns with parallel lines across a pale medial area, which inspired the species name.
Dromochorus knisleyi
Juniper Grove Tiger Beetle
Dromochorus knisleyi is a recently described tiger beetle species (2019) in the genus Dromochorus, a group of flightless, secretive beetles found in North America. The genus Dromochorus contains some of the most enigmatic and poorly known tiger beetles on the continent. Related species in this genus are characterized by highly restricted distributions, specialized habitat requirements, and extreme difficulty in detection and study due to their rapid running behavior and tendency to disappear into vegetation or soil cracks. The specific epithet honors tiger beetle specialist C. B. Knisley.
Dromochorus pilatei
Cajun Tiger Beetle, Cajun Dromo Tiger Beetle
Dromochorus pilatei is a species of tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae, commonly known as the Cajun Tiger Beetle. It is endemic to a restricted range in the south-central United States, specifically Texas and Louisiana. The species belongs to the genus Dromochorus, a group of flightless, fast-running tiger beetles that inhabit open, eroded clay and loam habitats. Like congeners, it is likely secretive and easily overlooked due to its rapid movements and tendency to seek cover in vegetation or soil cracks.
Efferia frewingi
Columbia River Hammertail
Efferia frewingi is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Wilcox in 1966. Based on the genus Efferia, it belongs to a diverse group of predatory flies known for their robust bodies, large eyes, and aerial hunting behavior. The species epithet "frewingi" honors an individual, following the patronymic naming convention common in entomology. The common name "Columbia River Hammertail" suggests an association with the Columbia River region, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
Efferia okanagana
Okanagan Hammertail
Efferia okanagana is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described in 2012 from the grasslands of southern British Columbia, Canada. It belongs to the E. arida species group and is most closely related to E. arida and E. pinali. The species has a restricted distribution centered on the Okanagan Valley and is considered potentially at risk by COSEWIC.
Efferia pogonias
Yellow-bearded Hammertail
Efferia pogonias is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, commonly known as the yellow-bearded hammertail. It is endemic to the eastern United States, where it occurs from Maine to Georgia and westward to Minnesota and Texas. The species prefers open, dry habitats including sandy inland locations. Adults are active from May to October with peak activity in September and October. Females oviposit in soil.
Efferia texana
Texas Hammertail
Efferia texana is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, commonly known as the Texas Hammertail. This predatory fly is native to southwestern North America and belongs to a diverse genus of aerial predators that hunt other insects. The species was first described by Banks in 1919 and is recognized as a valid taxon in major databases including GBIF and Catalogue of Life.
Elachista adianta
Elachista adianta is a small moth in the family Elachistidae, described by Kaila in 1997. It is endemic to Colorado, United States, and is known from extremely limited observations. The species belongs to a large genus of grass-mining microlepidoptera.
Elaphrus viridis
Delta Green Ground Beetle
Elaphrus viridis is a small, metallic-green ground beetle endemic to a restricted region in Solano County, California. It is closely associated with vernal pool habitats, where its life cycle is tied to seasonal flooding and drying patterns. The species is federally listed as threatened and IUCN Critically Endangered due to its extremely limited range and habitat loss. Adults are active during the wet season, emerging in January and becoming dormant by May when pools dry.
Ellabella bayensis
Ellabella bayensis is a moth species in the family Copromorphidae, a small family of lepidopterans sometimes referred to as "fruitworm moths." The species is endemic to California, where it has been documented in coastal regions. Like other members of its family, it is presumed to be small and inconspicuous, with limited published information available regarding its biology.
Ellipes deyrupi
Deyrup's Pygmy Mole Cricket
Ellipes deyrupi is a recently described species of pygmy mole cricket endemic to the northern Lake Wales Ridge of Florida. It represents one of at least two independent lineages of tridactylids that have adapted to xeric scrub and sandhill habitats, diverging from the ancestral aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle typical of the family. The species is sympatric with Neotridactylus archboldi at all known locations but has not been found co-occurring with its congener Ellipes eisneri. Its restricted geographic range and specialized habitat requirements raise conservation concerns.
Ellipes eisneri
Eisner's Pygmy Mole Cricket
Ellipes eisneri is a pygmy mole cricket endemic to Florida, described by Deyrup in 2005. Unlike most tridactylids, which inhabit moist edges of ponds and streams, this species has adapted to xeric scrub and sandhill habitats in sandy uplands. It has a restricted geographic range and has not been found co-occurring with its close relative Ellipes deyrupi, despite both species sharing convergent ecological habits. The species is poorly studied and difficult to collect due to its small size.
Enallagma daeckii
Attenuated Bluet
Enallagma daeckii, commonly known as the attenuated bluet, is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is endemic to the Eastern United States. The species holds an IUCN conservation status of 'least concern' with a stable population and no immediate threats to survival identified.
Enallagma divagans
Turquoise Bluet
Enallagma divagans, the turquoise bluet, is a narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is endemic to the United States. The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a stable population and no immediate threats to its survival.
Enallagma pollutum
Florida bluet
Enallagma pollutum, the Florida bluet, is a narrow-winged damselfly endemic to the eastern United States. It belongs to the family Coenagrionidae, a large group of small to medium-sized damselflies commonly known as pond damselflies or bluets. The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a stable population and no immediate threats to its survival.
Enallagma recurvatum
Pine Barrens Bluet, Pale Barrens Bluet
Enallagma recurvatum is a small damselfly endemic to the United States. It inhabits freshwater lakes, particularly in pine barrens and similar sandy, acidic lake systems. The species is considered threatened due to habitat loss from development, water quality degradation, and shoreline alteration. Its restricted range and specialized habitat requirements make it vulnerable to environmental changes.
Enallagma sulcatum
Golden Bluet
Enallagma sulcatum, commonly known as the golden bluet, is a narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is endemic to the Southeastern United States. The species is classified as "least concern" by the IUCN, with a stable population and no immediate threats to its survival.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
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brunnea
Florida Duskywing, Florida duskywing skipper
Ephyriades brunnea is a skipper butterfly endemic to South Florida, restricted to pine rockland habitats. The species has experienced noticeable population declines in recent years and is listed as a Species of Greatest Conservation Need in Florida. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 48 mm and exhibit sexual dimorphism in wing pattern. Larvae feed exclusively on Barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata), while adults nectar on wild coffee and other flowering plants.
Epiceraticelus
Epiceraticelus is a genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) endemic to North America, containing two described species. The genus was established in 1931 with E. fluvialis from the Midwestern and Eastern United States. E. mandyae was added in 2019 from the Southeastern United States. Males of E. mandyae possess a distinctive curved proboscis extending from below the eyes.
Erebia magdalena
Magdalena Alpine
Erebia magdalena, commonly known as the Magdalena Alpine, is a high-elevation butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. The species is entirely black in coloration and inhabits rocky alpine environments in western North America. It has been described as elusive and is considered one of several rare species associated with Magdalena Mountain in west-central New Mexico. The species was described by Strecker in 1880.
Erebia vidleri
Vidler's Alpine, Northwest Alpine
Erebia vidleri is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Satyrinae, found in western North America. The species inhabits moist alpine and subalpine meadows in mountainous regions of Washington and British Columbia. It is characterized by dark wings with distinctive orange bands and eyespots. Larvae feed on grasses in the family Poaceae.
Eremobates corpink
Coral Pink Sand Dunes Straight-faced Windscorpion
Eremobates corpink is a species of solifuge (windscorpion) in the family Eremobatidae, described in 2004 from the Coral Pink Sand Dunes region of southwestern Utah. Like other solifugids, it is a nocturnal, non-venomous arachnid with large, powerful chelicerae used to capture and kill prey. The species is named for its type locality in the distinctive pink sand dune ecosystem.
Eremobates polhemusi
Eremobates polhemusi is a species of solifugid (sun spider or camel spider) in the family Eremobatidae, described by Muma and Brookhart in 1988. It is endemic to Utah, United States. Like other solifugids, it is a nocturnal arachnid with large, powerful chelicerae used for capturing prey, but it lacks venom and poses no threat to humans.
Esselenia vanduzeei vanduzeei
Esselenia vanduzeei vanduzeei is a subspecies of grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Hebard in 1920. It belongs to the subfamily Gomphocerinae, commonly known as slant-faced grasshoppers. The taxon is endemic to California and represents the nominate subspecies of E. vanduzeei.
Ethmia brevistriga
Ethmia brevistriga is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, endemic to California. Adults are active from March to mid-May. The species exhibits distinct wing patterning with a white line on dark brown forewings, and has two recognized subspecies showing habitat-related color variation. Larvae are specialized feeders on Phacelia distans.
Ethmia tricula
Ethmia tricula is a small moth species in the family Ethmiidae (Depressariidae in some classifications), described by Powell in 1973. It is endemic to California, United States. At approximately 4.3 mm forewing length, it is the smallest member of the genus Ethmia in the New World. The species is characterized by uniformly dull gray-brown wings with matching fringes.
Euclemensia barksdalensis
Euclemensia barksdalensis is a micro-moth in the family Cosmopterigidae, described from Louisiana in 2011. The species is named for Barksdale Air Force Base, its type locality. Sexual dimorphism in forewing length has been documented, with males slightly larger than females. This species belongs to a genus whose members are associated with scale insects.
Eucosma clementeana
Eucosma clementeana is a tortricid moth described from San Clemente Island, California in 2010. As a recently described species in the large genus Eucosma, its biology and ecology remain poorly documented. The species belongs to the Olethreutinae subfamily, whose larvae are predominantly internal feeders on plant tissues. Its restricted type locality suggests potential island endemism, though its full range requires further survey.
Eugnosta busckana
Busck's Gallmoth
Eugnosta busckana is a small tortricid moth endemic to California. Adults are active during winter months, with records spanning November through February. The species was originally described as Carolella busckana by Comstock in 1939 and later transferred to Eugnosta. It remains poorly studied, with limited ecological data available beyond basic phenology and distribution.
Eulonchus marialiciae
Eulonchus marialiciae is a species of jewelled spider fly in the family Acroceridae, endemic to the Great Smoky Mountains of eastern North America. Unlike its congeners, which are locally abundant across western North America, this species is known from only a few specimens collected within a small contiguous area. Adults are brilliantly coloured pollinators, while larvae are parasitoids of tarantulas.
Eumorsea pinaleno
Pinaleno monkey grasshopper
Eumorsea pinaleno is a wingless grasshopper endemic to the Pinaleno Mountains of Arizona. It belongs to the family Eumastacidae, commonly known as monkey grasshoppers. The species is known from very few observations, and its biology remains poorly documented.
Eunota circumpicta pembina
Pembina Tiger Beetle
Eunota circumpicta pembina is a subspecies of tiger beetle endemic to the Great Plains region of North America. It is closely related to Eunota circumpicta johnsonii (Johnson's tiger beetle), from which it differs in geographic distribution and adult coloration. The subspecies is restricted to a disjunct population in North Dakota, where it occupies saline seep habitats. Adults exhibit blue-green coloration without the reddish or dark morphs found in other populations of the species. The subspecies was formally described by Johnson in 1993 and is considered to have subspecific status based on its geographic isolation and distinctive coloration.
Eunota fulgoris erronea
Willcox Tiger Beetle
Eunota fulgoris erronea is a subspecies of tiger beetle endemic to the Willcox Playa area of the Sulphur Springs Valley in southeastern Arizona. Formerly placed in the genus Habroscelimorpha, this taxon is now classified under Eunota following molecular phylogenetic revisions. It is considered a classic example of a geographically restricted tiger beetle with striking coloration and intricate white elytral markings. The subspecies name 'erronea' reflects its historical taxonomic confusion.
Eunota houstoniana
Houston Tiger Beetle
Eunota houstoniana is a rare tiger beetle endemic to Texas, known from only a handful of observations. The species is restricted to salt pan habitats, making it one of the most geographically limited tiger beetles in North America. Its narrow distribution and specialized habitat requirements contribute to its conservation concern.
Euphilotes battoides allyni
El Segundo Blue Butterfly
Euphilotes battoides allyni is a federally endangered subspecies of blue butterfly endemic to coastal sand dunes in southwestern Los Angeles County, California. The subspecies has an extremely restricted range, historically occurring only between El Segundo and San Pedro. It is one of the most geographically localized butterfly taxa in North America, with all known populations confined to areas supporting its obligate larval host plant, Eriogonum parvifolium (coastal buckwheat).
Euphilotes pallescens
Pallid Blue, Pale Blue, Pallid Dotted Blue
Euphilotes pallescens is a small lycaenid butterfly endemic to the Great Basin region of western North America. Populations exhibit significant genetic and morphological differentiation among isolated mountain ranges, reflecting long-term isolation in sky-island habitats. The species has a complex evolutionary history involving periods of divergence and potential reticulation. Its restricted distribution and habitat specificity make it a valuable model for studying phylogeography in arid mountain systems.
Euphilotes pallescens calneva
Honey Lake Blue
Euphilotes pallescens calneva is a subspecies of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as the Honey Lake Blue. It was described by John and Thomas Emmel in 1998. As a member of the genus Euphilotes, it belongs to a group of small butterflies commonly called 'blue' butterflies, though specific details about this particular subspecies remain limited in available sources.
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti
Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico. It is currently proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The subspecies is restricted to high-elevation habitats in the Lincoln National Forest, where it depends on specific larval host plants maintained in protected food plots. Its limited geographic range and specialized habitat requirements contribute to its conservation concern.
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti
Sacramento Mountains Checkerspot
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico. It is currently proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The subspecies is known from high-elevation habitats and has been the subject of research on parasitoid interactions, specifically with Cotesia wasps (Braconidae). Its restricted range and specific habitat requirements contribute to its conservation concern.
Euphydryas anicia magdalena
Magdalena alpine butterfly
Euphydryas anicia magdalena is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly endemic to the Magdalena Mountains of west-central New Mexico. It was originally described by W. Barnes and J.H. McDunnough in 1918. The subspecies is considered rare and elusive, inhabiting alpine environments at high elevations. It has been featured in conservation literature, most notably in Robert Michael Pyle's novel "Magdalena Mountain," which helped raise awareness of this distinctive black alpine butterfly. The subspecies is currently synonymized under Occidryas anicia in some taxonomic databases, reflecting ongoing revisions in checkerspot butterfly systematics.
Euphydryas chalcedona wallacensis
Euphydryas chalcedona wallacensis is a subspecies of the Variable Checkerspot butterfly, endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. It represents a geographically isolated population of Euphydryas chalcedona that has adapted to high-elevation habitats. The subspecies is of conservation concern due to its restricted range and vulnerability to climate change impacts on montane ecosystems.
Eupithecia huachuca
Eupithecia huachuca is a species of pug moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Grossbeck in 1908. The species is endemic to the southwestern United States, with confirmed records from Arizona and Texas. Its specific epithet references the Huachuca Mountains in southeastern Arizona, one of its documented localities. The species belongs to the large genus Eupithecia, whose members are commonly known as pugs due to their small size and distinctive resting posture with wings held flat and narrow.
Eupithecia phyllisae
Eupithecia phyllisae is a small moth in the family Geometridae, first described by Rindge in 1963. It is endemic to the southwestern United States, known only from New Mexico and Arizona. The species is named in honor of Phyllis Rindge, the wife of the author. Like other members of the genus Eupithecia, it is a nocturnal moth attracted to light sources.
Euplastius athoides
Euplastius athoides is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. The genus Euplastius is endemic to Australia and contains multiple described species. Very little published information exists regarding the specific biology or ecology of E. athoides. The species has been documented through a small number of observations, primarily from southeastern Australia.
Euproserpinus euterpe
Kern primrose sphinx moth, euterpe sphinx moth
Euproserpinus euterpe is a small, day-flying sphinx moth endemic to California and federally listed as threatened. Adults are active from mid-January to early April, with peak activity in February and March. The species has a highly restricted, disjunct distribution limited to two known locations in Kern and San Luis Obispo counties. Larvae are specialized feeders on evening primrose (Camissonia species), while adults nectar on diverse regional wildflowers. Population abundance fluctuates dramatically with climatic conditions, particularly rainfall.
federally-threatenedendemicdiurnalspecialist-herbivoreglacial-relictCalifornia-endemicevening-primrose-feedersandy-soil-pupationpopulation-fluctuationconservation-concerninsect-collecting-threathabitat-specialistdisjunct-distributionlate-winter-emergencemorning-eclosionagricultural-disturbance-toleranceBureau-of-Land-Managementrecovery-plan-speciespresumed-extinct-rediscoveryclimate-sensitive-population-dynamicsEurybunus
Eurybunus is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Globipedidae, established by Nathan Banks in 1893. The genus contains four described species: E. brunneus, E. pallidus, E. riversi, and E. spinosus. All species are endemic to the Western United States. Taxonomic placement has been disputed, with some sources historically placing the genus in Sclerosomatidae, though current consensus recognizes Globipedidae.
Eurycotis floridana
Florida Woods Cockroach, Palmetto Bug, Florida Skunk Roach, Florida Stinkroach, Skunk Cockroach, Skunk Roach, Stinking Cockroach, Stinkroach, Florida Cockroach, Florida Woods Roach
Eurycotis floridana is a large cockroach species native to Florida, commonly known as the Florida Woods Cockroach or palmetto bug. Adults measure 30–40 mm in length and possess a distinctive defensive capability: when alarmed, they can eject an extremely foul-smelling directional spray up to one meter, earning them numerous common names referencing this skunk-like defense. The species has been found to harbor Wolbachia bacteria, an endosymbiont that may provide nutritional benefits. Mating behavior includes courtship displays and post-copulatory mate guarding by males.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidaeorb-weaverspiderhumpbackedmyrmecophilyant-plant-mutualismNeotropicalNearcticEustala-anasteraEustala-oblongaEustala-illicitaweb-buildingpredatoracaciaPseudomyrmexPanamaBrazilGalápagosSimon-1895arachnologyentomologytropical-ecologycommensalismontogenyballooningoverwinteringjuvenilespider-wasp-preyCaliadurgus-hyalinatushost-parasitoid-interactionsthird-party-exploitationmutualism-exploitationcryptic-colorationnocturnal-foragingdiurnal-hiding-behaviorthorn-defenseorb-web-architecturesawtoothed-webpopulation-ecologysubstrate-selectionspatial-distributionspecies-diversityendemic-speciestaxonomic-revisionnomen-dubiumgenitalic-morphologymicroscopy-identificationtemperate-North-AmericaCentral-AmericaSouth-AmericaCaribbeanPacific-islandsconservation-biologyclimate-change-vulnerabilityphenology-disruptionwinter-activityspring-emergenceforest-understorydry-forestmoist-forestripariangrasslandscrubedge-habitatwoodlandparklandurban-adaptedgeneralist-predatorspecialist-predatorant-alate-predationherbivore-interceptionecosystem-servicebiological-controlnatural-historyfield-identificationcryptic-species-complexsexual-dimorphismwingless-female-mothsballooning-dispersalsilk-productionweb-ontogenyinstar-developmentoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessmetabolic-suppressiondiapausevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltineseasonal-polyphenismcolor-morphpattern-polymorphismhabitat-specificityhost-plant-specificityant-colony-integrationalarm-pheromone-avoidancesting-avoidancepredator-avoidancebird-predationlizard-predationwasp-predationassassin-bug-predationstink-bug-predationdefensive-behaviorthanatosiscamouflagemasquerademimicryaggressive-mimicryforaging-ecologyprey-captureweb-maintenanceweb-repairsilk-recyclingenergeticsreproductive-outputfecundityegg-sac-constructionmaternal-caremale-searching-behaviormate-locationpheromone-communicationvibratory-communicationvisual-signalingterritorialityweb-site-fidelityweb-site-tenacitydispersal-behaviorcolonization-abilityrange-expansioninvasive-potentialnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciessynanthropicagricultural-landscapeorchardvineyardforest-plantationconservation-statusdata-deficientIUCNCITESprotected-areanational-parksoberaniachiribiquetegalapagosfloreanaecuadorperuboliviachileargentinauruguayparaguayvenezuelacolombiacosta-ricanicaraguahondurasguatemalabelizemexicousacanadacubahispaniolajamaicapuerto-ricotrinidadtobagobarbadoslesser-antillesgreater-antilleswest-indiescaribbean-basinamazon-basinorinocoparanapantanalcerradocaatingaatlantic-forestpampaschacoyungasvaldivianmagellanicfynbosnoneresearch-modeleducational-resourcecitizen-scienceinaturalistgbifcatalogue-of-lifencbiwikipediazootaxajournal-of-natural-historypsycheentomology-todaybug-ericaraneologychelicerate-biologyarthropod-ecologytropical-biologyneotropical-faunanearctic-faunaholarticpantropicalgondwananbiogeographyphylogeographymolecular-systematicsmorphological-taxonomyintegrative-taxonomyspecies-conceptcryptic-diversityundescribed-speciesnew-species-descriptionredescriptionneotype-designationlectotype-designationtype-localitytype-specimenmuseum-collectionvoucher-specimendna-barcodingcoiitsphylogenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsecological-genomicsadaptationlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycanalizationevolutionary-developmental-biologyevo-devobehavioral-ecologysensory-ecologyvisual-ecologychemical-ecologymechanoreceptionproprioceptionneuroethologyhunting-behaviorweb-building-behaviorconstruction-behaviortool-useextended-phenotypeniche-constructionecosystem-engineeringtrophic-cascadefood-webenergy-flownutrient-cyclingdecompositionpredator-prey-dynamicspopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicshabitat-fragmentationedge-effectscorridorsconnectivitylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryclimate-envelopespecies-distribution-modelingmaxentbioclimworldclimremote-sensinggisspatial-analysisgeostatisticsabundancedensitybiomassproductivitydiversity-indexrichnessevennessdominancerarityendemismbeta-diversitygamma-diversityalpha-diversityturnovernestednesscommunity-assemblyneutral-theoryniche-theorycompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effectsinteraction-networksmutualismparasitismpredationherbivorydetritivoryscavengingcannibalismintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitioncharacter-displacementresource-partitioningniche-differentiationcoexistencestabilityresilienceresistancerecoverysuccessiondisturbanceperturbationextinctioncolonizationinvasionestablishmentspreadimpactrisk-assessmentmanagementcontroleradicationrestorationreintroductionrewildingconservation-breedingex-situin-situprotected-area-networkgap-analysissystematic-conservation-planningprioritizationhotspotcoldspotmajorityminorityflagshipumbrellakeystonefoundationecosystem-engineerindicatorsentinelbioindicatorbiomonitorecosystem-healthenvironmental-qualitypollutionpesticideheavy-metalcontaminantbioaccumulationbiomagnificationtoxicologyriskhazardexposuredose-responseno-observed-effect-concentrationlowest-observed-effect-concent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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaEuxesta abana
Euxesta abana is a species of picture-winged fly in the family Ulidiidae, described by Charles Howard Curran in 1935. It is known from a single documented location at White Sands National Park in the Tularosa Basin of New Mexico. The species belongs to a genus whose members are commonly known as picture-winged flies due to their patterned wings. Beyond its type locality and taxonomic placement, little is documented about its biology or ecology.
Evagetes padrinus minusculus
Evagetes padrinus minusculus is a subspecies of spider wasp in the family Pompilidae. It was described by Banks in 1910. The genus Evagetes belongs to the spider wasp family, whose females paralyze spiders to provision nests for their larvae. Members of this genus can be distinguished from the unrelated genus Aporus by their blockier thorax morphology.
Exapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
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rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setExoteleia californica
Exoteleia californica is a small gelechiid moth endemic to California, with a wingspan of approximately 15 mm. The species is characterized by distinctive wing patterning featuring silvery white forewings with black-edged ochreous costal streaks and raised black scale tufts. Larvae feed on Quercus chrysolepis (canyon live oak), establishing a specific host relationship with this oak species.
Fitchiella robertsonii
ball-nosed planthopper
Fitchiella robertsonii is a rare, diminutive planthopper historically known from fewer than 20 collection sites across North America. The species was considered potentially extinct until its rediscovery in Iowa tallgrass prairie in 2008, with subsequent 12-year research yielding 219 specimens—representing 90% of all known collections. Adults measure less than 5 mm but can leap 35 inches in a single jump, roughly 250 times their body length. The species exhibits both brachypterous (short-winged, flightless) and macropterous (long-winged) forms.
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhoppercicadellidaedeltocephalinaeparalimniniflexamiagrass-specialistmichigan-endemicauchenorrhynchahemipterainsectaarthropodaanimaliatrue-bugplanthopper-relative1999-descriptionbesshamiltonhuronihuron-riverusanorth-americagrassland-insecthost-specificpoorly-knownrareuncommondata-deficientgbifcatalogue-of-lifencbiinaturalisttaxonspeciesacceptedhexapodacicadomorphaclypeatamembracoideaparalimninaflexamia-huronibess-&-hamilton1999exact-matchaccepted-namecanonical-namescientific-nameauthorshiprankstatusmatchedtaxonomyclassificationeukaryotametazoadistributionmichiganobservations0wikipedianonepreferred-common-namehuron-river-leafhoppertrue-bugsgroupkingdomphylumclassorderfamilygenusauthorityiptintegrated-publishing-toolkitbiodiversity-data-journalzookeysnature-conservationcomparative-cytogeneticsopen-accessopen-accessjournalpublicationdatasetspecimentypenomenclatural-typeherbariumuniversity-of-granadaspainfungilichensagaricalescortinariusantonio-ortegamediterraneanfranceitalyimage-collectioncolección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongoslíquenesmusgos-y-algasgdagdacvizosoquesada2015doi10.3897bdj3e5204new-speciesnew-jersey-pine-barrensmuhlenbergia-torreyanapinebarren-smokegrassthreatened-speciesandrew-hicksmuseum-of-natural-historyuniversity-of-coloradogerry-moorenatural-resources-conservation-servicegreensboronculi-lorimerbrooklyn-botanic-gardenf.-whitcombirobert-whitcombmicrobiologyornithologyecologyhost-plantwarming-climatehuman-activitieszookeys-51169-79zookeys.511.9572roundwormnematodeantarcticamblydorylaimus-isokaryonipararhyssocolpus-paradoxusbulgariascanning-electron-microscopysemmaritime-antarcticantarctic-islandslip-regionspearvulvapostembryonic-developmentmolecular-analysesdorylaimidaelshishkalazarovaradoslavovhristovpeneva25-68zookeys.511.9793anidiv2bulgarian-academy-of-sciencesnational-scientific-fundoctocoralokinawajapannanipora-kamurailiving-fossilblue-coralhelioporaaragonite-calcium-carbonateskeletonscleractinianssoft-coralheliporacealithotelestidaeepiphaxumdeep-seashallow-coral-reefzamami-islandnational-parkmiyazakireimer1-23zookeys.511.9432non-biting-midgechironomusch.-bernensisnorth-caucasusrussiacaucasian-populationseuropesiberiakaryotypemorphologymouthpartslarvaechromosomegenotypic-combinationsmineralizationeutrophicationkarmokovpolukonovasinichkinatembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territoriessaratov-state-medical-universitycomparative-cytogenetics-9281-297compcytogen.v9i3.4519sea-turtlerescue-centrefirst-aid-stationloggerheadgreen-turtlecaretta-carettachelonia-mydasbycatchmortalitygreecemigrationsexual-maturityullmannstachowitschuit-the-arctic-university-of-norwaynature-conservation-1045-69natureconservation.10.4890regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areasporcupinecoendou-ichilluslower-urubambaperucanopy-bridgepipelinenatural-gasarborealcamera-trapdwarf-porcupineiquitos770ggregorylundezamora-mezacarrasco-ruedarepsol-exploración-perúzookeys-509109-121zookeys.509.9821antprionopeltamadagascarseychellessubterraneanleaf-litterdracula-anthemolymphlarval-hemolymph-feedingoophagymadagascar-biodiversity-centeroversonfisherzookeys-507115-150zookeys.507.9303itobillenmasukospideranelosimussubsocialcobweb-spidertheridiidaedeforestationbiodiversity-hotspotagnarssonuniversity-of-vermontsmithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-historywallacehuxleybuffonhookerlamarckdarwinmoramoraeriophyoid-miteacarixinjiangchinarosaceaeparacolomerusgallji-wei-liwangxuezhangzookeys-50897-111zookeys.508.8940shihezi-universitygrasshopperwyomingmelanoplusmelanoplinaeacrididaetetrigidaegomphocerniaeoedipodinaecyrtacanthacridinaedistribution-atlasfield-guidewgiswyoming-grasshopper-information-systemkeycapinerasechristhebardhelferscudderblatchleythomassayharrisdegeerbrunersaussuregirarddodgewalkerfieberfabriciusservillemcneilltinkhamburmeisterhaldemanbig-horn-mountainsblack-hillsgladstonindigensinfantilisdodgeioregonensismarshalliyellowstone-national-parksagebrushpineelevationshortgrass-prairiemixedgrass-prairieforbgrasseconomic-damagerangelandbenefitoverwinteregghatchadultlate-summeraugustoctoberjunelife-cyclefood-habitsizecollectionsurveyunderreportedcommonendemicrestricted-rangeforest-openinggrassymoderate-elevationlargersmallereastwestunited-statesamericanorthsouthcentralrangeextentlimitedrestrictedabundantpopulationdensityoccurrencepresenceabsencehabitatenvironmentconditionaltitudetopographyterrainvegetationplantshrubtreeforestopeningmeadowprairiesteppesavannawoodlanddrawslopeaspectsoilsubstratemoisturetemperatureclimateweatherseasonphenologytimingactivitynymphemergemoltdevelopgrowreproducemateovipositdiegenerationvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinesemivoltinediapauseaestivationhibernationdispersalmovementbehaviorhabitactionfeedingdietfoodhostassociationrelationshipinteractionspecialistgeneralistmonophagyoligophagypolyphagyherbivoredetritivorepredatorparasitoidscavengereconomic-importancepestbeneficialneutraldamagecontrolmanagementconservationthreatenedendangeredvulnerablesecureunknownglobal-biodiversity-information-facilityesbiodiversity-image-portalspanish-collectionstype-specimenlichenantarcticabernensisliyellowstoneFloridacris
Floridacris is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Melanoplinae. It was described by Otte in 2014 and is endemic to Florida. The genus belongs to the tribe Melanoplini, which contains many North American short-horned grasshoppers. Based on iNaturalist observations, the genus appears to be represented by relatively few documented occurrences.
Floridacris mariona
Floridacris mariona is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae, first described by Daniel Otte in 2014. It is endemic to Florida and belongs to a genus with limited species diversity. The species is known from very few observations, reflecting either genuine rarity or restricted habitat specificity.
Floridobolus
Florida scrub millipedes
Floridobolus is a genus of large millipedes endemic to Florida scrub habitat in peninsular Florida. The genus contains three described species: F. penneri, F. orini, and F. floydi. These millipedes are notable for their oval cross-sectional body shape, distinguishing them from the circular cross-section typical of related spirobolid millipedes. F. penneri is critically imperiled due to habitat loss and restricted range.
Floritettix
Floritettix is a genus of spur-throated grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, containing approximately 13 described species. The genus is endemic to the North American Coastal Plain, with documented occurrences in Florida, Georgia, and California. One species, Floritettix phlox, has been described from heavily burned scrub habitat on sand ridges in central Florida.
Floritettix coquinae
Floritettix coquinae is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is endemic to Florida and belongs to a genus of small, slender grasshoppers restricted to the southeastern United States. The species was described by Hebard in 1936. Records suggest it is a habitat specialist with limited geographic range.
Floritettix nigropicta
dark-painted scrub grasshopper, wingless scrub grasshopper
Floritettix nigropicta is a wingless, spur-throated grasshopper endemic to the central sand ridgeways of Florida. It is classified within the family Acrididae and subfamily Melanoplinae. The species is flightless, a trait reflected in its common name 'wingless scrub grasshopper.'
Frederickus
Frederickus is a genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) endemic to North America. It was established in 2008 and contains two described species: F. coylei and F. wilburi. Both species are found in Canada and the United States. The genus belongs to the sheet-web weaving spiders, though specific web-building behaviors for Frederickus remain undocumented.
Fucellia thinobia
Cormorant Fly, Kelp Fly
Fucellia thinobia is a small fly in the family Anthomyiidae known primarily from Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. Despite being commonly called a "kelp fly," it has no association with kelp; rather, it develops in purge-soaked soil beneath dead cormorants in island rookeries. The species was the focus of intensive research by UC Davis forensic entomologist Robert Kimsey beginning in 2007, who demonstrated its strict dependence on cormorant carcass sites. Its localized distribution and specialized breeding habitat make it a notable example of island endemism among dipterans.
Fumontana deprehendor
Fumontana deprehendor is the sole species in the monotypic genus Fumontana, a harvestman (order Opiliones) endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains. Originally described from only four specimens at two old-growth forest localities, expanded field surveys have documented 141 individuals across 22 newly-discovered populations throughout the Appalachian uplands. The species exhibits minimal geographic variation in both body and genital morphology across its disjunct range. Its conservation status has shifted from perceived hyper-rarity to recognition of broader distribution with geographically isolated population units requiring continued study.
Gabriola
Gabriola is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae, established by Taylor in 1904. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species distributed primarily in western North America. These are medium-sized geometrid moths typically associated with forested and shrubland habitats. The genus name is derived from Gabriola Island in British Columbia, Canada.
Gammarotettix bilobatus
arboreal camel cricket
Gammarotettix bilobatus, commonly known as the arboreal camel cricket, is a North American species in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is restricted to California, where it inhabits trees and shrubs in coastal and foothill regions. Adults are active from February through June. The species exhibits distinctive arboreal habits and anti-predator behaviors.
Gehringia
Gehringia is a monotypic genus of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the single species Gehringia olympica. The genus was established by Philip Jackson Darlington, Jr. in 1933, named in honor of physician John George Gehring. Its sole species is a tiny, shiny-black beetle with distinctive stout bristles, restricted to the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Geolycosa xera
McCrone's burrowing wolf spider
Geolycosa xera, commonly known as McCrone's burrowing wolf spider, is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it inhabits scrub habitats in several central Florida counties. The species was described by McCrone in 1963 and comprises two recognized subspecies with restricted distributions.
Geopsammodius morrisi
Geopsammodius morrisi is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Paul Skelley in 2006. It belongs to a genus of psammophilic (sand-dwelling) beetles within the tribe Psammodiini. The species is known from a limited number of records in Florida, USA. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with sandy habitats, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Geopsammodius relictillus
relictual tiny sand-loving scarab
Geopsammodius relictillus is a small aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described from Florida in 1991. The species epithet "relictillus" refers to its relictual status, suggesting it may represent a remnant population of a formerly more widespread group. It belongs to the tribe Psammodiini, whose members are commonly known as sand-loving scarabs due to their association with sandy habitats.
Gertschanapis
Gertschanapis is a genus of minute araneomorph spiders in the family Anapidae. The genus contains a single species, Gertschanapis shantzi, described by Norman I. Platnick and Raymond Robert Forster in 1990. It is known only from the United States.
Gesneria
Gesneria is a genus of approximately 50–62 species of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native primarily to Caribbean islands with rare South American exceptions. The genus is distinguished by woody shrub or subshrub habit and alternate leaf arrangement—unusual in the family where decussate leaves are typical. Gesneria is classified in tribe Gesnerieae alongside Bellonia, Pheidonocarpa, and Rhytidophyllum. The genus exhibits high endemism in Caribbean biodiversity hotspots, with many species restricted to single mountain ranges or islands.
Gillmeria albertae
Alberta Pale Plume Moth
Gillmeria albertae is a plume moth (family Pterophoridae) endemic to the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Adults are small white moths with distinctive brownish-grey markings on the forewings and light brownish-grey hindwings. The species was first described in 1921 and is among the more geographically restricted members of its genus.
Givira
Givira n-sp is an undescribed species of carpenter moth in the family Cossidae, collected from the white gypsum dunes of White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. The moth exhibits a distinctive satiny-white wing appearance with few or no dark markings, distinguishing it from most of its North American relatives in the genus. It was discovered during a ten-year moth fauna study conducted by Eric H. Metzler beginning in 2007. The specimen presented challenges for study due to greasy abdomens filled with fatty tissue, requiring careful degreasing of scales for examination.
Glacicavicola
Western Blind Cave Beetle
Glacicavicola is a genus of troglobitic (cave-dwelling) beetles in the family Leiodidae, endemic to caves in the western United States. The genus contains at least one described species, G. bathyscioides, which is completely eyeless and adapted to cold, humid cave environments with ice formations. These beetles exhibit specialized morphological adaptations for subterranean life, including elongated antennae and legs covered in fine setae for navigating difficult terrain.
Glacicavicola bathyscioides
Idaho Ice Cave Beetle, Western Blind Cave Beetle
Glacicavicola bathyscioides is a small, eyeless cave beetle endemic to ice caves in the western United States. It exhibits classic troglobitic adaptations including complete blindness, elongated appendages with sensory setae, and a distinctive false physogastric abdomen. The species has been documented in lava tube ice caves in Idaho and a limestone cave in Wyoming, where it inhabits humid, cold environments with ice formations. Its life cycle is poorly understood, with no larval forms observed and an estimated three-year lifespan.
Glyphipterix californiae
Glyphipterix californiae is a species of sedge moth described by Walsingham in 1881. It belongs to the family Glyphipterigidae, a group of small moths commonly associated with sedges and other monocot plants. The species is endemic to California. Like other members of its genus, it likely has narrow, lanceolate wings and metallic coloration, though specific details remain poorly documented.
Glyphocystis
Glyphocystis is a monotypic genus of snout moths (Pyralidae) described by André Blanchard in 1973. The genus contains a single species, Glyphocystis viridivallis, which is endemic to Texas. Adults are small moths with a wingspan of 21–24 mm.
Glyphodes floridalis
Florida milkweed vine moth
Glyphodes floridalis, commonly known as the Florida milkweed vine moth, is a small moth in the family Crambidae. It is endemic to Florida and has been recorded there year-round as an adult. The larvae feed specifically on Cynanchum angustifolium, a milkweed vine native to the region. This species represents a narrow geographic and ecological specialization within its genus.
Gnorimoschema baccharisella
Coyote Brush Stem Gall Moth
Gnorimoschema baccharisella is a small moth in the family Gelechiidae, first described by August Busck in 1903. It is found in California, where its larvae induce hard stem galls on Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush). The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in forewing size, with females being slightly larger than males.
Gomphurus gonzalezi
Tamaulipan Clubtail
Gomphurus gonzalezi, commonly known as the Tamaulipan clubtail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It is restricted to a narrow geographic range along the lower Rio Grande, occurring in Texas, USA and San Luis Potosí, Mexico. The species was originally described by Dunkle in 1992. The genus Gomphurus was elevated from subgenus to genus rank in 2017, reclassifying this species from Gomphus.
Gomphurus hybridus
Cocoa Clubtail
A medium-sized clubtail dragonfly endemic to eastern North America. Adults are active in late spring through mid-summer, with peak emergence typically in June. The species is named for the cocoa-brown coloration of mature males. Larvae develop in streams and rivers, requiring clean, flowing water with sandy or gravelly substrates. Like other gomphids, it is a predator both as aquatic nymph and aerial adult.
Gomphurus modestus
Gulf Coast Clubtail
Gomphurus modestus, commonly known as the Gulf Coast Clubtail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It was transferred from the genus Gomphus to Gomphurus in 2017 when the latter was elevated from subgenus to full genus status. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, where it inhabits medium to large slow-flowing rivers. The IUCN lists it as Least Concern with a stable population.
Gomphurus ozarkensis
Ozark Clubtail
Gomphurus ozarkensis is a clubtail dragonfly endemic to the south-central United States. Described in 1975, it occupies a restricted four-state range spanning southeastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, western and northern Arkansas, and southern Missouri. The species exhibits geographic variation across three distinct subpopulations separated by watershed boundaries. Its limited distribution has prompted conservation concern.
Gonipterus scutellatus
eucalyptus snout beetle, eucalyptus weevil, gum tree weevil
Gonipterus scutellatus is a weevil species endemic to Australia that feeds and breeds exclusively on Eucalyptus trees. It is greyish-brown with a light-colored transverse band and measures approximately 13 mm in length. The species is frequently confused with closely related weevils—G. gibberus, G. platensis, and G. pulverulentus—which share common names and were historically misidentified as G. scutellatus. Populations outside Australia previously attributed to this species have been reidentified through DNA analysis: those in New Zealand, North America, and western Europe are G. platensis, while African and eastern European populations represent an undescribed species.
Graphops comosa
Monahans sandhill chrysomelid, long-haired graphops, Monahans Graphops
Graphops comosa is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, endemic to the sandhills region of the southwestern United States. The species is distinguished by its exceptionally dense covering of coarse white hairs, the heaviest pubescence of any member of its genus. The specific epithet "comosa" is Latin for "with long hair," directly referencing this diagnostic feature. The beetle's restricted distribution and distinctive appearance make it a notable component of the specialized sandhill fauna of the region.
Gronocarus inornatus
lobeless spiny burrowing beetle
Gronocarus inornatus is a small scarab beetle described by Skelley in 2003. It is endemic to a restricted coastal region of the Florida panhandle. The species is characterized by its glabrous, shining brown body and moderately elongate form. It is known by the common name 'lobeless spiny burrowing beetle,' though detailed ecological data remain limited.
Grotella vauriae
Grotella vauriae is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, first described by Rowland R. McElvare in 1950. The species is known from Texas, which serves as its type locality. It belongs to the genus Grotella, a group of owlet moths within the subfamily Grotellinae. Very little is known about the biology or ecology of this species.
Grylloblatta
ice crawler, rock crawler
Grylloblatta is a genus of ice-crawlers comprising 15 described species endemic to western North America. These insects represent an ancient lineage with obligate physiological dependence on stable near-freezing temperatures, with acute thermal tolerance between approximately -8.5°C and 10°C. The genus exhibits deep genetic subdivision and geographic structure, with diversification patterns tied to Pliocene-Pleistocene glacial cycles. Species occur in montane habitats, ice caves, glaciers, and subalpine forests, with some populations utilizing saproxylic habitats in beetle-killed trees.
Grylloblatta chintimini
Marys Peak Ice Cricket, rock crawler
Grylloblatta chintimini is a species of rock crawler (family Grylloblattidae) described in 2015 from Marys Peak in the Oregon Coast Range. It is one of the most recently described species in this relict insect order, bringing the total number of Grylloblatta species to 15. The species occurs in a restricted alpine habitat on persistent snowpack near the 1250 m summit. Like other grylloblattids, it is adapted to cold, moist environments and is considered a living fossil representing one of the most basal lineages of winged insects.
Grylloblatta chirurgica
Mount Saint Helens Grylloblattid, Mount Saint Helens grylloblatid
Grylloblatta chirurgica is a species of ice crawler endemic to southwestern Washington state, specifically associated with high-elevation habitats and ice caves near Mount St. Helens in Skamania County. Described by Gurney in 1961, it is one of the rarest and most geographically restricted members of the relict order Notoptera (Grylloblattodea). The species persists in cold, stable microhabitats including glacial ice fields and subterranean ice formations. Its extremely limited distribution and specialized habitat requirements make it vulnerable to environmental change.
Grylloblattodea
ice crawlers, rock crawlers
Grylloblattodea is a small order of extremophile insects commonly known as ice crawlers or rock crawlers. These wingless insects are adapted to cold environments and are found in montane habitats, caves, and subalpine forests across western North America and northeastern Asia. The order comprises approximately 25-30 described species in five extant genera, though significant undescribed diversity is suspected. Grylloblattids are predatory, feeding on other arthropods, and show remarkable cold tolerance. They are considered a relict lineage with ancient origins, closely related to Mantophasmatodea within the clade Xenonomia (order Notoptera).
Gryllotalpa major
prairie mole cricket
Gryllotalpa major, the prairie mole cricket, is the largest cricket species in North America, endemic to the tallgrass prairie ecosystems of the south-central United States. Males exhibit a classical lekking mating system, constructing specialized acoustic burrows that amplify their calling songs to attract flying females from distances up to 400 meters. The species is threatened by habitat loss due to prairie conversion, with current populations restricted to fragmented sites in Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Arkansas. Research has documented unique acoustic behaviors, including harmonic chirps rather than trills, and vibrational communication between neighboring males through the soil.
Gymnetina cretacea sundbergi
Gymnetina cretacea sundbergi is a recently described subspecies of flower chafer endemic to the Organ Mountains of New Mexico. It was first described in 2011 and has been documented at Aguirre Springs Campground in the Organ Mountains-Desert Peaks National Monument. The subspecies is attracted to sweet red wine-baited traps and appears to be active in late summer and early fall.
Gymnognathus
fungus weevils
Gymnognathus is a genus of fungus weevils (family Anthribidae) comprising more than 90 described species. Members of this genus are predominantly associated with tropical moist forests, with some species occurring in subtropical humid forests at orographic rain barriers. At least one species, G. barclayi, exhibits apparent mimicry of calyptrate flies based on pronotal coloration patterns.
Gymnoscirtetes
Gymnoscirtetes is a genus of small (11–22 mm), slender, flightless grasshoppers endemic to the southeastern North American Coastal Plain. The genus was revised from two to six species based on male genital morphology and geographic data. Species are divided into two groups: the western morsei group (G. morsei, G. rex) and the eastern pusillus group (G. pusillus, G. pageae, G. wadeorum, G. georgiaensis). The genus is characterized by vestigial wings, linear body shape, and brownish-green or bronze coloration with a black lateral stripe.
Habronattus californicus
Habronattus californicus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is native to western North America, occurring in California and the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males likely possess elaborate courtship displays involving visual and acoustic signals. The genus is known for having some of the most complex multimodal courtship behaviors among terrestrial invertebrates.
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trimaculatus
Three-spotted Paradise Spider
Habronattus trimaculatus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, endemic to peninsular Florida. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males likely possess elaborate courtship displays combining visual and vibratory signals. The species name 'trimaculatus' (three-spotted) refers to a presumed diagnostic color pattern.
Hadena plumasata
Hadena plumasata is a small noctuid moth endemic to the Sierra Nevada region of California. It was described in 1967 and named for Plumas County, where it occurs along the eastern slope of the range. The species is distinguished from congeners by its reduced wing pattern elements.
Hadenoecus opilionides
Tennessee cave cricket
Hadenoecus opilionides, commonly known as the Tennessee cave cricket, is a camel cricket species described by Hubbell in 1978. It belongs to the family Rhaphidophoridae, a group of wingless crickets specialized for life in dark, humid environments. The species is known from two recognized subspecies: H. o. australis and H. o. opilionides. Records indicate it occurs in Tennessee and broader North America.
Hadoa chiricahua
Chiricahua Sun-Singer
Hadoa chiricahua is an annual cicada species in the genus Hadoa, endemic to the southwestern United States. The species was originally described as Tibicen chiricahua by Davis in 1923 and later transferred to Hadoa. It is known from the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona and adjacent areas of New Mexico, inhabiting mid- to high-elevation forests within the Madrean Sky Island ecosystem. As an annual cicada, it completes its life cycle within a single year, unlike periodical cicadas that emerge on multi-year cycles.
Haideoporus texanus
Edwards Aquifer Diving Beetle
Haideoporus texanus is a stygobiontic diving beetle endemic to the Edwards Aquifer of Texas. It is a subterranean aquatic species adapted to life in groundwater systems, with larvae possessing characteristic morphological features including a nasale and absence of primary pores MXd and LAc. The species was described in 1976 and represents an independently evolved lineage within the subfamily Hydroporinae.
Haplophthalmus
Haplophthalmus is a genus of small terrestrial isopods (woodlice) in the family Trichoniscidae. The genus contains 47 described species, with several showing restricted geographic ranges that have led to conservation concerns. Two species, H. abbreviatus and H. rhinoceros, are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to their limited distributions in the Balkans.
Haplopus scabricollis
Mayer's Walkingstick
Haplopus scabricollis is a Caribbean walkingstick known as Mayer's Walkingstick. It inhabits island and coastal environments in the Caribbean Sea and southern Florida, including the Florida Keys, Dry Tortugas, Cayman Islands, and Swan Islands. The species shows a restricted insular distribution pattern characteristic of many Caribbean phasmids.
Hebardacris
Mount Whitney grasshopper (for H. albida)
Hebardacris is a genus of spur-throated grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, established by Rehn in 1952. The genus contains at least three described species: H. albida (Mount Whitney grasshopper), H. excelsa, and H. mono. These species are native to western North America, with records concentrated in California. The genus belongs to the tribe Podismini within the subfamily Melanoplinae.
Heliades huachucalis
Heliades huachucalis is a species of pyralid moth known only from the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona. The species was described from this restricted geographic area, and records remain sparse. It belongs to a genus of small moths whose biology is poorly documented.
Heliades lindae
Heliades lindae is a small pyralid moth endemic to Arizona, described by Cashatt in 2012. The species is known from limited observations and has a wingspan of 15–17 mm. It is distinguished by brownish red forewings with white dentate antemedial and postmedial lines and light greyish brown hindwings.
Helicopsychidae
Snail-case Caddisflies
Helicopsychidae, commonly known as snail-case caddisflies, is a family of Trichoptera characterized by larvae that construct distinctive spiral, helix-shaped cases resembling snail shells. The family contains over 230 species distributed across all major faunal regions, divided into two genera: the monophyletic Rakiura and Helicopsyche. The subgenus Cochliopsyche is endemic to the Neotropical region between central Uruguay and southern Mexico. Species inhabit diverse freshwater environments including springs, streams, and rivers.
Heliolonche celeris
Heliolonche celeris is a noctuid moth described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. It belongs to the subfamily Heliothinae within the owlet moth family Noctuidae. The species is endemic to California and comprises two recognized subspecies: the nominate H. c. celeris and H. c. melicleptrioides. Available records indicate it is rarely encountered, with few documented observations.
Hellinsia hoguei
Hogue's Plume Moth
Hellinsia hoguei is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, described by Gielis in 1996. It is endemic to Mexico. As with other members of its genus, it likely has the characteristic split or fringed wings typical of plume moths, though detailed morphological descriptions remain limited in published literature.
Hemigrotella
Hemigrotella is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, containing the single species Hemigrotella argenteostriata. The genus was described in 1918 by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough. It is endemic to southern California. The genus belongs to the tribe Psaphidini within the subfamily Amphipyrinae.
Hemigrotella argenteostriata
Hemigrotella argenteostriata is a noctuid moth and the sole member of its genus. It was described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1918. The species is endemic to southern California. Very few observations exist, with only 10 records documented on iNaturalist.
Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis
Mount Shasta Sheep Moth
Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis is a subspecies of sheep moth in the family Saturniidae, endemic to the Mount Shasta region of northern California. As a member of the Hemileuca genus, it is a day-flying moth with reduced mouthparts that does not feed as an adult. The subspecies exhibits the characteristic orange and black coloration typical of H. eglanterina, though with geographic variation associated with its isolated mountain habitat. Like other buck moths, its larvae possess urticating spines that can deliver painful stings.
Hemileuca lucina
New England buck moth
Hemileuca lucina, the New England buck moth, is a day-flying saturniid moth endemic to the New England region of the United States. The species is univoltine with adults emerging in September for a flight season lasting approximately two weeks. Larvae possess urticating spines that can cause painful dermatitis and exhibit a developmental shift from gregarious defensive behavior in early instars to solitary escape behavior in late instars. The species was historically confused with its sister species Hemileuca maia until subtle differences in wing translucence and band width were recognized.
Hemioslaria pima
Hemioslaria pima is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, representing the sole member of its monotypic genus. The species was first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1924. It is known only from the US state of Arizona, with 47 documented observations on iNaturalist. The genus and species are classified within the subfamily Acontiinae and tribe Chamaecleini.
Herbertia
Herbertia is a genus of geophytic monocots in the family Iridaceae, tribe Tigridieae. The genus comprises 12 species, with 11 occurring in the grassland ecosystem of Río de La Plata and nine endemic to this region. Species are characterized by violet flowers with free unequal tepals and propagate through both sexual reproduction and vegetative bulb fragmentation. Polyploidy is documented in at least one species, with distinct cytotypes showing morphological differentiation.
Heteromurus major
Heteromurus major is a species of springtail (Collembola) in the family Orchesellidae, originally described by Moniez in 1889 under the basionym Templetonia major. It belongs to the order Entomobryomorpha, one of the largest and most diverse groups of springtails. The species has been recorded from several islands in the Azores archipelago.
Heteropogon chiricahua
A species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Wilcox in 1965. The specific epithet "chiricahua" refers to the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona, suggesting a geographic association with this Sky Island region. As with other members of the genus Heteropogon, this species is presumed to be a predatory fly, though specific observations of its behavior and ecology remain undocumented in available sources.
Hippodamia lunatomaculata
crescent lady beetle
Hippodamia lunatomaculata, commonly known as the crescent lady beetle, is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in western North America, with records from British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, and California. Adults measure 4.15–5.60 mm in length. The species includes two recognized subspecies: H. l. lunatomaculata (restricted to California) and H. l. dobzhanskyi (found across the full range).
Hippodamia washingtoni
Washington's Lady Beetle
Hippodamia washingtoni is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. Adults measure 5.40–6.70 mm in length. The species is known from a restricted range in the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Hogna ericeticola
Rosemary Wolf Spider
Hogna ericeticola, known as the rosemary wolf spider, is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It was described by Howard K. Wallace in 1942. The species is endemic to Florida scrub habitats in Putnam County, Florida, United States. As a member of the genus Hogna, it is a large, active ground-dwelling spider.
Hogna miami
Miami wolf spider, Florida wolf spider
Hogna miami is a species of wolf spider endemic to southern Florida, first described by Wallace in 1942. It is a terrestrial burrower that constructs small tubular burrows in the ground. The species is characterized by distinctive coloration and eye arrangement typical of the family Lycosidae. Its range is restricted to the southern portion of Florida below 28-29° latitude, with most records from Miami-Dade County.
Hubbellia marginifera
Arboreal Pine Katydid
Hubbellia marginifera, the sole species in the monotypic genus Hubbellia, is a shield-backed katydid endemic to the southeastern United States. It is strongly associated with pine forests and has been documented in arboreal habitats, reflecting its common name. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1869 from specimens collected in the region.
Hydrochara rickseckeri
Ricksecker's Water Scavenger Beetle
Hydrochara rickseckeri is a rare, California-endemic water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is one of the few Hydrochara species native to North America. The species was described by Horn in 1895 and remains poorly known due to its limited distribution and scarcity of observations.
Hydroeciodes auripurpura
Hydroeciodes auripurpura
Hydroeciodes auripurpura is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae, endemic to Texas. It has a wingspan of 28–32 mm. The species is assigned MONA/Hodges number 10639. First described by Blanchard in 1968, it is a member of the tribe Eriopygini within the subfamily Noctuinae.
Hylaeus graenicheri
Graenicher's Masked Bee, Graenicher's Yellow-faced Bee
Hylaeus graenicheri is a species of masked bee in the family Colletidae, endemic to southern Florida. It is one of only five Colletidae species restricted entirely to Florida. Like other members of the genus Hylaeus, it is nearly hairless and wasp-like in appearance, with yellow or white facial markings. The species is poorly known due to its restricted range and limited study.
Hylogomphus geminatus
Twin-striped Clubtail
Hylogomphus geminatus, commonly known as the Twin-striped Clubtail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae endemic to the southeastern United States. The species was transferred from genus Gomphus to Hylogomphus in 2017 when Hylogomphus was elevated from subgenus to full genus rank. It exhibits pronounced ecomorphological variation in body length across its limited geographic range, with significant differences observed between populations on either side of the Apalachicola River in Florida. The species is listed as Least Concern by IUCN, though it was previously assessed as Near Threatened in 2007.
Hylogomphus parvidens
Piedmont Clubtail
Hylogomphus parvidens, the Piedmont Clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonfly endemic to the southeastern United States. It was transferred from the genus Gomphus to Hylogomphus in 2017 when Hylogomphus was elevated from subgenus to full genus rank. The species inhabits river systems and holds a stable population with no immediate conservation concerns.
Hymenaphorura
Hymenaphorura is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Onychiuridae, established by Bagnall in 1948. Members of this genus are eyeless, euedaphic (soil-dwelling) or troglobitic (cave-dwelling) species with reduced pigmentation. The genus has been recorded from caves and subterranean habitats across Europe, with some species showing narrow endemic distributions restricted to single cave systems.
Hymenomima umbellularia
Hymenomima umbellularia is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. The species name references its association with California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), indicating a specialized ecological relationship with this host plant. It is primarily known from western North America, particularly California. Adults are active during spring and early summer. The species has been documented through 191 iNaturalist observations, suggesting moderate but localized abundance within its range.
Hypenodes sombrus
Shaded Hypenodes
Hypenodes sombrus is a small moth species in the family Erebidae, first described by Douglas C. Ferguson in 1954. It is endemic to Canada, with a broad transcontinental range spanning from Nova Scotia to western Alberta. The species occupies diverse wetland and woodland habitats, including bogs, cattail marshes, and dry pine forests. It is known by the common name Shaded Hypenodes.
Hypochilus
North American lampshade spiders
Hypochilus is a genus of North American lampshade spiders (family Hypochilidae) comprising eleven described species, all endemic to the United States. The genus is a relictual lineage with a disjunct distribution across three montane regions: California, the southern Rocky Mountains, and the southern Appalachia. Hypochilus species exhibit extreme genetic divergence coupled with striking morphological conservatism, creating persistent challenges for species delimitation. These spiders are textbook examples of short-range endemics with naturally small geographic ranges and strict microhabitat specialization.
Hypochilus bernardino
A rare spider species in the family Hypochilidae, described by Catley in 1994. The specific epithet "bernardino" references the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, where the species was first discovered. Hypochilidae is a small family of spiders with distinctive morphological features and limited geographic distribution.
Hypochilus coylei
lampshade weaver
Hypochilus coylei is a lampshade spider described by Platnick in 1987 from the southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. It belongs to a relictual genus of microhabitat specialists with disjunct distributions across three North American montane regions. The species is sister to H. thorelli and exhibits extreme genetic divergence coupled with morphological stasis, characteristic of short-range endemic taxa with limited dispersal ability.
Hypochilus petrunkevitchi
lampshade spider
Hypochilus petrunkevitchi is a lampshade spider endemic to the southern Sierra Nevada of California. It exhibits extreme intraspecific genetic divergence, with nuclear and mitochondrial lineages corresponding directly to drainage basins. Populations show >15% CO1 divergence between river basins despite striking male morphological stasis. The species is a textbook example of a short-range endemic with naturally limited dispersal ability.
Hypotrichia spissipes
Florida Hypotrichia
Hypotrichia spissipes is a scarab beetle species in the family Scarabaeidae, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1861. The species is native to Florida and has been recorded from sand scrub habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge in central Florida. The common name 'Florida Hypotrichia' reflects its apparent geographic association with the state. Available information on this species is limited, with most records being specimen-based occurrences rather than detailed biological studies.
Hypotrix lunata
Hypotrix lunata is a noctuid moth described by Smith in 1906. It is restricted to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, with records from the Chiricahua, Huachuca, and Santa Rita Mountains in Arizona south to Durango, Mexico. The species is notable for its distinctive wing pattern featuring fused black reniform and orbicular spots that form a characteristic mark. It is superficially unlike any other North American noctuid species, making it relatively easy to identify in the field.
Hystrichophora loricana
Coppery Orbexilum
Hystrichophora loricana is a rare tortricid moth species endemic to the United States. It belongs to the leafroller moth family, with caterpillars that construct shelters by rolling leaves. The species has a highly specialized diet, feeding exclusively on Orbexilum onobrychis. It is poorly documented in scientific literature and field observations.
Idionotus
shield-backed katydids
Idionotus is a genus of shield-backed katydids in the family Tettigoniidae, containing seven described species. These insects are endemic to western North America, with records from California and Oregon. The genus was established by Scudder in 1894 and includes species such as the siskiyou shieldback (I. siskiyou) and tehachapi shieldback (I. tehachapi).
Idiostatus inyo
Inyo Shieldback
Idiostatus inyo is a species of shieldback katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, described by Rehn & Hebard in 1920. It is endemic to California and is associated with the Inyo Mountains region, from which its specific epithet derives. The species belongs to a genus of flightless, ground-dwelling katydids commonly known as shieldbacks due to their enlarged, shield-like pronotum that covers much of the thorax and wings. Like other Idiostatus species, it is adapted to arid and semi-arid mountain environments.
Ilnacora arizonae
Ilnacora arizonae is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1963. It is endemic to Arizona, USA, and belongs to a genus of mirid bugs associated with woody vegetation. As with many mirids, specific ecological details remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
Insulaphylus
Insulaphylus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Weirauch in 2006. The genus is characterized by morphological features typical of the family, including the distinctive hemelytra with membranous apical portions. At least one species, Insulaphylus cruz, has been formally described and documented in museum collections. The genus belongs to the large and diverse mirid fauna of the Western Hemisphere.
Insulaphylus meridianus
Insulaphylus meridianus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Weirauch in 2006. The species is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, specifically recorded from San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island. As a member of the genus Insulaphylus, it represents part of a lineage associated with island habitats.
Ischnura gemina
San Francisco Forktail
Ischnura gemina is a small damselfly endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area of California, with a total range of less than 500 square miles. It is considered one of the rarest odonates in the United States. The species inhabits coastal wetland ecosystems and has been observed to have an unusually long adult lifespan for a damselfly, likely an adaptation to the region's foggy climate. Populations have declined due to urbanization and habitat destruction, though the species shows some resilience to certain forms of habitat degradation.
Ixodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
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stemosa
twintip buckeye
Junonia stemosa, the twintip buckeye, is a butterfly species described in 2020 following genomic revision of North American Junonia. It is endemic to southern Texas, particularly coastal barrier islands, where it specializes on Stemodia tomentosa as its exclusive larval host plant. The species maintains genetic integrity despite occurring in sympatry with related buckeyes, and its distribution is tightly linked to the patchy occurrence of its host plant in sandy coastal habitats.
Katianna maryae
Katianna maryae is a springtail species described in 2014 and endemic to the East Coast of North America. It is recognized by its distinctive camouflage-like color pattern and morphological features including spiked antennae and abdominal striping. The species belongs to the globular springtail order Symphypleona and is one of the more frequently observed springtails in its range, with over 350 iNaturalist records.
Keltonia rubrofemorata
Keltonia rubrofemorata is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1966. It belongs to the genus Keltonia, a small group of mirid bugs. The species is known from limited records in Florida, USA. Very little published information exists regarding its biology or ecology.
Kessleria
Kessleria is a genus of small moths in the family Yponomeutidae, first described by Nowicki in 1864. The genus contains approximately 35 recognized species distributed primarily across the Palearctic region, with additional species found in Madagascar, New Guinea, and Japan. Many species exhibit narrow geographic ranges and are associated with high-elevation or insular habitats. The genus has been subject to significant taxonomic revision, particularly by Huemer and colleagues, who used DNA barcoding to clarify species boundaries.
Koebelia
mottled pine leafhoppers
Koebelia is a genus of leafhoppers endemic to western North America, commonly known as mottled pine leafhoppers. Members of this genus are small insects, measuring 3–5 mm in length, with distinctive brown or gray coloration marked by darker spots. The genus is distinguished morphologically by a head that is wider than the prothorax. All known species are associated with pine trees as their host plants.
Kovarikia
Kovarikia is a genus of scorpions in the family Vaejovidae, endemic to humid rocky microhabitats of southern California. The genus contains three described species: K. angelena, K. bogerti, and K. williamsi. It was established in 2014 based on distinctive morphological characters, particularly unique neobothriotaxy patterns on the pedipalp chelae.
Kybos
Kybos is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species occur in Europe, New Zealand, Northern America, and Central Asia. At least six species have been documented in Kyrgyzstan, with four being native and endemic to Central Asia and two apparently introduced. Males produce species-specific vibrational calling signals used in mate recognition.
Kybos yukonensis
Kybos yukonensis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It was described by Ross in 1963. The species is endemic to northwestern North America, with records from Alaska, Yukon, and British Columbia. As a member of the Empoascini tribe, it belongs to a group of small, agile leafhoppers often associated with woody vegetation.
Lachesilla tectorum
Lachesilla tectorum is a species of barklouse in the family Lachesillidae, described by Badonnel in 1931. It was originally described as endemic to the Canary Islands, though GBIF records indicate a much broader global distribution including Africa, the Americas, Australia, and the Pacific. The species belongs to the order Psocodea, a group of small, often overlooked insects commonly found in association with dead plant material.
Lacunicambarus diogenes
devil crayfish, devil crawfish
Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.
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dgeimplicit-knowledgeunconscious-knowledgesubconscious-knowledgeconscious-knowledgeself-aware-knowledgereflexive-knowledgecritical-knowledgeemancipatory-knowledgetransformative-knowledgetransformational-knowledgerevolutionary-knowledgeevolutionary-knowledgedevelopmental-knowledgegrowth-knowledgematuration-knowledgeaging-knowledgesenescence-knowledgedeath-knowledgeextinction-knowledgepersistence-knowledgeresilience-knowledgerecovery-knowledgerestoration-knowledgerenewal-knowledgeregeneration-knowledgerevitalization-knowledgerejuvenation-knowledgerebirth-knowledgerenaissance-knowledgeawakening-knowledgeenlightenment-knowledgeillumination-knowledgeinspiration-knowledgeaspiration-knowledgehope-knowledgeoptimism-knowledgepessimism-knowledgerealism-knowledgeidealism-knowledgepragmatism-knowledgepracticality-knowledgefeasibility-knowledgeviability-knowledgedesirability-knowledgeacceptability-knowledgelegitimacy-knowledgecredibility-knowledgetrust-knowledgeconfidence-knowledgereliability-knowledgevalidity-knowledgerigor-knowledgequality-knowledgeexcellence-knowledgebest-practice-knowledgegood-practice-knowledgelesson-learned-knowledgesuccess-factor-knowledgefailure-factor-knowledgerisk-factor-knowledgeprotective-factor-knowledgedeterminant-knowledgedriver-knowledgepressure-knowledgestate-knowledgeimpact-knowledgeresponse-knowledgeDPSIR-knowledgeSTEEP-knowledgeSWOT-knowledgePESTLE-knowledgescenario-matrix-knowledgemorphological-analysis-knowledgeDelphi-method-knowledgeexpert-elicitation-knowledgestructured-expert-judgment-knowledgecitizen-deliberation-knowledgeparticipatory-modeling-knowledgecompanion-modeling-knowledgeserious-game-knowledgerole-play-knowledgesimulation-knowledgevirtual-reality-knowledgeaugmented-reality-knowledgemixed-reality-knowledgeimmersive-experience-knowledgesensory-experience-knowledgeembodied-experience-knowledgeaffective-experience-knowledgecognitive-experience-knowledgesocial-experience-knowledgecultural-experience-knowledgespiritual-experience-knowledgetranscendent-experience-knowledgetransformative-experience-knowledgelearning-experience-knowledgeeducational-experience-knowledgeresearch-experience-knowledgeprofessional-experience-knowledgepersonal-experience-knowledgelived-experience-knowledgeLaetilia zamacrella
Monterey Scale-feeding Snout
Laetilia zamacrella is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1925. It is endemic to California, where it is known by the common name Monterey Scale-feeding Snout. Like other members of its genus, it is a specialist predator of scale insects. The species is closely related to Laetilia coccidivora, which feeds on the Striped Pine Scale (Toumeyella pini).
Lamprolonchaea
metallic-green tomato flies, lance flies
Lamprolonchaea is a genus of lance flies (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) characterized by bright metallic golden-green coloration. The genus includes at least 24 species in Australia, with Lamprolonchaea brouniana being the most economically significant as a pest of tomato fruit. Australian species are taxonomically poorly understood, with limited descriptions of immature stages and no prior molecular characterization. The genus appears to be restricted to Australia, with most records from temperate southern regions.
Lamprosema baracoalis
Lamprosema baracoalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae, first described by William Schaus in 1920. It belongs to the subfamily Spilomelinae, a diverse group of pyraloid moths. The species is known only from Cuba, with minimal documented observations.
Lapara phaeobrachycerous
Gulf Pine Sphinx
Lapara phaeobrachycerous, the Gulf Pine Sphinx, is a sphinx moth (Sphingidae) described by Brou in 1994. It is restricted to pine forests in the southeastern United States, specifically Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. Adults have a wingspan of 64–78 mm and are active from April through October.
Laphystia utahensis
Laphystia utahensis is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Wilcox in 1960. The genus Laphystia belongs to the diverse asilid fauna of North America, with this species distinguished by its specific epithet referencing the state of Utah. Robber flies in this genus are predatory insects that capture other arthropods in flight.
Lasionycta caesia
Lasionycta caesia is a noctuid moth restricted to high-elevation alpine habitats in the Pacific Northwest. It was described in 2009 as part of a comprehensive revision of the genus Lasionycta. The species occurs exclusively in rocky alpine tundra near tree line in the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington and the British Columbia Coast Range, extending north to 58° latitude. Adults are active for a brief period from mid-July to mid-August.
Lasionycta mono
Lasionycta mono is a species of noctuid moth described in 2009 by Crabo and Lafontaine. The species is known exclusively from its type locality in the Sierra Nevada of California. With a wingspan of approximately 26 mm, it represents a poorly documented member of a genus that underwent significant revision in 2009, when 17 new species were described. The specific epithet 'mono' refers to Mono County or the Mono Basin region of California.
Lasius murphyi
Murphy's Citronella Ant
Lasius murphyi is a species of citronella ant endemic to the United States and Canada. It belongs to a genus known for producing a lemon-scented defensive compound called citronellal. Like other Lasius species, it likely engages in mutualistic relationships with aphids and other hemipterans, tending them for honeydew. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1901 and has been historically classified under the genus Acanthomyops, which is now treated as a synonym of Lasius.
Latrodectus bishopi
Red Widow
Latrodectus bishopi, the red widow spider, is a venomous cobweb spider endemic to the sand-pine scrub habitat of central and southern Florida. First described as a variety of L. mactans in 1938 and elevated to species status in 1964, it is distinguished from other widow spiders by its distinctive coloration and lack of a complete hourglass marking. The species is listed as threatened in the United States due to its restricted range and habitat specificity.
Lepidurus packardi
Vernal Pool Tadpole Shrimp
Lepidurus packardi is a federally endangered, California endemic freshwater microcrustacean in the order Notostraca. It is an ephemeral wetland specialist restricted to vernal pools and other temporary water bodies. The species is a key food source for larval California Tiger Salamander and acts as an ecosystem engineer through bioturbation. It reaches approximately 5 cm in length with a shield-like carapace up to 3.5 cm long.
Lepilius chisosensis
Lepilius chisosensis is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae, described from the Chisos Mountains of Texas in 2012. It belongs to a genus of flightless weevils associated with high-elevation habitats in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species is known from a limited number of specimens and has been documented in coniferous forest environments.
Lepismadora algodones
Algodones Sand Jewel Beetle
Lepismadora algodones is a tiny jewel beetle (family Buprestidae) and the sole member of its genus. Described in 1987, it represents the most recently discovered new genus of jewel beetle in the United States. The species exhibits an extraordinarily restricted distribution, having been found only in a single old canal on the west side of the Algodones Sand Hills in southeastern California. Its closest known relative is the genus Eudiadora, known only from Argentina, indicating a remarkable disjunct biogeographic relationship.
Leucauge licina
Dominican Spider
Leucauge licina is a species of long-jawed orbweaver spider in the family Tetragnathidae. It is known from Caribbean islands including Cuba and Jamaica, with most records from the Dominican Republic. Like other members of the genus Leucauge, it constructs horizontal orb webs and displays distinctive coloration with silvery or pearly markings. The species is part of a genus containing over 200 species worldwide, with only two species (L. venusta and L. argyra) documented in North America north of Mexico.
Libellula jesseana
Purple Skimmer
Libellula jesseana, the purple skimmer, is a threatened dragonfly endemic to Florida, United States. Adults measure approximately 5 centimeters in length. The species is restricted to infertile, clear, sandy-bottomed lakes with specific shoreline vegetation, and is critically imperiled due to habitat degradation from human development.
Lichnanthe albipilosa
White Sand Bear Scarab Beetle
Lichnanthe albipilosa is a species of scarab beetle in the family Glaphyridae, described by Carlson in 1980. It is endemic to California, USA, and is commonly known as the White Sand Bear Scarab Beetle. The species belongs to a small family of beetles associated with sandy habitats.
Lichnanthe apina
bumble bee scarab beetle
Lichnanthe apina is a scarab beetle in the family Glaphyridae, commonly called a bumble bee scarab beetle due to its resemblance to bumble bees. The species was described by Carlson in 1980 and is endemic to California, USA. Like other members of Glaphyridae, it likely exhibits Batesian mimicry of bumble bees as a defensive adaptation.
Ligidium blueridgensis
Ligidium blueridgensis is a terrestrial isopod species in the family Ligiidae, described in 1964 from specimens collected in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution across multiple biogeographical barriers in Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, with deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages suggesting long-term persistence and diversification in the region. It is one of several morphologically similar Ligidium species in the southern Appalachians.
Limnocoris moapensis
moapa warm springs naucorid, Warm Springs Naucorid
Limnocoris moapensis is a rare species of creeping water bug in the family Naucoridae. It is endemic to warm spring habitats in the Moapa Valley of Nevada, USA. The species is known from very few observations and is considered vulnerable due to its restricted range and dependence on thermal spring ecosystems. It belongs to the subfamily Limnocorinae, a group specialized for life in aquatic environments.
Lipochaeta
nehe
Lipochaeta is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The genus comprises approximately 20 accepted species, commonly known as nehe. Several species are extinct or possibly extinct, including L. bryanii, L. degeneri, L. perdita, and L. populifolia. Taxonomic relationships within the genus remain uncertain and require further phylogenetic study.
Lirceolus
Texas Caveslaters
Lirceolus is a genus of freshwater isopods in the family Asellidae, endemic to subterranean habitats in Texas, USA. These troglobitic crustaceans are adapted to life in caves and aquifers, showing reduced pigmentation and eye structures compared to surface-dwelling relatives. The genus was established by Bowman and Longley in 1976 to accommodate species previously assigned to other asellid genera. Known as "Texas Caveslaters," they represent an important component of the unique groundwater fauna of the Edwards Aquifer and related systems.
Lithophane joannis
Buckeye Pinion
Lithophane joannis, known as the Buckeye Pinion, is a noctuid moth described by Covell and Metzler in 1992. It is a small species with forewings measuring 15–17 mm. The species exhibits an unusual flight period spanning late autumn through early spring, active from October to April. It is endemic to a restricted range in the eastern United States.
Lithophane leeae
Lithophane leeae is a noctuid moth described in 2009, notable for its extremely restricted distribution. It is known solely from the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona, making it one of the most geographically limited species in its genus. The species was named by Walsh and remains poorly known due to its rarity and limited study.
Litiulus
Litiulus is a monotypic genus of millipedes in the family Parajulidae, containing only Litiulus alaskanus. It is endemic to the northeastern Pacific coastal region, ranging from Tlingit territory in the north to Haida territory in the south. The species is notable for its specialized diet of fungal fruiting bodies and slime molds, and its occurrence in hypermaritime old-growth rainforests.
Lophocampa indistincta
A tiger moth species in the family Erebidae, described in 1910. Males exhibit dark ocherous coloration with obscure wing markings and hyaline secondaries. Known exclusively from California's Channel Islands, making it a geographically restricted endemic with a wingspan of approximately 43 mm.
Lophocampa sobrina
Lophocampa sobrina is a moth species in the family Erebidae, subfamily Arctiinae. It was first described by Stretch in 1872 based on specimens from California. The species belongs to a genus of tiger moths characterized by dense hair-like body setae and often striking color patterns. As a member of the Arctiini tribe, it is part of a diverse group of moths with aposematic coloration and chemical defenses.
Lucidota luteicollis
Florida Scrub Dark Firefly
Lucidota luteicollis is a firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae, endemic to Florida scrub habitats. First described by LeConte in 1878, it is one of the dark fireflies that lack the prominent light-producing organs seen in some better-known firefly species. The species has a restricted geographic range limited to the Florida peninsula.
Lutica
Lutica is a genus of zodariid spiders endemic to the California coast and Channel Islands. The genus comprises four described species, each with restricted distributions: two on mainland coastal dunes and two on specific islands. These spiders are notable for their unique sand-covered web tubes used in prey detection and their limited dispersal ability.
Lycaena dospassosi
maritime copper, saltmarsh copper
Lycaena dospassosi is a small copper butterfly endemic to eastern Canada, restricted to coastal saltmarsh habitats where its larval foodplant Argentina egedei grows. First described in 1940 by James McDunnough, it was originally treated as a subspecies of L. dorcas but is now recognized as a valid species. The butterfly has a wingspan of 25–31 mm and flies from late July to mid-August. Adults nectar on sea lavender (Limonium carolinianum).
Lycaena hermes
Hermes Copper
The Hermes Copper is a rare butterfly species endemic to southern California, currently classified under the genus Lycaena (family Lycaenidae). It is considered to be in danger of global extinction according to long-term monitoring data. The species has experienced severe population declines attributed to habitat loss, climate change, and pesticide use, particularly neonicotinoids.
Lynceidae
clam shrimp
Lynceidae is a family of small, bivalved crustaceans commonly known as clam shrimp, classified in the order Laevicaudata. The family contains approximately 5 genera and more than 20 described species, with the genus Lynceus being the most species-rich and well-studied. Members are distinguished from other clam shrimp families by specific morphological features of the carapace, head, and male clasping appendages. Lynceidae species inhabit temporary aquatic habitats across multiple continents, though many species have restricted distributions due to habitat destruction.
Lynceus
clam shrimp
Lynceus is a genus of clam shrimp in the family Lynceidae, comprising approximately 13 described species. These small branchiopod crustaceans inhabit temporary aquatic habitats, including desert rockholes, gnammas, and dolines. The genus has been subject to recent taxonomic revision, particularly in Australia where six species are now recognized. Species identification relies on morphological characters including male first thoracopod structure, head and rostrum form, antenna 2 spinal patterns, carapace shape, and the female lamina abdominalis.
Machimus novaescotiae
Nova Scotia Bladetail
Machimus novaescotiae is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, commonly known as the Nova Scotia Bladetail. It is a predatory dipteran endemic to northeastern North America. The species was described by Macquart in 1847. Like other members of the genus Machimus, it is presumed to be an active aerial predator of other insects.
Macrobaenetes
sand-treader crickets, giant sand-treader crickets
Macrobaenetes is a genus of sand-treader crickets in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to California. The genus contains at least four described species, including the Algodones sand treader cricket (M. algodonensis) and the Kelso Dunes giant sand-treader cricket (M. kelsoensis). These insects are specialized for life in sandy desert environments.
Macrobaenetes algodonensis
Algodones Sand Treader Cricket
Macrobaenetes algodonensis, the Algodones Sand Treader Cricket, is a species of camel cricket described by Tinkham in 1962. It belongs to the family Rhaphidophoridae, a group of wingless, hump-backed crickets commonly known as camel or cave crickets. The species is endemic to the Algodones Dunes region of southeastern California, where it inhabits sandy desert environments. As a member of the genus Macrobaenetes, it shares adaptations for life in loose sand with related sand treader crickets.
Macrobaenetes sierrapintae
Sierra Pinta Giant Sand-treader Cricket
Macrobaenetes sierrapintae is a species of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae, endemic to the Sierra Pinta mountains of southwestern Arizona. Described by Tinkham in 1962, it belongs to a genus specialized for life in sandy desert habitats. The species is among the largest members of the genus Macrobaenetes. Like other members of this genus, it possesses enlarged hind tarsi adapted for locomotion on loose sand.
Macrobaenetes valgum
Coachella giant sand treader cricket
Macrobaenetes valgum, the Coachella giant sand treader cricket, is a species of cave cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is endemic to the United States and has been recorded from California. Like other members of its genus, it is adapted to arid sandy habitats. The species was described by Strohecker in 1960.
Macrosaccus neomexicanus
Macrosaccus neomexicanus is a minute leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae, described by Davis in 2011. The species is endemic to the southwestern United States, where it is known from Arizona and New Mexico. Its larvae are specialized feeders on New Mexico locust (Robinia neomexicana), creating distinctive tentiform leaf mines. The specific epithet references its host plant rather than its geographic distribution.
Macroscytalus
Macroscytalus is a genus of weevils (family Curculionidae) established by Thomas Broun in 1881. It is native to New Zealand and is part of the diverse Australasian weevil fauna. The genus contains relatively few described species and remains poorly documented in published literature.
Macroscytalus chisosensis
Macroscytalus chisosensis is a species of seed bug in the family Lygaeidae. It is endemic to the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend National Park in Texas, USA. The species is known from a limited number of specimens collected at high elevations in this isolated mountain range. Its restricted distribution makes it a notable example of localized endemism in the Chihuahuan Desert region.
Macrosiphum tuberculaceps
sweet-after-death aphid
Macrosiphum tuberculaceps is an aphid species endemic to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is commonly known as the sweet-after-death aphid due to its exclusive association with its host plant, sweet-after-death (Achlys triphylla). The species exhibits distinctive morphological features including antennae longer than its teardrop-shaped body, short siphunculi inflated at the base with blackish tips, and legs longer than the body length. Its highly specialized host relationship makes it a notable example of monophagy among aphids.
Macrotylus tristis
Macrotylus tristis is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Uhler in 1890. The species is endemic to California, where it has been documented from a small number of observations. As a member of the genus Macrotylus, it belongs to a group of mirids often associated with specific host plants.
Maculamiris insulanus
Maculamiris insulanus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Weirauch in 2006. The species is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, specifically Santa Catalina Island and San Clemente Island. As a member of the diverse Miridae family, it belongs to one of the largest families of true bugs, though specific ecological details for this island-endemic species remain poorly documented.
Madoniella chiricahua
Madoniella chiricahua is a species of checkered beetle in the family Cleridae. It is known from the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona, a region characterized by high biodiversity and endemism within the Madrean Sky Islands. The species has been documented from a single observation, indicating it is likely rare or poorly sampled. Its specific epithet refers to the Chiricahua Mountains, the type locality.
Magicicada septendecula
Decula Periodical Cicada
Magicicada septendecula is one of three species of 17-year periodical cicadas endemic to the eastern United States. It is typically the rarest of the three species in mixed-species populations and exhibits stronger habitat specificity than its congeners. The species prefers upland woodland habitats dominated by hickories and walnuts, particularly Carya glabra (pignut hickory), and shows a strong association with Juglandaceae host trees. First described in 1962, it has been recorded from Connecticut southward through the eastern states, with the northeastern-most record from Totoket Mountain in North Branford, Connecticut in 2013. M. septendecula is distinguished from M. septendecim by its smaller body size and hind tibial length (less than 6.3 mm versus 6.3 mm or greater). The species exhibits greater susceptibility to delayed emergence compared to other Magicicada species, which may contribute to its comparative rarity.
Mallophora atra
Black Bee-Killer, Black Bee Killer
Mallophora atra, commonly known as the black bee-killer, is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae. It is found across much of Brazil, with records from 19 states including Amazonas, Pará, São Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul. As a member of the genus Mallophora, it is a large, powerful predatory fly known for capturing and feeding on bees and other insects. The species was first described by Macquart in 1834.
Marchena minuta
Marchena minuta is a small jumping spider and the sole described species in its genus. It is endemic to western North America, where it inhabits the bark of coniferous trees. The species represents the only North American member of the subfamily Heliophaninae. Its distribution is concentrated along the Pacific coast, with records from California, Washington, and Nevada.
Marinarozelotes lyonneti
Marinarozelotes lyonneti is a ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, endemic to the Azores archipelago. Originally described by Audouin in 1826 as Drassus lyonnetii, this species was later transferred to the genus Marinarozelotes. It has been recorded from five islands in the central and western Azores. Like other gnaphosids, it is likely a nocturnal, cursorial hunter.
Mectemycor
Mectemycor is a genus of soft-bodied plant beetles comprising three known species, all endemic to California. The genus was established by Majer in 1995 and is currently classified in the family Mauroniscidae, having been historically placed in Melyridae. All three species—M. linearis, M. sericeus, and M. strangulatus—are restricted to western North America.
Megachile davidsoni
Megachile davidsoni is a solitary bee species in the family Megachilidae, first described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1902. It belongs to the leafcutter bee genus Megachile, whose members are characterized by cutting leaf pieces to line their nest cavities. The species is known from a restricted geographic range in southwestern California. Like other Megachile species, it is a solitary cavity-nesting bee that carries pollen on the underside of its abdomen rather than on its legs.
Megachile pruina
Hoary Leafcutter Bee
Megachile pruina, commonly known as the Hoary Leafcutter Bee, is a solitary leafcutter bee in the family Megachilidae. It is medium-sized (11–13 mm) and exhibits sexual dichromatism, with females often appearing very dark. The species occurs along coastal habitats from Virginia to Florida and westward to Texas, with an isolated population in Bermuda that represents a genetically distinct evolutionary lineage. Bermuda's population is classified as Vulnerable and is the only arthropod protected under the Bermuda Protected Species Act.
Megacraspedus plutella
Megacraspedus plutella is a small twirler moth (family Gelechiidae) described by V.T. Chambers in 1874. It is the only member of its genus known to occur north of Mexico, with records limited to the southwestern United States. The species is characterized by distinctive forewing coloration with creamy white margins against a dark gray-brown ground color.
Megarthrus pictus
Megarthrus pictus is a rove beetle (Staphylinidae) endemic to western North America. It is distinguished from other Nearctic Megarthrus species by its bicolored elytra and angulate temples. The body is predominantly brownish yellow in coloration. It is the only Nearctic species in its genus exhibiting this combination of traits that is endemic to Western North America.
Megasoma sleeperi
Sleeper's Elephant Beetle
Megasoma sleeperi is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is endemic to the Algodones Dunes of southeastern California and adjacent areas of southwestern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. Like other members of the genus Megasoma, it is among the largest beetles in North America. Males possess prominent horns used in combat with other males. The species was described by Hardy in 1972 and is named in honor of collector R. C. Sleeper.
Megathymus cofaqui
Cofaqui Giant-Skipper
Megathymus cofaqui, the Cofaqui giant-skipper, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is endemic to a narrow north–south corridor through central Georgia, United States. The species belongs to the genus Megathymus, a group commonly known as giant-skippers due to their relatively large size among skippers.
Megatibicen
Great Cicadas
Megatibicen is a genus of North American cicadas established in 2016, comprising approximately 10 species previously classified under Tibicen, Neotibicen, Ameritibicen, and Gigatibicen. These are large-bodied cicadas commonly known as 'Great Cicadas,' with males producing distinctive calling songs using tymbal organs. The genus exhibits notable diversity in the south-central and southwestern United States, including a recently described endemic species from the Mescalero-Monahans shinnery sands.
Megatibicen dorsatus
Bush Cicada, Giant Grassland Cicada, Grand Western Cicada, Splendid Prairie Cicada
Megatibicen dorsatus, commonly known as the Bush Cicada or Giant Grassland Cicada, is a large, striking cicada species endemic to the tallgrass and shortgrass prairies of the central United States. Adults are among the largest North American cicadas, measuring approximately 57 mm in length, with distinctive white waxy markings on a dark body. Males produce loud, characteristic songs using internal tymbal organs to attract females. The species has an annual life cycle with staggered emergences, with adults active primarily from July through September. M. dorsatus is frequently found perched on low vegetation in open grassland habitats, where its contrasting coloration provides surprising cryptic protection. Adult males serve as hosts for the acoustically hunting sarcophagid parasitoid Emblemasoma erro.
Megatibicen harenosus
Great Mescalero Cicada
Megatibicen harenosus is a recently described cicada species endemic to the Mescalero-Monahans shinnery sands of New Mexico and Texas. It was formally described in 2017 based on distinct male genital morphology, color pattern, calling song characteristics, and ecological preferences. The species is closely related to M. tremulus, from which it differs significantly in four temporal song characters. Its restricted distribution in sandy habitats represents one of the most southwestern ranges of any Megatibicen species.
Megischus arizonicus
Arizona Crown Wasp
Megischus arizonicus is a species of crown wasp in the family Stephanidae, first described by Townes. Originally known only from Arizona, USA, the species has since been documented in central Mexico, expanding its known range significantly. Like other stephanids, it is a parasitoid wasp associated with wood-boring beetle larvae. The species exhibits the characteristic elongated, crown-like structure on the head that gives the family its common name. Records remain sparse, with only a handful of observations documented in biodiversity databases.
Megobrium
Megobrium is a monotypic genus of longhorn beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the single species Megobrium edwardsii. The genus was established by John Lawrence LeConte in 1873. It is endemic to California and classified within the subfamily Cerambycinae and tribe Hyboderini.
Melanderia
Melanderia is a genus of long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae) endemic to the West Coast of the United States. Members of this genus inhabit the intertidal zone, an unusual habitat for dolichopodid flies. Adults possess modified labellae that resemble mandibles, a distinctive morphological adaptation. The genus comprises four described species divided into two subgenera: Melanderia and Wirthia.
Melanocinclis gnoma
Melanocinclis gnoma is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae, described by Ronald Hodges in 1978. It belongs to a genus of microlepidopterans within the superfamily Gelechioidea. The species is known from very limited records.
Melanopleurus fuscosus
Melanopleurus fuscosus is a seed bug in the family Lygaeidae, described by Brailovsky in 1977. The species has been documented from Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California, with 211 observations recorded on iNaturalist. As a member of the Lygaeidae, it belongs to a family of true bugs commonly known as seed bugs, though specific biological details for this species remain limited in published literature.
Melanoplus cameronis
Brownsville Short-wing Grasshopper
Melanoplus cameronis, the Brownsville Short-wing Grasshopper, is a spur-throated grasshopper described by Roberts in 1947. It is endemic to southern Texas, with confirmed records from the Brownsville area. The species belongs to the large genus Melanoplus, which contains many North American grasshoppers of economic and ecological significance. It is considered a short-winged species, suggesting reduced dispersal capability compared to fully winged relatives.
Melanoplus carnegiei
Carnegie Short-wing Grasshopper, Carnegie's Locust
Melanoplus carnegiei is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, first described by Morse in 1904. It is commonly known as the Carnegie Short-wing Grasshopper or Carnegie's Locust. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States.
Melanoplus discolor
contrasting spur-throat grasshopper
Melanoplus discolor, known as the contrasting spur-throat grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is native to North America and has been documented in Colorado, Texas, and northeastern Mexico. The species belongs to the Melanoplus discolor species group, which includes seven newly described flightless grasshopper species from central Texas, highlighting the ecological uniqueness of the Edwards Plateau region.
Melanoplus forcipatus
toothcercus shortwing grasshopper, broad cercus scrub grasshopper
Melanoplus forcipatus is a species of spur-throated grasshopper endemic to a restricted area of central Florida. It is known only from scrub and sandhill habitats in Highlands and Orange counties. The species was described by Hubbell in 1932 and is one of several shortwing grasshoppers in the genus Melanoplus with limited distributions.
Melanoplus indicifer
spinecercus short-wing grasshopper, east coast scrub grasshopper
Melanoplus indicifer is a species of spur-throated grasshopper endemic to a restricted range in Florida. It inhabits scrub habitats on the Atlantic Coastal Ridge in Palm Beach County. The species is characterized by short wings, a trait reflected in one of its common names. Its limited distribution makes it vulnerable to habitat loss from development and fire suppression.
Melanoplus islandicus
island short-wing grasshopper, forest locust, island locust
Melanoplus islandicus is a spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, found in coastal regions of Alaska, Canada, and the Great Lakes area. Populations have declined due to habitat loss and invasive species, prompting conservation concern. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed it for Endangered Species Act listing in 2003, though it remains unlisted.
Melanoplus nanciae
Ocala clawcercus grasshopper
Melanoplus nanciae, known as the Ocala clawcercus grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper described by Deyrup in 1997. It belongs to the diverse genus Melanoplus within the family Acrididae. The species is known from a restricted geographic range in Florida. Published records indicate it is rarely encountered, with limited observational data available.
Melanoplus oklahomae
Oklahoma spur-throat grasshopper
Melanoplus oklahomae is a species of spur-throated grasshopper described by Hebard in 1937. It belongs to the diverse genus Melanoplus, which contains many North American grasshopper species. The species is endemic to Oklahoma and surrounding regions in North America. Like other members of its genus, it possesses the characteristic spur on the prosternum that gives the group its common name.
Melanoplus ordwayae
Trail Ridge Scrub Grasshopper, Ordway Melanoplus Grasshopper
Melanoplus ordwayae is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Deyrup in 1997. It is endemic to Florida, specifically associated with the scrub habitat of the Lake Wales Ridge region. The species is known from very few observations and is considered rare and potentially threatened by habitat loss. Its common name references the Trail Ridge, a prominent geologic feature in its range.
Melanoplus oreophilus
Mount Hood Short-wing Grasshopper
Melanoplus oreophilus is a spur-throated grasshopper species endemic to the Mount Hood region of Oregon. The species is characterized by reduced wing development, a trait reflected in its common name. It inhabits high-elevation alpine environments and has a restricted geographic range.
Melanoplus peninsularis
Melanoplus peninsularis is a species of grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Hubbell in 1932. The specific epithet "peninsularis" refers to its restricted distribution on the Florida peninsula. It is a member of the large genus Melanoplus, which contains many North American grasshopper species. The species appears to be uncommon, with limited observation records.
Melanoplus tequestae
tequestae scrub grasshopper, tequesta grasshopper
Melanoplus tequestae is a spur-throated grasshopper endemic to Florida scrub habitat. It is restricted to three counties in central Florida and is one of the more narrowly distributed members of the large genus Melanoplus. The species has been studied for its mating behavior, which involves male calling songs and visual courtship displays.
Melanoplus withlacoocheensis
Withlacoochee Grasshopper
Melanoplus withlacoocheensis is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described in 1998 from Florida. It belongs to a large genus of North American grasshoppers that includes many economically significant agricultural pests. The species is named for the Withlacoochee River region of central Florida, where the type specimens were collected. It appears to be a localized endemic with limited distribution records.
Melanotus dichrous
Melanotus dichrous is a click beetle species in the family Elateridae, first described by Erichson in 1841 under the basionym Cratonychus dichrous. The species is known from the Azores archipelago in the North Atlantic, with records from five islands: Faial, Flores, Graciosa, Pico, and São Jorge. As a member of the genus Melanotus, it shares the characteristic click beetle morphology including an elongated body form and the prosternal process that enables the defensive "clicking" mechanism.
Melyrodes floridana
Florida Soft-winged Flower Beetle
Melyrodes floridana is a species of soft-winged flower beetle in the family Melyridae, endemic to Florida. The genus Melyrodes is small and poorly documented, with limited information available on its biology and ecology. This species appears to be rarely encountered, with minimal observational records.
Merope tuber
forcepfly, earwigfly
Merope tuber is the sole species in the genus Merope and the only living member of the family Meropeidae in North America. The species occurs in eastern North America from Ontario to Georgia and west to Kansas, with recent records from Florida. Adults are nocturnal and secretive, rarely encountered due to their ground-dwelling habits. The species is notable for the large genital forceps present on male abdomens, which resemble the cerci of earwigs. Immature stages remain unknown, and much of the species' biology is poorly understood.
Mesamia divisa
Mesamia divisa is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong and Hershberger in 1947. It belongs to the subfamily Deltocephalinae and tribe Platymetopiini. The species is known from multiple states in central and northern Mexico. Like other members of its family, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Meta dolloff
Dolloff Cave Spider
Meta dolloff, commonly known as the Dolloff Cave Spider, is a rare spider species endemic to California. It belongs to the family Tetragnathidae, a group characterized by elongated bodies and long jaws. The species is considered among the rarest spiders in North America, with limited observations documented.
Metanotalia maderensis
Metanotalia maderensis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae, originally described by Walker in 1872 as Ectroma maderense. It is endemic to the Madeira archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean. The genus Metanotalia is a small group within the Encyrtidae, a family known for their role as parasitoids of scale insects and other hemipteran pests. Specimens of this species are held in the University of California, Riverside (UCR) Encyrtidae collection, one of the largest collections of this family globally.
Metasiro sassafrasensis
mite harvestman
Metasiro sassafrasensis is a species of mite harvestman (suborder Cyphophthalmi) in the family Neogoveidae. It was described in 2014 by Clouse and Wheeler. The species is known from a single locality in Grady County, North America. Like other Cyphophthalmi, it is a small, eyeless harvestman adapted to cryptic habitats.
Metepeira pimungan
San Miguel Island Orbweaver
Metepeira pimungan is a species of orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae, described by Piel in 2001. It is endemic to the United States, specifically known from San Miguel Island off the coast of California. As a member of the labyrinth spider genus Metepeira, it likely constructs the characteristic combination of an orb web with a tangled labyrinthine retreat structure. The species is poorly known, with limited published information beyond its original description.
Mexalictus
Mexican sweat bees
Mexalictus is a genus of sweat bees established by Eickwort in 1978. The genus comprises more than 20 described species distributed in the Halictidae family. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized bees characterized by metallic coloration typical of many halictids. The genus is native to Mexico and adjacent regions.
Mexalictus arizonensis
Arizona mexalictus
Mexalictus arizonensis, commonly known as the Arizona mexalictus, is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It is a small, solitary bee endemic to the southwestern United States. The species was described by Eickwort in 1978 and is one of the few members of the genus Mexalictus, a group of bees restricted to North America. Like other halictids, it is likely a generalist pollinator, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Micracidini
Micracidini is a tribe of Afrotropical bark beetles within Scolytinae. The tribe comprises 11 valid genera following a 2021 taxonomic revision that erected five new genera (Neomicracis, Leiomicracis, Diplotrichus, Pseudolanurgus, Microlanurgus) and synonymized one genus. Phylogenetic analyses based on five molecular markers and morphological characters support this classification. The tribe originated in the late Cretaceous and exhibits a biogeographic pattern centered on Madagascar, which was colonized once from East Africa followed by multiple re-colonizations to the mainland.
Micratopus insularis
Micratopus insularis is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Darlington in 1934. The species is endemic to the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. As a member of the tribe Bembidiini, it belongs to a diverse group of small carabid beetles often associated with riparian or moist habitats. The genus Micratopus is part of the subtribe Tachyina, which contains numerous species with reduced or modified wings and island-associated distributions.
Micratopus parviceps
Micratopus parviceps is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Darlington in 1934. It belongs to the subfamily Trechinae and tribe Bembidiini. The genus name Micratopus suggests small feet, while the specific epithet parviceps refers to a small head. Very little detailed information is available about this species beyond its taxonomic classification and geographic origin in Cuba.
Microcina
Microcina is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones) in the family Phalangodidae, described by Briggs and Ubick in 1989. It belongs to the infraorder Grassatores, a group of Laniatores characterized by relatively long legs and often cryptic habits. Species in this genus are found in western North America, particularly in California. The genus is part of the diverse phalangodid radiation in the region.
Microcrambus polingi
Microcrambus polingi is a small moth species in the family Crambidae, described by William D. Kearfott in 1908. The species is known only from the southwestern United States, specifically Arizona. It belongs to a genus of grass-veneer moths, though detailed biological information remains limited.
Micronaspis
Florida intertidal firefly
Micronaspis is a monotypic genus of fireflies (Lampyridae) containing a single species, Micronaspis floridana, commonly known as the Florida intertidal firefly. This rare, endemic species is restricted to intertidal salt marsh habitats along the coast of Florida and the Bahamas. It represents a classic example of geographic isolation due to its highly specialized habitat requirements.
Micronaspis floridana
Florida Intertidal Firefly, fiddler crab firefly
Micronaspis floridana is a rare, endemic firefly restricted to intertidal salt marshes along the peninsular coast of Florida and the Bahamas. The genus is monotypic, containing only this single species. It serves as a model organism for studying genetic isolation and speciation due to its highly restricted 'shoestring' geographic distribution. The species is threatened by coastal development, storm surges, and sea level rise; Hurricane Dorian severely impacted populations on Grand Bahama island.
Microphotus
Microphotus is a genus of fireflies (family Lampyridae) endemic to the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. The genus comprises ten described species, with seven occurring in the United States and three in Mexico. Members are commonly known as desert fireflies, with Microphotus octarthrus specifically bearing this common name. The genus was established by LeConte in 1866 and has been the subject of recent taxonomic revisions describing several new species in 2021.
Microschatia inaequalis
Microschatia inaequalis is a species of darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) native to southwestern North America. Its known distribution is restricted to southern California south of Los Angeles and northern Baja California Norte. As a member of the Tenebrionidae, it belongs to a large family of beetles commonly associated with arid and semi-arid environments.
Milgithea alboplagialis
Milgithea alboplagialis is a small snout moth in the family Pyralidae, first described by Harrison G. Dyar in 1905. It is known only from the Huachuca Mountains in southeastern Arizona, where it inhabits montane environments. The species is characterized by a relatively modest wingspan of 23–27 mm. Like other members of its genus, it belongs to the subfamily Epipaschiinae, a group of pyralid moths whose larvae are generally associated with dead or decaying plant material.
Mimobarathra
Mimobarathra is a genus of noctuid moths erected by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1915. The genus is monotypic, containing only the single species Mimobarathra antonito, which was described by Barnes in 1907. It is endemic to Arizona in the southwestern United States. The genus belongs to the tribe Eriopygini within the subfamily Noctuinae.
Mohavacris timberlakei
Timberlake's Desert Long-horned Grasshopper
Mohavacris timberlakei is a species of desert grasshopper in the family Tanaoceridae, endemic to arid regions of California. It belongs to a small family of specialized orthopterans adapted to extreme desert environments. The species was described by Rehn in 1948 and named in honor of the entomologist P.H. Timberlake, who extensively collected insects in the southwestern United States.
Molytinae
Molytinae is a large and diverse subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) described by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1823. The subfamily contains numerous tribes and genera distributed worldwide, with particularly high diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Many Molytinae species are associated with specific host plants, including conifers, oaks, and various flowering plants. Some species are economically important as pests of forestry and agricultural crops, while others are restricted to specialized habitats such as leaf litter, caves, or high-elevation ecosystems. The subfamily has undergone significant taxonomic revision in recent decades, with many new species described particularly from Central America, Africa, and Asia.
Monarthrum huachucae
A small weevil species in the family Curculionidae, described by Wood in 1959. The specific epithet 'huachucae' refers to the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona, suggesting a geographic association with this Sky Island region. Like other members of the genus Monarthrum, this species is likely associated with woody vegetation, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Moneilema appressum
Moneilema appressum is a flightless longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) endemic to the Madrean sky islands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. First described by LeConte in 1852, this species exhibits significant geographic genetic structure across its mountain range distribution. Phylogeographic studies indicate population divergence patterns consistent with Pleistocene climate fluctuations, with estimated divergence times coinciding with interglacial warming events rather than the most recent glacial maximum. Like other members of the genus, adults are associated with cacti.
Morsea
monkey grasshopper
Morsea is a genus of monkey grasshoppers in the family Eumastacidae, comprising approximately seven described species. These insects are endemic to the southwestern United States, with species distributed across California, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah. The genus was established by Scudder in 1898. Species within Morsea are typically associated with arid and semi-arid habitats including chaparral, pinyon-juniper woodland, and sand dune environments.
Morsea californica
Chaparral Monkey Grasshopper
Morsea californica, commonly known as the chaparral monkey grasshopper, is a species of monkey grasshopper in the family Eumastacidae. It is endemic to California and associated with chaparral habitats. The species was described by Scudder in 1898. As a member of the Eumastacidae, it belongs to a family of grasshoppers known for their slender bodies and preference for woody vegetation.
Morsea kaibabensis
kaibab monkey grasshopper
Morsea kaibabensis is a species of monkey grasshopper in the family Eumastacidae, endemic to the Kaibab Plateau region of northern Arizona. The species was described by Rehn and Grant in 1958 and is one of few documented members of its genus. Monkey grasshoppers in this family are characterized by their distinctive body proportions and reduced wing development compared to typical grasshoppers.
Motyxia
Sierra luminous millipedes, motyxias
Motyxia is a genus of blind, cyanide-producing millipedes endemic to three mountain ranges in California. All 11 species exhibit bioluminescence, making them one of only three known bioluminescent millipede groups worldwide. Adults range 3–4 cm in length with 20 body segments and prominent lateral keels (paranota). The genus was established by Chamberlin in 1941 and belongs to the tribe Xystocheirini within the family Xystodesmidae.
Mulsanteus arizonensis
A click beetle species in the family Elateridae, known from very limited observations in the southwestern United States. The specific epithet 'arizonensis' indicates association with Arizona, though detailed biological information remains sparse due to minimal documented encounters.
Mulsantina luteodorsa
clay-colored lady beetle, Saffron Lady Beetle
A small lady beetle measuring 3.8–4.6 mm, endemic to the southeastern United States. The pronotum is yellow with two black vittae, and the elytra are unmarked. It is one of the lesser-known species in the genus Mulsantina.
Mycetaea subterranea
Mycetaea subterranea is a small beetle species in the family Mycetaeidae, historically classified in Endomychidae. It is distributed across the Azores archipelago, with records from Faial, Flores, and São Miguel islands. The species was originally described by Fabricius in 1801 as Dermestes subterranea. Limited biological information is available for this insular species.
Mycotrupes cartwrighti
Cartwright's Mycotrupes
Mycotrupes cartwrighti is an earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae, described by Olson and Hubbell in 1954. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, with confirmed records from Florida and Georgia. Like other members of its genus, it is a fossorial beetle adapted to burrowing in sandy soils. The common name honors American entomologist John B. Cartwright.
Mycotrupes gaigei
North peninsular mycotrupes beetle
Mycotrupes gaigei is a flightless, allopatric earth-boring scarab beetle endemic to deep sand ridges in northwestern peninsular Florida. It is considered the most morphologically aberrant member of its genus, characterized by metathoracic wing degradation and median fusion of prothoracic elytrae. The species is an efficient burrower, tunneling through sand to depths exceeding six feet. It maintains an exclusive phoretic relationship with the mite Geotrupacarus mycotrupetes, which does not occur on any other Mycotrupes species.
Mycotrupes lethroides
Mycotrupes lethroides is a flightless species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It is endemic to the southeastern United States, with confirmed records from Florida and Georgia. The species is notable among Geotrupidae for its complete wing reduction and associated inability to fly.
Mycotrupes retusus
Sandhills Earth-boring Scarab Beetle
Mycotrupes retusus is a species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It is endemic to the sandhills region of the southeastern United States, specifically North Carolina and South Carolina. The species is poorly known, with only eight documented observations on iNaturalist and minimal published biological information. As a member of the Geotrupidae, it likely exhibits fossorial behavior typical of the family.
Mymar taprobanicum
Mymar taprobanicum is a species of fairyfly in the family Mymaridae, described by Ward in 1875 from Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon). The genus Mymar is one of the oldest-established genera in Mymaridae and serves as the type genus for the family. Mymar taprobanicum represents one of approximately 100 species currently recognized in this genus, though species-level taxonomy within Mymar remains challenging due to the minute size of these wasps and subtle morphological differences.
Myoplatypus
Myoplatypus is a rare genus of pinhole borer beetles in the subfamily Platypodinae, comprising nine tropical and one temperate American species. The genus was described by Wood in 1993 and remained known only from North and Central America until the first South American records from Peru were documented. Most species are represented by very few specimens, suggesting either narrow geographic ranges or specialized ecological requirements.
Myrmeleontidae
Antlions, Antlion lacewings, Doodlebugs, Owlflies
Myrmeleontidae is a family of neuropteran insects comprising approximately 2,000 species, commonly known as antlions or antlion lacewings. The family is best known for the distinctive predatory behavior of its larvae, which in many species construct conical pit traps in sandy soil to capture prey. Adults are aerial insects with delicate, often patterned wings, and are frequently mistaken for dragonflies or damselflies. The family includes two traditional subfamilies: Myrmeleontinae (antlions) and Ascalaphinae (owlflies), though the latter is sometimes treated as a separate family. Antlions exhibit remarkable diversity in larval hunting strategies, with pit-digging behavior restricted to certain genera while others employ ambush or roaming predation.
Nannaria ohionis
Ohio Twisted-Claw
Nannaria ohionis is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, first described by Loomis & Hoffman in 1948. It belongs to the genus Nannaria, commonly known as twisted-claw millipedes, characterized by modified male gonopods. The species is endemic to the Midwestern United States, with confirmed records from Ohio.
Nanularia monoensis
Nanularia monoensis is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. Described by Charles L. Bellamy in 1987, it is known from a restricted area in the Benton Range of Mono County, California. The species is considered rare, with few documented observations.
Naphrys xerophila
Naphrys xerophila is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is a small spider, with adults measuring 2–4 mm in body length. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, where it inhabits dry, xeric environments.
Nasusina vallis
Nasusina vallis is a small geometrid moth described by Ferris in 2004. It is known from a restricted locality in western Colorado, specifically John Brown Canyon. The species inhabits arid canyon terrain and has been documented with forewing lengths of 9–10 mm. Adults are active in mid to late spring.
Nealyda kinzelella
Nealyda kinzelella is a minute gelechiid moth described by August Busck in 1900, named in honor of botanist F. Kinzel. The species is known only from Florida and is distinguished by its striking forewing pattern of light brown basal, dark velvety median, and silvery-white apical regions. The larvae are leaf miners on Guapira obtusata, forming distinctive trumpet-shaped blotch mines on the upper leaf surface.
Nebria
Gazelle Beetles
Nebria is a large genus of ground beetles (Carabidae) comprising over 500 described species distributed across the Palearctic, Near East, and North Africa. Members are commonly known as Gazelle Beetles. The genus exhibits notable diversity in alpine and montane habitats, with many species showing flightlessness and narrow endemic ranges. Species-level taxonomy relies heavily on male genitalia morphology and geometric morphometrics of external features such as the pronotum.
Nebria appalachia
southern Appalachian gazelle beetle
Nebria appalachia is a flightless ground beetle endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains. Adults are brachypterous, with reduced wings preventing aerial dispersal. The species occupies a restricted geographic range limited to mid- to upland mixed forests in North Carolina and Tennessee.
Nebria coloradensis
Colorado gazelle beetle
Nebria coloradensis is a flightless ground beetle endemic to the mountainous regions of Colorado. Adults possess reduced wings (brachypterous) and are active nocturnally. The species inhabits wet ground in alpine and subalpine environments.
Nebria labontei
Labonte's gazelle beetle
Nebria labontei is a ground beetle endemic to the mountains of Oregon, United States. It belongs to the genus Nebria, a group commonly known as gazelle beetles for their running speed. The species was described by Kavanaugh in 1984 and is one of several Nebria species restricted to western North American mountain ranges.
Nebria lituyae
Lituya's gazelle beetle
Nebria lituyae, known as Lituya's gazelle beetle, is a ground beetle species in the subfamily Nebriinae. It is endemic to a restricted alpine region spanning Alaska and British Columbia. The species inhabits moist ground on hill summits at high elevations. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and carnivorous.
Nebria ovipennis
oval gazelle beetle
Nebria ovipennis is a ground beetle endemic to California and Nevada, where it inhabits meadows and snowfield margins in upland and mountainous areas. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged), nocturnal, and carnivorous. The species belongs to the subfamily Nebriinae, a group often associated with cool, moist habitats at higher elevations.
Neduba carinata
shield-backed katydid
Neduba carinata is a shield-backed katydid endemic to Fremont Peak in San Benito County, California. Formerly applied broadly to katydids across the western United States, this name now applies only to a restricted population following elevation of most subspecies to full species status. It is distinguished from the similar N. diabloica by a pronotum that is slightly longer and narrower.
Neduba propsti
Santa Catalina Island Shieldback, Catalina shield-back cricket, Propst's shieldback
Neduba propsti is a shield-backed katydid endemic to Santa Catalina Island, California. The species was described in 1981 and is one of nine previously described species in the relict genus Neduba, which underwent comprehensive taxonomic revision using molecular phylogenetics, morphology, calling song analysis, and karyotypes. Like other Neduba species, it represents part of a diversification pattern shaped by cycles of allopatric isolation and secondary contact in western North America.
Neduba sierranus
sierra shieldback
Neduba sierranus, the sierra shieldback, is a species of shield-backed katydid endemic to western North America. It belongs to a relict genus whose diversification reflects cycles of allopatric isolation and secondary contact in the tumultuous geological history of the region. The species was redescribed in a 2021 comprehensive revision of the genus Neduba using molecular phylogenetics, morphology, calling song analysis, and karyotypes. Like other Neduba species, it is flightless and characterized by a distinctive shield-like pronotum that extends backward over the abdomen.
Negalasa
Negalasa is a monotypic genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, containing the single species N. fumalis. The genus and its sole species were described together by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913. It is endemic to the southwestern United States, with records from Arizona. The genus belongs to the subfamily Chrysauginae, a diverse group within Pyralidae.
Nehalennia pallidula
Everglades Sprite
A small damselfly endemic to the southeastern United States, restricted to Florida and Texas. It inhabits swamps and freshwater marshes, where its preference for dense vegetation and diminutive size make it difficult to detect. The species faces significant threats from habitat loss due to water diversion, peat fires, and invasive species.
Nemomydas melanopogon
Nemomydas melanopogon is a species of mydas fly in the family Mydidae, a group of large, predatory flies. It is endemic to Florida scrub habitat, a rare and threatened ecosystem type. The species was described by Steyskal in 1956. Like other mydas flies, it likely has a long larval development period in sandy soils.
Neoapachella rothi
Neoapachella rothi is a mygalomorph trapdoor spider and the sole species in its genus. It was described in 2002 and is endemic to the southwestern United States. The species name honors arachnologist Vincent D. Roth, while the genus name references the Apache peoples. Adults reach approximately 20.7 mm in body length.
Neocrania
Neocrania is a genus of small moths in the family Eriocraniidae, established by Davis in 1978. The genus is monotypic, containing only Neocrania bifasciata, a species endemic to the Coast Ranges of southern California. Adults are diurnal and active in early June, with a single generation annually. The larvae are leaf miners on Quercus chrysolepis (canyon live oak).
Neocryphoeca
Neocryphoeca is a genus of small North American araneomorph spiders in the family Cybaeidae, established by V. D. Roth in 1970. It contains only two described species, both endemic to the United States: N. beattyi and N. gertschi. The genus was originally classified with funnel weavers (Agelenidae) but was reassigned to Cybaeidae in 1983 based on morphological evidence. Cybaeidae spiders are generally associated with moist microhabitats and build simple sheet webs or silk retreats.
Neocylloepus
Neocylloepus is a genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, established by Brown in 1970. The genus contains eight described species, all distributed in Colombia. These beetles are associated with freshwater habitats, specifically riffle environments in streams and rivers.
Neodavisia singularis
Neodavisia singularis is a species of snout moth in the family Pyralidae. It was described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913 based on specimens collected in the Everglades region of Florida. The species is known only from Florida and remains poorly documented, with few subsequent records. Its small size and restricted distribution make it a rarely encountered species.
Neoheliodines
Neoheliodines is a genus of small moths in the family Heliodinidae, described by Hsu and Powell in 2005. The genus is endemic to the Americas and contains five described species. Members of this genus are part of a family known for their often metallic or iridescent wing coloration.
Neolycus fernandezi
Neolycus fernandezi is a species of net-winged beetle in the family Lycidae. Members of this genus are characterized by their distinctive elytral venation and soft, flexible bodies. The species was described from the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile, representing an insular endemic with restricted geographic distribution. Like other lycids, adults are likely diurnal and visually conspicuous.
Neomochtherus pallipes
Devon red-legged robber fly
Neomochtherus pallipes, commonly known as the Devon red-legged robber fly, is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in the UK and is endemic to or strongly associated with the Devon region of southwest England. It inhabits species-rich grasslands where it serves as a predator of other insects. Conservation efforts for this species are tied to habitat management practices including cattle grazing that maintains structural diversity in grassland swards.
Neonemobius eurynotus
California ground cricket, Bay Area ground cricket
Neonemobius eurynotus is a small ground cricket endemic to coastal California. It occurs primarily in the San Francisco Bay Area, where it inhabits terrestrial ground-level environments. The species was described in 1918 and remains poorly studied, with limited observational records available.
Neopyrochroa californica
Neopyrochroa californica is a species of fire-colored beetle in the family Pyrochroidae, endemic to California. The genus Neopyrochroa comprises beetles characterized by soft, flexible elytra and often vivid coloration. Members of Pyrochroidae are commonly associated with rotting wood and fungal habitats. This species is distinguished from congeners by its California distribution, though specific distinguishing features remain poorly documented in published literature.
Neotarache
Neotarache is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Condicinae. The genus contains a single species, Neotarache deserticola, described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1922. It is endemic to Nevada, USA. The genus name reflects its relatively recent taxonomic recognition compared to related genera.
Neotarache deserticola
Neotarache deserticola is a moth species and the sole member of its genus, first described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1922. The species is endemic to Nevada, USA. The genus Neotarache is monotypic within the family Noctuidae, subfamily Condicinae. Available records indicate limited observational data, with 34 iNaturalist observations documented.
Neotibicen similaris apalachicola
Apalachicola Scissor-Grinder
Neotibicen similaris apalachicola is a subspecies of annual cicada described in 2017, endemic to the Apalachicola region of the southeastern United States. As a member of the dog-day cicada group, it shares the characteristic biology of Neotibicen species: nymphs develop underground for multiple years feeding on root sap, with overlapping generations producing adults annually during mid- to late summer. The subspecies designation reflects geographic isolation and presumably subtle morphological or acoustic differentiation from the nominate form.
Neotridactylus archboldi
Archbold pygmy mole cricket, scrub pygmy mole cricket
Neotridactylus archboldi, commonly known as the Archbold pygmy mole cricket or scrub pygmy mole cricket, is a species of pygmy mole cricket endemic to Florida. It inhabits Florida scrub habitat specifically on the Lake Wales Ridge. The species was described in 1996 by Deyrup and Eisner.
Nesticidae
cave cobweb spiders, scaffold web spiders
Nesticidae is a family of spiders closely allied with Theridiidae (tangle web spiders), distinguished by a comb of serrated bristles on the hind tarsi used to pull silk bands from the spinnerets. The family contains approximately 15 genera and 280 species, with many species associated with caves, overhangs, and subterranean habitats. Members show varying degrees of troglomorphic adaptation, from fully cave-adapted troglobionts to surface-dwelling forms. The genus Nesticus, the type genus, has a global distribution and has undergone extensive radiation in montane regions.
Nesticus barri
Nesticus barri is a species of cave spider in the family Nesticidae, first described by Willis J. Gertsch in 1984. The species is endemic to the United States. Members of the genus Nesticus are commonly known as cave cobweb spiders or scaffold web spiders, typically inhabiting dark, humid environments.
Nesticus brimleyi
Nesticus brimleyi is a species of cave-dwelling spider in the family Nesticidae, described by Gertsch in 1984. Members of this genus are commonly known as scaffold web spiders or cave spiders. The species is endemic to the United States.
Nesticus carolinensis
Linville Caverns Spider
Nesticus carolinensis is a species of cave-dwelling spider in the family Nesticidae, first described by Bishop in 1950 under the basionym Ivesia carolinensis. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States and is commonly known as the Linville Caverns Spider. Like other members of the genus Nesticus, it exhibits adaptations to subterranean habitats including reduced pigmentation and elongated appendages.
Nesticus furtivus
Crystal Caverns Cave Spider
Nesticus furtivus is a small cave-dwelling spider endemic to a single cave system in Tennessee. It belongs to the family Nesticidae, a group commonly known as cave spiders or scaffold web spiders. The species has been documented only from Raccoon Mountain Caverns (formerly Crystal Caverns) near Chattanooga, making it one of the most geographically restricted spider species in North America. Its specific epithet 'furtivus' refers to its secretive, hidden lifestyle in subterranean habitats.
Neurocordulia alabamensis
Alabama Shadowdragon
Neurocordulia alabamensis, the Alabama Shadowdragon, is a dragonfly species in the family Corduliidae described in 1955. It belongs to a genus of shadowdragons known for crepuscular flight activity. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, with documented populations in Alabama and adjacent regions. Like other Neurocordulia species, it is associated with riverine habitats and exhibits distinctive flight behavior during low-light conditions.
Nevadasilus blantoni
Nevadasilus blantoni is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) in the genus Nevadasilus. It is a predatory dipteran endemic to the western United States, specifically associated with Nevada and surrounding arid regions. The species is named in honor of entomologist John Blanton. As with other Asilidae, it is presumed to be an aerial predator of other insects, though detailed studies of its biology remain limited.
Nevadopalpa
Nevadopalpa is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae, established by Povolný in 1998. The genus contains seven described species, all described by Povolný between 1998 and 1999. All known species are endemic to California and Nevada in western North America. The genus name reflects its primary distribution in the Great Basin region centered on Nevada.
New-genus-on-dichanthelium
New-genus-on-dichanthelium is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae. The genus name derives from its association with host plants in the genus Dichanthelium, a group of panic grasses. Delphacids are characterized by a movable spur on the hind tibia, an adaptation for jumping. Species in this genus appear to be specialized feeders on Dichanthelium grasses.
Nicrophorus nigrita
Black Burying Beetle
Nicrophorus nigrita, the black burying beetle, is a species of carrion beetle described by Mannerheim in 1843. It is distinguished from other Nearctic burying beetles by its uniformly black elytra lacking the typical orange or red markings found in congeners. Adults range from 12–28 mm in length and possess distinctive red-orange antennal clubs. The species occurs along the western coast of North America.
Nisquallia
Olympic Grasshoppers
Nisquallia is a genus of spur-throated grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, containing at least one described species, N. olympica. The genus was established by Rehn in 1952 and is endemic to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. These grasshoppers belong to the diverse subfamily Melanoplinae, which includes many North American species.
Nocloa nanata
Chihuahuan Nocloa
Nocloa nanata is a moth species in the family Noctuidae, described by Neumoegen in 1884. It is endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert region of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The species is known by the common name Chihuahuan Nocloa, reflecting its restricted geographic association with this arid ecosystem. It belongs to the tribe Psaphidini within the subfamily Amphipyrinae, a group of owlet moths adapted to arid and semi-arid environments.
Nolima pinal
Nolima pinal is a mantidfly species endemic to the southwestern United States, ranging from Arizona to Nevada. First described by Rehn in 1939, the species was redescribed in a 2019 taxonomic revision that synonymized N. dine and N. kantsi under it. The species is distinguished by distinctive male abdominal cuticular structures and genitalic morphology, including a strongly projecting, deeply bifid male mediuncus apex and a female spermatheca with a distal accessory gland. Its forewing has a short subcostal space with Sc contacting C near the middle of the costal margin, distal to the pterostigma base.
Notiophilus sierranus
mountain big-eyed beetle
Notiophilus sierranus is a ground beetle species in the family Carabidae, endemic to California. Adults are characterized by reduced flight wings (brachypterous condition). The species belongs to a genus known for large, prominent eyes adapted for visual hunting.
Nudorthodes molino
Nudorthodes molino is a small moth in the family Noctuidae, first described in 2014. It is endemic to the southwestern United States, occurring in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. The species is named after Molino Basin on Mount Lemmon, Arizona, where most type specimens were collected. Adults are active during two distinct periods: late spring (May–June) and late summer through early autumn (August–November).
Nudorthodes variabilis
Nudorthodes variabilis is a noctuid moth described by Barnes and McDunnough in 1912. It is restricted to the coastal region of southern California, ranging from Santa Barbara County to San Diego County. The species is characterized by distinctive forewing markings, including a prominent medial line and a well-defined dark blue-gray patch in the lower portion of the reniform spot. Adults are active in late summer, with flight records from late August to mid-September.
Nuntianus cubanus
Nuntianus cubanus is a species of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) endemic to Cuba. Originally described as Baccha cubana by Hull in 1943, it was later transferred to the genus Nuntianus. The genus Nuntianus is a small group of Neotropical hoverflies characterized by elongated bodies and reduced wing venation. Information on the biology and ecology of this species remains limited.
Nyctoporis carinata
armored night-walker, flightless darkling beetle
Nyctoporis carinata is a flightless darkling beetle endemic to California, found in leaf litter and rocky debris along the coast and Coast Ranges. Adults measure 12–16 mm and are characterized by fused, non-functional wing covers (elytra) that render them permanently flightless. The species exhibits a heavily sculptured exoskeleton with indentations, bumps, and ridges. Preliminary genetic analysis suggests possible conspecificity with Nyctoporis vandykei.
Odonteus floridensis
Odonteus floridensis is a species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae, described by Wallis in 1928. It is endemic to Florida, where it inhabits sandy scrub habitats. As a member of the Bolboceratinae, it is adapted for burrowing in soil.
Odontomachus clarus
Florida trap-jaw ant
Odontomachus clarus is a species of trap-jaw ant endemic to the Florida scrub habitat on the Lake Wales Ridge in Florida. As a member of the genus Odontomachus, it possesses the characteristic elongated mandibles capable of rapid closure. The species is restricted to a specific and threatened ecosystem, making it of conservation interest.
Odontomachus relictus
Florida Scrub Trap-jaw Ant
Odontomachus relictus is a species of trap-jaw ant endemic to Florida, where it inhabits endangered scrub habitat on ancient sand ridges. It was described by Deyrup & Cover in 2004. Research suggests that populations on separate sand ridges may represent distinct species, which would make them among the rarest ants in North America. The species possesses the characteristic spring-loaded mandibles of the genus Odontomachus.
Oecanthus laricis
Tamarack Tree Cricket, Laricis Tree Cricket
A small tree cricket endemic to the Great Lakes region of North America. Adults measure 13–15 mm with green forewings. The species produces one generation annually and is closely associated with tamarack (Larix laricina) and other coniferous trees.
Oenopion zopheroides
Oenopion zopheroides is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, first described by Horn in 1874. The species is endemic to Mexico and belongs to a genus of relatively obscure beetles with limited published documentation. Available records indicate it is a rarely collected species with few observations in natural history databases.
Okanagana yakimaensis
Okanagana yakimaensis is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae, described by Davis in 1939. The species is endemic to Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Like other members of the genus Okanagana, it is an annual cicada with a life cycle spanning multiple years underground as nymphs before emerging as adults. The genus Okanagana comprises approximately 60 species distributed primarily in western North America.
Olophrum obtectum
Olophrum obtectum is a rove beetle in the subfamily Omaliinae, endemic to eastern North America. It was formally revised and recognized as distinct from holarctic congeners in a 1983 taxonomic treatment. The species is one of seven North American Olophrum species and is distinguished by its restricted eastern distribution.
Omalorphanus
Omalorphanus is a monotypic genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) described in 1987 from the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon. The sole species, Omalorphanus aenigma, was noted by its authors for possessing multiple unusual morphological features that complicated its taxonomic placement. The genus was ultimately assigned to subfamily Omaliinae based on its distinctive defense gland structure and spiracle arrangement.
Omus californicus californicus
California Night-stalking Tiger Beetle
Omus californicus californicus is the nominate subspecies of the California night-stalking tiger beetle, a flightless, nocturnal carabid beetle endemic to California. Adults are active primarily in spring and early summer, with larvae occupying permanent burrows in soil. The species exhibits strong habitat fidelity to specific substrates and moisture conditions. Unlike diurnal tiger beetles in the genus Cicindela, Omus species are crepuscular to nocturnal hunters that do not rely on vision for prey capture.
Omus cazieri
Mount Ashland Night-stalking Tiger Beetle, Cazier's night-stalking tiger beetle
Omus cazieri is a nocturnal tiger beetle species endemic to the western United States, specifically known from southwestern Oregon and adjacent northern California. It belongs to the genus Omus, a group of flightless, night-active tiger beetles distinguished by their cylindrical body form and reduced eyes. The species is named in honor of entomologist Mont Cazier.
Onomeris
Onomeris is a genus of pill millipedes endemic to the eastern United States. First described by Orator F. Cook in 1896, the genus was briefly considered the type of its own family Onomeridae before being placed in Glomeridae based on similarities to the European genus Glomeris. The genus contains three recognized species: O. underwoodii, O. sinuata, and O. australora. Onomeris millipedes are notably smaller than other Glomeridae genera, measuring less than 5 mm in length.
Operophtera danbyi
Operophtera danbyi is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae, described by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. It is one of three recognized North American species in the genus Operophtera, alongside O. brumata and O. bruceata. The species is endemic to North America and has been recorded in iNaturalist with over 300 observations. Its MONA (Moths of North America) or Hodges number is 7439.
Ophiogomphus edmundo
Edmund's Snaketail
Ophiogomphus edmundo, commonly known as Edmund's Snaketail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to the United States. The species inhabits river systems and is currently threatened by habitat loss. Specific details regarding its distribution within the United States, population status, and ecological requirements remain limited in available sources.
Ophiogomphus howei
Pygmy Snaketail
Ophiogomphus howei, commonly known as the pygmy snaketail, is the smallest species in its genus in North America. This rare gomphid dragonfly is endemic to the United States and exhibits a highly disjunct distribution pattern across two main regions: the Great Lakes area and the Appalachian Mountains. Recent discoveries in southern Michigan suggest the species may be more adaptable to disturbed habitats than previously thought.
Ophiogomphus incurvatus
Appalachian snaketail
Ophiogomphus incurvatus, commonly known as the Appalachian snaketail, is a dragonfly species in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to the United States. The species inhabits intermittent rivers and is one of several snaketail dragonflies in the genus Ophiogomphus.
Opomydas townsendi
Opomydas townsendi is a species of mydas fly (family Mydidae), a group of large, predatory flies known for their elongated bodies and distinctive wing venation. The species was originally described as Ectyphus townsendi by Williston in 1898 and later transferred to the genus Opomydas. It is endemic to New Mexico, where it inhabits arid and semi-arid environments. Like other mydas flies, adults are likely predatory or nectar-feeding, though specific behavioral details remain poorly documented.
Optioservus phaeus
Scott optioservus riffle beetle
Optioservus phaeus is a species of riffle beetle (family Elmidae) described by White in 1978. It belongs to a genus of small aquatic beetles inhabiting running waters. The species was described as part of a taxonomic revision based on male genitalia, elytral patterns, and geographic distribution. It is known from a highly restricted range in Kansas.
Orconectes
Orconectes is a genus of cave-dwelling freshwater crayfish endemic to the eastern United States. The genus was erected in 1872 by Edward Drinker Cope and originally contained 85 species in 11 subgenera. Following a 2017 taxonomic review, most surface-dwelling species were transferred to the genus Faxonius, leaving approximately 8 obligate cave-dwelling species in Orconectes. These subterranean crayfish exhibit classic troglomorphic traits including depigmentation, reduced eyes or blindness, and elongated appendages. Some species are extremely long-lived, though earlier claims of 176-year lifespans for O. australis were revised to 22 years or less in a 2012 study.
Oreodytes humboldtensis
Oreodytes humboldtensis is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae, described by Zimmerman in 1985. As a member of the genus Oreodytes, it belongs to a group of small diving beetles primarily associated with running water habitats. The species epithet suggests a connection to the Humboldt region, likely referring to Humboldt County or the broader Humboldt Bay area of coastal northern California. Like other Oreodytes species, it is presumed to be an aquatic predator in freshwater systems.
Oreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
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Orophe is a genus of robust millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, endemic to the Rocky Mountains of northern Idaho and western Montana. The genus contains two species: Orophe unicus and Orophe cabinetus. Both species are large-bodied with similar coloration featuring yellow paranota and central yellow patches on the tergites, differing only in gonopod morphology.
Orthonevra feei
Fee's Mucksucker
Orthonevra feei is a rare syrphid fly species described in 2019, known only from New Hampshire, United States. As a hoverfly, adults are capable of sustained hovering flight. The species belongs to a genus whose larvae are of the rat-tailed type, though O. feei larvae specifically remain undescribed. Adults are associated with flowers for nectar and pollen feeding.
Oskoron spinosus
Oskoron spinosus is a harvestman (order Opiliones) and the type species of the genus Oskoron, established to accommodate this species and two close relatives distinct from the genus Taracus. Originally described as Taracus spinosus by Banks in 1894, it was later treated as Taracus malkini before being synonymized and transferred to the new genus Oskoron. It belongs to the family Taracidae within the superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea.
Osmia calaminthae
blue calamintha bee
Osmia calaminthae is a rare mason bee endemic to a restricted area of Florida scrub habitat. The species was described in 2011 and is known from only eleven sites concentrated in the southern Lake Wales Ridge and Ocala National Forest. It exhibits striking blue coloration and shows extreme host specialization, depending primarily on two mint-family plants for pollen. The species is considered Critically Imperiled due to its extremely limited range, specific habitat requirements, and ongoing threats from development and pesticide exposure. It was rediscovered in March 2020 after concerns about its continued existence.
Osmopleura
Osmopleura is a monotypic genus of longhorn beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae, tribe Agallissini. The genus contains a single species, Osmopleura chamaeropis, described by George Henry Horn in 1893. It is endemic to the southeastern United States.
Pachybrachis madera
Pachybrachis madera is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, described by Robert J. Barney in 2019. The species epithet refers to Madera Canyon in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona, the type locality where specimens were collected. Like other members of the genus Pachybrachis, it belongs to the subfamily Cryptocephalinae. The species is known from oak-juniper woodland habitats in southeastern Arizona.
Palaemon intermedius
Striped Shrimp
Palaemon intermedius is a species of caridean shrimp in the family Palaemonidae. It is endemic to temperate waters of southeastern Australia. The species is characterized by its translucent body with distinctive red spots and narrow stripes. It is a marine species with limited available ecological data.
Panorpa floridana
Florida scorpionfly
Panorpa floridana, the Florida scorpionfly, is a rare endemic species in the family Panorpidae known only from two counties in northern Florida. Described as "cryptic" yet distinctive in appearance, it remained unrecorded for 28 years until its rediscovery in 2010 from a photograph taken at Gold Head Branch State Park in Clay County. The species is considered one of the most geographically restricted scorpionflies in North America.
Pantarbes megistus
Pantarbes megistus is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae. It was described by Hall and Evenhuis in 1984. The species has an extremely restricted known distribution, documented only from the northern Mojave Desert in California. As a member of the subfamily Cythereinae, it belongs to a group of bee flies whose biology remains poorly understood.
Papaipema sulphurata
Water-willow Stem Borer, Decodon Stem Borer, Swamp Loosestrife Borer Moth
Papaipema sulphurata is a noctuid moth endemic to southeastern Massachusetts, including Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket. The species is an obligate specialist on Decodon verticillatus (water-willow or swamp loosestrife), with larvae that tunnel into stems and feed on vascular tissue. Adults fly in autumn, with a wingspan of 32–38 mm. The species is considered rare due to its restricted range and specific host plant requirements.
Paragalasa exospinalis
Paragalasa exospinalis is a monotypic moth species in the snout moth family Pyralidae, subfamily Chrysauginae. It was described by Cashatt in 1969 and is known only from Arizona. The genus Paragalasa contains no other species. Fewer than 10 observations have been documented, indicating this is a poorly known species with limited ecological data available.
Parancistrocerus fulvipes rufovestis
Parancistrocerus fulvipes rufovestis is a subspecies of mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, described by Bohart in 1948. It belongs to a genus of small solitary wasps that nest in pre-existing cavities and provision their offspring with paralyzed caterpillars. The subspecies designation indicates geographic variation within the species P. fulvipes, with rufovestis representing a distinct population.
Paranovelsis mcdonaldi
Paranovelsis mcdonaldi is a species of tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae. The genus Paranovelsis contains species characterized by reduced or absent flight wings (brachypterous or apterous condition), an adaptation associated with restricted geographic distributions. This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, where it inhabits specialized microhabitats. Like other Hawaiian tiger beetles, it represents part of a distinctive insular radiation within the family.
Paranthidium jugatorium perpictum
Paranthidium jugatorium perpictum is a subspecies of wool-carder bee in the family Megachilidae. It belongs to a genus of solitary bees known for collecting plant fibers to line their nest cells. The subspecies is endemic to central and northwestern Mexico. Like other members of Paranthidium, it is presumed to be a solitary nester, though specific biological details remain poorly documented.
Paraplatyptilia atlantica
Atlantic Canada Plume Moth
Paraplatyptilia atlantica is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, endemic to Eastern Canada. It is known only from Newfoundland and Quebec, with records from coastal and montane habitats including Mount Albert at elevations up to 1,100 metres. The species is small, with a wingspan of approximately 20 mm. Adults are active during mid-summer.
Paraplatyptilia carolina
Carolina Plume Moth
Paraplatyptilia carolina is a plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, described by William D. Kearfott in 1907. It is a small moth with a wingspan of 20–25 mm, characterized by clay yellow coloration and distinctive wing markings. The species is restricted to the southeastern United States.
Parcoblatta notha
Arizona Wood Cockroach
Parcoblatta notha is a large, pale-colored wood cockroach endemic to Arizona. It is one of twelve species in the genus Parcoblatta. Males possess fully developed wings and are capable of flight, while females have reduced wings approximately half as long and cannot fly. The species is occasionally found in homes near wooded areas, where it may become a minor nuisance.
Parides alopius
white-dotted cattleheart
Parides alopius, commonly known as the white-dotted cattleheart, is a swallowtail butterfly endemic to Mexico. It is a member of the ascanius species group within the genus Parides, characterized by distinctive wing patterning with submarginal spots. The species has been recorded from very few localities and is considered uncommon, though not currently known to be threatened. A single stray individual has been documented in southeastern Arizona.
Parornix spiraeifoliella
Parornix spiraeifoliella is a small moth in the family Gracillariidae, first described by Braun in 1918. The species is documented only from British Columbia, Canada. Its larvae are leaf miners that develop on Spiraea species, creating distinctive wrinkled mines on the undersides of leaves. The species has been observed 26 times on iNaturalist.
Paruroctonus
Paruroctonus is a genus of small to medium-sized scorpions in the family Vaejovidae, containing approximately 30 described species distributed primarily in arid regions of western North America. The genus includes notable alkali sink specialists such as P. soda and P. conclusus, which inhabit dry lake beds (playas) in California. Several species have been studied for their chemical communication systems and thermal ecology.
Parvindela
American Diminutive Tiger Beetles, swift tiger beetle
Parvindela is a genus of small, flightless tiger beetles in the family Cicindelidae, established by Duran & Gough in 2019 when it was elevated from subgenus status within Cylindera. The genus contains species adapted to specialized habitats including loess hilltop prairies, sand plains, and gypsum mesas in the central United States. The type species, Parvindela celeripes (formerly Cylindera celeripes), is known from disjunct populations in northwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Missouri. These beetles are characterized by their diminutive size, rapid running speed, and reduced or absent flight wings.
Passalidae
Bess Beetles, Bessbugs, Betsy Beetles, Horned Passalus Beetles
Passalidae is a family of approximately 500–1000 species of beetles commonly known as bess beetles or patent-leather beetles. They are predominantly tropical and subtropical, with notable North American species distinguished by large size (20–43 mm), a single cephalic horn, and unusual social behavior among beetles. They are among the most important saproxylic insects for wood decomposition in forest ecosystems.
Pedomoecus sierra
Pedomoecus sierra is a species of caddisfly in the family Apataniidae, described by Ross in 1947. It is known from the Sierra Nevada region of California. Like other members of the order Trichoptera, the larvae are aquatic and construct protective cases from silk and environmental materials. The specific epithet 'sierra' refers to its type locality in the Sierra Nevada mountains.
Pelecinobaccha
A genus of hoverflies in the family Syrphidae, endemic to the Neotropical region. Formerly treated as part of the paraphyletic genus Ocyptamus, it was reinstated as a distinct genus based on phylogenetic evidence. The genus contains four species groups and approximately 49 species, many described in a 2014 revision. Adults are presumably pollinators like other syrphid flies, though specific biological data remain poorly documented.
Pelocoris balius
Pelocoris balius is a species of saucer bug (family Naucoridae) endemic to Florida. Originally described as a subspecies of P. femoratus in 1970, it was elevated to full species status in 2015 based on sympatric occurrence with P. femoratus and distinct morphological characters. It is much less commonly encountered than its congener P. femoratus. In the Everglades, it shows a preference for shorter hydroperiod sites.
Peltotrupes youngi
Young's deep digger scarab, Young's deepdigger scarab, ocala burrowing scarab, ocala deepdigger scarab beetle
Peltotrupes youngi is a species of earth-boring scarab beetle in the family Geotrupidae. It is endemic to Florida scrubs in Marion and Putnam counties, representing a highly restricted geographic range. The species was described by Howden in 1955 and is one of several species in the genus Peltotrupes, which are characterized by their burrowing habits and association with sandy substrates.
Penthesilea sacculalis baboquivariensis
Penthesilea sacculalis baboquivariensis is a subspecies of snout moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Cashatt in 2013. It is distinguished from the nominate subspecies by geographic restriction to the Baboquivari Mountains region of southern Arizona. The subspecies epithet references this specific mountain range.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-dive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hconnectivity-conservationcorridorbuffer-zoneprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugewilderness-areaworld-heritage-sitebiosphere-reserveRamsar-siteImportant-Bird-AreaKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-Extinction-siteconservation-priorityhotspotcrisis-ecoregionglobal-200last-of-the-wildhuman-footprintcumulative-impactthreat-indexvulnerability-indexadaptive-capacityexposuresensitivityresilienceresistancerecoveryrestorationrehabilitationreintroductiontranslocationex-situin-situcaptive-breedingbotanic-gardenzoogene-bankseed-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankDNA-bankfrozen-zooarkinsurancesafety-netde-extinctiongenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-augmentationgenetic-managementpopulation-managementmetapopulationsource-sinkpatchmatrixlandscapeseascapeecosystembiomeecoregionprovincezoneregiondistrictsitelocalityhabitatmicrohabitatnicheecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichetrophic-nichespatial-nichetemporal-nichebiotic-nicheabiotic-nichemultidimensional-nichen-dimensional-nicheHutchinsonian-nicheGrinnellian-nicheEltonian-nicheresourcerequirementlimitationstressdisturbanceperturbationfluctuationvariabilityheterogeneitycomplexitydiversityredundancystabilitypersistenceadaptationacclimationplasticityevolvabilityheritabilityselectiondriftflowmutationrecombinationspeciationcoalescencedivergenceconvergenceparallelismhomoplasyanalogyhomologysynapomorphysymplesiomorphyautapomorphyapomorphyplesiomorphyderivedancestralprimitiveadvancedbasalcrownstemnodebranchcladegradesubfamilyfamilysuperfamilyinfraordersuborderordersuperorderinfraclasssubclassclasssuperclasssubphylumphylumsuperphylumkingdomdomainlifeorganismindividualetc.Peoria floridella
Florida Peoria Moth
Peoria floridella is a small moth in the family Pyralidae, described by Shaffer in 1968. It is endemic to peninsular Florida, where it inhabits dry sandhill and scrub ecosystems. The species has been observed in association with sand live oak (Quercus geminata), suggesting a potential host relationship. Like many Phycitinae moths, it likely has a concealed larval stage, though detailed life history information remains limited.
Phanogomphus australis
Clearlake Clubtail
Phanogomphus australis, commonly known as the Clearlake Clubtail, is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is a North American endemic with a restricted distribution centered on Florida. The species inhabits lake margins and associated wetland habitats. Like other clubtails, it is characterized by the expanded, club-like tip of the male abdomen.
Phanogomphus cavillaris
Sandhill Clubtail, Brimley's Clubtail
Phanogomphus cavillaris, the sandhill clubtail, is a clubtail dragonfly endemic to the Southeastern United States. It inhabits dry, sandy, scrub-like habitats near streams or lakes. The species is distinguished from similar taxa by the straight occiput line between the eyes and a dark band across the face. Two subspecies are recognized: P. c. cavillaris in Peninsular Florida and P. c. brimleyi in the Florida Panhandle, Southern Alabama, and North Carolina.
Pheidole adrianoi
Florida Rosemary Big-headed Ant
Pheidole adrianoi is a species of big-headed ant in the genus Pheidole, described by Naves in 1985. The species is known from Florida, where it has been recorded in association with Florida rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides) habitats. As with other members of the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole, this species exhibits worker polymorphism with distinct major and minor worker castes. The species has been documented through iNaturalist observations, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
Pheidole clementensis
San Clemente Island Big-headed Ant
Pheidole clementensis is a species of big-headed ant in the genus Pheidole, described by Gregg in 1969. It is endemic to San Clemente Island, California, and is recognized as a distinct species within the highly diverse genus Pheidole, which contains over 1,000 species globally. Like other Pheidole species, it exhibits worker polymorphism with distinct soldier and minor worker castes.
Pheidole elecebra
Pheidole elecebra is an ant species endemic to the United States. It is a workerless inquiline, meaning it lives within the nests of another ant species without producing a worker caste of its own. The species is entirely dependent on its host, Pheidole ceres, for colony maintenance and survival.
Philocleon
Philocleon is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Melanoplinae. It was established by Scudder in 1897 and is endemic to Mexico. The genus comprises short-horned grasshoppers with distributions concentrated in central, northeastern, and southwestern regions of the country.
Phobetus
May beetles, junebugs
Phobetus is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae, commonly known as May beetles or junebugs. The genus was established by LeConte in 1856 and contains approximately 11 described species. Species in this genus are distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of western North America, with several species endemic to specific desert mountain ranges. The genus is classified in the tribe Phobetusini, which is endemic to the Nearctic region.
Phormoestes
Phormoestes is a monotypic genus of small moths in the family Choreutidae (subfamily Millieriidae), established by Heppner in 1982. The sole species, Phormoestes palmettovora, is endemic to Florida, United States. The genus is distinguished by distinctive morphological features in both adult and immature stages, most notably a pupal case that resembles a basket—reflected in the etymology of its name.
Photinus tenuicinctus
thinly-girdled firefly, Ozark spark
Photinus tenuicinctus is a firefly species endemic to the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma. Adults measure 8.5–11.5 mm in length. Males are fully winged and capable of flight, while females are brachypterous and flightless. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in both morphology and bioluminescent signaling.
Photomorphus archboldi
Photomorphus archboldi is a species of velvet ant (family Mutillidae) described from central Florida. The species is known only from male specimens, which were collected in malaise traps at Archbold Biological Station in Highlands County. The female remains undescribed.
Phryganeopsis
Phryganeopsis is a monotypic genus of moths in the family Tineidae, containing a single species, Phryganeopsis brunnea. The genus is endemic to California. Little detailed information is available about its biology or ecology.
Phryganeopsis brunnea
Phryganeopsis brunnea is a species of moth in the family Tineidae, the sole member of its monotypic genus. It is endemic to California. The species was described by Walsingham in 1881. Very little is known about its biology or ecology beyond its taxonomic placement and geographic occurrence.
Phyllobrotica lengi
Phyllobrotica lengi is an exceptionally rare leaf beetle endemic to eastern North America. First described by Blatchley in 1910, this species remained virtually unknown in Missouri until a small series was collected in 1988 on Scutellaria parvula. It is one of the rarest beetles in Missouri, with only four historical specimens known prior to the 1988 collection. Like other Phyllobrotica species, it is an extreme host specialist, feeding exclusively on skullcap plants (Scutellaria).
Phyllobrotica nigritarsis
Phyllobrotica nigritarsis is a rare leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) endemic to the central United States. The species was historically known from only four specimens collected in Missouri during the late 1800s until a small series was collected in 1987. It is an extreme host specialist, feeding exclusively on Scutellaria parvula (small skullcap), a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Like other Phyllobrotica species, it inhabits wet bottomland habitats rather than dry prairies.
Phyllobrotica sororia
Four-spotted Texas Phyllobrotica
Phyllobrotica sororia is a species of skeletonizing leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is endemic to Texas, making it one of the most geographically restricted species in the genus Phyllobrotica. Like other members of this genus, it exhibits extreme host plant specialization.
Phyllocnistis subpersea
Phyllocnistis subpersea is a microlepidopteran moth in the family Gracillariidae, described in 2011. Adults are tiny, with forewings measuring 2–2.7 mm. The species is a specialist leafminer on Persea borbonia, creating distinctive serpentine mines on the undersides of leaves. Its specific name references this sub-leaf mining habit. The species has a restricted known distribution in southeastern United States coastal regions.
Phyllonorycter manzanita
Phyllonorycter manzanita is a leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae. The species is endemic to California and was described by Braun in 1925. Larvae create characteristic mines in the leaves of manzanita species (Arctostaphylos), with documented hosts including Arctostaphylos glauca and Arctostaphylos manzanita.
Phyllonorycter memorabilis
Phyllonorycter memorabilis is a small moth in the family Gracillariidae, described by Braun in 1939. It is endemic to California, United States. The larvae are leaf miners that feed on species of Lathyrus, creating distinctive mines within the leaf tissue.
Phyllophaga nebulosa
June beetle
Phyllophaga nebulosa is a rare species of June beetle endemic to Jones Lake State Park in North Carolina. It was discovered in 2007 by entomologist Maxi Polihronakis, who initially could not identify specimens collected during research at the park. The species is notable for its highly restricted geographic range and unusual habitat preferences compared to other members of its genus.
Phymatopsallus
Phymatopsallus is a genus of plant bugs (family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae) endemic to western North America. The genus was established by Knight in 1964. A 2006 revision significantly expanded understanding of the group, describing 9 new genera and 15 new species within the Phymatopsallus group. These are small, soft-bodied true bugs with the typical mirid morphology of slender bodies and hemelytra with distinct membranous apices.
Phymonotus
Phymonotus is a monotypic genus of shield-backed katydid erected in 2011, containing the single species P. jacintotopos. The genus is distinguished by an unusually enlarged dome-like pronotum, a distinctive calling song, and seven additional morphological features. It is considered a Pleistocene relic taxon endemic to high-elevation conifer forests of the San Jacinto Mountains in southern California.
Phymonotus jacintotopos
San Jacinto shieldback
Phymonotus jacintotopos is a rare, monotypic shield-backed katydid endemic to the San Jacinto Mountains of southern California. It is distinguished by an unusually enlarged dome-like pronotum, distinctive red-and-black coloration, and a unique calling song. The species is considered a Pleistocene relic, restricted to isolated high-elevation conifer forests. It belongs to the tribe Nedubini, whose members have a Gondwanan distribution.
Plagiostira mescaleroensis
Mescalero Shieldback
Plagiostira mescaleroensis is a species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, first described by Tinkham in 1960. It is endemic to the Mescalero Sands region of southeastern New Mexico, where it inhabits sand dune ecosystems. The species belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive morphological adaptations to arid environments. Like other members of Tettigoniidae, it is nocturnal and possesses sound-producing capabilities, though specific behavioral details remain poorly documented.
Platambus apache
Platambus apache is a predatory diving beetle endemic to high elevations in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. First described in 1981, this species exhibits unusual morphological adaptations for a dytiscid, including reduced swimming setae that suggest a primarily crawling rather than swimming lifestyle. Its restricted range and specific habitat requirements make it of conservation interest.
Platyceroides aeneus
Platyceroides aeneus is a species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae, first described by Van Dyke in 1928. The species is endemic to the Pacific Northwest of North America. It belongs to a genus of small stag beetles characterized by reduced mandibles compared to their larger relatives.
Platyceroides californicus
Platyceroides californicus is a species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae, endemic to California. It is a small to medium-sized beetle with reduced mandibles compared to many lucanids. The genus Platyceroides is distinguished from the similar Platycerus by antennal club structure and male genitalia morphology. Very few observations exist for this species, and its biology remains poorly documented.
Platyceroides infernus
Platyceroides infernus is a species of stag beetle in the family Lucanidae, described from California in 2017. It belongs to a genus of small to medium-sized stag beetles characterized by reduced mandibles in males compared to other lucanid genera. The species epithet "infernus" (Latin for "hell") references its type locality in Death Valley, California. Like other Lucanidae, adults are nocturnal and larvae develop in decaying wood.
Platylabops faciens
Platylabops faciens is a species of ichneumon wasp in the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Ichneumoninae. The species was described by Townes in 1971. It belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive labial morphology. Like other ichneumonids, it is presumed to be a parasitoid, though specific host associations remain undocumented.
Platylyra californica
California Chaparral Katydid
Platylyra californica is a katydid species endemic to California, commonly known as the California Chaparral Katydid. It belongs to the family Tettigoniidae and is associated with chaparral and coastal scrub habitats. The species was described by Scudder in 1898 and has been documented in over 1,100 iNaturalist observations, indicating it is relatively well-recorded within its restricted range.
Platynota islameconae
Platynota islameconae is a species of tortricid moth described by Powell & Brown in 2012. It is endemic to California, United States. As a member of the genus Platynota, it belongs to a group of leafroller moths whose larvae are known to feed within rolled or folded leaves of host plants.
Platynota redingtonensis
Platynota redingtonensis is a species of tortricid moth described in 2012 by Powell and Brown. The species is endemic to Arizona, United States. As a member of the genus Platynota, it belongs to a group of leafroller moths whose larvae typically feed within rolled or folded leaves.
Platypedia scotti
Platypedia scotti is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae, described by Davis in 1935. Like other members of the genus Platypedia, males of this species lack tymbal organs and produce sound through crepitation—snapping their wings against vegetation—rather than the typical cicada singing mechanism. The species is known from California and belongs to a group of western North American cicadas often called "wing-bangers" or "wing-tappers."
Plebejus icarioides fenderi
Fender's blue
Fender's blue is an endangered subspecies of lycaenid butterfly endemic to the Willamette Valley of Oregon, United States. It was federally listed as endangered in 2000. Population numbers declined to fewer than 1,500 individuals in the 1990s but have recovered to 25,000–30,000 through targeted conservation efforts combining scientific research and habitat management. The butterfly engages in a mutualistic relationship with ants, where larvae produce sugary secretions in exchange for protection from predators.
Plebejus neurona
Sierra Nevada Blue
Plebejus neurona, known as the Sierra Nevada Blue, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California. The species is closely related to and was formerly classified within the genus Lycaena. Like other members of its family, it exhibits a close ecological relationship with ants during its larval stage.
Pleocoma
rain beetles
Pleocoma is the sole extant genus of Pleocomidae, a family endemic to the Pacific states of North America. These beetles are notable for their extreme subterranean lifestyle, with adults emerging only during fall and winter rains to mate. The genus name derives from Greek words for 'abundant hair,' referring to the dense ventral hair covering. Adults are non-feeding, while larvae are root-feeders with exceptionally long development periods of up to 13 years.
Scarabaeoidearain-beetlessubterraneannon-feeding-adultslong-lived-larvaepheromone-mediated-matingendemicNearcticrelictual-distributionCretaceous-originpest-of-Christmas-treeslamellate-antennaeflightless-femalesrain-triggered-emergenceCalifornia-faunaOregon-faunaWashington-faunaroot-feeding-larvaeextreme-seasonalitylight-attracted-malesPleocoma puncticollis
Black Rain Beetle
Pleocoma puncticollis, commonly known as the black rain beetle, is a species of rain beetle in the family Pleocomidae. It is endemic to California. Adults are known to emerge and fly during rainy conditions, a trait characteristic of the genus.
Pleocoma tularensis
rain beetle
Pleocoma tularensis is a species of rain beetle in the family Pleocomidae, distinguished by having one of the largest geographic ranges within the genus Pleocoma. It is endemic to the central and southern Sierra Nevada of California. Like other rain beetles, adults are sexually dimorphic: males are winged and capable of flight, while females are flightless. Adults do not feed and rely entirely on energy reserves accumulated during their extended larval development underground.
Pleromella opter
Pleromella opter is a moth species and the sole member of the monotypic genus Pleromella within the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to western North America, occurring in southern Oregon, California, and Baja California. The species was first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1921. It is one of approximately 124 observed records documented in natural history databases.
Podagra crassipes
Podagra crassipes is the sole species in the monotypic genus Podagra, a group of moths in the family Noctuidae. The species was described by John Bernhardt Smith in 1902 and is known only from the US state of Arizona. As the only member of its genus, it represents a distinct lineage within the Grotellinae subfamily.
Pogonomyrmex anzensis
Anza desert harvester ant
Pogonomyrmex anzensis, the Anza desert harvester ant, is a species of harvester ant endemic to the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park and surrounding areas in Southern California. Described by Cole in 1968, this species belongs to a genus known for seed-collecting behavior and potent defensive stings. Like other Pogonomyrmex species, it constructs conspicuous nest clearings and plays ecological roles in seed dispersal and soil modification. The species is poorly studied compared to more widespread congeners, with limited published information on its specific biology.
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.
harvester-antseed-collecting-antarid-adapted-antPogonomyrmexMyrmicinaeFormicidaeHymenopteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaForel-1914speciesacceptedPogonomyrmex-tenuispinusPogonomyrmeciniAculeataApocritaHexapodaEukaryotaMetazoaVespoideainsectantseed-harvesterdesert-antnative-specieskeystone-species-candidateecosystem-engineermyrmecochorynest-diskisland-of-fertilitystinging-antvenomous-insectarthropodhymenopteranformicidmyrmicine-antpogonomyrmecine-antharvester-ant-speciesPogonomyrmex-speciesNorth-American-antwestern-North-America-antarid-region-antxeric-habitat-antgranivorous-antseed-predatorseed-dispersersoil-engineervegetation-engineernest-rim-vegetationbiodiversity-hotspot-creatorfood-web-participantpredatorpreyinsectivore-food-sourcerodent-defensemammal-defensepainful-stingSchmidt-sting-pain-indexJustin-SchmidtDerek-UheyRichard-Hofstetterkeystone-speciespest-perceptionrange-managementrangeland-ecologyrestoration-ecologyinvasion-ecologynative-plant-restorationdrought-refugegrazing-refugedisturbance-recoveryfire-recoverysoil-nutrient-enhancementtrash-dump-ecosystemhouse-guest-habitatmite-associatesilverfish-associatebeetle-associatespringtail-associatebacteria-associatemycorrhizae-associateprotist-associatefungi-associatearthropod-associatebird-food-sourcelizard-food-sourcemammal-food-sourcesage-grouse-food-sourcehorned-lizard-food-sourceendangered-species-food-sourcetraditional-medicineindigenous-knowledgeShoshoneanritual-usevision-questdream-helpertherapeutic-useanaphylaxis-riskallergic-reactionsting-avoidancenon-flying-insectnon-domestic-pestcrop-pest-perceptionweed-seed-preferencerestoration-seed-lossbroadcast-seeding-interferenceseed-selectionseed-preferencefilareeErodium-cicutariummustardBrassica-tournefortiibrittlebushbuckwheatexotic-plantinvasive-plantnative-plantcoastal-sage-scrubColorado-PlateauArizonaUtahNevadaCaliforniaNew-MexicoTexasMexicoChihuahuan-DesertSonoran-DesertMojave-DesertGreat-BasinColorado-Desertarid-grasslandshrublandpinyon-juniperponderosa-pinenest-rimnest-clearingnest-moundsubterranean-granarytrunk-trailforaging-patchpatroller-antforager-antseed-transportseed-storageseed-consumptionseed-germinationseedling-establishmentplant-recruitmentplant-community-compositionvegetation-patternlandscape-patternpolka-dot-landscapebare-soilvegetation-clearingvegetation-enhancementnutrient-depositiondetritus-accumulationsoil-biota-enhancementmicrohabitat-creationrefugiastress-tolerancedrought-tolerancegrazing-tolerancefire-toleranceecosystem-stabilityecosystem-resilienceecosystem-servicesconservation-valuemanagement-considerationresearch-subjecteducational-subjectant-farm-subjectchildren's-scienceoutreachpublic-educationentomologymyrmecologyecologyethnobiologyethnoentomologyvenom-biochemistrypeptide-venomsodium-ion-channelmammalian-nervous-systemtoxicologyLD50Maricopa-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-maricopawestern-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-occidentalisCalifornian-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-californicusPogonomyrmex-rugosusPogonomyrmex-subdentatusred-harvester-antblack-harvester-antMessorVeromessorseed-harvesting-ant-generaant-generaant-speciesant-taxonomyant-biodiversityant-conservationant-managementant-controlant-baitant-sting-treatmentant-allergyant-venom-evolutionant-plant-interactionant-seed-interactionant-rodent-interactionant-vertebrate-interactionant-arthropod-interactionant-microbe-interactionant-soil-interactionant-vegetation-interactionant-landscape-interactionmutualismcommensalismpredationscavenginggranivorymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyformicivoryecological-engineeringecosystem-engineeringkeystone-engineeringfoundation-speciesdominant-speciesabundant-speciesconspicuous-speciesvisible-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesresearch-modelecological-modelbehavioral-modelsocial-insecteusocial-insectcolonial-insectcolony-lifecaste-systemworker-antqueen-antmale-antreproductive-antpatrollerforagernest-maintenancebrood-carefood-storageterritorial-defensesting-defensemandible-defensechemical-defensealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitmenttandem-runningmass-foragingcentral-place-foragingoptimal-foragingseed-size-selectionseed-chemistry-selectionseed-morphology-selectionawned-seedelaiosomeseed-appendageseed-dispersal-distanceseed-fateseed-bankseed-predationseed-survivalseedling-survivalplant-population-dynamicsplant-community-dynamicsvegetation-recoveryvegetation-restorationhabitat-restorationecological-restorationrangeland-managementgrazing-managementfire-managementdrought-managementclimate-change-adaptationconservation-biologyapplied-ecologylandscape-ecologycommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyecosystem-ecologysoil-ecologymicrobial-ecologyinvasion-biologybiological-invasionexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesinvasive-species-managementnative-species-conservationbiodiversity-conservationspecies-interactionfood-webtrophic-levelenergy-flownutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionsecondary-productionherbivorycarnivoryomnivorydetr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Policocnemis is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, containing a single species, Policocnemis ungulatus. The genus was described by Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1932. The sole species is endemic to Texas.
Policocnemis ungulatus
Policocnemis ungulatus is a moth species in the family Noctuidae. It is the sole species of the monotypic genus Policocnemis. The species was described from Texas in 1932. It remains poorly known with limited biological data available.
Polistes kaibabensis
Kaibab Paper Wasp
The Kaibab Paper Wasp is a social paper wasp endemic to the southwestern United States, specifically associated with the Kaibab Plateau region of northern Arizona. It builds exposed paper combs suspended from vegetation or structures. Like other Polistes species, it forms small colonies with a flexible dominance hierarchy among females. The species is notable for its restricted geographic range and association with high-elevation habitats in the Colorado Plateau region.
Polyphylla avittata
spotted Warner valley dunes June beetle, spotted Warner valley dunes scarab beetle
Polyphylla avittata is a species of scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae, commonly known as the spotted Warner valley dunes June beetle. The species is endemic to sand dune habitats in the Warner Valley of Utah. Like other members of the genus Polyphylla, it exhibits sexual dimorphism in antennal structure, with males possessing enlarged, lamellate antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. The species is rarely encountered and poorly documented in scientific literature.
Polyphylla barbata
Mount Hermon June Beetle
Polyphylla barbata is a federally endangered scarab beetle endemic to a single restricted locality in the Zayante sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California. The species occupies less than 1,500 acres of habitat, making it one of the most geographically limited beetles in North America. Adults are active in mid-summer, with males flying at dusk to locate flightless females using pheromone-detecting antennae. The species faces severe habitat loss from sand mining and development, with over 40% of its sandhills habitat already destroyed.
Polyphylla donaldsoni
Donaldson's lined June beetle
Polyphylla donaldsoni is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Skelley in 2003. It is a member of the lined June beetle genus Polyphylla, which is most diverse in the southwestern United States. Adults are medium-sized beetles that closely resemble Polyphylla pubescens but can be distinguished by specific morphological features. The species has an extremely restricted distribution, known only from central Georgia.
Polyphylla gracilis
Slender Polyphyllan Scarab Beetle
Polyphylla gracilis is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the slender polyphyllan scarab beetle. Adults measure 18.8–21.6 mm in length and are distinguished by a mottled elytral color pattern featuring a broad lateral stripe. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, with confirmed records from Florida, southeastern Alabama, and southwestern Georgia.
Polyphylla pubescens
Eglin Uplands Scarab Beetle
Polyphylla pubescens is a rare, endemic scarab beetle restricted to the upland habitats of Eglin Air Force Base and adjacent inland areas in the Florida panhandle. Adults are moderately sized for the genus, with males measuring 17.5–19 mm and females slightly larger at 19–20 mm. The species is distinguished from congeners by a strong lateral elytral margin that extends to the base. Like other members of the genus Polyphylla, males possess greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones, while females are likely flightless and remain buried in sandy substrates. The species is part of the pubescens species group within Polyphylla.
Polyphylla starkae
Auburndale Scrub Scarab Beetle
Polyphylla starkae is a large scarab beetle endemic to Florida's Lake Wales Ridge, where it inhabits specialized scrub habitat. The species belongs to the pubescens species complex and exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are flightless with reddish-brown, fused elytra, while males are capable of flight and possess dark elytra with patchy light brown setae. The specific epithet honors collector Donna Stark, and the common name references Auburndale, Florida, near its restricted range.
Polyphylla uteana
Coral Pink Sand Dunes June Beetle
Polyphylla uteana is a large scarab beetle endemic to the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southwestern Utah. Males possess exceptionally developed lamellate antennae with seven highly elongate plates that fan open to detect female pheromones. The species is nocturnal and attracted to ultraviolet light. Like other Polyphylla species, females are likely flightless and rarely encountered.
Polyzosteriinae
Polyzosteriinae is a subfamily of cockroaches within the family Blattidae. The subfamily includes species with documented allopatric population structures, such as the Tasmanian endemic Polyzosteria yingina, which exhibits strongly separated alpine and coastal populations. Mating behavior has been studied in at least one species, Eurycotis floridana, revealing courtship rituals and copulatory sequences. The subfamily is taxonomically established within Blattodea but detailed biological information remains limited to individual species studies.
Porphyrorhegma fortunata
Porphyrorhegma fortunata is a moth species in the family Crambidae, subfamily Odontiinae. It is the sole member of its genus, described by Munroe in 1961. The species has been recorded from California, North America. Very few observations exist, and most aspects of its biology remain undocumented.
Poultonella
Poultonella is a genus of jumping spiders in the family Salticidae, endemic to the United States. It was established by George and Elizabeth Peckham in 1909 and named in honor of British entomologist Edward Bagnall Poulton. The genus contains only two described species: P. alboimmaculata and P. nuecesensis. These spiders are characterized by distinctive cephalothorax and eye arrangements.
Praeschausia
Praeschausia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Notodontidae, established by Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1932. It contains a single species, Praeschausia zapata, described by William Schaus in 1920. The genus is endemic to Mexico.
Prasinalia imperialis
Algodones White Wax Jewel Beetle
Prasinalia imperialis is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, commonly known as the Algodones White Wax Jewel Beetle. It is endemic to the Algodones Dunes of North America, with an extremely restricted geographic range. The species is rarely observed, with only five documented observations on iNaturalist. As a member of the jewel beetle family, it likely exhibits the characteristic metallic coloration and wood-boring larval habits typical of Buprestidae, though specific details remain poorly documented.
Prespelea
Prespelea is a genus of minute rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Pselaphinae. These beetles are troglobitic, meaning they are specialized for life in cave environments. The genus was established by O. Park in 1953 and is classified within the tribe Speleobamini. Members of this genus are eyeless and exhibit morphological adaptations to subterranean habitats.
Prionapteryx indentella
buffalograss webworm
Prionapteryx indentella is a crambid moth commonly known as the buffalograss webworm. The species is endemic to the Great Plains of North America, with confirmed records from Kansas and Texas. It completes one generation annually, with adult activity occurring from August through September. The larval stage is a specialist feeder on Bouteloua dactyloides (buffalograss), the dominant native grass of shortgrass prairie ecosystems.
Proceratium pergandei
Pergandei-clade Hairy Curltail Ants
Proceratium pergandei is a species of ant in the subfamily Proceratiinae, endemic to the Central and Eastern United States. It belongs to a genus of small, cryptic ants commonly known as 'curltail ants' for their distinctive abdominal morphology. Members of the Pergandei-clade within Proceratium are characterized by dense pilosity (hairiness) compared to other congeners.
Prodoxus phylloryctus
banana yucca leafminer
Prodoxus phylloryctus is a small moth in the family Prodoxidae, described by Wagner & Powell in 1988. It is endemic to south-western Colorado, United States, where it inhabits open oak-pine forests. The species is a specialist herbivore whose larvae mine the leaves of Yucca baccata, commonly known as banana yucca. The wingspan ranges from 9–13 mm.
Progomphus bellei
Belle's Sanddragon
Progomphus bellei, commonly known as Belle's Sanddragon, is a species of clubtail dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is endemic to the United States. The species inhabits rivers and freshwater lakes.
Promyrmekiaphila clathrata
wafer-lid trapdoor spider
Promyrmekiaphila clathrata is a species of wafer-lid trapdoor spider in the family Euctenizidae, endemic to California. It constructs silk-lined burrows up to 30 cm deep in soil, covered with a wafer-like trapdoor made of silk and soil. The species exhibits deep genetic population structure across its range but is not divided into multiple species. It is one of three described species in the genus Promyrmekiaphila.
Protapamea
Protapamea is a genus of noctuid moths endemic to the United States. It was established in 2009 by Quinter and contains two described species: Protapamea danieli and Protapamea louisae. The genus is classified within the subfamily Acronictinae.
Protogygia biclavis
Protogygia biclavis is a noctuid moth described by Grote in 1879. It is strongly associated with gypsum dune habitats, particularly the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico, and has been recorded from additional arid regions in California, Utah, and Arizona. The species exhibits local adaptation to white gypsum sand environments.
Protogygia pectinata
Protogygia pectinata is a noctuid moth described by Lafontaine in 2004. It is known exclusively from White Sands National Park in Otero County, New Mexico, where it inhabits the distinctive gypsum dune ecosystem. The species name 'pectinata' refers to comb-like structures, likely describing a diagnostic morphological feature of the adult moth. Very few observations exist, reflecting either genuine rarity or limited survey effort in this restricted habitat.
Provia argentata
Provia argentata is a moth species and the sole member of the monotypic genus Provia within the family Noctuidae. It was first described in 1910 by entomologists William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough. The species is endemic to Utah, United States. As the only known species in its genus, it represents a unique lineage among noctuid moths.
Prumnacris rainierensis
Cascade Timberline Grasshopper
Prumnacris rainierensis, commonly known as the Cascade Timberline Grasshopper, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper endemic to the Pacific Northwest United States. The species is distinguished by its association with high-elevation timberline habitats, particularly in the Cascade Range. It belongs to the subfamily Melanoplinae, a diverse group of grasshoppers often associated with montane and alpine environments.
Psammotettix cahuilla
Psammotettix cahuilla is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Edward P. Van Duzee in 1925. It belongs to a genus of grass-feeding leafhoppers commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions. The species epithet 'cahuilla' references the Cahuilla Nation, indigenous peoples of the Mojave Desert region.
Pseudanophthalmus
Pseudanophthalmus is a genus of small carabid beetles comprising over 200 described species, all obligate cave dwellers restricted to karst regions of the eastern United States. Species exhibit extreme short-range endemism, often confined to single caves or cave systems. The genus forms part of the Trechoblemus complex within the tribe Trechini. Many species are rare or potentially extinct due to habitat restriction and anthropogenic threats.
Pseudanophthalmus cerberus cerberus
Pseudanophthalmus cerberus cerberus is a subspecies of troglobitic ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It belongs to a genus of small, eyeless beetles adapted to life in caves. The subspecies was described by Barr in 1985 and is currently accepted as valid. Like other members of Pseudanophthalmus, it is likely restricted to subterranean habitats in the eastern United States.
Pseudanophthalmus hoffmani
Hoffman's Cave Beetle
Pseudanophthalmus hoffmani, known as Hoffman's cave beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is endemic to Virginia, United States. The species belongs to a genus of troglobitic beetles specialized for subterranean environments.
Pseudanophthalmus holsingeri
Holsinger's Cave Beetle
Pseudanophthalmus holsingeri, known as Holsinger's Cave Beetle, is a troglobitic ground beetle endemic to Virginia, United States. The species was described by Thomas C. Barr in 1965. As a member of the genus Pseudanophthalmus, it is adapted to subterranean cave environments.
Pseudanophthalmus nelsoni
Nelson's Cave Beetle
Pseudanophthalmus nelsoni is a small, eyeless ground beetle in the family Carabidae. Described by Barr in 1965, this troglobitic species inhabits cave systems in the United States. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits adaptations to subterranean life including reduced or absent eyes and pale coloration. The species is named in honor of an individual associated with its discovery or study.
Pseudanophthalmus robustus
Pseudanophthalmus robustus is a species of small carabid beetle in the tribe Trechini, first described by Valentine in 1931. The genus Pseudanophthalmus comprises eyeless or nearly eyeless ground beetles, many of which are troglobitic (cave-dwelling) species. This species is endemic to the United States, with distribution records limited to North America. Like other members of its genus, it likely inhabits subterranean environments including caves and deep soil habitats.
Pseudanophthalmus tenuis
Blue River cave beetle
Pseudanophthalmus tenuis is a small, eyeless ground beetle endemic to karst cave systems in Indiana, United States. Formerly considered to contain multiple subspecies, these have been elevated to full species status under Pseudanophthalmus stricticollis. The species is part of a genus specialized for subterranean life, with reduced visual structures and elongated appendages adapted to darkness.
Pseudethmia protuberans
Pseudethmia protuberans is a small moth and the sole species in its genus. It is endemic to the lower elevation deserts of south-eastern California and probably north-eastern Baja California. The species was described by Clarke in 1950. It belongs to the family Ethmiidae, a group of small moths often associated with arid habitats.
Pseudocotalpa giulianii
Giuliani's dune scarab, Giuliani's dune scarab beetle
Pseudocotalpa giulianii is a sand dune-inhabiting scarab beetle endemic to Nevada, United States. It is named for Derham Giuliani, who first collected the species from the Amargosa Desert. The species exhibits sexual size dimorphism, with males measuring 17–25 mm and females 14–22 mm in length.
Pseudocotalpa sonorica
Sonoran shining leaf chafer
Pseudocotalpa sonorica is a species of shining leaf chafer endemic to the Algodones Dunes in North America. The holotype male measures 21 mm in length. The species belongs to the family Scarabaeidae and has been described in detail including its larval stage.
Pseudomyrmex leptosus
Parasitic Twig Ant
Pseudomyrmex leptosus is a workerless social parasite in the genus Pseudomyrmex, first described by Ward in 1985. The species has completely lost its worker caste, a rare condition among ants. It is known from Florida in the United States. As an inquiline social parasite, it lives within the colonies of host ant species.
Pseudosermyle catalinae
Catalina walkingstick
Pseudosermyle catalinae, commonly known as the Catalina walkingstick, is a species of stick insect in the family Diapheromeridae. It was described by Rentz and Weissman in 1981. The species is endemic to Santa Catalina Island, California, making it a geographically restricted phasmid with limited known observations.
Psylliodes
flea beetles
Psylliodes is a large cosmopolitan genus of flea beetles comprising approximately 200 described species worldwide. Members are characterized by enlarged hind femora adapted for jumping, a trait shared with other Alticini. Approximately half of all species are specialized feeders on Brassicaceae, with the remainder associated with roughly 24 other plant families. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, including the cabbage stem flea beetle (P. chrysocephala) and potato flea beetle (P. affinis). The genus includes rare endemic species such as the Lundy Cabbage Flea Beetle (P. luridipennis), a globally Critically Endangered species restricted to a single island off the coast of England.
Pterocheilus pedicellatus
Pterocheilus pedicellatus is a species of solitary mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae, described by Bohart in 1940. Like other members of the genus Pterocheilus, this species is fossorial, excavating burrows in soil rather than constructing above-ground mud nests or using pre-existing cavities. The genus is most diverse in the southwestern United States, with approximately forty North American species. Most Pterocheilus species are poorly known biologically, though related species provision their burrows with paralyzed caterpillars as food for their larvae.
Pterostichus menetriesii
Pterostichus menetriesii is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is endemic to North America, with records from the United States. The species belongs to the large genus Pterostichus, which comprises numerous ground beetle species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere.
Pterotaea albescens
Pterotaea albescens is a geometrid moth described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1941. The species is endemic to the Pacific Coast of North America, with confirmed records from California and Oregon. It belongs to the subfamily Ennominae, a diverse group of geometer moths commonly known as inchworms or loopers due to their characteristic larval locomotion.
Ptiloglossa
Ptiloglossa is a genus of large, hairy bees in the family Colletidae, endemic to the Americas. The genus is notable for being among the most common nocturnal colletid bees, with activity restricted to very low light conditions. Species possess enlarged ocelli that facilitate flight in dim light. The genus contains approximately 55 species, with highest diversity in South and Central America.
Ptycerata busckella
Ptycerata busckella is a small moth and the sole member of the monotypic genus Ptycerata in the family Gelechiidae. It is endemic to eastern North America with records limited to six states in the northeastern and midwestern United States. The species was described by Charles Russell Ely in 1910 and remains poorly known, with only 12 observations documented on iNaturalist.
Pugettia
kelp crabs
Pugettia is a genus of marine kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae, distributed across the North Pacific from North America to East Asia. Species inhabit shallow subtidal zones, primarily associated with macroalgal habitats including kelp beds, Sargassum stands, and red algal turfs. Many species exhibit ontogenetic habitat shifts, with juveniles and smaller individuals occupying deeper algal turfs while larger adults migrate to shallower macroalgal beds. The genus includes approximately 25 extant species plus one fossil species, with several species serving as important subjects for studies of crab growth, reproduction, and habitat ecology.
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Punctaltica is a newly described genus of flightless flea beetles discovered in urban parks of Shenzhen, China. The genus currently contains two species: P. shenzhenensis and P. montana. These beetles are highly specialized to moist moss microhabitats in heavily urbanized environments, representing an unexpected discovery of genus-level diversity in a megacity setting.
Purealus beckelorum
A recently described cleonine weevil endemic to the southern High Plains, representing the type species of its monotypic genus. Distinguished from all other world Cleonini by two unique character states: widely separated procoxae and a distinctly tumescent, asperate base of elytral interval 3. A moderately robust, wingless species with body length 7.8–9.4 mm. Known from only nine specimens despite targeted collecting efforts.
Pygmarrhopalites
A genus of springtails (Collembola: Symphypleona) in the family Arrhopalitidae. The genus was established by Vargovitsh in 2009. Multiple species have been described, including both epigean and troglobiont (cave-dwelling) forms. Some species exhibit troglomorphies including reduced pigmentation, elongated appendages, and modified foot complex.
Ramellogammarus
Stumptown scud (R. similimanus)
Ramellogammarus is a genus of freshwater amphipod crustaceans in the family Anisogammaridae, established by Bousfield in 1979. The genus includes species with highly restricted geographic distributions in the Pacific Northwest of North America. R. similimanus, known as the Stumptown scud, is endemic to the Portland metropolitan area of Oregon, while R. vancouverensis occurs in British Columbia.
Ranatra montezuma
Montezuma waterscorpion
Ranatra montezuma is a waterscorpion species endemic to Montezuma Well, a thermally constant, fishless spring in Yavapai County, Arizona. It was described by J. Polhemus in 1976 and represents a highly localized population with specific dietary adaptations to its unique aquatic environment. The species exhibits nocturnal foraging behavior and maintains high population densities supported by abundant endemic prey.
Renia mortualis
Renia mortualis is a species of litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1912. The species has been documented in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona. It belongs to the subfamily Herminiinae, a group commonly known as litter moths due to the larval habit of feeding on dead plant material. Records for this species remain sparse, with limited observational data available.
Resapamea diluvius
Resapamea diluvius is a noctuid moth described in 2013. It is endemic to the Columbia Basin region of the Pacific Northwest. The species name references the cataclysmic Ice Age floods that shaped its habitat.
Rhadine ozarkensis
Rhadine ozarkensis is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Sanderson and Miller in 1941. It is the second species of the genus Rhadine recorded from caves, discovered in the Ozark region. The species possesses morphological adaptations typical of cave-dwelling carabids, including an elongated body and head.
Rhagio floridensis
Rhagio floridensis is a species of snipe fly in the family Rhagionidae, described by Chillcott in 1965. It is distinguished from other eastern Nearctic Rhagio species by its yellow thorax and distinctively patterned wings. The species is known from Florida and Georgia.
Rhaphiomidas terminatus
flower-loving fly
Rhaphiomidas terminatus is a species of mydas fly endemic to California. It belongs to the family Mydidae, a group of large, predatory or nectar-feeding flies. The species is commonly known as the flower-loving fly, reflecting its association with flowers. It is among the least-documented members of a poorly studied family in North America.
Rhopalosiphina
Rhopalosiphina is a subtribe of aphids (Aphididae: Aphidinae) established by Mordvilko in 1914. It includes the genus Schizaphis and related taxa. A 2018 study of endemic New Zealand populations revealed exceptionally high mitochondrial DNA diversity within this group, with up to five distinct lineages identified from host plants Aciphylla and Dracophyllum.
Rhopalotria slossoni
Rhopalotria slossoni is a belid weevil endemic to Florida that serves as an obligate pollinator of the cycad Zamia integrifolia. The species exhibits highly specialized mutualism with its host, with both life stages intimately associated with cycad male cones. Adults actively collect pollen using specialized body cavities and deliberately transfer it to female cones during visitation. This represents one of the few documented cases of beetle-mediated pollination in cycads.
Rhyscotus texensis
Texas Woodlouse
Rhyscotus texensis is a terrestrial isopod endemic to Texas, commonly known as the Texas Woodlouse. It belongs to the family Rhyscotidae, a small group of woodlice restricted to the Americas. The species was first described by Richardson in 1905. It is one of the few endemic woodlice species with a well-documented restricted range in North America.
Rifseria fuscotaeniaella
Rifseria fuscotaeniaella is a small moth and the sole species in the monotypic genus Rifseria, family Gelechiidae. It is endemic to western North America, ranging from the Canadian prairies through the Rocky Mountain region to the Pacific coast. The species was originally described as Gelechia fuscotaeniaella by Chambers in 1878. It is associated with arid and semi-arid habitats including sagebrush steppe and dry open woodlands.
Sachalinobiini
Sachalinobiini is a small tribe of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) classified within the subfamily Lepturinae. The tribe is named for its association with Sakhalin Island and surrounding regions of the Russian Far East. Members of this tribe are characterized by their elongated bodies and antennae typical of lepturine cerambycids. The tribe contains limited described diversity, reflecting its restricted geographic distribution.
Salpingogaster punctifrons
Rusty-tailed Spittlebug-killer
Salpingogaster punctifrons is a rare and elusive syrphid fly known from limited observations in Florida. The species exhibits Batesian mimicry of mud dauber wasps, with distinctive elongated abdominal morphology that sets it apart from typical hoverflies. Its common name references predatory behavior toward spittlebug nymphs.
Saltonia incerta
Rare sheet-web-weaving spider, sole representative of monotypic genus Saltonia. Restricted to salt crusts of intermittent or dry lakes, streams, and rivers in desert southwestern North America. Previously presumed extinct following 1905 flooding of type locality at Salton Sea, but rediscovered in 1990s at multiple sites. Genetic analyses reveal significant population structure with two major clades (New Mexico versus California-northern Baja California) and minimal gene flow among isolated populations in fragmented desert salt flat habitats.
Satyrium saepium
Hedgerow Hairstreak
Satyrium saepium, the hedgerow hairstreak, is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae endemic to western North America. The species exhibits significant geographic variation, with eleven recognized subspecies distributed across diverse habitats from coastal California to interior montane regions. Adults are active from spring through late summer and have been documented feeding on nectar from specific flowering plants. Larval development is tied to buckbrush (Ceanothus), a genus of flowering shrubs in the family Rhamnaceae.
Sayiana
Sayiana is a genus of planthoppers in the family Derbidae, subfamily Otiocerinae, established by Ball in 1928. The genus contains four recognized species distributed in the Caribbean region, including Puerto Rico and Vieques Island. Members of this genus are small, delicate planthoppers characteristic of the Otiocerinae, which are known for their elongated bodies and often reduced wings.
Scaphinotus aeneicollis
Coppery-collared Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus aeneicollis, commonly known as the coppery-collared snail-eating beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is a member of the Carabinae subfamily, which includes large predatory beetles often called 'snail hunters' or 'caterpillar hunters.' The species is restricted to the southern Appalachian region of North America, specifically in coniferous forest habitats in North Carolina. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal.
Scaphinotus parisiana
Ozark Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus parisiana, commonly known as the Ozark Snail-eating Beetle, is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is endemic to the Ozark region, specifically found in Arkansas within the Ouachita Mountains. Adults are brachypterous (short-winged) and nocturnal, inhabiting deciduous forest habitats. The species is one of the snail-eating beetles in the genus Scaphinotus, which are specialized predators of terrestrial mollusks.
Scaphinotus snowi
Snow's Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus snowi is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as Snow's Snail-eating Beetle. It is endemic to North America with a documented range in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. The species comprises two recognized subspecies: the nominate S. snowi snowi and S. snowi roeschkei (Roeschke's Snail-eating Beetle), which is restricted to Arizona. Like other members of the genus Scaphinotus, it is specialized for predation on snails.
Scaphinotus unistriatus
One-lined Snail-eating Beetle
Scaphinotus unistriatus is a large, flightless ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the one-lined snail-eating beetle. It is endemic to a restricted range in North Carolina, where it inhabits mixed forest habitats on slopes. Adults are nocturnal and brachypterous (short-winged), rendering them incapable of flight. Like other members of the genus Scaphinotus, it is specialized for predation on land snails, using its elongated head and jaws to extract prey from shells.
Scaphomorphus collaris
Scaphomorphus collaris is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Lixinae. The genus Scaphomorphus comprises lixine weevils, with several species exhibiting endemic distributions in Florida. Members of this genus are associated with specific host plants, including lupines.
Scaphomorphus subcylindricus
Scaphomorphus subcylindricus is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is endemic to Florida, where it has been collected in dry oak/pine sandhill woodland habitats. The species is associated with the endemic plant Lupinis ocalensis (Ocala lupine), on whose foliage it has been observed. The species was documented during field surveys in the Citrus Wildlife Management Area of Withlacoochee State Forest.
Scardia anatomella
Pied Scardia
Scardia anatomella is a small moth in the family Tineidae, commonly known as the Pied Scardia. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1881 from specimens collected in the northeastern United States. The species belongs to a genus whose larvae are known to feed on fungi and decaying organic matter. Records indicate it is a regional endemic with limited distribution in the northeastern United States.
Schinia antonio
Schinia antonio is a small moth in the family Noctuidae, endemic to southern Texas. It has a wingspan of approximately 9 mm. The larvae are known to feed on species of Aphanostephus, a genus of flowering plants in the aster family. As a member of the genus Schinia, it likely exhibits the flower-associated behavior typical of this group, though specific adult behaviors remain poorly documented.
Schinia arefacta
arefacta flower moth
Schinia arefacta, the arefacta flower moth, is a noctuid moth endemic to Florida and Georgia. It belongs to a large genus of flower moths known for their colorful appearance and close association with host plant flowers. The species was described by H. Edwards in 1885. Like other members of the genus Schinia, adults likely visit flowers for nectar and rest on their host plants.
Schinia brunnea
A noctuid moth species described in 1913, restricted to desert regions of southern California. Adults fly from late summer to early fall. Very little is known about its biology beyond basic distribution and phenology.
Schinia buta
Schinia buta is a small noctuid moth endemic to the arid regions of southeast California and northwest Nevada. The species has a wingspan of approximately 28 mm. Its larvae are known to feed specifically on Brickellia californica, a member of the aster family. Like other members of the genus Schinia, adults likely rest on or near their host plant flowers.
Schinia fulleri
Fuller's flower moth
Schinia fulleri is a small noctuid moth endemic to central Florida, described by McElvare in 1961. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 23 mm. The species is univoltine, with one generation per year. Larvae are specialist feeders on Balduina angustifolia, a member of the sunflower family.
Schinia immaculata
Schinia immaculata is a small noctuid moth endemic to riparian habitats along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. First described in 2004, it is one of the more recently recognized species in the diverse genus Schinia. Adults fly in spring with a wingspan of approximately 20 mm. The larval host plant remains unknown, though the species occurs in vegetation dominated by tamarisk, mesquite, acacia, and desert shrubs.
Schistocerca ceratiola
rosemary grasshopper
Schistocerca ceratiola, the rosemary grasshopper, is a poorly known species endemic to Florida. First described in 1928, it is rarely encountered except by researchers specifically seeking it. The species is a shrub-inhabiting grasshopper with a specific ecological association with Florida rosemary (Ceratiola ericoides). Its limited distribution and cryptic habits have contributed to its obscurity in the scientific literature.
Sclerobunus
harvestman
Sclerobunus is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) endemic to western North America. The genus was revised in 2014, which elevated several former subspecies to species rank, described five new species, and synonymized Cyptobunus under Sclerobunus. Species in this genus are primarily montane and show strong phylogeographic structure consistent with persistence in isolated mountain refugia during glacial cycles.
Sclerobunus nondimorphicus
Sclerobunus nondimorphicus is a species of armoured harvestman (order Opiliones, suborder Laniatores) described by Briggs in 1971. It belongs to the family Paranonychidae, a group of small to medium-sized harvestmen characterized by heavy body armouring. The species is known from the Pacific Northwest region of North America.
Scleropogon huachucanus
Scleropogon huachucanus is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Hardy in 1942. The specific epithet references the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona, suggesting a southwestern U.S. distribution. Like other Asilidae, this species is presumed to be a predatory fly, though specific behavioral and ecological details remain poorly documented. The genus Scleropogon is characterized by distinctive morphological features including a bearded face and elongated body form.
Scolops californicus
California Dictyopharid Planthopper
Scolops californicus is a planthopper species in the family Dictyopharidae, endemic to California. It belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive head morphology with an extended, often bizarrely modified frons. The species is part of the diverse planthopper fauna of western North America, with records primarily from California. As a member of Hemiptera, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant vascular tissues.
Scopula aemulata
Imitator Wave, Rival Wave
Scopula aemulata is a small moth in the family Geometridae, commonly known as the imitator wave or rival wave. The species was described by George Duryea Hulst in 1896 and has a restricted distribution in the southeastern United States. It is one of approximately 237 observations recorded on iNaturalist, indicating it is encountered with moderate frequency by citizen scientists and naturalists.
Selenophorus fabricii
Selenophorus fabricii is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described in 2017. The species is known from the Caribbean region, including the Cayman Islands, Hispaniola, and the Lesser Antilles. As a member of the genus Selenophorus, it belongs to a diverse group of small to medium-sized ground beetles commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. Very little is known about the specific biology or ecology of this recently described species.
Selonodon compositus
Selonodon compositus is a species of click beetle in the family Cebrionidae, endemic to the southern United States. The species was originally described by Fall in 1934 and has undergone taxonomic revision, with three former species (S. emarginatus, S. knausi, and S. bruesi) now synonymized under this name. As a member of the genus Selonodon, it belongs to a group of 25 recognized species within this North American genus.
Selonodon floridensis
Selonodon floridensis is a click beetle species in the family Cebrionidae, described by Galley in 1999 from Florida. It is one of 17 new species described from the southern United States in a comprehensive revision of the genus Selonodon, which recognized 25 species total. The genus belongs to the click beetle superfamily Elateroidea and exhibits a trend of phyletic size increase across its range.
Sericomyia carolinensis
Two-spotted Pond Fly
Sericomyia carolinensis is a rare hoverfly (Syrphidae) endemic to the southeastern United States. Adults are distinguished by an all-yellow face, paired narrow yellow spots on the abdomen, and a yellow pilose scutellum. The species has been observed feeding on pear blossoms. Though the larval stage remains undocumented, it likely possesses the 'rat-tailed' morphology characteristic of the genus, inhabiting nutrient-rich aquatic environments such as bog mat pools.
Serranillus
Serranillus is a genus of small ground beetles in the family Carabidae. The genus was established by Barr in 1995 and contains three described species, all endemic to the United States. These beetles belong to the subtribe Anillina, a group characterized by reduced eyes and elongate bodies adapted to subterranean or soil-dwelling habits. The genus is relatively poorly known, with limited ecological and biological data published.
Shotwellia
Shotwellia is a monotypic genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. The sole described species, Shotwellia isleta, is a rare North American grasshopper known from limited locations in the Chihuahuan Desert. It has historically been difficult to classify phylogenetically due to its unique morphological characteristics. The genus is currently placed within the Chortophaga genus group based on molecular and morphological evidence.
Sigmocheir
Sigmocheir is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, endemic to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains in California. The genus contains three species: S. maculifer, S. calaveras, and S. furcata. All species share a distinctive color pattern of three lemon yellow spots per segment. The genus was established by R.V. Chamberlin in 1951, with a complex taxonomic history involving synonymies that were not fully resolved until 1995.
Sigmoria ainsliei
Sigmoria ainsliei is a large flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, endemic to a narrow region of eastern Tennessee. First described in 1921, it is one of the largest xystodesmid millipedes in North America, with adults exceeding 50 mm in length. The species has a highly restricted distribution spanning approximately 50 km from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Knoxville.
Sigmoria nantahalae
Nantahala Cherry Millipede
Sigmoria nantahalae is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, first described by Hoffman in 1958. It is endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains of North America, with confirmed records from North Carolina. The species belongs to the tribe Apheloriini, a group known for producing hydrogen cyanide as a defensive secretion.
Simplicia
Simplicia is a genus of monocotyledonous plants in the grass family (Poaceae), first described by Thomas Kirk in 1896. The genus is accepted in botanical nomenclature and is classified within the order Poales. It is native to New Zealand, where it represents a distinctive element of the native grass flora.
Siro sonoma
Siro sonoma is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae. It was originally described by Shear in 1980 and placed in the genus Siro. In 2022, the genus Arhesiro was erected to accommodate this species and Siro clousi, with S. sonoma becoming Arhesiro sonoma. As of 2023, taxonomic sources vary in their treatment, with some recognizing Arhesiro sonoma as the accepted name while others retain Siro sonoma. The species is known only from Sonoma County, California.
Sisyracera inabsconsalis
A small crambid moth described by Möschler in 1890. Records indicate it occurs only on Puerto Rico and Cuba. The genus Sisyracera contains relatively few described species, and this taxon appears to be one of the less frequently encountered members of the group.
Sitalcina
Sitalcina is a genus of armoured harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Phalangodidae, established by Nathan Banks in 1911. The genus contains approximately 10 described species, all endemic to western North America, primarily distributed in California and adjacent regions. These harvestmen belong to the suborder Laniatores, a group characterized by relatively short legs and heavily sclerotized body armor. Most species have been described from cave or deep-soil habitats, reflecting a troglomorphic or endogean lifestyle.
Sminthurus mencenbergae
Sminthurus mencenbergae is a springtail species endemic to the east coast of North America, first described by Snider in 1983. It belongs to the family Sminthuridae, a group of globular springtails characterized by their rounded body shape and distinctive color patterning. The species exhibits characteristic dorsal markings that aid in identification.
Socalchemmis shantzi
Socalchemmis shantzi is a species of spider in the family Zoropsidae, commonly referred to as false wolf spiders and wandering spiders. The species was described by Platnick and Ubick in 2001. It is endemic to the United States, specifically known from California. The genus Socalchemmis was established as a new genus in the same 2001 revision, representing a previously unrecognized group of North American spiders.
Soliperla sierra
Soliperla sierra is a stonefly species in the family Peltoperlidae, first described by Stark in 1983. The species is notable for its vibrational communication system, with male call and response signals described for the first time in a 2023 study. Males produce repeated monophasic call signals consisting of one to six signals with inconsistent inter-call intervals. Females respond with sequenced monophasic answers that do not follow all male calls, and occasional three-way exchanges occur when males respond to female answers. The species is known from California.
Somatochlora calverti
Calvert's Emerald, Andre Flies
Somatochlora calverti is a rare, range-restricted dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is endemic to the southeastern United States, primarily known from the Florida panhandle with scattered records in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. The species is a habitat specialist associated with shallow seepage streams and steephead ravines. Its nymph has never been collected in the field, and its reproductive microhabitat remains speculative based on analogy to sympatric congeners.
Somatochlora margarita
Texas emerald
Somatochlora margarita, the Texas emerald, is a dragonfly endemic to the United States with a highly restricted range in eastern Texas and western Louisiana. It inhabits river systems and is rarely observed due to its habit of perching in forest canopies. The species was described by Donnelly in 1962 and is considered one of the more poorly known North American emeralds.
Somatochlora septentrionalis
Muskeg Emerald
Somatochlora septentrionalis, known as the muskeg emerald, is a dragonfly species in the family Corduliidae endemic to Canada. Adults are medium-sized, measuring 39–48 mm in length, with metallic green, brown, and black coloration. The species inhabits open fens with pools of open water, where males patrol and females oviposit in water and floating vegetation. Adults are active from June to August. It is nearly identical to Somatochlora whitehousei, requiring examination of male cerci and female subgenital plate for definitive identification.
Sosippus placidus
Lake Placid Funnel Wolf Spider
Sosippus placidus is a web-building wolf spider in the family Lycosidae, endemic to the United States. Unlike most wolf spiders, which are nomadic hunters, this species constructs thick sheet-like webs with funnel-like retreats. It is described as a habitat specialist compared to its widespread congener Sosippus floridanus. The species is known from relatively few observations (31 records on iNaturalist as of source date), suggesting restricted distribution or specific habitat requirements.
Spanglerogyrus
Spanglerogyrus is a monotypic genus of whirligig beetles (family Gyrinidae) containing the single species S. albiventris. It represents the only living member of the subfamily Spanglerogyrinae, the earliest diverging extant lineage of gyrinid beetles. The genus was described in 1979 from specimens collected in southern Alabama, making it a rare example of a relictual aquatic beetle lineage in North America.
Speleomaster
Speleomaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) described by Briggs in 1974. The genus contains at least two species, both endemic to subterranean lava tube environments in southern Idaho's Snake River Plain. As members of the family Cryptomastridae, these harvestmen represent a specialized lineage adapted to cave life.
Speleonychia sengeri
Speleonychia sengeri is a troglobitic harvestman (order Opiliones) described by Briggs in 1974. The genus Speleonychia is endemic to cave systems in western North America. As a member of the family Cladonychiidae, this species belongs to a group of small, eyeless, pale-colored arachnids adapted to subterranean environments. Very few observations exist—only five records on iNaturalist—reflecting its restricted habitat and cryptic lifestyle.
Speyeria callippe comstocki
Comstock's Callippe Fritillary
Speyeria callippe comstocki is a subspecies of the Callippe fritillary butterfly, endemic to the Canadian prairies. It belongs to the greater fritillary group (genus Speyeria), characterized by silvery spots on the wing undersides and obligate associations with violet host plants. The subspecies is distinguished from other S. callippe populations by geographic isolation in the northern Great Plains. Like other Speyeria species, adults are strong fliers that rely primarily on vision for habitat navigation.
Speyeria carolae
Carole's fritillary
Speyeria carolae, known as Carole's fritillary, is a brush-footed butterfly endemic to the Charleston Mountains of Clark County, Nevada. Described in 1942 by dos Passos and Grey, this species is notable for its extremely restricted range, having been recorded only from this single mountain range. Adults fly from mid-June to September in a single annual generation. The species is closely associated with Viola charlestonensis, which serves as the sole known larval host plant.
Stagmomantis californica
California mantis, California mantid
Stagmomantis californica is a native California praying mantis and one of approximately 20 native mantis species in the United States. It is one of three native mantid species in California, alongside Stagmomantis limbata and Litaneutria minor. The species is characterized by dark bands on abdominal tergites, a potentially diagnostic feature when examined with male genitalia. Basic biological information including morphology, biometry, life history, and ecology remains incomplete for this species.
Stegea mexicana
Stegea mexicana is a moth in the family Crambidae, described by Munroe in 1964. It is known from a single locality in Veracruz, Mexico. Very little is documented about this species beyond its original description and basic taxonomic placement.
Stenogomphurus consanguis
Cherokee Clubtail
Stenogomphurus consanguis, commonly known as the Cherokee clubtail, is a species of clubtail dragonfly endemic to the southeastern United States. It inhabits small rivers and streams. The species is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, though it has experienced significant shifts in conservation status over recent decades, previously being assessed as endangered in 2007. Approximately 30 known populations exist, most with fewer than 50 adults.
Stenomorpha confluens
Stenomorpha confluens is a flightless darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae, tribe Asidini) native to Mexico. The species belongs to a genus that historically included 88 species with limited modern taxonomic revision until recent work by Fran Keller, who recognized 51 valid species and established seven new subgenera. Stenomorpha confluens is part of a group of flightless species restricted to the Sierra Transvolcanica or southern Transverse range in Mexico.
Sticthippus
Sticthippus is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, established by Scudder in 1892. The genus contains a single described species, S. californicus. It belongs to the tribe Hippiscini within the subfamily Oedipodinae. The genus is endemic to California.
Stictiella villegasi
Algodones Sand Wasp
Stictiella villegasi, commonly known as the Algodones Sand Wasp, is a species of sand wasp in the family Crabronidae (formerly Bembicidae). It is endemic to the Algodones Dunes in North America, indicating a highly restricted geographic range. The species was described by R. Bohart in 1982.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
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braunella
Catalina Cherry Leaf Miner
Stigmella braunella is a micro-moth in the family Nepticulidae, endemic to California. First described by W.W. Jones in 1933, this species has a wingspan of 5.4–6.6 mm and completes two generations per year. The larvae are leaf miners on Prunus ilicifolia (Catalina cherry), feeding within the leaves of this host plant.
Stigmella ceanothi
Stigmella ceanothi is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, first described by Braun in 1910 under the name Nepticula ceanothi. The species is endemic to California, United States, where it develops as a leafminer on host plants in the genus Ceanothus. Like other Stigmella species, the larvae feed internally within leaves, creating characteristic mines. The moth belongs to a large genus of minute leafmining moths that are ecologically significant as specialists on particular host plant genera.
Stigmella longisacca
Stigmella longisacca is a pygmy moth in the family Nepticulidae, first described in 1982. It is endemic to California, where its larvae are leaf miners on Juglans species, particularly Juglans californica. The species has a wingspan of 3.2–4.4 mm and appears to have two to three generations per year.
Stonemyia velutina
velvety stonian horsefly, Volutine Stoneyian Tabanid Fly
Stonemyia velutina is a rare horsefly endemic to California, first described in 1892. The species was not observed between 1942 and 2023, leading to a premature declaration of extinction in 1996. Its 2023 rediscovery confirmed continued survival, though knowledge of its biology remains limited. The species belongs to the family Tabanidae, a group of biting flies whose females typically require blood meals for egg development.
Stratiomydas
Stratiomydas is a genus of mydas flies (family Mydidae) established in 1989. The genus contains four described species distributed in Mexico, with records from Colima and Nayarit states. Species in this genus were previously classified under other genera before being separated based on morphological characteristics. Like other mydid flies, members are likely large-bodied and robust, though specific ecological data remain limited.
Strigoderma knausi
A small scarab beetle endemic to the Great Plains sand dune systems of south-central Kansas, Oklahoma, and northern Texas. Males are frequently encountered by sweeping low vegetation or at light traps, where they adopt a characteristic horizontal posture with forelegs extended and antennal clubs spread to detect female sex pheromones. The species was described from specimens collected by Warren Knaus in 1923–1925 at the type locality near Medora, Kansas, and named in his honor. Females are extraordinarily rare in collections, with only a single specimen among nearly 100 examined by Bader (1992).
Strumigenys chiricahua
Strumigenys chiricahua is a species of trap-jaw ant described by Ward in 1988. The specific epithet references the Chiricahua Mountains, a mountain range in southeastern Arizona known for high endemism and biodiversity. The species belongs to a large genus of miniature predatory ants characterized by specialized mandible morphology. Like other members of Strumigenys, it likely possesses elongated mandibles capable of rapid closure to capture prey.
Stygobromus
Stygobromus is a genus of subterranean freshwater amphipods in the family Crangonyctidae, comprising 134 described species. The genus is primarily distributed in North America, with a smaller number of species in the Palearctic region including Siberia. Many species are narrow endemics restricted to specific groundwater systems, and several are listed as endangered or vulnerable by the IUCN; one species, S. lucifugus, is extinct.
Stygobromus russelli
Russell's Cave Amphipod, Russell stygobromid
Stygobromus russelli is a subterranean amphipod species in the family Crangonyctidae, endemic to Texas in the United States. As a stygobiont, it inhabits groundwater systems in cave environments. The species was originally described by Holsinger in 1967 under the basionym Stygonectes russelli. Like other members of the genus Stygobromus, it exhibits troglomorphic adaptations including reduced pigmentation and eye development associated with life in permanent darkness.
Stygoparnus
Comal Springs dryopid beetle (for sole species S. comalensis)
Stygoparnus is a monotypic genus of dryopid beetles containing the single species Stygoparnus comalensis, known as the Comal Springs dryopid beetle. The genus is endemic to central Texas spring systems fed by the Edwards Aquifer. Its sole member is a federally endangered, subterranean-obligate aquatic beetle with vestigial eyes and reduced pigmentation. The genus represents the only known aquatic lineage within the family Dryopidae.
Styloniscidae
Styloniscidae is a family of terrestrial isopods (woodlice) within the suborder Oniscidea. The family comprises at least twelve genera distributed across tropical and subtropical regions, with exceptional diversity documented in Brazilian karst systems. Multiple genera contain troglobitic (exclusively cave-dwelling) species, including Xangoniscus, Cylindroniscus, Pectenoniscus, and Chaimowiczia. These cave-dwelling representatives exhibit classic troglomorphic traits: anophthalmy (eye loss), depigmentation, and elongated appendages.
Stylurus townesi
Townes' Clubtail, Townes's Clubtail
Stylurus townesi is a species of clubtail dragonfly endemic to the United States. It is a member of the family Gomphidae, a group characterized by their distinctive clubbed abdomens. The species is associated with riverine habitats, where it completes its life cycle. Like other members of the genus Stylurus, it is presumed to have aquatic nymphal stages and aerial adult stages typical of dragonflies.
Sumitrosis triplehorni
Sumitrosis triplehorni is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is known only from southern Florida and the Florida Keys, making it a geographically restricted species. Adults are among the smallest members of the genus, measuring under 3.5 mm in length.
Sunius
Sunius is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae: Paederinae) in the Palaearctic region, currently comprising approximately 138 described species and two subspecies. The genus exhibits notable diversity in Turkey, where 25 species have been documented. Multiple species are micropterous (wingless) and appear to be locally endemic, particularly in Anatolia. Taxonomic revisions continue to expand the known fauna, with recent descriptions from Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
Sunius debilicornis
Sunius debilicornis is a species of rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) first described by Wollaston in 1857. It is currently treated as a synonym of Hypomedon debilicornis in some taxonomic databases, reflecting ongoing nomenclatural revisions within this group. The species is known from the Azores archipelago, with records from five islands. As a rove beetle, it belongs to one of the most diverse families of Coleoptera, characterized by short elytra and exposed abdominal segments.
Superstitionia donensis
Superstition Mountains Scorpion
Superstitionia donensis is a small scorpion species endemic to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is the sole member of its family Superstitioniidae, distinguished by a unique trichobothrial pattern and reduced number of pectinal teeth. The species inhabits rocky desert terrain and is primarily nocturnal. Its venom is considered mild to humans.
Symmerista schmidti
Symmerista schmidti is a moth species in the family Notodontidae (prominent moths), described by Miller in 2021. It belongs to the genus Symmerista, which contains several species of caterpillars that serve as hosts for parasitoid wasps, particularly thread-waisted wasps in the genus Ammophila. The genus Symmerista is known for caterpillars that feed on conifer foliage and display cryptic coloration resembling bark or wood.
Sympistis incubus
Sympistis incubus is a noctuid moth described by James T. Troubridge in 2008. It is restricted to montane habitats in Washington and Oregon, occurring at elevations between 1,800 and 4,500 feet. Adults are active in September and have a wingspan of 28–35 mm.
Sympistis isis
Sympistis isis is a noctuid moth described by James T. Troubridge in 2008. It is known from a single US state, Utah. The wingspan measures approximately 30 mm. As a recently described species, published information about its biology remains limited.
Sympistis ragani
Sympistis ragani is a noctuid moth described by William Barnes in 1928. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, and the Oregon Coast Range. It belongs to the Sympistis atricollaris species group, a complex of six similar gray species in the Pacific Northwest.
Syntomeida ipomoeae
Yellow-banded Wasp Moth, Orange-banded Wasp Moth
Syntomeida ipomoeae is a wasp-mimicking moth in the subfamily Arctiinae, described by Thaddeus William Harris in 1839. The species exhibits aposematic coloration and is known for its diurnal activity pattern, unusual among moths. Its common names derive from the distinctive yellow or orange banding on the body. The species has a restricted distribution in the southeastern United States.
Tachytrechus auratus
Tachytrechus auratus is a species of long-legged fly in the family Dolichopodidae. It is restricted to specialized wetland habitats in east-central Washington State, where it occurs on mud flats and freshet seeps. Adults are active from late spring through early autumn with a maximum lifespan of approximately one week. The species has a relatively brief pupal development period of 4 to 7 days.
Tafalisca eleuthera
Silent Bush Cricket
Tafalisca eleuthera is a species of cricket in the family Oecanthidae, commonly known as the Silent Bush Cricket. The species was described in 2009 from the Bahamas. It belongs to a genus of bush crickets known for reduced or absent calling songs in males.
Tanyrhinus
Tanyrhinus is a monotypic genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) containing a single species, Tanyrhinus singularis. It is distinguished from most rove beetles by its elongated elytra that nearly cover the entire abdomen. The genus is restricted to western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada, and several Pacific coast US states. Its closest relative is the genus Trigonodemus.
Tanystoma cuyama
Tanystoma cuyama is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Liebherr in 1985. The species is endemic to a restricted range in California, USA, specifically associated with the Cuyama Valley region from which it takes its specific epithet. It belongs to the subfamily Platyninae, a group of carabid beetles often associated with riparian and moist habitats. The species is known from limited collection records and iNaturalist observations, indicating it is either genuinely rare or undercollected.
Tapinoma schreiberi
Tapinoma schreiberi is a species of ant in the genus Tapinoma, described by Hamm in 2010. The species is endemic to the United States. It belongs to the subfamily Dolichoderinae, a group known for producing defensive secretions and lacking functional stings. As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.
Taracus carmanah
Taracus carmanah is a species of harvestman (Opiliones: Ischyropsalidoidea: Taracidae) described in 2016 from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The species name refers to Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park, a protected old-growth forest area on southwestern Vancouver Island. It was described as part of a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus Taracus, which included redescription of all previously named species and description of eight new species across western North America.
Taracus marchingtoni
Taracus marchingtoni is a troglobiotic harvestman species endemic to lava caves in central Oregon. First collected in 1965 but not formally described until 2016, it exhibits classic cave-adapted traits including reduced eyes and depigmentation. The species is notable for its extremely elongated chelicerae, which in males can exceed body length. It has been documented feeding on troglophilic millipedes.
Tegrodera erosa erosa
Iron Cross Beetle
Tegrodera erosa erosa is a blister beetle (family Meloidae) endemic to southwestern North America. This large, colorful beetle occurs in dry valleys and hills of cismontane southern California and south into Baja California. Adults are active primarily in late spring and early summer, often forming immense feeding and mating aggregations. The subspecies is distinguished from the nominate form T. erosa inornata by its patterned elytra. Like other meloids, it contains cantharidin in its hemolymph, a compound toxic to mammals. The species is undergoing habitat retrenchment in southern California due to urban development.
Tegrodera erosa inornata
Tegrodera erosa inornata is a subspecies of blister beetle endemic to cismontane southern California and Baja California. It is one of three subspecies within the T. erosa species complex, distinguished from the nominate subspecies by reduced or absent elytral markings. Like all Tegrodera species, it contains cantharidin in its hemolymph and has been associated with livestock toxicity concerns when present in alfalfa hay. The subspecies is currently considered to be undergoing range retrenchment due to urban development.
Teleiopsis baldiana
Teleiopsis baldiana is a small gelechiid moth described in 1920 by William Barnes and August Busck. It is restricted to California in western North America. The species is associated with poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), on which its larvae feed and roll leaves.
Telphusa melanoleuca
Telphusa melanoleuca is a small gelechiid moth described by Walsingham in 1911. It is known only from Guerrero, Mexico. The species is characterized by striking wing patterning with contrasting dark and white markings.
Terralonus
Terralonus is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) endemic to the United States, first described by Wayne Paul Maddison in 1996. The genus contains seven species distributed across the country, with the type species being Terralonus mylothrus. As members of the jumping spider family, species in this genus possess the characteristic large anterior median eyes and salticid hunting behavior. Research on Terralonus fraternus in Kansas has demonstrated that slope orientation affects reproductive success, suggesting microhabitat factors play a significant role in population dynamics.
Tetracha floridana
Florida metallic tiger beetle, Florida big-headed tiger beetle
Tetracha floridana is a Florida endemic tiger beetle restricted to coastal salt marsh and mudflat habitats along the Gulf coast from Dixie County to the Florida Keys. Adults are strictly nocturnal and exhibit the characteristic metallic green to dark green elytra and enlarged head of the genus. The species was elevated from subspecies status in 2007 based on distinct morphological characters. Larvae inhabit burrows in dry ground adjacent to coastal marshes and can be distinguished from related genera by simple, thorn-like hooks on the fifth abdominal segment.
Tetracis montanaria
Tetracis montanaria is a recently described geometrid moth species known only from a restricted high-elevation range in southeastern Arizona. Described by Ferris in 2010, it represents one of three new species added to the genus during a major taxonomic revision that synonymized Synaxis with Tetracis. The species inhabits montane aspen-coniferous forests at elevations between 2,440 and 2,715 meters. Adults are active in early autumn, with flight records from early October and possibly late September.
Tetragonoderus pallidus
Tetragonoderus pallidus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by George Henry Horn in 1868. The species is endemic to the Sonoran Desert region, occurring in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Records indicate presence in Arizona, California, and Mexico. As a member of the genus Tetragonoderus, it belongs to a group of small carabid beetles, though specific morphological and ecological details for this species remain limited in the available literature.
Texamaurops reddelli
Kretschmarr Cave Mold Beetle
Texamaurops reddelli is a small, eyeless cave-dwelling beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Pselaphinae. It is known from a single cave system in Texas and is one of the most narrowly distributed cave beetles in North America. The species was described in 1963 and is considered vulnerable due to its restricted range and habitat specificity. Like other pselaphine beetles, it likely feeds on fungal hyphae and organic detritus in humid cave microhabitats.
Texella
cave harvestmen, Texella harvesters
Texella is a genus of armored harvestmen (Opiliones: Phalangodidae) containing more than 20 described species. The genus is endemic to cave and karst systems of central Texas, where species exhibit varying degrees of troglomorphy. Several species, including T. reyesi and T. reddelli, are federally endangered due to extreme habitat restriction. Genetic studies reveal strong population structuring aligned with geologic karst fauna regions.
Thaumatographa regalis
Psychedelic Regal Moth
Thaumatographa regalis is a small tortricid moth native to California. First described by Walsingham in 1881, this species was previously classified under the genus Hilarographa. The common name "Psychedelic Regal Moth" reflects its distinctive coloration. It belongs to the subfamily Chlidanotinae and tribe Hilarographini, a group of tortricids often associated with distinctive wing patterns.
Thermosphaeroma
Thermosphaeroma is a genus of isopod crustaceans in the family Sphaeromatidae, endemic to thermal springs of the southwestern United States and central Mexico. The genus contains nine described species, most of which are critically endangered or extinct in the wild due to groundwater extraction and habitat alteration. These isopods exhibit specialized adaptations to thermo-mineral spring environments, including temperature-dependent life histories and pronounced sexual dimorphism in uropod morphology. Several species have been studied for their complex social behaviors, including precopulatory mate-guarding and cannibalism.
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum
Socorro isopod, Socorro sowbug
Thermosphaeroma thermophilum is a small, thermophilic isopod endemic to thermal spring habitats in Socorro County, New Mexico. It is one of the most endangered crustaceans in North America, having been driven to extinction in the wild in 1988 when a tree root burst the water pipeline that formed its only remaining habitat following spring diversion in 1947. The species persists through captive breeding programs and has been reintroduced to artificial habitats. It exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in body size and complex social behaviors including cannibalism and mate-guarding.
Thrinaphe
Thrinaphe is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, containing a single described species, T. hargeri. The genus was established by Rowland M. Shelley in 1993 based on specimens from the Cascade Mountains and Willamette Valley region. The name references the three-branched telopodite of the male gonopod and its similarity to the related genus Harpaphe.
Thrinaphe hargeri
Thrinaphe hargeri is a millipede species and the sole member of the genus Thrinaphe, described by Rowland M. Shelley in 1993. The species is endemic to the Cascade Mountains region along the Washington-Oregon border and the Willamette Valley in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. It belongs to the family Xystodesmidae, a diverse group of flat-backed millipedes.
Thurberiphaga
Thurberiphaga is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, containing a single species, Thurberiphaga diffusa. The genus is endemic to southern Arizona and is tightly associated with its sole host plant, wild cotton (Gossypium thurberi). The caterpillar is a stem-borer with distinctive pinkish coloration and rough setae. Adults are active during the summer monsoon season.
Thyce deserta
Thyce deserta is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. It was described by Hardy in 1974 and is known from California, USA. As a member of the genus Thyce, it belongs to a group of melolonthine scarabs found in western North America.
Tiaja cruzensis
Tiaja cruzensis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Megophthalminae. The species was described in 1982 by Gill and Oman from specimens collected on Santa Cruz Island, California. As a member of the Megophthalmini tribe, it belongs to a group characterized by enlarged eyes and associated with coastal and insular habitats in western North America. The genus Tiaja contains few described species, and T. cruzensis is among the more geographically restricted members.
Tibicininae
Tibicininae is a subfamily of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, containing at least 140 described species across 10 recognized tribes. The subfamily exhibits a broad geographic distribution spanning the Neotropics, Nearctic, and Palearctic regions. A 2005 taxonomic revision proposed renaming the subfamily Tettigadinae to avoid confusion, though this change was not universally adopted. Genera within Tibicininae include Chilecicada, Tibicina, Selymbria, Hemidictya, and others, with notable centers of endemism in Chile and the Neotropics.
Tigrosa georgicola
Georgia Wolf Spider
Tigrosa georgicola is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is endemic to the Southeastern United States, with the type specimen collected in Burke County, Georgia. It inhabits deciduous woodland forest floors.
Timema chumash
Chumash Timema
Timema chumash is a species of walkingstick insect in the family Timematidae, endemic to California. Like other members of the genus Timema, it is a small, wingless phasmid with reduced body size compared to most stick insects. The species was described by Hebard in 1920. It is part of a genus notable for being the only known genus of stick insects in the Americas with a relictual distribution in western North America.
Timema genevievae
Genevieve's Timema
Timema genevievae is a species of walkingstick insect in the family Timematidae. It is one of several Timema species known for reproducing asexually via parthenogenesis. The species is endemic to California. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits cryptic coloration that provides camouflage against host plants.
Timema knulli
Knull's Timema
Timema knulli, commonly known as Knull's Timema, is a stick insect species endemic to California. It belongs to the genus Timema, which represents a relictual lineage of wingless, small-bodied phasmids. The species was described by Strohecker in 1951 and is named in honor of the entomologist Joseph Knull. Like other Timema species, it exhibits cryptic coloration and morphology adapted for camouflage on host plants.
Timema podura
Sierra Nevada timema, Sierra Nevada Mountains Timema
Timema podura is a species of walkingstick insect in the family Timematidae. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada region of North America. Like other Timema species, it is known for cryptic camouflage that matches its host vegetation. The species was described by Strohecker in 1936.
Timema poppense
Pope Valley Timema
Timema poppense is a small walkingstick insect endemic to California, originally described from a nature reserve in Pope Valley in 1999. It belongs to the family Timematidae, a basal lineage of stick insects characterized by reduced wings and nocturnal habits. The species name was corrected from the original "poppensis" to "poppense" to match the neuter gender of the genus Timema per ICZN rules.
Tinagma gaedikei
Tinagma gaedikei is a small moth in the family Douglasiidae, described by Harrison in 2005. It is known from a restricted range in the central United States, specifically central Illinois and northern Kentucky. The species has a specialized two-year life cycle tied to its host plant, with larvae feeding internally on fruits.
Tipula metacomet
Metacomet crane fly
Tipula metacomet is a large crane fly in the family Tipulidae, described by Charles Paul Alexander in 1965. The species is named after Metacomet (also known as King Philip), a Wampanoag chief who led Native American resistance against English colonists in New England during the 1670s. It is one of numerous crane fly species in the genus Tipula, which is the largest genus of crane flies with hundreds of species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere.
Tipula siskiyouensis
Tipula siskiyouensis is a species of crane fly in the family Tipulidae, described by Charles Paul Alexander in 1949. The species epithet refers to the Siskiyou Mountains, suggesting a geographic association with this mountain range along the California-Oregon border. Like other Tipula species, it belongs to a large and diverse genus of crane flies commonly known as "daddy longlegs" due to their elongated legs and slender bodies. The species is documented from Oregon in the Nearctic region.
Tipula vestigipennis
Tipula vestigipennis is a crane fly species in the family Tipulidae, first described by Rennie Wilbur Doane in 1908. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in body size, with females substantially larger than males. It is endemic to a highly restricted range in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, where it has been documented as a pest species destructive to vegetation and crops. The species belongs to the subgenus Triplicitipula.
Tolus
Tolus is a monotypic genus of harvestmen in the family Phalangodidae, described by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. The sole described species, Tolus appalachius, is known only from two caves in Tennessee, United States. This genus represents a rare example of cave-adapted opilionid fauna in the Appalachian region.
Tolus appalachius
Appalachian Cave Harvestman
Tolus appalachius is a small, eyeless cave-dwelling harvestman endemic to Tennessee. It is the sole described species in the genus Tolus. First described in 1942, this troglobitic arachnid is known from only a handful of cave systems in the Appalachian region. Its highly restricted distribution and specialized subterranean habitat make it vulnerable to environmental disturbances.
Tomonotus mexicanus
Mexican Oak-leaf Grasshopper
Tomonotus mexicanus is a grasshopper species in the family Acrididae, described by Saussure in 1861. It belongs to the tribe Arphiini within the subfamily Oedipodinae, commonly known as banded-winged grasshoppers. The species is endemic to Mexico, with records from central and northeastern regions. It is known in English as the Mexican Oak-leaf Grasshopper, though the origin of this common name is not documented in available sources.
Toronia
Torus
Toronia is a monotypic genus of evergreen tree in the family Proteaceae, containing the single species Toronia toru, which is endemic to New Zealand. The genus was established in 1975 by Lawrie Johnson and Barbara G. Briggs, separating this species from the related genus Persoonia, though phylogenetic studies now indicate Toronia is nested within Persoonia.
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
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Trachyphloeini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils within the subfamily Entiminae (Curculionidae). The tribe contains more than 25 genera distributed across multiple continents. Members include both Mediterranean and southern African lineages, with some genera exhibiting highly localized distributions.
Trechini
Trechini is a large and diverse tribe of small ground beetles in the family Carabidae, comprising over 270 genera and more than 2,400 described species worldwide. Members are typically diminutive, often less than 5 mm in length, with many species measuring 1 mm or less. The tribe exhibits remarkable habitat breadth, occurring in terrestrial, subterranean, and high-altitude mountain environments across all continents except Antarctica, though fossil evidence indicates former presence there. Trechini includes numerous cave-adapted lineages, making it the most diverse and cave-specialized group among Carabidae tribes in subterranean habitats.
Trechus tuckaleechee
Trechus tuckaleechee is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae, described by Barr in 1962. It belongs to the genus Trechus, a large and widespread group of small carabid beetles commonly known as blind beetles or trechine ground beetles. The species epithet 'tuckaleechee' likely references Tuckaleechee, a location in Tennessee, USA, suggesting a restricted geographic distribution. Like other Trechus species, it is presumably adapted to subterranean or cryptic habitats.
Triacanthagyna caribbea
Caribbean Darner
Triacanthagyna caribbea is a species of darner dragonfly in the family Aeshnidae, described by Williamson in 1923. It is endemic to the Caribbean region, with confirmed records from Colombia (departments of Antioquia, Bolívar, Magdalena, and Sucre) and broader Caribbean distribution. The species is part of the genus Triacanthagyna, which is characterized by three-spined abdominal appendages in males. As with other aeshnids, it is likely a strong flier adapted to tropical environments.
Trichiotinus rufobrunneus
Florida flower scarab
Trichiotinus rufobrunneus is a species of flower scarab beetle endemic to Florida, commonly known as the Florida flower scarab. It belongs to the genus Trichiotinus, a North American endemic group of trichiine scarabs. The species is associated with the flowers of Opuntia australis (Florida pricklypear cactus), an endemic plant, and has been observed mating within these flowers. Its distribution is limited to Florida, making it a species of conservation concern due to habitat loss from urban development and agriculture.
Trichochrous insignis
Trichochrous insignis is a species of jumping stick (family Proscopiidae), an exclusively Neotropical group of grasshoppers characterized by their stick-like appearance and elongated morphology. The species was described by Hebard in 1931 from Formosa Province, Argentina. Members of this family are commonly known in Spanish as 'bicho palito' (stick bug) and are distinguished from true walkingsticks (order Phasmida) by their jumping ability and grasshopper affinities. The taxonomy of Proscopiidae remains incomplete, with many species potentially undescribed.
Tricholita ferrisi
Tricholita ferrisi is a small noctuid moth described in 2009, known exclusively from two sky island localities in southeastern Arizona. The species occupies high-elevation coniferous forest habitats in the Madrean Sky Islands region. All known specimens were collected by light trap in late July, suggesting a narrow seasonal activity window.
Tricholita knudsoni
Tricholita knudsoni is a species of owlet moth described in 2009 from western Texas. It is a relatively small noctuid with a wingspan of 33–35 mm. The species is known from a restricted geographic range in the Trans-Pecos region, with all documented records from light trap collections between late August and late October. It was described by Crabo and Lafontaine during their revision of related noctuid genera.
Trigonopeltastes floridanus
Trigonopeltastes floridanus is a flower chafer beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is endemic to Florida and associated with the flowers of Opuntia australis, the Florida pricklypear cactus. The species has been observed mating on cactus flowers, suggesting a close ecological relationship with this endemic host plant. Like other members of the genus, it likely feeds on pollen and floral tissues.
Trigonoscuta stantoni
Santa Cruz Island weevil, Stanton's trigonoscuta weevil, Santa Cruz island shore weevil
Trigonoscuta stantoni is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. The species is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, specifically documented from Santa Cruz Island. It is a member of a genus containing several insular species with restricted distributions.
Trimerotropis bernardi
San Bernardino grasshopper, forest falls grasshopper, San Bernardino Mountain grasshopper
Trimerotropis bernardi is a band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Rentz & Weissman in 1984. The species is endemic to the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, with records indicating presence in forested montane habitats. It belongs to a genus of grasshoppers typically associated with open, often sandy or rocky terrain, though this species appears restricted to higher elevation coniferous forest environments. Available observational data remains limited, with few documented occurrences.
Trimerotropis huroniana
Lake Huron Locust, Great Lakes Grasshopper
A band-winged grasshopper endemic to the Great Lakes region, restricted to open dune habitats along the shores of Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. Body length ranges from 24–40 mm with females larger than males. Adults are active from late July through August. Federally listed as Threatened in Canada under the Species At Risk Act, with approximately 10 known sites remaining in Ontario.
Trimerotropis infantilis
Zayante Band-winged Grasshopper
Trimerotropis infantilis is a rare, narrowly endemic grasshopper restricted to a small portion of the Santa Cruz Mountains in California. It was described by Rentz and Weissman in 1984. The species occupies specialized sandy habitats and is of conservation concern due to its extremely limited geographic range.
Trimerotropis inyo
Inyo Grasshopper
Trimerotropis inyo is a band-winged grasshopper species in the family Acrididae, described by Rentz & Weissman in 1984. It is endemic to California and belongs to a genus characterized by banded or colored hind wings. The species is poorly documented in scientific literature, with minimal published biological information beyond its original description and taxonomic placement.
Trimerotropis occulens
Lompoc Grasshopper
Trimerotropis occulens, commonly known as the Lompoc Grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It was described by Otte in 1984 and is endemic to the United States. The species belongs to the subfamily Oedipodinae, which includes many grasshoppers with distinctive wing patterns and stridulatory capabilities.
Trimerotropis santabarbara
Trimerotropis santabarbara is a band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Rentz and Weissman in 1981. The species is endemic to California and represents one of approximately 30 species in the genus Trimerotropis, a group characterized by banded hind wings and often cryptic coloration.
Trimerotropis topanga
Topanga Grasshopper
Trimerotropis topanga is a band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described in 1981 from California. It belongs to the genus Trimerotropis, a group characterized by banded wings and association with open, often sandy or gravelly habitats. The species is known from limited records in southern California and has been documented in citizen science platforms.
Trocodima fuscipes
Trocodima fuscipes is a small moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1883. The species is known only from the US state of Arizona. Adults have a wingspan of 18–22 mm and have been recorded flying in April and July. It is a poorly documented species with limited available information on its biology.
Trogloderus kandai
Trogloderus kandai is a psammophilic darkling beetle described in 2019 from Owens Valley, California. It belongs to a genus of six newly described species restricted to dunes and sandy habitats in the western United States. The species is part of the tribe Amphidorini, associated with desert stink beetles.
Trogloderus warneri
Trogloderus warneri is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, described by Johnston in 2019. It belongs to a genus of psammophilic beetles restricted to dunes and sandy habitats in the western United States. The species is endemic to the western Colorado Plateau region. As a member of a genus whose most recent common ancestor dates to approximately 5.2 million years ago, T. warneri likely arose during the mid-Pleistocene. The genus Trogloderus comprises six species, all adapted to sandy environments.
Trogloraptor marchingtoni
cave robber spider
Trogloraptor marchingtoni is a large cave-dwelling spider and the sole species in the family Trogloraptoridae, the first new spider family described from North America since the 1890s. Discovered in 2010 in caves of southwestern Oregon, this species is distinguished by extraordinary hook-like claws on its legs used to capture prey. It represents a remarkable evolutionary lineage with no close known relatives among living spiders. The species name honors Neil Marchington, the deputy sheriff and amateur biologist who first brought the spiders to scientific attention.
Tularina
Tularina is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) in the family Phalangodidae, described by Ubick & Briggs in 2008. As a member of the infraorder Grassatores, it belongs to a diverse group of long-legged arachnids commonly known as daddy longlegs. The genus was established based on morphological characteristics distinguishing it from related phalangodid genera. Information regarding species diversity, distribution, and biology remains limited in published literature.
Turpiliodes
Turpiliodes is a genus of katydids in the family Tettigoniidae, established by Hebard in 1932. It belongs to the tribe Turpiliini within the subfamily Phaneropterinae. The genus is endemic to Mexico, with records from the northeast, Gulf, and southwest regions. As of 2024, iNaturalist documents over 500 observations of this genus.
Tychobythinus
Tychobythinus is a genus of small rove beetles in the subfamily Pselaphinae (Staphylinidae). The genus is widely distributed across the Palearctic region, including North Africa, southern and Central Europe, the Caucasus, Japan, far eastern Russia, and southeastern China. Several species exhibit troglobitic adaptations, including reduced pigmentation, microphthalmia, winglessness, and elongated appendages. The genus contains at least 44 species and subspecies in Italy alone, with ongoing taxonomic revisions clarifying species boundaries and synonymies.
Typhlobius kebus
Typhlobius kebus is a lithobiomorph centipede described by Chamberlin in 1922. It belongs to the genus Typhlobius, a group of lithobiid centipedes. The species has been documented from California, USA. Very little is known about its biology or ecology.
Ufeus felsensteini
Ufeus felsensteini is a small noctuid moth described in 2013, known exclusively from the Santa Catalina Mountains in southeastern Arizona. The species exhibits unusual seasonality among temperate moths: adults emerge in spring and enter an overwintering state, with most flight activity occurring during winter months. It is one of the few species in the genus Ufeus, a small noctuid lineage.
Undulambia rarissima
Gold-lined Undulambia Moth
Undulambia rarissima is a small crambid moth described by Eugene G. Munroe in 1972. It is known from limited records in Florida, with adults active during two distinct periods: January through May and again in September. The species is considered rare, as reflected in its specific epithet. Larval biology remains poorly documented, though there is tentative association with Polystichum ferns.
Uroctonites huachuca
Uroctonites huachuca is a scorpion species in the family Vaejovidae, first described by Gertsch and Soleglad in 1972. The species is named after the Huachuca Mountains in southeastern Arizona, which constitute its type locality and primary known range. It belongs to a genus of medium-sized scorpions distributed in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
Uropelma formosum
Uropelma formosum is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Eupelmidae, described by Sharkov in 1988. The genus Uropelma belongs to the chalcidoid wasp superfamily, a diverse group of tiny parasitoids. Distribution records indicate presence in Cuba (CU). The family Eupelmidae comprises species that are primarily parasitoids of insect eggs and larvae.
Ursia furtiva
Ursia furtiva is a moth species in the family Notodontidae, first described by André Blanchard in 1971. It is endemic to Texas in the United States. The species is known from very few records, with only one observation documented on iNaturalist. Its larvae feed on specific Prunus species native to the region.
Utabaenetes
Tanner's black camel cricket
Utabaenetes is a monotypic genus of camel crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) endemic to the San Rafael Desert and adjacent Colorado Plateau of the western United States. The sole species, U. tanneri, is restricted to areas of loose sand and active dunes where it reaches high local densities. This dune-dwelling species exhibits specialized behavioral and ecological adaptations to arid environments.
Vaejovidae
Devil Scorpions
Vaejovidae is a family of scorpions comprising approximately 25 genera and over 230 species, with the common name 'Devil Scorpions.' The family is endemic to North America, ranging from western Guatemala through Mexico and into the western United States, with one species extending into the Appalachian Mountains. Members of this family occupy diverse habitats including desert playas, chaparral, pine-spruce forests at high elevations, and alkali sinks. Several species have been described recently from California, including new species discovered through community science platforms.
Vecturoides pseudonycha
Vecturoides pseudonycha is a species of soft-bodied plant beetle in the family Melyridae. The genus Vecturoides is endemic to New Zealand, and this species is known from a small number of observations. Melyridae beetles are generally characterized by their soft, flexible elytra and often elongated bodies. The species has been documented through citizen science observations, but formal taxonomic description and ecological study remain limited.
Venezillo arizonicus
Arizona Pill-Bug
Venezillo arizonicus is a desert-adapted woodlouse native to the Southwest Desert Province of North America. It possesses physiological adaptations to arid conditions, including highly efficient pleopodal lungs and a markedly lower metabolic rate compared to mesic oniscideans. The species exhibits a critical thermal maximum of approximately 43°C, among the highest recorded for terrestrial isopods.
Venezillo microphthalmus
Small-eyed Venezillo Pill Woodlouse
Venezillo microphthalmus is a small terrestrial isopod in the family Armadillidae, endemic to California. The species exhibits the characteristic conglobation (pill-forming) behavior typical of its family, rolling into a defensive ball when disturbed. It is considered rare on the mainland and has documented populations on the Channel Islands. The species is believed to be declining in the San Francisco Bay Area due to competition from introduced woodlouse species.
Viridemas galena
Viridemas galena is a noctuid moth and the sole species in the monotypic genus Viridemas. First described by John Bernhardt Smith in 1908, this species is endemic to Arizona. The genus and species were established based on specimens collected in the southwestern United States, representing a distinct lineage within the subfamily Noctuinae.
Viridiseptis
Viridiseptis is a monotypic moth genus in the family Noctuidae, erected in 2015. Its sole species, Viridiseptis marina, was originally described in 1874. The genus is endemic to the Pacific coast of North America, ranging from southwestern Oregon through California. Adults are characterized by distinctive green forewings with complex dark patterning.
Walshia floridensis
Walshia floridensis is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae, described by Ronald W. Hodges in 1978. It is endemic to Florida, with adults active during the winter months. The species is notable for its specific association with the legume Petalostemon pinnatum as a larval host plant.
Wubana
Wubana is a genus of sheet-web weaving spiders (family Linyphiidae) endemic to the United States. First described by Ralph Vary Chamberlin in 1919, the genus contains seven recognized species as of 2019. These small spiders construct flat, horizontal sheet webs for prey capture. The genus is exclusively North American with no documented occurrences outside the United States.
Xanthonia marquai
Davis Mountains Juniper Xanthonian
Xanthonia marquai is a recently described species of leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) endemic to the Davis Mountains in western Texas. The species was described in 2019 and is known from a single iNaturalist observation. It is associated with juniper vegetation in montane habitats.
Xenomycetes
Xenomycetes is a genus of handsome fungus beetles (family Endomychidae) and the sole genus in the subfamily Xenomycetinae. It contains at least two described species, X. laversi and X. morrisoni, both endemic to northwestern North America. The genus was established by G.H. Horn in 1880. These beetles are associated with fungal habitats, consistent with family-level ecology.
Xenotrechus denticollis
Southern Xenotrechus Cave Beetle
Xenotrechus denticollis is a troglobitic ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Barr & Krekeler in 1967. It belongs to a genus of cave-dwelling beetles endemic to the southern United States. The species epithet 'denticollis' refers to toothed characteristics of the pronotum or neck region.
Xenox delila
Xenox delila is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae, found in California and Baja California Norte. As with other bee flies, adults are likely pollinators that visit flowers for nectar. The genus Xenox includes parasitic species whose larvae develop in the nests of other insects.
Xerasia
fruitworm beetles
Xerasia is a genus of fruitworm beetles in the family Byturidae, established by Lewis in 1895. The genus comprises four described species, all endemic to California. Members occur in diverse environments including both wet and dry habitats.
Xerolinus
Xerolinus is a genus of darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae, subtribe Opatrina. Established in 2016 by Ivie and Hart, it comprises approximately thirty species distributed across the West Indies and southern Florida. Most species are endemic to single islands or island groups corresponding to Pleistocene-era landmasses.
Zerene eurydice
California dogface butterfly, flying pansy, dog head butterfly
Zerene eurydice, commonly known as the California dogface butterfly, is a pierid butterfly endemic to California and designated as the state's official insect since 1972. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: males display distinctive black and yellow-orange wing patterns resembling a dog's head silhouette, while females are predominantly yellow with black forewing markings. The butterfly is closely associated with its larval host plants, false indigo species (Amorpha californica and A. fruticosa), and is most abundant at the Shutamul Bear River Preserve near Auburn. Despite its cultural prominence, the species remains rarely encountered in the wild due to its fast, high-flying behavior and specific habitat requirements.
Zoniagrion exclamationis
Exclamation Damsel
Zoniagrion exclamationis, commonly known as the Exclamation Damsel, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is the sole species in its genus and is endemic to western North America. The species was first described by Selys in 1876 and is recognized by its distinctive coloration and patterning. It is a relatively well-documented damselfly with over 300 observations recorded on citizen science platforms.
Zuphiini
Zuphiini is a tribe of ground beetles in the family Carabidae, established by Bonelli in 1810. The tribe contains at least 23 genera and more than 120 described species with a worldwide distribution. Members of the genus Coarazuphium within this tribe include obligate cave-dwelling (troglobitic) species found in iron ore caves in Brazil's Carajás region, which harbors the highest diversity of obligatory cave-dwelling beetles in the country.