Convention-on-biological-diversity
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Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
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agementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-managementEntedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
parasitoidbiological-controlgall-associatedleafminer-parasitoidChalcidoideaHymenopteraEulophidaeEntedoninaetropical-forestagricultural-pest-controlsawfly-parasitoidthrips-parasitoidant-associatedrice-pestCecidomyiidaeTenthredinidaePontaniaClosterocerusCeranisusAfronymphaAmetallonChrysonotomyiaOmphale-genus-groupcanopyunderstoreyecological-plasticityBangladeshPanamaAfricaNew-ZealandEuropeSenegalSouth-AfricaDemocratic-Republic-of-the-CongoUgandaendoparasitoidlarval-parasitoidegg-parasitoidhost-specificityforest-habitatdegraded-habitatmid-altitude-rainforestlowland-rainforesttropical-Americaclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlintegrated-pest-managementrice-hispaDicladispa-armigeragall-waspsawfly-gallleafminerant-symbiosisFormicidaeKhaya-senegalensisOchna-pulchramorphological-taxonomymolecular-taxonomy28S-rDNACOICytBnew-species-descriptiongeneric-revisionhost-rangeparasitoid-complexfood-webecosystem-servicenatural-enemypest-managemententomophagoushyperparasitoidinquilinecurculionidApion-minimumPhyllocolpa-leucostictaChrysocharisEntedonAsecodesPleurotroppopsisAfrotroppopsisZaommomentedonApleurotropisKratoysmaPlatocharisSchizocharisParahorismenusAtullyaTropicharisChrysochuriscruymirabilisoryzamyntoreminpashaicarinatumdussiaelongicaudatamachaeriaeunimaculataclavigergorgonaenseauripunctatagalbinalaeviscutaphenacapsiacecvoraelongatapontaniaeheyeririsbecimilletiaenewbyiFörster-1856Chalcidoidea-phylogenybiodiversityspecies-richnesscryptic-speciesmolecular-diagnosticshost-plant-associationhabitat-specificitycanopy-faunaunderstorey-faunaforest-stratificationtropical-biodiversityAfrotropicalNeotropicalPalaearcticNearcticOrientalAustralasianPacificHolarcticbiogeographytaxonomic-revisionannotated-keycataloguetype-specimenmuseum-collectionslide-mounted-specimensmorphometricsgenitaliawing-venationantennaeclypeusmandiblesmalar-spacescapepedicelflagellumgastervertexsuturecolor-patternpale-femoradark-gastersexual-dimorphismmalefemaleovipositoremergencerearingquarantinefield-collectionforeign-explorationaugmentative-releasepesticide-resistancesustainable-agriculturefood-securityrice-productioncereal-pestvegetable-pestfruit-pestornamental-pestforest-pesturban-pestinvasive-speciesnative-rangeintroduced-rangeestablishmentspreadimpactnon-target-effectshost-specificityrisk-assessmentenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalresearch-symposiumproceedingspeer-reviewedZootaxaZooKeysInsect-Systematics-&-EvolutionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyFar-Eastern-EntomologistRussian-Entomological-JournalBelgian-Journal-of-EntomologyFlorida-EntomologistPan-Pacific-EntomologistEntomological-NewsProceedings-of-the-Hawaiian-Entomological-SocietyTransactions-of-the-American-Entomological-SocietyJournal-of-Natural-HistoryZoological-Journal-of-the-Linnean-SocietyBioControlJournal-of-Economic-EntomologyEntomologia-Experimentalis-et-ApplicataEnvironmental-EntomologyOecologiaCladisticsMolecular-Phylogenetics-and-EvolutionHeredityCanadian-EntomologistProceedings-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-WashingtonAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaBulletin-of-Entomological-ResearchNeotropical-EntomologyJournal-of-Asia-Pacific-EntomologyTurkish-Journal-of-ZoologyPolish-Journal-of-EntomologyNorth-Western-Journal-of-ZoologyEntomologica-AmericanaEntomologische-BerichtenSahlbergiaDugesianaActa-Zoologica-LilloanaFolia-Entomologica-MexicanaRevista-de-la-Sociedad-Entomologica-ArgentinaBoletin-de-la-Asociacion-Espanola-de-EntomologiaEntomologicheskoe-ObozrenieEntomological-ReviewZoological-Institute-RASProceedings-of-the-Zoological-Institute-of-the-Russian-Academy-of-SciencesTaiwan-Agricultural-Research-InstituteCouncil-of-AgricultureUniversity-of-CaliforniaRiversideEntomology-Research-MuseumCalifornia-Department-of-Food-and-AgriculturePierce's-Disease-Control-Programbiological-control-programintegrated-pest-management-programresearch-progress-reportannual-summarytechnical-reportsymposium-proceedingsconference-abstractposter-presentationinvited-papermonographbook-chapteridentification-guideillustrated-keyannotated-cataloguetype-materialvoucher-specimencollection-curationtaxonomysystematicsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingspecies-complexsibling-speciesspecies-boundariesgeographic-variationpopulation-geneticsgene-flowreproductive-isolationhost-racebiotypestrainlaboratory-rearinginsectarymass-productionreleasemonitoringimpact-assessmentefficacyeconomic-evaluationcost-benefit-analysisfarmer-adoptionextensioneducationpolicyregulationinternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingtrainingworkshopfield-daydemonstrationon-farm-researchparticipatory-researchfarmer-field-schoolsustainable-intensificationagroecologyconservation-biological-controlhabitat-managementfloral-resourcesrefugebuffer-zonelandscape-complexityconnectivityspillovernatural-enemy-diversityfood-web-structuretrophic-interactionsmultitrophicindirect-effectstrait-mediateddensity-dependentinverse-density-dependentfunctional-responsenumerical-responsesearching-efficiencyhandling-tim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Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
parasitoidbiological-controlscale-insectCoccoideaEncyrtidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraovipositorintegrated-pest-managementcitrus-pestsoft-scalemealybughyperparasitoidhost-specificitybiotypeclassical-biological-controlsynchrotron-microtomographyoviposition-behaviornatural-enemyagricultural-entomologytaxonomyGiraultAustraliaChinaCaliforniaSyriaIndiaCzech-RepublicEuropeAsiaNorth-AmericaSouthern-HemisphereCeroplastesCoccusPhenacoccusKermesParthenolecaniumMetaceronemaChaetococcusKerriaLacciferGascardiaSphaerolecaniumCerococcusChloropulvinariapest-managementhost-selectionhost-penetrationenvenomationegg-depositionhost-feedingvalvifervalvulamusculoskeletal-system3D-morphologySEMSR-µCTinvasive-speciesbiocontrol-introductionhyperparasitismefficiency-reductionnatural-enemy-conservationcitrusCamelliaMagnoliafruit-cropsornamental-plantsforestrylac-insectwax-scaleplum-scalecottony-maple-scaleEuropean-fruit-lecaniumbrown-soft-scalecitricola-scalecitrus-snow-scaleJapanese-wax-scaletype-materialspecies-descriptionredescriptionidentification-keyintraspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersNorthern-Hemispherecenter-of-distributioncosmopolitannew-speciesnew-recordfaunisticsmuseum-collectionUCRTimberlakeCompereGordhTriapitsynNoyesXuSugonjaevPrinslooRosenIshiiMercetDalmanHowardAshmeadWalkerFerrièreKerrichAnneckeMynhardtHayatSubba-RaoTrjapitzinViggianiDe-SantisMayrThomsonWestwoodGahanCrawfordBlanchardPerkinsRisbecBruesBennettErdösSilvestriDomenichiniDozierCockerellCoquilletFonscolombeRatzeburgMatsumuraVassiljevYoshimotoGhesquièreTachikawaLogvinovskayaSiscaroAgarwalAhmadGhaniBurksGirault-speciesAustralian-faunaChinese-faunaIndian-faunaSyrian-faunaEuropean-faunaCalifornian-faunaglobal-distributioneconomic-entomologyapplied-entomologysystematicsmorphologybehavioral-ecologyfunctional-morphologyevolutionary-successdiverse-groupunderstudiedminute-waspsmicro-Hymenopteraslide-collectionvoucher-specimenshost-recordsundetermined-specimensvalid-generasynonymymanuscript-namesnomina-nudaunpublished-namesre-organizationcuratorhistorical-notescollection-growthcollecting-activitiesidentificationsortingdrawerspointsslidesparatypesbackbonebiological-control-projectsCalifornia-entomologistsCitrus-Experiment-StationHawaiian-collectionbee-taxonomysystematistsstudentsstaffworldlargestimportantvaluemere-numbertaxa-representedreportedscientific-literatureconductedaugmentedcontributionscountriesrapidlygrowingcompletelistpresenteditalicizedmiscellaneousundeterminedfull-drawersunsortedspecimens-per-slidemore-than-500-slidesat-least-700-slidessometimes-more-than-one-specimen-per-slidesynchrotron-X-ray-phase-contrast-microtomographyscanning-electron-microscopyin-vivo-documentation3D-modelmicrostructurescuticular-elementsmotion-patternsphasesparasitizationworking-mechanismkey-traitadaptive-evolutionreproductive-successmechanical-aspectsfunctional-aspectsfully-understoodenormously-diversespecializedparasitisingplant-pestsecological-roleeconomic-roleimprove-understandingmechanicsmode-of-functiondetailedanalysisidentifiedconsistingrecently-discovereddescribedelucidatedpenetrationassessmentinternal-organsdevelopedunderlyingobservedcontributinghighly-diverse-groupchalcidoid-waspsFrontiers-in-ZoologyActa-Musei-SilesiaeArab-Journal-for-Plant-ProtectionAustralian-Journal-of-EntomologyInsect-ScienceOriental-InsectsJournal-of-Natural-HistoryPhytoparasiticaAnnals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyiNaturalistWikipediaDOI10.1186/s12983-025-00575-110.2478/cszma-2021-000710.22268/AJPP-41.3.29230510.1111/j.1440-6055.1975.tb02058.x10.1111/j.1744-7917.2000.tb00345.x10.1080/00305316.2011.64682710.1111/j.1440-6055.1973.tb01670.x10.1080/00222933.2020.178660810.1007/s12600-019-00727-010.1007/s12600-018-0691-510.1093/aesa/54.2.22210.1093/ee/7.6.87420252021202319752000201119732020201920181950s1960s1876199920162017AprilJuneFebruaryNorth-MoraviaNE-Czech-RepublicMoravskoslezské-Beskydy-MtsMorávkaTurkmenistanCentral-AsiaLattakia-ProvinceAl-SanobarDabbaSyrian-coastDamascus-UniversityBiological-Control-Studies-and-Research-CenterBCSRCFaculty-of-AgricultureQueensland-MuseumZhejiangFujianYunnanGuangdongNortheast-ChinaWestern-AustraliaJilinfirst-recordnew-to-sciencefirst-timeadded-to-faunareviewednotesillustrationshabitusredescriptionsclose-relationshipdiscussedkey-providedfemalesmalestransferredextentvalidityevaluatedcorrectionbehaviorresponsehoneydewtaxonomy-matchhigher-rankacceptedcanonical-namerankstatusmatch-typeclassificationEukaryotaHexapodaApocritaTerebrantesEncyrtinaeobservations-countnoneevidencepaper-summaryconfidence-notesinferredexplicitly-statedvisible-textfull-paperaccessibleprovided-contentcited-referencesdetailed-biologytype-localitynative-rangegenerallimited-tobased-onno-information-providedabstractgenus-level-biologyfamily-level-biologydefinitivefull-text-requiredinferred-fromJaposhvili-1999Yasnosh-&-Japoshvili-1998high-hyperparasitoids-levelsreduced-efficiencynaturally-occurringmicroscopic-imagesmorphologicalmorpho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lebeau
Lebeau's Silk Moth, Forbes Moth
Rothschildia lebeau is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, distributed from the Lower Rio Grande Valley through eastern Mexico to Brazil. Adults are short-lived and do not feed, relying on fat reserves accumulated during larval development. The species exhibits a life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult body size based on host plant quality, with larger males showing higher mating success.
giant-silkmothSaturniidaehost-plant-tradeoffsexual-selectiontropical-dry-forestBarro-Colorado-Islandpheromone-communicationnon-feeding-adultcomplete-metamorphosiscultural-significanceindigenous-usecocoon-harvestingmating-successbody-size-dimorphismseasonal-variationmicrobial-associationsprotistan-diversitycaterpillar-microbiomeherbivoreforest-ecologyNeotropicalMexicoCentral-AmericaSouth-AmericaPanamaCosta-RicaBrazilTexasRio-Grande-Valleyexhibit-speciesbutterfly-houseeducationconservationlight-pollutionsuburban-sprawlintroduced-parasitesrearingcottage-industryvestigial-mouthpartsfat-reservesshort-lived-adultfemale-sedentary-behaviormale-dispersaloviposition-site-selectionfitness-consequenceslife-history-evolutionquantitative-genetic-variationwet-season-phenologydevelopmental-plasticitysurvival-size-tradeoffherbivore-performanceplant-animal-interactionsmicrobial-observatorymolecular-characterizationeukaryotic-microbiomesaturniid-caterpillarLepidopteraBombycoideaRothschildiaGuérin-Méneville-1868Attacus-lebeauLebeau's-Silk-MothForbes-MothRothschildia-lebeau-forbesiwindowstransparent-wing-patchesscale-less-wing-areasantennaesexual-dimorphismmate-choicesperm-competitionreproductive-successlarval-performancecaterpillar-growthpupal-developmentadult-emergencelongevitypredationbat-predationnocturnalcrepuscularmothsilkmothsilkwormgiant-mothforest-mothtropical-mothNeotropical-faunabiodiversityinsect-collectionmuseum-specimenBohart-MuseumAmerican-Museum-of-Natural-Historyentomologylepidopterologysystematicstaxonomynatural-historyfield-studyobservational-studyexperimental-ecologyevolutionary-ecologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-functionfood-webtrophic-interactionherbivoryfolivorytree-insect-interactionphenologyclimate-effectsseasonalityenvironmental-variationhabitat-heterogeneityhost-raceecotypelocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationquantitative-traittrade-offallocationreproductive-allocationparental-investmentoffspring-sizeoffspring-numberoptimal-clutch-sizemate-competitionintrasexual-selectionintersexual-selectionornamentsignalchemical-communicationolfactionsensory-ecologyforagingmovement-ecologydispersalmigrationhome-rangeactivity-patterndiel-cyclecircadian-rhythmphotoperiodtemperaturehumidityrainfallprecipitationdry-seasonwet-seasontropical-seasonalityEl-Niñoclimate-changeglobal-warminghabitat-disturbanceforest-fragmentationdeforestationagricultural-expansionurbanizationconservation-biologythreatened-speciescommon-speciespopulation-declineextinction-riskprotected-areanational-parkbiological-reserveresearch-stationSmithsonian-Tropical-Research-InstituteBarro-Colorado-Island-Nature-MonumentGatun-LakePanama-CanalIsthmus-of-PanamaCentral-American-isthmusland-bridgebiogeographyvicariancedispersal-limitationspecies-rangerange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientthermal-tolerancedesiccation-resistancewater-balancephysiological-ecologymetabolic-rateenergeticsnutritional-ecologystoichiometrynitrogenphosphoruscarbonplant-secondary-metabolitetanninalkaloidterpenoiddefenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defenseherbivore-offensecounter-adaptationcoevolutionevolutionary-arms-racephylogenetic-constraintphylogenetic-signalcomparative-methodphylogenetic-comparative-analysistrait-evolutionreproductive-strategyiteroparitysemelparitybig-bang-reproductionsuicidal-reproductioncapital-breederincome-breederresource-acquisitionresource-allocationstoragefat-bodylipidglycogenproteinamino-acidvitaminmicronutrientdigestiongut-microbiomegut-floraintestinal-microorganismsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogendiseaseimmunityimmune-responsedefense-mechanismresistancetolerancerecoverysurvivalmortalityfecundityfertilitysterilityhybridizationintrogressiongene-flowpopulation-structuregenetic-differentiationFSTisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentlandscape-geneticslandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imageryhabitat-suitabilityspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelMaxEntBIOMODensemble-forecastclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effecttrophic-cascadekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciesrare-speciesfunctional-diversityfunctional-traittrait-based-ecologycommunity-assemblyfilteringsortingneutral-theoryniche-theoryunified-theorymetacommunitymetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsrescue-effectmass-effectpatch-dynamicslandscape-mosaicconnectivitycorridorstepping-stonematrix-qualityedge-effectinterior-forestcore-areabuffer-zonefragment-sizeisolationperimeter-area-ratioshape-indexfractal-dimensionhabitat-amountthreshold-effectextinction-debtrelaxation-timelag-effecttime-delayhistorical-legacyfounder-effectbottleneckgenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionheterosishybrid-vigorgenetic-rescueassisted-migra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n-accessopen-sourceFAIR-datafindableaccessibleinteroperablereusabledata-management-planmetadataprovenancequality-assurancequality-controlvalidationverificationuncertainty-quantificationerror-propagationsensitivity-analysisscenario-analysisMonte-Carlo-simulationBayesian-belief-networkinfluence-diagramdecision-treemulti-criteria-decision-analysiscost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-attribute-utility-theorygame-theorymechanism-designincentive-compatibilityrevelation-principlesocial-choice-theoryvoting-theoryfair-divisioninstitutional-designpolicy-designgovernance-designarchitecturepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancehierarchical-governancemarket-governancecommunity-governancehybrid-governancemeta-governancesteeringrowingregulatory-stateenabling-statepartner-stateentrepreneurial-stateinnovation-statestrategic-statedevelopmental-statewelfare-stategreen-statesustainable-stateresilient-statesmart-statedigital-stateplatform-statealgorithmic-statesurveillance-stateauthoritarian-statedemocratic-statedeliberative-democracyparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyrepresentative-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracygreen-democracyecological-democracybiocracyecofascismdeep-ecologysocial-ecologyecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justiceterritorial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justicereparative-justicetransitional-justiceecological-justicespecies-justicemultispecies-justicemore-than-human-justiceanthropocenecapitaloceneplantationocenechthulucenesymbiocenegood-anthropocenebad-anthropocenegreat-accelerationgreat-divergencegreat-convergencegreat-transformationgreat-decouplinggreat-disruptiongreat-moderationgreat-recessiongreat-depressiongreat-wargreat-faminegreat-migrationgreat-replacementgreat-resetgreat-refusalgreat-enrichmentgreat-levelinggreat-compressionTetropium parvulum
Northern Spruce Borer
Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.
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