Mealybugs
Guides
Azotidae
Azotidae is a small family of chalcidoid wasps containing a single genus, Ablerus Howard, 1894, with approximately 92–94 described species. The family was elevated from subfamily status within Aphelinidae in 1966 and is now recognized as a distinct family in Chalcidoidea. Azotidae are obligate hyperparasitoids that attack primary parasitoids of hemipteran pests, particularly those associated with scale insects (Diaspididae), whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), and mealybugs. Their biology makes them significant tertiary consumers in agricultural food webs.
Kuwaniidae
Kuwaniidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, first described by MacGillivray in 1921. The family comprises approximately 14 described species distributed across four genera: Kuwania, Neogreenia, Neosteingelia, and the extinct genus Hoffeinsia. Members of this family are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea, which includes all scale insects and mealybugs. Kuwaniidae represents one of the lesser-known families of scale insects, with limited biological and ecological documentation available.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
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Pityococcidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, established by McKenzie in 1942. The family comprises at least three genera—Desmococcus, Pityococcus, and the extinct Cancerococcus—with approximately eight described extant species. Members are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects and mealybugs) and share the piercing-sucking mouthparts characteristic of Sternorrhyncha. The family remains poorly studied, with limited ecological and biological data available for most species.
Putoidae
giant mealybugs, putoids
Putoidae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) commonly known as giant mealybugs or putoids. The family contains a single genus, Puto Signoret, 1875, with approximately 60 species distributed mainly in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Putoidae was elevated from Pseudococcidae due to significant morphological differences from other mealybugs. Members of this family are economically important as pests of agricultural crops, including coffee and various cultivated plants.
Steingeliidae
Steingeliidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera, containing approximately 5 genera and 10 described species. The family was established by Morrison in 1927 and is classified within the superfamily Coccidoidea. Members are placed in the infraorder Coccidomorpha alongside other scale insects and mealybugs. The genus *Steingelia* is the type genus, described by Nasonov in 1908.
Xylococcidae
Xylococcidae is a small family of scale insects within the order Hemiptera. The family contains approximately 11 described species across four genera: Xylococcus, Xylococculus, Jansenus, and the extinct genus †Baisococcus. Members of this family are classified within the superfamily Coccoidea, which encompasses scale insects and mealybugs. The family was established by Pergande in 1898.