Mealybug
Guides
Acerophagus
Acerophagus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, first described by Smith in 1880. Species in this genus are primary endoparasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), with several species employed in classical and augmentative biological control programs worldwide. The genus includes notable species such as A. papayae, which has been successfully used to manage the invasive papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Members exhibit koinobiont development and variable reproductive strategies including arrhenotokous parthenogenesis.
Amonostherium
Amonostherium is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) established by Morrison & Morrison in 1922. These insects are soft-bodied, sap-feeding scale insects characterized by waxy secretions that cover their bodies. The genus belongs to the diverse mealybug radiation within the Sternorrhyncha suborder. Available records indicate very few documented observations, suggesting either rarity, restricted distribution, or undercollection.
Amonostherium lichtensioides
Sagebrush mealybug
Amonostherium lichtensioides is a species of mealybug in the family Pseudococcidae, commonly known as the sagebrush mealybug. The species was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1897. It belongs to the genus Amonostherium, a group of scale insects within the order Hemiptera.
Anagyrus californicus
Anagyrus californicus is a small parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae, originally described by Compere in 1947 as Apoanagyrus californicus. It is a specialized parasitoid of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with documented records from California, Arizona, Florida, and Hawaii. The species has been utilized in biological control programs targeting mealybug pests in agricultural systems.
Anagyrus pulchricornis
Anagyrus pulchricornis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae, first described by Howard in 1894. It belongs to a genus widely used in biological control programs targeting mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The species is known from the Caribbean region, with records from Jamaica, the Grenadines, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Like other members of Anagyrus, it likely parasitizes mealybug hosts, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented in the available literature.
Antonina
Antonina is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) within the order Hemiptera. Members of this genus are scale insects that feed on plant sap. The genus is known to be parasitized by encyrtid wasps, including species in the genus Anagyrus. Antonina species are part of the diverse assemblage of mealybugs that inhabit various host plants across their geographic range.
Blepyrus
Blepyrus is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae, subfamily Tetracneminae. Species within this genus are known biological control agents that parasitize mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus includes at least five described species: B. clavicornis, B. insularis, B. kirkpatricki, B. saccharicola, and B. schwarzi. These wasps have been studied for their potential in managing agricultural pests, particularly species attacking economically important mealybugs.
Cheiloneurus
parasitic wasp
Cheiloneurus is a genus of parasitic wasps in the family Encyrtidae. Species within this genus function primarily as hyperparasitoids, attacking other parasitoid wasps that develop within scale insects, mealybugs, and other hemipteran hosts. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including a group of coarse bristles at the apex of the scutellum and a long marginal vein on the fore wings. Cheiloneurus species have been recorded from multiple continents including Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, with some species being utilized or studied for biological control applications.
Crisicoccus taxodii
Bald Cypress Mealybug
Crisicoccus taxodii is a mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae that feeds on bald cypress (Taxodium distichum). It is one of several mealybug species associated with conifers in this genus. The species was described by Kosztarab in 1996 and has been documented in the United States.
Dysmicoccus
mealybugs
Dysmicoccus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae containing at least 110 described species. These soft-bodied scale insects are characterized by white, powdery wax secretions covering their bodies. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of pineapple, sugarcane, and other tropical crops. Some species vector plant diseases, including pineapple wilt. The genus has a pantropical distribution with several species introduced to Florida and other regions as invasive pests.
Dysmicoccus wistariae
Taxus Mealybug
Dysmicoccus wistariae is a mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae, originally described as Pseudococcus wistariae by Green in 1923. It is known by the common name "Taxus Mealybug" and has been recorded from multiple countries across North America, Asia, and Oceania. The species is part of the diverse mealybug fauna that includes approximately 2,000 species globally. Like other mealybugs, it is a soft-bodied scale insect with a waxy covering.
Ferrisia
mealybugs
Ferrisia is a genus of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) established by David T. Fullaway in 1923 with F. virgata as the type species. The genus underwent taxonomic revision in 2012, resulting in recognition of 18 species including eight newly described species, and the transfer of F. floridana to the new genus Pseudoferrisia. Species of Ferrisia are characterized by distinctive morphological features including enlarged dorsal tubular ducts with associated discoidal pores, and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of varying sizes. The genus is native to the Americas but includes species now found worldwide, with F. virgata being a particularly widespread and economically significant pest.
Ferrisia virgata
striped mealybug, grey mealybug
Ferrisia virgata, commonly known as the striped mealybug, is a highly polyphagous pest species in the family Pseudococcidae. First described from Jamaica in 1893, it spread globally within approximately a decade and is now established in all tropical and subtropical zoogeographic regions. The species is recognized by two dark dorsal longitudinal stripes and is a significant agricultural pest with a host range spanning over 203 genera in 77 plant families. It vectors plant badnavirus diseases affecting cocoa and black pepper, and has been demonstrated to acquire but not effectively transmit 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the bacterium associated with citrus huanglongbing.
Gyranusoidea
Gyranusoidea is a genus of encyrtid parasitoid wasps established by Compere in 1947. The genus contains species that are primary parasitoids of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), with several species deployed as biological control agents for agricultural pest management. Gyranusoidea tebygi is the most extensively studied species, introduced from India to West Africa in 1987 to control the invasive mango mealybug Rastrococcus invadens, where it established readily and achieved significant pest suppression. Other species such as G. indica have been reported as parasitoids of additional mealybug pests including Maconellicoccus hirsutus.
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
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Leptomastidea is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), first described by Mercet in 1916. The genus contains approximately 24 described species worldwide, with members distributed across the Nearctic, Neotropical, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions. Species are primary parasitoids of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with some species also attacking eriococcids (Eriococcidae). Several species, particularly L. abnormis and L. dactylopii, have been widely used in classical and augmentative biological control programs against citrus and vine mealybugs. The genus is classified in the tribe Anagyrini based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence.
Leptomastidea abnormis
Leptomastidea abnormis is an encyrtid parasitoid wasp native to the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, with introduced populations in Europe and elsewhere. It is a primary parasitoid of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), particularly the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, and is widely used in biological control programs. Females exhibit size-dependent host selection, preferring second-instar mealybugs but also attacking later instars and adults. The species shows temperature-dependent reproduction, with maximum progeny production at 24°C maintained up to 34°C. Sex allocation follows host quality models, with female-biased sex ratios on larger hosts.
Microterys
Microterys is a large genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), with its center of distribution in the northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Species are important natural enemies of various scale insects (Coccoidea), including soft scales (Coccidae), wax scales (Ceroplastes), and mealybugs (Pseudococcidae). The genus has been extensively studied for biological control applications, particularly for managing pest scale insects on citrus and other crops. Several species have been introduced to new regions as biocontrol agents, including Microterys flavus in California.
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Nipaecoccus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae. The genus includes several economically important pest species, most notably Nipaecoccus viridis (hibiscus mealybug or lebbeck mealybug) and Nipaecoccus nipae (coconut mealybug). Species in this genus are characterized by their white, powdery wax covering and polyphagous feeding habits on a wide range of host plants including citrus, palms, ornamentals, and various fruit and row crops. Nipaecoccus viridis has emerged as a significant invasive pest in Florida since 2009, with documented impacts on citrus, blueberries, hemp, and ornamental plants.
Phenacoccus
mealybug
Phenacoccus is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) containing at least 180 described species. Species in this genus are economically significant agricultural pests, with several species causing major damage to crops including cassava, cotton, and various ornamentals. The genus includes notable invasive species such as Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug), P. solenopsis (cotton mealybug), and P. madeirensis (Madeira mealybug). These insects are characterized by their soft bodies covered with white, powdery wax secretions. Several species have been targets of successful biological control programs, most famously the cassava mealybug control program in Africa that averted a major food crisis.
Phenacoccus aceris
apple mealybug, maple mealybug
Phenacoccus aceris, commonly known as the apple mealybug or maple mealybug, is a widespread polyphagous mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae. Native to Europe, it has become established across the Holarctic region including North America and Asia. The species is a significant agricultural and horticultural pest, feeding on phloem sap of numerous host plants including apple, maple, grapevine, ash, and prickly ash. Recent molecular and morphological studies have revealed that P. aceris represents a species complex containing multiple cryptic species, with taxonomic confusion arising from co-occurring putative species that cannot be reliably separated by host-plant associations alone. The species is also an important vector of grapevine viruses, transmitting six ampeloviruses and two vitiviruses.
Phenacoccus solani
Solanum Mealybug
Phenacoccus solani, commonly known as the solanum mealybug, is a parthenogenetic mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae. It reproduces via thelytokous parthenogenesis, with females producing viable offspring without males. The species has a broad host range including plants in Solanaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Compositae families, and is recognized as a pest of tomato, cotton, and ornamental plants. Historically confused with P. defectus due to morphological similarity, molecular and morphometric analyses confirmed these as conspecific in 2016, with P. defectus synonymized under P. solani. The species has a cosmopolitan distribution spanning the Nearctic, Mediterranean basin, Asia, South America, Africa, Australia, and Pacific islands.
Planococcus
mealybugs
Planococcus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae, comprising economically significant agricultural pests. The genus includes species such as Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug), Planococcus ficus (vine mealybug), and Planococcus minor, which infest a wide range of host plants including citrus, grapevines, and numerous horticultural crops. These insects cause direct damage through phloem feeding and indirect damage via honeydew secretion that promotes sooty mold growth; several species are also known vectors of plant viruses. The genus is characterized by small, soft-bodied insects covered in white, powdery wax secretions, with complex taxonomic histories involving multiple synonymies and cryptic species complexes.
Planococcus citri
citrus mealybug
Planococcus citri, the citrus mealybug, is a highly polyphagous pest native to Asia that has established populations worldwide through human-mediated transport. Adult females are approximately 3 mm long, wingless, and covered in white wax with marginal filaments; males are slightly larger with functional wings. The species reproduces sexually with multiple generations per year, producing ovisacs containing up to 20 eggs. It feeds on phloem sap from over 200 host plant species across 82 families, causing direct damage through sap removal and indirect damage via honeydew secretion and sooty mold growth. It is also a known vector of Cacao swollen shoot virus. The species is difficult to distinguish morphologically from the vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus), requiring microscopic examination of pore and duct arrangements or molecular methods for accurate identification.
Pseudiastata
Pseudiastata is a genus of vinegar flies in the family Drosophilidae, containing approximately 11 described species. The genus was established by Coquillett in 1908 and belongs to the subfamily Steganinae. At least one species has been documented as a predator of mealybugs in agricultural settings.
Pseudococcus
mealybugs
Pseudococcus is a genus of unarmoured scale insects in the family Pseudococcidae, commonly known as mealybugs. The genus contains more than 150 species distributed worldwide. Species in this genus are polyphagous pests of agricultural and horticultural crops, feeding on plant phloem and causing direct damage through sap extraction and indirect damage through honeydew production and sooty mold development. Several species have been introduced to new regions through international plant trade, with some becoming significant invasive pests.
Pseudococcus longispinus
long-tailed mealybug, longtailed mealybug
Pseudococcus longispinus is a cosmopolitan mealybug pest in the family Pseudococcidae. It is distinguished by two long, waxy filaments extending from the posterior abdomen of adult females. The species is a significant agricultural and horticultural pest, particularly damaging to grapevines, citrus, orchids, and tropical fruits. It is a known vector of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), transmitting the virus only during the first instar crawler stage. The species has been observed to develop three generations annually in temperate regions, with complex dispersal patterns shifting from exposed foliage in early instars to protected bark and fruit clusters for reproduction.
Pseudococcus maritimus
grape mealybug, vine mealybug
Pseudococcus maritimus, commonly known as the grape mealybug or vine mealybug, is a scale insect in the family Pseudococcidae that primarily infests grapevines (Vitis vinifera). It has been documented as a vector of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 and, more recently, was confirmed to transmit Little cherry virus 2 to sweet cherry, making it an economically significant pest in tree fruit and vineyard systems. The species is part of a species complex that includes morphologically similar taxa such as Pseudococcus meridionalis. Research indicates limited natural dispersal capacity, with first instars rarely walking between plants and wind dispersal declining sharply with distance from source plants.
Puto
giant mealybugs, Puto scale insects
Puto is a genus of scale insects in the family Putoidae, commonly known as giant mealybugs. The genus was established by Signoret in 1875 and is distinguished by its large body size relative to other mealybugs, dense white wax coating, and distinctive morphological features including cerarii and multilocular disc-pores. Putoidae is recognized as a distinct family separate from Pseudococcidae, representing a transitional evolutionary group between archaeococcoids and neococcoids. Species in this genus are primarily associated with woody host plants in temperate and montane regions.
Stemmatomerinx
Stemmatomerinx is a genus of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) established by Ferris in 1950. The genus includes Stemmatomerinx adenticulata, which was first discovered in Florida in 2010 and represents one of 13 mealybug species introduced to the state since 1998. As a member of the Pseudococcidae family, species in this genus are soft-bodied scale insects covered with white, powdery wax.