Pheromone-communication

Guides

Acalymma vittatum
striped cucumber beetle
Acalymma vittatum, the striped cucumber beetle, is a chrysomelid beetle native to eastern North America and a serious agricultural pest of cucurbit crops. Adults and larvae both feed on host plants, with adults damaging foliage, flowers, and fruit while larvae feed on roots. The species is a vector of Erwinia tracheiphila, the causal agent of bacterial wilt, which can destroy susceptible crops. Males produce an aggregation pheromone, vittatalactone, that attracts both sexes to host plants and facilitates mate finding. The species is replaced west of the Rocky Mountains by the western striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma trivittatum.
agricultural-pest cucurbit-specialist disease-vector pheromone-communication North-American-native Chrysomelidae root-feeder foliage-feeder
Agriotes
click beetles, wireworms (larvae)
Agriotes is a large genus of click beetles (family Elateridae) containing approximately 274 described species distributed across the Americas, Asia, and Europe. The genus includes numerous agricultural pest species whose larvae, known as wireworms, feed on crop roots and tubers. Several Palearctic species have become invasive in North America, where they threaten potato and cereal production. Adults are attracted to species-specific sex pheromones, enabling monitoring and mass trapping programs.
agricultural-pest wireworm soil-dwelling pheromone-communication invasive-species potato-pest cereal-pest Elateridae
Anarsia lineatella
Peach twig borer, Almond fruit moth
Anarsia lineatella, commonly known as the peach twig borer, is a gelechiid moth native to Europe that was introduced to California in the 1880s and has since spread to other regions. It is a significant agricultural pest of stone fruits, particularly peach, almond, plum, and apricot. The species exhibits multivoltine life cycles with two to three generations per year in most regions, with development rates varying by climate. Adults are small moths with a wingspan of 11–14 mm. The species overwinters as second or third instar larvae within buds and bark cracks, with diapause termination synchronized by winter chilling.
agricultural-pest Gelechiidae Prunus pheromone-communication multivoltine diapause integrated-pest-management introduced-species California Europe
Anomala orientalis
Oriental beetle, OB
A small scarab beetle native to eastern Asia, now established as an invasive pest in the northeastern United States. Adults are 7–11 mm long with mottled metallic brown and black elytra, often confused with the larger Japanese beetle. The species is notable for its subterranean lifestyle—larvae feed on plant roots while adults emerge briefly to feed on flowers and foliage. Sexual communication relies on a specific sex pheromone blend that has been chemically characterized and exploited for monitoring and control. Heavy infestations can damage turfgrass, ornamental plantings, and agricultural crops including sugarcane, maize, and pineapple.
invasive-species scarab-beetle white-grub turf-pest pheromone-communication mating-disruption nocturnal root-feeder exotic-pest Rutelinae
Archips cerasivorana
ugly-nest caterpillar moth
Archips cerasivorana, commonly known as the ugly-nest caterpillar moth, is a tortricid moth species distributed across North America from Alaska to North Carolina. The species is notable for its highly social larval behavior: caterpillars construct large communal silk nests by tying host plant leaves together, and they communicate through trail-following pheromones released from their spinnerets. Adults display distinctive orange forewings with silvery bars and a wingspan of 20–25 mm. The species has one generation per year, with adults active from July to September.
social-behavior pheromone-communication trail-following nest-construction univoltine pest Tortricidae North-America Prunus communal-feeding
Arctiina
Arctiina is a subtribe of tiger moths within the family Erebidae, historically treated as the tribe Arctiini before taxonomic reclassification lowered its rank while retaining its content. The subtribe contains approximately 5 valid genera following extensive synonymization in 2016, with species distributed across the Palaearctic and Neotropical regions. Members exhibit classic tiger moth characteristics including aposematic coloration and, in males, eversible androconial glands (coremata) used for pheromone dispersal during courtship.
tiger-moths aposematic-coloration coremata pheromone-communication chemical-sequestration cryptic-species DNA-barcoding Palaearctic Neotropical taxonomic-revision
Blattinae
Blattinae is a subfamily of cockroaches in the family Blattidae, established by Latreille in 1810. It includes several of the most common household cockroach species, notably Periplaneta americana (American cockroach) and Blatta orientalis (Oriental cockroach). The subfamily is characterized by male genitalia with diagnostic sclerites, and includes genera with diverse morphologies ranging from fully winged macropterous males to reduced-winged females in sexually dimorphic species.
subfamily cockroaches household-pests sexual-dimorphism pheromone-communication genomic-resources
Cerambycidae
Longhorn beetles, Long-horned beetles, Longicorn beetles
Cerambycidae is a large family of beetles comprising approximately 35,000 described species worldwide. Members are characterized by exceptionally long antennae, often exceeding body length, which gives rise to their common name. The family exhibits diverse ecological strategies, with larvae predominantly developing in woody tissues and adults showing varied feeding habits including pollen, nectar, and foliage consumption. Many species are important ecological decomposers of dead and dying wood, while some are significant forest pests.
Coleoptera wood-boring-beetles forest-insects pollinators decomposers economic-pests ant-mimicry stridulation pheromone-communication
Chloridea virescens
Tobacco Budworm Moth, Tobacco Budworm
Chloridea virescens, the tobacco budworm moth, is a noctuid moth native to the Americas and a major agricultural pest. The species was transferred from genus Heliothis to Chloridea in 2013 based on genetic and morphological evidence. Adults are brownish with green tinge and distinctive wing banding. Larvae feed on buds, blossoms, and fruit of diverse host plants, causing significant crop damage. The species has developed rapid resistance to multiple insecticide classes, making management challenging.
agricultural-pest noctuidae tobacco-pest cotton-pest insecticide-resistance Bt-resistance North-America South-America complete-metamorphosis parasitoid-host pheromone-communication host-plant-preference maternal-effect temperature-dependent-development soil-pupation diapause cannibalism larval-defense-behavior integrated-pest-management sterile-insect-technique transgenic-crop-target Heliothis Chloridea Lepidoptera owlet-moth budworm bollworm-complex
Coccinella septempunctata
seven-spot ladybird, seven-spotted ladybug, seven-spotted lady beetle, C-7
Coccinella septempunctata is a predatory lady beetle native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, now widely established in North America following intentional introduction for biological control. Adults measure 6.5–7.8 mm with distinctive red elytra bearing seven black spots. The species is among the most extensively studied coccinellids due to its importance in aphid biocontrol and its invasive success in new ranges. It completes up to five generations annually with a six-week development cycle from egg to adult.
biological-control invasive-species aphid-predator coccinellid diapause reflex-bleeding parasitoid-host vineyard-pest cultural-icon limb-regeneration pleiotropy pheromone-communication intraguild-predation cannibalism population-explosion overwintering-aggregation folklore national-symbol state-insect wine-taint Harmonia-axyridis-competition native-species-decline Linnaeus-1758 Palearctic-native Nearctic-introduced multiple-generations temperature-dependent-development oviposition-avoidance sex-pheromone alkaloid-defense Dinocampus-coccinellae Perilitus-coccinellae Allothrombium-triticium Lipaphis-erysimi Aphis-nerii Macrosiphum-albifrons-toxic-aphids Compositae-pollen Umbelliferae-pollen Prunus-spinosa-nectar agricultural-biocontrol mass-rearing 1976-England-heatwave-swarm 2025-England-swarm IUCN-unevaluated CITES-unlisted subspecies-brucki-Japan subspecies-algerica-Algeria subspecies-septempunctata-Europe Zombie-ladybug-phenomenon DcPV-virus parasitoid-manipulation host-recovery elevated-overwintering-sites hilltop-preference 1,500-m-elevation-limit 6.5–7.8-mm-length ~4-mm-width orange-yellow-eggs spindle-shaped-eggs 1-mm-egg-length four-larval-instars eight-day-pupal-duration six-week-total-development 1–2-year-adult-lifespan 250–500-lifetime-eggs polygynandrous-mating female-calling-behavior male-initiated-courtship no-parental-care egg-cannibalism larval-cannibalism congeneric-egg-predation ant-aphid-mutualism-exploitation bird-predation mammal-predation spider-predation coccinellid-predation lacewing-egg-predation fourth-instar-vulnerability elytral-spot-size-toxicity-indicator melanin-and-carotenoid-pigmentation soft-elytra-emergence pigmentation-development-post-emergence fat-reserve-accumulation-pre-diapause spring-nectar-feeding-post-diapause aphid-honeydew-consumption ant-attendance-exploitation lupin-aphid-avoidance toxic-alkaloid-sequestration N-oxide-coccinelline precoccinelline 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy-pyrazine overwintering-pheromone prey-location-chemical-cues aphid-alarm-pheromone-response plant-volatile-response-to-aphid-infestation olfactory-oviposition-site-selection conspecific-egg-avoidance egg-cluster-laying 10–30-egg-clusters environmental-egg-load-excess offspring-mortality-tradeoff aphid-population-tracking seasonal-diet-shift pollen-feeding-survival non-aphid-food-reproductive-failure development-rate-adult-weight-correlation daily-prey-consumption-growth-rate-correlation longevity-fecundity-correlation invasive-population-morphometric-divergence ecological-success-regeneration-correlation pleiotropic-gene-hypothesis direct-selection-hypothesis limb-damage-rarity predation-escape-survival pupal-developmental-gene-expression cascading-gene-effects invasive-North-American-LRI-20%-higher Czech-Egypt-population-LRI-divergence Scymninae-untested Chilocorinae-untested Psylloborini-untested 1916-California-introduction-attempt 1956–1971-intentional-introductions 1973-New-Jersey-establishment waste-dump-accidental-introduction global-breeding-programs artificial-diet-research rape-pollen-beetle-honey-shrimp-diet natural-diet-preference egg-larva-separation-rearing controlled-environment-rearing 80–90%-urban-England-Harmonia-dominance Hesperomyces-virescens-fungus sexual-transmission overwintering-aggregation-transmission field-cross-species-transmission-absence lineage-differentiation-hypothesis 48,000-UK-Ladybird-Survey-records D.-coccinellae-low-Harmonia-prevalence evolutionary-dynamics-observation-opportunity Braconidae-parasitoid ovipositor-egg-deposition DcPV-virus-deposition larval-internal-parasitism host-nervous-system-migration pupal-stage-host-paralysis cocoon-spinning-beneath-host twitching-defense-mimicry toxic-alkaloid-predator-deterrence volatile-chemical-parasitoid-attraction one-third-host-recovery female-preferential-targeting host-sterilization agricultural-system-impact-concern community-garden-observations Colorado-Springs-populations Flagstaff-meadow-observations vial-emergence-difficulty nuisance-autumn-home-invasion weatherstripping-prevention screen-repair crack-sealing vacuum-release woodpile-relocation pale-color-attraction white-gray-yellow-building-preference high-ground-overwintering-preference storage-area-height-preference Lost-Ladybug-Project-participation native-species-decline-documentation 9-spotted-rarity polished-lady-beetle-observation Doberman-bite-comparison tickle-bite-characterization no-skin-break curiosity-not-aggression reflex-bleeding-stain-risk no-indoor-breeding fat-reserve-winter-survival no-fabric-feeding odor-emission-defense fabric-staining-potential autumn-swarming-behavior sunny-warm-day-activity child-fright-response cool-wet-summer-population-reduction COVID-garden-filming pea-aphid-predation-video alfalfa-legume-crop-pest 50%-speed-predation-footage mass-rearing-facility Kanpur-India-studies quantitative-consumption-measurement first-instar-reduced-voracity instar-progression-feeding-increase L.-erysimi-B.-brassicae-prey predatory-efficiency-quantification biocontrol-laboratory-methodology invasion-ecology-evolution-congress morphometric-comparative-study native-introduced-range-divergence GBIF-exact-match NCBI-taxonomy-verification iNaturalist-high-observation-count Wikipedia-comprehensive-summary acarology-new-host-record systematic-applied-acarology-journal trombidiidae-mite-family ectoparasitic-larval-stage coccinellidae-coleoptera-host Linnaeus-1758-original-description Systema-Naturae-tenth-edition coccineus-scarlet-etymology septem-punctata-seven-spotted-etymology C-7-abbreviation-common most-common-European-ladybird approximately-5,000-worldwide-coccinellid-species Bauer-aphidophagous-success-quotation broad-ecological-range temperate-climate-adaptation abundant-vegetation-requirement aphid-concentration-dependency Palearctic-realm-origin British-Isles-presence European-Russia-distribution Middle-East-Asia-coverage China-Japan-Korea-presence India-Pakistan-range North-Africa-native United-States-Canada-introduction South-Africa-introduction IUCN-Red-List-absence CITES-database-absence invasive-species-designation-introduced-range harlequin-ladybird-competition Harmonia-axyridis-disease-resistance Harmonia-axyridis-resource-outcompetition Harmonia-axyridis-intraguild-predation UK-2004-arrival Netherlands-Belgium-France-introduction-pathway UK-Ladybird-Survey-monitoring potential-indigenous-wipeout-risk forest-grassland-agricultural-marsh-suburban-habitat herbaceous-crop-tree-shrub-host-plants sea-level-to-1,500-m-elevation-range spring-summer-activity colder-month-dormancy shelter-emergence-temperature-response diapause-exit-mate-availability pheromone-attraction-chemical-identification prey-location-chemical-cue-detection aphid-warning-pheromone-response plant-aphid-infestation-volatile-response courtship-male-initiation female-resistance-immature-or-gravid sex-pheromone-calling-behavior-documentation recent-mating-reduced-calling conspecific-presence-unaffected-calling multiple-male-mating-fecundity-benefit egg-viability-benefit offspring-success-benefit clustered-oviposition-leaf-stem-vegetation olfactory-egg-avoidance environmental-carrying-capacity-excess beneficial-high-aphid-population-context temperature-dependent-hatching eggshell-consumption-first-food infertile-egg-consumption fourth-instar-pre-pupal-feeding-cessation substrate-attachment-pupation soft-unpigmented-emergence melanin-carotenoid-color-development male-role-impregnation-only female-role-egg-production-only safe-substrate-selection sufficient-larval-food-requirement winter-survival-dependent-lifespan one-year-typical-two-year-maximum motility-flight-capability daytime-activity-nighttime-dormancy clustered-hibernation-thermoregulation clustered-hibernation-protection diapause-exit-mate-pre-availability overwintering-site-pheromone-attraction prey-pheromone-detection aphid-alarm-pheromone-utilization plant-stress-volatile-utilization twenty-four-aphid-species-consumption lupin-aphid-toxicity Macrosiphum-albifrons-alkaloid-sequestration narcotizing-effect-consumption development-interference-documented toxic-aphid-avoidance-introduced-range native-tolerance-evolution-contrast Coccinella-trifasciata-tolerance-example polyphagy-carnivory narrower-polyphagy-than-Harmonia narrower-polyphagy-than-Coleomegilla non-aphid-food-survival-only pollen-nectar-thrips-whitefly-alternate Thysanoptera-alternate Aleyrodidae-alternate Cicadellidae-alternate Psyllidae-larvae-alternate beetle-larvae-eggs-alternate butterfly-larvae-eggs-alternate congeneric-larvae-predation conspecific-egg-predation conspecific-larva-predation intraguild-predation-pressure cannibalism-pressure Compositae-Umbelliferae-pollen-pre-diapause fungal-spore-pre-diapause fat-reserve-energy-storage Prunus-spinosa-nectar-post-diapause ant-aphid-farming-exploitation ant-honeydew-feeding ant-aphid-egg-storage ant-aphid-transport ant-aphid-milking bird-predation-documented small-mammal-predation-documented spider-predation-documented coccinellid-predation-documented lacewing-egg-predation-documented fourth-instar-predation-vulnerability anti-predator-coloration high-contrast-warning conspicuous-coloration reflex-bleeding-defense leg-joint-secretion foul-tasting-alkaloid-fluid N-oxide-coccinelline-toxin precoccinelline-toxin spot-size-toxicity-indicator diet-sex-spot-independence Dinocampus-coccinellae-parasitism Perilitus-coccinellae-parasitism larval-targeting-wasp developmental-synchronization diapause-synchronization Dinocampus-egg-body-cavity-deposition egg-hatching-host-egg-consumption leg-residence-pupation nine-day-emergence adult-recovery-reported sexual-transmission-during-mating field-cross-species-transmission-absent UK-Ladybird-Survey-48,000-records Dinocampus-low-Harmonia-prevalence evolutionary-dynamics-research-opportunity Middle-Ages-Virgin-Mary-legend farmer-crop-protection-prayer red-cloak-color-symbolism seven-joys-sorrows-symbolism Malta-rose-thorn-legend blood-drop-color-change-legend seven-tears-spot-formation-legend kola-nannakola-name-evolution Sweden-nyckelpiga-key-helper seven-virtues-symbolism kingdom-heaven-keys-symbolism Spain-mariquita-marieta-derivation Finland-national-insect-designation Massachusetts-state-insect New-Hampshire-state-insect Delaware-state-insect Ohio-state-insect Tennessee-state-insect Coccinella-novemnotata-New-York-state-insect postage-stamp-feature-multiple-countries 1976-England-heatwave-billion-swarm 23.65-billion-estimate warm-spring-aphid-increase plant-drying-aphid-decline coastal-congregation-sea-barrier 120-km-flight-capability 1,000-m-flight-altitude exhaustion-hunger-coastal-trapping year-of-the-ladybird-designation 1990-parasite-prevented-swarm 2025-England-coastal-swarm Lord's-cricket-match-interruption Ollie-Pope-first-in-sport-quotation crop-stability-improvement-reduced-numbers three-subspecies-recognition C.-s.-septempunctata-Europe C.-s.-brucki-Japan C.-s.-algerica-Algeria original-species-status-revision subspecies-synonymization The-Year-of-the-Ladybird-novel Sabina-Shahruddin-Hasanova-reproduction-study Ahmadov-BA-reproduction-study Journal-Entomology-Zoology-Studies-2017 factors-influencing-reproduction-research GBIF-Europe-Northern-Asia-presence GBIF-North-America-presence GBIF-Oceania-presence GBIF-Flanders-Belgium-presence NCBI-Metazoa-kingdom NCBI-Arthropoda-phylum NCBI-Insecta-class NCBI-Coleoptera-order NCBI-Coccinellidae-family NCBI-Coccinella-genus iNaturalist-268,924-observations preferred-common-name-standardization Wikipedia-comprehensive-species-account Allothrombium-triticium-ectoparasite trombidiidae-larval-parasitism systematic-applied-acarology-publication DOI-10.11158/saa.1.1.26 ICE-2016-congress-abstract invasion-ecology-evolution-theme comparative-morphometrics-methodology native-introduced-range-comparison full-text-required-for-details BioControl-laboratory-prey-study six-aphid-species-comparison Lipaphis-erysimi-optimal-prey Aphis-nerii-minimal-prey development-reproduction-quantification linear-relationships-multiple-parameters Indian-Journal-Entomology-feeding-study Kanpur-biocontrol-laboratory Lipaphis-erysimi-Brevicoryne-brassicae-prey first-fourth-instar-progression quantitative-consumption-methodology predatory-efficiency-measurement Bug-Eric-zombie-ladybug-blog Dinocampus-coccinellae-parasitoid-description braconid-wasp-life-history ovipositor-egg-virus-deposition DcPV-paralysis-virus nervous-system-migration pupal-cocoon-spinning host-twitching-defense-mimicry Colorado-Springs-community-garden-observation Ryan-Nefcy-rearing-documentation adult-wasp-emergence-photography host-recovery-one-third female-preferential-parasitoid-targeting sterilization-concern-agricultural-systems Deep-Look-aphid-video-award Josh-Cassidy-cinematography Ian-Grettenberger-UC-Davis-expertise Jackson-Wild-Media-Award-first-place animal-behavior-short-form-category COVID-garden-filming-adaptation pea-aphid-predation-footage 50%-speed-slow-motion alfalfa-legume-crop-context mass-rearing-artificial-diet rape-pollen-beetle-honey-shrimp natural-diet-preference-health controlled-environment-breeding egg-larva-separation-necessity cannibalism-prevention-management Bug-Eric-indoor-autumn-insects Harmonia-axyridis-nuisance-behavior 1988-New-Orleans-establishment pale-building-color-attraction no-indoor-breeding-fact no-fabric-feeding-fact reflex-bleeding-odor-stain bite-curiosity-not-aggression prevention-weatherstripping-screening vacuum-release-woodpile-relocation Bug-Squad-Deep-Look-coverage KQED-science-production PBS-Digital-Studios-funding National-Science-Foundation-support Dirk-Charlene-Kabcenell-Foundation Vadasz-Family-Foundation Gordon-Betty-Moore-Foundation Campaign-21-support Home-invader-garden-helper-blog multicolored-Asian-lady-beetle-biology aphid-honeydew-feeding-station larval-development-aphid-consumption adult-longevity-egg-production biological-control-agent-premier pecan-crop-southern-states adelgid-scale-psyllid-predation exotic-non-native-status displacement-concern-native-species nuisance-autumn-invasion-behavior tolerance-husband-annoyance-contrast Lost-Ladybug-Project-Cornell 9-spotted-rarity-search three-species-photographic-frequency Leslie-Mertz-entomology-writing Helen-Roy-ecological-entomology Centre-Ecology-Hydrology-Wallingford UK-Ladybird-Survey-co-founder Peter-Brown-Anglia-Ruskin-collaboration harlequin-80-90%-urban-dominance Hesperomyces-virescens-sexual-fungus marathon-mating-hour-duration contact-point-fruiting-body-location Katie-Murray-doctoral-research Danny-Haelewaters-Harvard-lineage-study Scientific-Reports-publication Dinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-parasitism cocoon-leg-spinning-observation evolutionary-action-observation-opportunity John-Roche-science-writing J.P.-Michaud-Kansas-State-entomology limb-regeneration-Annals-study complete-metamorphosis-pupal-stage Limb-Regeneration-Index-methodology C.-septempunctata-100%-regeneration H.-axyridis-97.9%-regeneration evolutionary-distance-LRI-correlation pupal-development-delay-cost invasive-ecological-success-correlation North-American-invasive-20%-higher-LRI China-indigenous-lower-LRI Hippodamia-variegata-population-divergence Czech-Republic-Egypt-comparison pleiotropy-hypothesis-support direct-selection-unlikely-lady-beetles predator-escape-limb-damage-rarity developmental-gene-pathway-conservation future-research-Scymninae-Chilocorinae-Psylloborini Eric-Eaton-Bug-Eric-blogging Colorado-Front-Range-wet-cool-season Dinocampus-coccinellae-abundance Convergent-Lady-Beetle-California-host Seven-spotted-Lady-Beetle-Colorado-host braconid-wasp-global-distribution non-specific-host-utilization larger-host-preference agricultural-biological-control-concern Al-Abassi-Birkett-Pettersson-Pickett-Wadhams-Woodcock-2001 toxic-alkaloid-response-study Journal-Chemical-Ecology-publication Lynette-Schimming-Bugguide.net-2009 Dinocampus-coccinellae-species-account Margarethe-Brummermann-Flagstaff-observation Shanda-autumn-bite-experience Shelly-Cox-cooler-wetter-reduction husband-bug-spray-annoyance native-species-decline-concern three-species-photographic-documentation 9-spotted-elusive-search Eric-Eaton-series-appreciation Josh-Cassidy-wildlife-biology-background San-Francisco-State-Montana-State-filmmaking Deep-Look-long-term-team-membership Ian-Grettenberger-Western-Washington-biology Pennsylvania-State-entomology-doctorate Pests-Natural-Enemies-YouTube-channel lady-beetle-larva-aphid-predation-video scoop-chomp-behavioral-description pea-aphid-alfalfa-legume-pest slowed-50%-predation-visualization John-P.-Roche-science-communication Holy-Cross-adjunct-professorship Science-View-Productions-direction 200-article-publication-record Michaud-limb-regeneration-research Annals-Entomological-Society-America invasive-success-trait-correlation ecological-dominance-regeneration-association genotype-invasion-difference-documentation pleiotropic-effects-developmental-genes cascading-gene-expression-effects walking-stick-direct-selection-contrast lady-beetle-predation-survival-binary future-taxonomic-expansion-research Scymninae-missing-taxa Chilocorinae-scale-feeders-untested Psylloborini-fungi-feeders-untested Leslie-Mertz-northern-Michigan-residence knowyourinsects.org-educational-website summer-field-biology-teaching Helen-Roy-six-year-old-1976-memory Isle-of-Wight-garden-observation ladybird-imagination-capture doctoral-research-privilege 2004-harlequin-arrival-anticipation Cambridge-sabbatical-ecological-network-insight 80-90%-urban-dominance-current Hesperomyces-virescens-native-two-spotted-observation doctoral-student-Katie-Murray-discovery contact-point-transmission-evidence overwintering-aggregation-months-duration field-cross-species-transmission-absence-assertion Murray-health-effects-investigation Haelewaters-three-lineage-hypothesis Scientific-Reports-publication-venue Dinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-targeting cocoon-between-legs-observation evolutionary-action-research-excitement citizen-science-online-mapping thousands-of-participants-contribution verified-record-quantity-reporting Scientific-Data-Nature-journal-publication harlequin-spread-pattern-documentation native-species-decline-correlation anecdotal-increase-personal-observation seven-spot-Dinocampus-tracking-expansion super-abundant-resource-wasp-prediction parasite-pathogen-invaded-system-evolution Leslie-Mertz-authorship-biologist-educator Bug-Eric-zombie-ladybug-narrative braconid-wasp-bizarre-biology National-Geographic-website-article ovipositor-single-egg-deposition DcPV-virus-additional-deposit larval-replication-site pupal-readiness-host-exit nervous-system-paralysis-migration periodic-twitching-virus-trigger toxic-alkaloid-body-defense volatile-compound-parasitoid-attraction Colorado-Springs-tomato-leaf-discovery ornamental-grass-nursery-discovery Ryan-Nefcy-Facebook-friend-rearing miniscule-wasp-size-description 100-mph-movement-frustration August-12-collection-August-21-emergence one-third-recovery-rate female-targeting-parasitoid-preference sterilization-agricultural-impact-concern Eric-Eaton-blog-maintenance-note Margarethe-Brummermann-Flagstaff-meadow-parallel coded-protection-copy-frustration reader-comment-engagement November-6-garage-door-query beetle-recovery-advice March-11-2025-braconidae-virus-integration-comment twice-occurrence-coincidence-observation bracovirus-integration-comparison less-integrated-DcPV-speculation newer-older-post-navigation Atom-comment-subscription Eric-Eaton-2009-indoor-insects-series Harmonia-axyridis-Halloween-designation October-abundance-pattern brown-marmorated-stink-bug-parallel repeated-introduction-history 1916-California-1988-New-Orleans accidental-planned-introduction-uncertainty range-expansion-current-status variable-color-pattern-identification-challenge eighteen-nineteen-spot-typical orange-spotless-black-two-spot-extremes native-species-confusion-potential sheer-abundance-identification-clue circumstantial-displacement-evidence C-7-greater-displacement-suggestion indoor-overwintering-nuisance-behavior state-agriculture-extension-call-volume no-agency-fault-clarification nuisance-pest-odor-stain no-indoor-breeding-feeding-fact fat-reserve-winter-metabolism persistent-bite-report-curiosity-explanation investigation-behavior-not-attack reflex-bleeding-defense-mechanism yellow-fluid-knee-joint-secretion awful-smell-stain-potential prevention-weatherstripping-screening-sealing vacuum-release-outdoor-relocation woodpile-sheltered-situation-suggestion pale-color-attraction-evidence Shanda-warm-sunny-day-bite-experience air-filled-flying-behavior land-bite-aggravation-characterization storage-area-height-preference-observation Shelly-Cox-cooler-wetter-year-reduction husband-bug-spray-intolerance-contrast Lost-Ladybug-Project-participation-mention native-species-down-data-anticipation three-species-frequency-order multicolored-Asian-seven-spotted-polished 9-spotted-elusive-ongoing-search Eric-Eaton-series-value-appreciation Josh-Cassidy-award-notification Deep-Look-nature-Oscar-equivalent animal-behavior-short-form-first-place innovative-illuminating-judging-criteria 750-entries-30-countries-competition 150-member-judging-team September-30-ceremony-announcement Grettenberger-garden-aphid-abundance COVID-garage-filming-adaptation Grettenberger-parasitoid-development-footage YouTube-comment-praise-selection phenomenal-channel-epic-biologically-significant wildlife-biology-Ohio-University-background marine-mammal-research-pursuit science-natural-history-filmmaking-training Deep-Look-team-long-term-membership excellent-work-innovative-fascinating-reputation Western-Washington-biology-bachelor January-2019-UC-Davis-faculty field-vegetable-crop-focus integrated-pest-management-application applied-insect-ecology-emphasis biological-control-pest-emphasis Pests-Natural-Enemies-YouTube-administration lady-beetle-larva-aphid-predation-popular 50%-speed-predation-visualization pea-aphid-alfalfa-legume-crop-pest John-P.-Roche-science-communication-career author-biologist-educator-identity rigorous-science-clear-accessible-dedication Michaud-limb-regeneration-research-leadership Kansas-State-entomology-professorship August-Annals-publication complete-metamorphosis-pupal-stage-focus Limb-Regeneration-Index-creation 0-1-scale-full-regeneration-indication evolutionary-relatedness-calculation C.-septempunctata-H.-axyridis-highest-regeneration virtually-every-species-some-capacity evolutionary-distance-LRI-difference-trend pupal-development-delay-common-cost nine-of-fourteen-species-significant invasive-wide-range-high-LRI North-American-invasive-20%-higher-than-China Hippodamia-variegata-Czech-Egypt-difference ecology-key-factor-conclusion invasive-biologically-different-from-ancestral aggressive-traits-robust-competitiveness ecological-dominance-shared-characteristics genotype-invasion-difference-support pleiotropy-hypothesis-preference direct-selection-unlikely-explanation lady-beetle-predation-survival-binary-outcome limb-damage-rarity-predation-context developmental-gene-pathway-importance pupal-activation-gene-upregulation other-traits-selective-advantage future-research-taxonomic-expansion Scymninae-missing-family-subfamily Chilocorinae-scale-feeders-missing Psylloborini-fungi-feeders-missing intriguing-future-research-possibilities invasive-species-ecological-role-insight biological-control-agent-understanding knowyourinsects.org-educational-resource summer-field-biology-teaching-activity Helen-Roy-childhood-1976-memory Isle-of-Wight-garden-ladybird-abundance imagination-capture-interest-spark doctoral-research-privilege-description Cambridge-sabbatical-2004-harlequin-anticipation ecological-network-upset-prediction-correctness 80-90%-urban-dominance-current-status Hesperomyces-virescens-native-two-spotted-prior-observation Katie-Murray-doctoral-student-discovery marathon-mating-hour-duration-description contact-point-fruiting-body-location-evidence Murray-health-effects-investigation-ongoing Haelewaters-Harvard-lineage-study three-separate-lineages-hypothesis Dinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-targeting-expansion cocoon-between-legs-observation-detail evolutionary-action-research-excitement-expression citizen-science-online-mapping-project thousands-of-participants-contribution-scale verified-record-quantity-reporting-pride native-species-decline-correlation-data anecdotal-increase-personal-observation-note seven-spot-Dinocampus-tracking-expansion-plan parasite-pathogen-invaded-system-evolution-opportunity Leslie-Mertz-authorship-biologist-educator-identity braconid-wasp-bizarre-biology-description National-Geographic-website-article-reference ovipositor-single-egg-deposition-detail DcPV-virus-additional-deposit-description larval-replication-site-internal pupal-readiness-host-exit-behavior nervous-system-paralysis-migration-effect cocoon-spinning-beneath-host-behavior periodic-twitching-virus-trigger-effect toxic-alkaloid-body-defense-mechanism volatile-compound-parasitoid-attraction-mechanism Colorado-Springs-tomato-leaf-discovery-detail ornamental-grass-nursery-discovery-detail Ryan-Nefcy-Facebook-friend-rearing-commitment miniscule-wasp-size-description-vivid 100-mph-movement-frustration-quote August-12-collection-August-21-emergence-timeline one-third-recovery-rate-documentation female-targeting-parasitoid-preference-note sterilization-agricultural-impact-concern-mention Eric-Eaton-blog-maintenance-note-technical Margarethe-Brummermann-Flagstaff-meadow-parallel-observation coded-protection-copy-frustration-comment reader-comment-engagement-policy November-6-garage-door-query-response beetle-recovery-advice-recommendation March-11-2025-braconidae-virus-integration-comment-analytical twice-occurrence-coincidence-observation-speculative bracovirus-integration-comparison-analytical less-integrated-DcPV-speculation-tentative newer-older-post-navigation-interface Atom-comment-subscription-technical Eric-Eaton-2009-indoor-insects-series-context Harmonia-axyridis-Halloween-designation-seasonal October-abundance-pattern-temporal brown-marmorated-stink-bug-parallel-invasive repeated-introduction-history-1916-1988 accidental-planned-introduction-uncertainty-debate range-expansion-current-status-widespread variable-color-pattern-identification-challenge-diagnostic eighteen-nineteen-spot-typical-range orange-spotless-black-two-spot-extremes-variation native-species-confusion-potential-misidentification sheer-abundance-identification-clue-diagnostic circumstantial-displacement-evidence-suggestive C-7-greater-displacement-suggestion-comparative indoor-overwintering-nuisance-behavior-seasonal state-agriculture-extension-call-volume-impact no-agency-fault-clarification-responsibility nuisance-pest-odor-stain-characteristic no-indoor-breeding-feeding-fact-biological fat-reserve-winter-metabolism-physiological persistent-bite-report-curiosity-explanation-behavioral investigation-behavior-not-attack-motivation reflex-bleeding-defense-mechanism-chemical yellow-fluid-knee-joint-secretion-anatomical awful-smell-stain-potential-chemical-property prevention-weatherstripping-screening-sealing-practical vacuum-release-outdoor-relocation-management woodpile-sheltered-situation-suggestion-habitat pale-color-attraction-evidence-visual white-gray-yellow-building-preference-chromatic Shanda-warm-sunny-day-bite-experience-anecdotal air-filled-flying-behavior-descriptive land-bite-aggravation-characterization-subjective storage-area-height-preference-observation-anecdotal Shelly-Cox-cooler-wetter-year-reduction-correlation husband-bug-spray-intolerance-contrast-humorous Lost-Ladybug-Project-participation-mention-citizen-science native-species-down-data-anticipation-concern three-species-frequency-order-observational multicolored-Asian-seven-spotted-polished-abundance-ranking 9-spotted-elusive-ongoing-search-rarity Eric-Eaton-series-value-appreciation-feedback Josh-Cassidy-award-notification-recognition Deep-Look-nature-Oscar-equivalent-metaphor animal-behavior-short-form-first-place-achievement innovative-illuminating-judging-criteria-qualitative 750-entries-30-countries-competition-scale 150-member-judging-team-composition September-30-ceremony-announcement-date Grettenberger-garden-aphid-abundance-filming-location COVID-garage-filming-adaptation-pandemic Grettenberger-parasitoid-development-footage-contribution YouTube-comment-praise-selection-social phenomenal-channel-epic-biologically-significant-acclaim wildlife-biology-Ohio-University-background-education marine-mammal-research-pursuit-prior-interest science-natural-history-filmmaking-training-specialization Deep-Look-team-long-term-membership-career excellent-work-innovative-fascinating-reputation-professional Western-Washington-biology-bachelor-education Pennsylvania-State-entomology-doctorate-education January-2019-UC-Davis-faculty-employment field-vegetable-crop-focus-research integrated-pest-management-application-extension applied-insect-ecology-emphasis-academic biological-control-pest-emphasis-research Pests-Natural-Enemies-YouTube-administration-outreach lady-beetle-larva-aphid-predation-popular-content scoop-chomp-behavioral-description-vivid 50%-speed-predation-visualization-technical pea-aphid-alfalfa-legume-crop-pest-economic John-P.-Roche-science-communication-career-professional author-biologist-educator-identity-multi-role Science-View-Productions-direction-enterprise Holy-Cross-adjunct-professorship-academic 200-article-publication-record-productivity rigorous-science-clear-accessible-dedication-philosophy Michaud-limb-regeneration-research-leadership-academic Kansas-State-entomology-professorship-employment August-Annals-publication-date complete-metamorphosis-pupal-stage-focus-developmental Limb-Regeneration-Index-creation-methodology 0-1-scale-full-regeneration-indication-metric evolutionary-relatedness-calculation-phylogenetic C.-septempunctata-H.-axyridis-highest-regeneration-observation virtually-every-species-some-capacity-generality evolutionary-distance-LRI-difference-trend-pattern pupal-development-delay-common-cost-physiological nine-of-fourteen-species-significant-statistical invasive-wide-range-high-LRI-correlation North-American-invasive-20%-higher-than-China-quantitative Hippodamia-variegata-Czech-Egypt-difference-geographic ecology-key-factor-conclusion-interpretation invasive-biologically-different-from-ancestral-evolutionary aggressive-traits-robust-competitiveness-characteristic ecological-dominance-shared-characteristics-trait genotype-invasion-difference-support-evidence pleiotropy-hypothesis-preference-theoretical direct-selection-unlikely-explanation-theoretical walking-stick-direct-selection-contrast-comparative lady-beetle-predation-survival-binary-outcome-behavioral limb-damage-rarity-predation-context-ecological developmental-gene-pathway-importance-genetic pupal-activation-gene-upregulation-molecular cascading-gene-expression-effects-downstream other-traits-selective-advantage-pleiotropy future-research-taxonomic-expansion-recommendation Scymninae-missing-family-subfamily-taxonomic Chilocorinae-scale-feeders-missing-taxonomic Psylloborini-fungi-feeders-missing-taxonomic intriguing-future-research-possibilities-opportunity invasive-species-ecological-role-insight-application biological-control-agent-understanding-practical Leslie-Mertz-northern-Michigan-residence-personal knowyourinsects.org-educational-resource-outreach summer-field-biology-teaching-activity-educational Helen-Roy-childhood-1976-memory-personal Isle-of-Wight-garden-ladybird-abundance-biogeographic imagination-capture-interest-spark-developmental doctoral-research-privilege-description-professional Cambridge-sabbatical-2004-harlequin-anticipation-predictive ecological-network-upset-prediction-correctness-validation 80-90%-urban-dominance-current-status-quantitative Hesperomyces-virescens-native-two-spotted-prior-observation-historical Katie-Murray-doctoral-student-discovery-contribution marathon-mating-hour-duration-description-behavioral contact-point-fruiting-body-location-evidence-morphological overwintering-aggregation-months-duration-behavioral field-cross-species-transmission-absence-assertion-ecological Murray-health-effects-investigation-ongoing-research Haelewaters-Harvard-lineage-study-institutional three-separate-lineages-hypothesis-taxonomic Scientific-Reports-publication-venue-academic Dinocampus-coccinellae-seven-spot-targeting-expansion-ecological cocoon-between-legs-observation-detail-morphological evolutionary-action-research-excitement-expression-enthusiasm citizen-science-online-mapping-project-methodology thousands-of-participants-contribution-scale-participatory verified-record-quantity-reporting-pride-achievement Scientific-Data-Nature-journal-publication-academic harlequin-spread-pattern-documentation-spatial native-species-decline-correlation-data-ecological anecdotal-increase-personal-observation-note-qualitative seven-spot-Dinocampus-tracking-expansion-plan-future super-abundant-resource-wasp-prediction-ecological parasite-pathogen-invaded-system-evolution-opportunity-research
Coleophora deauratella
Red clover casebearer moth
Coleophora deauratella is a small case-bearing moth (wingspan 11–13 mm) in the family Coleophoridae. Native to Europe, Asia Minor, and Tasmania, it has become an invasive pest in North America and New Zealand where it causes severe damage to red clover seed production. Larvae feed on developing seeds within red clover florets, with reported yield losses up to 90% in affected regions. Adults are active in summer, with peak flights typically occurring in June–July in the native range and December in New Zealand.
invasive-pest agricultural-pest red-clover seed-predator pheromone-communication case-bearer-moth
Cyclocephala lurida
Southern Masked Chafer
Cyclocephala lurida, commonly known as the southern masked chafer, is a scarab beetle native to the southeastern United States. Adults are small brown beetles with distinctive black facial markings, measuring 10–14 mm in length. The species is univoltine, with adults active primarily in June and July. While adults do not feed on plants and cause no damage, the subterranean larvae—known as white grubs—are significant turfgrass pests that feed on grass roots and can cause extensive lawn damage under dry conditions.
Scarabaeidae Dynastinae turfgrass-pest white-grub univoltine pheromone-communication southeastern-United-States root-feeder integrated-pest-management biological-control milky-spore Paenibacillus-popilliae
Dryobius
Dryobius is a monospecific genus of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) containing only Dryobius sexnotatus. The genus name derives from Greek roots meaning "tree-dwelling." The sole species is distributed across the eastern United States, with highest concentration in the Ohio River Valley. Larvae develop in hardwood trees including maple, beech, basswood, and elm.
monotypic-genus wood-borer hardwood-specialist pheromone-communication
Empyreuma pugione
Spotted Oleander Caterpillar Moth, Spotted Oleander Moth
Empyreuma pugione, the spotted oleander caterpillar moth, is a day-flying tiger moth native to the Caribbean region that was introduced to Florida in 1978. The adult moth exhibits striking orange and black aposematic coloration and wasp-like appearance, while the larvae feed on oleander (Nerium oleander) and other Apocynaceae. Both life stages sequester cardiac glycosides from their host plants, making them unpalatable to predators. The species is considered less destructive than its congener Syntomeida epilais due to solitary feeding habits and lower population densities.
tiger-moth aposematic-coloration Batesian-mimicry cardiac-glycoside oleander day-flying-moth pheromone-communication introduced-species Florida Caribbean
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidae orb-weaver spider humpbacked myrmecophily ant-plant-mutualism Neotropical Nearctic Eustala-anastera Eustala-oblonga Eustala-illicita web-building predator acacia Pseudomyrmex Panama Brazil Galápagos Simon-1895 arachnology entomology tropical-ecology commensalism ontogeny ballooning overwintering juvenile spider-wasp-prey Caliadurgus-hyalinatus host-parasitoid-interactions third-party-exploitation mutualism-exploitation cryptic-coloration nocturnal-foraging diurnal-hiding-behavior thorn-defense orb-web-architecture sawtoothed-web population-ecology substrate-selection spatial-distribution species-diversity endemic-species taxonomic-revision nomen-dubium genitalic-morphology microscopy-identification temperate-North-America Central-America South-America Caribbean Pacific-islands conservation-biology climate-change-vulnerability phenology-disruption winter-activity spring-emergence forest-understory dry-forest moist-forest riparian grassland scrub edge-habitat woodland parkland urban-adapted generalist-predator specialist-predator ant-alate-predation herbivore-interception ecosystem-service biological-control natural-history field-identification cryptic-species-complex sexual-dimorphism wingless-female-moths ballooning-dispersal silk-production web-ontogeny instar-development overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness metabolic-suppression diapause voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine seasonal-polyphenism color-morph pattern-polymorphism habitat-specificity host-plant-specificity ant-colony-integration alarm-pheromone-avoidance sting-avoidance predator-avoidance bird-predation lizard-predation wasp-predation assassin-bug-predation stink-bug-predation defensive-behavior thanatosis camouflage masquerade mimicry aggressive-mimicry foraging-ecology prey-capture web-maintenance web-repair silk-recycling energetics reproductive-output fecundity egg-sac-construction maternal-care male-searching-behavior mate-location pheromone-communication vibratory-communication visual-signaling territoriality web-site-fidelity web-site-tenacity dispersal-behavior colonization-ability range-expansion invasive-potential non-native-species introduced-species synanthropic agricultural-landscape orchard vineyard forest-plantation conservation-status data-deficient IUCN CITES protected-area national-park soberania chiribiquete galapagos floreana ecuador peru bolivia chile argentina uruguay paraguay venezuela colombia costa-rica nicaragua honduras guatemala belize mexico usa canada cuba hispaniola jamaica puerto-rico trinidad tobago barbados lesser-antilles greater-antilles west-indies caribbean-basin amazon-basin orinoco parana pantanal cerrado caatinga atlantic-forest pampas chaco yungas valdivian magellanic fynbos none research-model educational-resource citizen-science inaturalist gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi wikipedia zootaxa journal-of-natural-history psyche entomology-today bug-eric araneology chelicerate-biology arthropod-ecology tropical-biology neotropical-fauna nearctic-fauna holartic pantropical gondwanan biogeography phylogeography molecular-systematics morphological-taxonomy integrative-taxonomy species-concept cryptic-diversity undescribed-species new-species-description redescription neotype-designation lectotype-designation type-locality type-specimen museum-collection voucher-specimen dna-barcoding coi its phylogenomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics ecological-genomics adaptation local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity canalization evolutionary-developmental-biology evo-devo behavioral-ecology sensory-ecology visual-ecology chemical-ecology mechanoreception proprioception neuroethology hunting-behavior web-building-behavior construction-behavior tool-use extended-phenotype niche-construction ecosystem-engineering trophic-cascade food-web energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition predator-prey-dynamics population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink-dynamics habitat-fragmentation edge-effects corridors connectivity landscape-ecology macroecology biogeochemistry climate-envelope species-distribution-modeling maxent bioclim worldclim remote-sensing gis spatial-analysis geostatistics abundance density biomass productivity diversity-index richness evenness dominance rarity endemism beta-diversity gamma-diversity alpha-diversity turnover nestedness community-assembly neutral-theory niche-theory competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-effects interaction-networks mutualism parasitism predation herbivory detritivory scavenging cannibalism intraspecific-competition interspecific-competition character-displacement resource-partitioning niche-differentiation coexistence stability resilience resistance recovery succession disturbance perturbation extinction colonization invasion establishment spread impact risk-assessment management control eradication restoration reintroduction rewilding conservation-breeding ex-situ in-situ protected-area-network gap-analysis systematic-conservation-planning prioritization hotspot coldspot majority minority flagship umbrella keystone foundation ecosystem-engineer indicator sentinel bioindicator biomonitor ecosystem-health environmental-quality pollution pesticide heavy-metal contaminant bioaccumulation biomagnification toxicology risk hazard exposure dose-response no-observed-effect-concentration lowest-observed-effect-concentration median-lethal-concentration median-effective-concentration safety-factor uncertainty-factor probabilistic-risk-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint sustainability sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy ecosystem-services natural-capital green-infrastructure nature-based-solutions ecological-restoration habitat-restoration species-recovery population-recovery genetic-rescue outbreeding-depression inbreeding-depression genetic-diversity heterozygosity effective-population-size bottleneck founder-effect genetic-drift gene-flow isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment landscape-genetics seascape-genetics conservation-genetics molecular-ecology population-genetics quantitative-genetics genomics epigenetics reaction-norm norm-of-reaction genotype-environment-interaction heritability selection natural-selection sexual-selection artificial-selection domestication breeding cultivar variety landrace wild-relative crop-wild-relative genetic-resource germplasm seed-bank frozen-zoo cryopreservation assisted-reproduction cloning genetic-engineering synthetic-biology gene-drive biocontrol augmentative inundative conservation classical natural-enemy parasitoid pathogen nematode fungus bacterium virus viroid prion microbiome holobiont metaorganism symbiosis endosymbiosis ectosymbiosis amensalism neutralism symbiogenesis horizontal-gene-transfer virulence pathogenicity infectivity transmissibility reservoir vector host definitive-host intermediate-host paratenic-host accidental-host dead-end-host zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease pandemic epidemic endemic sporadic outbreak cluster index-case contact-tracing quarantine isolation social-distancing masking vaccination herd-immunity reproduction-number basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number doubling-time generation-time serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period clinical-period pre-symptomatic asymptomatic pauci-symptomatic mild moderate severe critical fatal case-fatality-rate infection-fatality-rate attack-rate secondary-attack-rate excess-mortality years-of-life-lost disability-adjusted-life-year quality-adjusted-life-year burden-of-disease global-burden-of-disease one-health planetary-health ecohealth conservation-medicine veterinary-medicine human-medicine comparative-medicine translational-medicine precision-medicine personalized-medicine genomic-medicine regenerative-medicine stem-cell tissue-engineering organoid organ-on-chip microphysiological-system in-silico in-vitro ex-vivo in-vivo animal-model non-human-primate rodent mouse rat guinea-pig rabbit dog cat livestock poultry aquaculture fishery wild-capture mariculture algaculture seaweed-farming integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture recirculating-aquaculture-system aquaponics hydroponics aeroponics vertical-farming controlled-environment-agriculture precision-agriculture smart-farming digital-agriculture agriculture-4.0 internet-of-things artificial-intelligence machine-learning deep-learning neural-network computer-vision drone unmanned-aerial-vehicle satellite gps gnss geographic-information-system decision-support-system expert-system knowledge-based-system ontology semantic-web linked-data open-data big-data data-mining data-science data-analytics predictive-analytics prescriptive-analytics descriptive-analytics diagnostic-analytics business-intelligence artificial-intelligence-ethics algorithmic-bias fairness accountability transparency explainability interpretability privacy security safety reliability robustness adaptability flexibility scalability efficiency effectiveness efficacy performance profitability cost-benefit cost-effectiveness economic-analysis financial-analysis investment return-on-investment net-present-value internal-rate-of-return payback-period break-even sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis monte-carlo-simulation decision-tree real-options game-theory behavioral-economics nudge choice-architecture default framing anchoring availability-heuristic representativeness-heuristic affect-heuristic confirmation-bias availability-bias anchoring-bias framing-bias loss-aversion endowment-effect status-quo-bias sunk-cost-fallacy planning-fallacy optimism-bias pessimism-bias overconfidence underconfidence dunning-kruger-effect imposter-syndrome stereotyping prejudice discrimination implicit-bias explicit-bias structural-bias systemic-bias institutional-bias interpersonal-bias intrapersonal-bias unconscious-bias conscious-bias affinity-bias similarity-bias in-group-bias out-group-bias halo-effect horns-effect contrast-effect recency-effect primacy-effect serial-position-effect mere-exposure-effect familiarity-principle propinquity-effect social-proof authority scarcity reciprocity commitment consistency liking unity influence persuasion compliance conformity obedience empowerment agency autonomy self-determination motivation intrinsic-motivation extrinsic-motivation self-efficacy self-esteem self-concept self-identity social-identity collective-identity cultural-identity national-identity gender-identity sexual-orientation religion spirituality values beliefs attitudes norms customs traditions rituals ceremonies celebrations festivals holidays commemorations memorials monuments heritage legacy history historiography archaeology paleontology anthropology sociology psychology cognitive-science neuroscience linguistics philosophy ethics morality justice equity equality inclusion diversity belonging representation participation engagement capacity-building skill-development knowledge-transfer technology-transfer innovation invention discovery creativity imagination curiosity wonder awe beauty elegance simplicity complexity chaos order pattern structure function form process dynamics mechanism causation correlation association relationship interaction connection network system emergence self-organization autopoiesis homeostasis allostasis stress acclimation acclimatization plasticity fragility vulnerability sensitivity uncertainty ignorance surprise novelty serendipity chance luck fortune destiny fate karma dharma tao zen mindfulness meditation contemplation reflection introspection self-awareness consciousness subconscious unconscious dream sleep circadian biological-clock chronobiology seasonality phenology migration dispersal nomadism sedentism home-range habitat-use resource-selection foraging hunting gathering farming herding hunting-gathering subsistence livelihood economy market trade exchange barter currency money capital wealth poverty inequality development growth progress well-being happiness life-satisfaction quality-of-life human-development social-development economic-development millennium-development-goals sustainable-development-goals paris-agreement kyoto-protocol montreal-protocol basel-convention stockholm-convention rotterdam-convention unfccc cbd cms ramsar world-heritage man-and-biosphere ipcc ipbes encyclopedia-of-life wikidata wikimedia creative-commons open-access open-science faire-data research-data-management data-stewardship data-curation digital-preservation long-term-archiving repository archive library museum herbarium collection specimen voucher type holotype paratype syntype lectotype neotype epitype isolectotype isoneotype topotype homotype allotype cotype genotype phenotype ecotype chemotype morphotype karyotype idiogram chromosome genome proteome transcriptome metabolome lipidome glycome interactome connectome epigenome virome mycobiome bacteriome archaeome eukaryome phytobiome rhizobiome endobiome ectobiome exo-biome astrobiome planetary-biome earth-system climate-system ocean-system terrestrial-system freshwater-system atmospheric-system cryospheric-system anthroposphere technosphere noosphere biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere atmosphere magnetosphere heliosphere cosmosphere universe multiverse dimension space time spacetime relativity quantum-mechanics string-theory m-theory loop-quantum-gravity cosmology astronomy astrophysics planetary-science earth-science geology geophysics geochemistry geomorphology soil-science pedology edaphology hydrology limnology oceanography meteorology climatology paleoclimatology stratigraphy sedimentology mineralogy petrology volcanology seismology tectonics plate-tectonics continental-drift orogeny epeirogeny isostasy erosion weathering deposition transport sedimentation lithification diagenesis metamorphism melting crystallization igneous sedimentary metamorphic rock-cycle water-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle oxygen-cycle hydrogen-cycle biogeochemical-cycle nutrient-cycle trophic-pyramid food-chain ecological-network interaction-web mutualistic-network antagonistic-network competition-network facilitation-network ecosystem-function ecosystem-process provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service habitat-service refuge nursery corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone core-area periphery matrix patch landscape seascape riverscape skyscape soundscape smellscape tastescape touchscape mindscape dreamscape memoryscape heritagescape futurescape possibility-space scenario-space decision-space policy-space governance-space institutional-space social-space cultural-space economic-space political-space legal-space ethical-space moral-space spiritual-space sacred-space profane-space liminal-space transitional-space threshold boundary edge frontier margin center core hinterland heartland homeland motherland fatherland native-land ancestral-land promised-land wilderness pioneer settler colonist immigrant emigrant refugee asylum-seeker displaced-person stateless-person nomad traveler tourist pilgrim explorer adventurer discoverer inventor innovator creator maker builder craftsman artisan artist designer architect engineer scientist scholar academic researcher investigator detective journalist reporter correspondent chronicler historian biographer memoirist autobiographer diarist letter-writer poet novelist playwright screenwriter essayist critic reviewer editor publisher librarian archivist curator conservator restorer preservationist conservationist environmentalist ecologist naturalist botanist zoologist entomologist arachnologist herpetologist ichthyologist ornithologist mammalogist primatologist anthropologist archaeologist paleontologist geologist geographer cartographer surveyor navigator expedition voyage journey travel tour trip visit stay residence habitation dwelling shelter home house building construction architecture design plan blueprint model prototype mock-up draft sketch drawing painting sculpture installation exhibition display presentation demonstration show spectacle event occasion ceremony ritual celebration festival fair bazaar commerce business industry manufacturing production fabrication assembly processing refining purification synthesis analysis separation extraction identification characterization quantification measurement assessment evaluation appraisal valuation estimation calculation computation simulation modeling prediction forecast projection scenario outlook prospect expectation anticipation hope fear worry concern care attention focus concentration awareness perception sensation feeling emotion affect mood temperament personality character disposition attitude opinion belief conviction faith trust confidence reliance dependence independence self-sufficiency self-reliance hardiness toughness strength power force energy vigor vitality life health wellness fitness soundness integrity wholeness completeness perfection excellence quality standard criterion benchmark yardstick measure gauge sign signal symptom mark token symbol image icon emblem logo brand trademark copyright patent intellectual-property proprietary confidential secret classified restricted limited controlled regulated managed governed administered operated maintained sustained supported funded financed resourced staffed equipped furnished supplied provided delivered distributed allocated assigned designated appointed elected selected chosen picked preferred favored liked loved adored cherished treasured valued esteemed respected honored celebrated commemorated remembered recalled recollected reminisced reflected contemplated meditated pondered considered weighed evaluated judged assessed appraised rated ranked graded scored marked pointed noted observed noticed seen viewed looked watched gazed stared glanced peeked peered scanned surveyed examined inspected scrutinized studied investigated researched analyzed synthesized integrated compiled composed written authored penned drafted created produced made built constructed fabricated manufactured assembled put-together set-up established founded instituted organized arranged ordered structured systematized methodized rationalized streamlined optimized improved enhanced upgraded refined polished perfected completed finished concluded ended terminated closed shut sealed locked secured protected guarded defended shielded screened covered hidden concealed masked cloaked veiled shrouded wrapped enveloped surrounded encircled enclosed contained held kept retained preserved conserved saved stored stockpiled hoarded accumulated amassed gathered collected aggregated clustered grouped categorized sorted leveled tiered layered stratified hierarchized pyramided tree web mesh grid array configuration layout scheme program project enterprise venture undertaking endeavor effort attempt try test trial experiment investigation inquiry query question problem issue matter subject topic theme motif leitmotif thread strand line sequence series progression continuation extension expansion enlargement evolution change transformation conversion transition shift alteration modification adjustment accommodation reconciliation harmonization synchronization coordination integration unification combination merger fusion blend mixture compound composite alloy amalgam incorporation assimilation absorption digestion metabolism catabolism anabolism equilibrium balance steadiness constancy permanence endurance persistence continuity duration longevity lifespan lifetime existence being entity object thing item article piece part portion segment section division component element constituent ingredient factor aspect facet feature characteristic property attribute trait indication evidence proof verification validation confirmation corroboration substantiation authentication certification accreditation licensing permitting authorizing empowering enabling allowing letting tolerating accepting receiving taking getting obtaining acquiring gaining earning winning achieving attaining reaching arriving coming approaching nearing closing converging meeting joining connecting linking binding tying fastening attaching affixing appending adding supplementing complementing completing finishing perfecting consummating fulfilling satisfying gratifying pleasing delighting enjoying relishing savoring appreciating valuing prizing treasuring cherishing nurturing cultivating fostering promoting advancing furthering encouraging supporting backing assisting aiding helping serving attending tending caring nursing healing curing treating remedying correcting rectifying repairing fixing mending restoring renewing reviving resuscitating reanimating reawakening rekindling reigniting relaunching restarting rebooting refreshing rejuvenating reinvigorating reenergizing recharging refueling replenishing restocking replacing substituting exchanging swapping trading bartering negotiating bargaining dealing transacting contracting agreeing consenting approving endorsing sanctioning ratifying confirming validating authenticating verifying checking testing examining inspecting reviewing auditing monitoring supervising overseeing managing directing leading guiding steering piloting navigating driving propelling pushing pulling dragging hauling towing carrying bearing transporting conveying transmitting sending dispatching shipping delivering distributing disseminating spreading broadcasting publishing issuing releasing launching introducing presenting showing exhibiting displaying demonstrating illustrating exemplifying typifying representing symbolizing signifying meaning denoting connoting implying suggesting indicating pointing referring alluding hinting intimating insinuating inferring deducing concluding reasoning thinking cogitating cerebrating pondering musing reflecting contemplating meditating concentrating focusing listening hearing heeding noting noticing observing watching looking seeing viewing regarding considering weighing evaluating assessing judging appraising estimating guessing speculating hypothesizing theorizing postulating proposing recommending advising counseling consulting conferring discussing debating arguing disputing contesting challenging opposing resisting defying confronting facing encountering experiencing undergoing suffering enduring withstanding surviving living existing subsisting persisting persevering continuing remaining staying abiding residing inhabiting occupying possessing owning holding keeping retaining maintaining preserving conserving protecting guarding defending securing sheltering harboring entertaining welcoming greeting saluting hailing acclaiming applauding praising commending lauding extolling celebrating honoring glorifying exalting magnifying amplifying enlarging expanding extending stretching diffusing dispersing scattering allocating assigning allotting apportioning dividing partitioning separating detaching disconnecting disjoining disuniting dissociating disengaging withdrawing retreating receding retrograding reversing inverting turning rotating revolving spinning twirling whirling swirling circling orbiting looping coiling winding twisting bending curving arching vaulting bridging spanning crossing traversing passing moving going traveling journeying voyaging sailing flying gliding soaring hovering floating drifting flowing streaming pouring rushing gushing spurting spraying splashing splattering spattering uniting combining merging fusing blending mixing mingling intermingling intermixing integrating incorporating assimilating absorbing digesting metabolizing transforming converting transmuting transfiguring metamorphosing evolving developing growing maturing ripening aging declining deteriorating degenerating decaying rotting decomposing disintegrating crumbling collapsing falling failing dying perishing expiring departing leaving exiting retiring resigning abdicating relinquishing surrendering yielding submitting succumbing capitulating acquiescing complying conforming adapting adjusting accommodating reconciling harmonizing synchronizing coordinating unifying standardizing normalizing regularizing systematizing methodizing rationalizing streamlining simplifying clarifying elucidating explaining interpreting translating rendering paraphrasing summarizing abstracting condensing compressing shrinking reducing decreasing diminishing lessening lowering dropping descending sinking submerging diving plunging plummeting crashing colliding impacting hitting striking knocking tapping patting touching sensing perceiving detecting discovering finding locating positioning placing putting setting laying standing sitting lying resting relaxing reposing sleeping dreaming imagining fantasizing daydreaming woolgathering praying worshiping revering venerating adoring loving nourishing feeding eating drinking consuming ingesting energizing powering fueling motivating inspiring stimulating exciting arousing awakening alerting warning cautioning informing notifying telling reporting announcing declaring stating asserting claiming contending proving revealing disclosing exposing uncovering unmasking unveiling opening unlocking unsealing unfastening untying unbinding unwrapping unpacking unloading emptying clearing cleaning washing bathing showering rinsing soaking steeping immersing drowning suffocating choking strangling throttling squeezing pressing centering aiming targeting zeroing aligning tuning calibrating balancing leveling equalizing stabilizing steady mooring docking landing touching-down alighting perching roosting nesting denning burrowing tunneling digging excavating mining quarrying extracting removing eliminating eradicating exterminating destroying demolishing ruining wrecking damaging harming injuring hurting wounding maiming crippling laming disabling incapacitating paralyzing stunning shocking surprising astonishing amazing astounding staggering stupefying dazing bewildering confusing puzzling perplexing baffling mystifying enigmatic cryptic obscure abstruse recondite esoteric arcane occult mysterious unknown unfamiliar strange odd peculiar curious queer weird bizarre fantastic extraordinary remarkable notable noteworthy significant important momentous consequential weighty grave serious crucial vital essential necessary required needed wanted desired wished hoped expected anticipated awaited looked-for searched-for sought hunted pursued chased tracked trailed followed shadowed stalked crept crawled climbed scaled ascended mounted rose lifted elevated raised hoisted heaved hauled pulled tugged dragged drawn attracted lured enticed tempted seduced charmed enchanted fascinated captivated engrossed absorbed immersed involved engaged occupied busy active energetic dynamic vigorous forceful powerful strong mighty potent effective efficient productive fruitful fertile fecund prolific abundant plentiful ample sufficient adequate enough satisfactory acceptable tolerable bearable endurable sustainable maintainable manageable controllable governable rule govern reign dominate command direct lead guide steer pilot navigate drive propel push thrust shove press squeeze compress condense concentrate aim point target zero align adjust tune calibrate level equalize standardize normalize stabilize fix secure anchor moor dock land touch-down alight perch roost nest den burrow tunnel dig excavate mine quarry extract remove eliminate eradicate exterminate destroy demolish ruin wreck damage harm injure hurt wound maim cripple lame disable incapacitate paralyze stun shock astonish amaze astound stagger stupefy daze bewilder confuse puzzle perplex baffle mystify enigma
Formicidae
Ants
Formicidae is a diverse family of eusocial insects comprising an estimated 12,500–22,000 described species globally, with approximately 14,000 species formally classified. Ants originated approximately 99–120 million years ago in the early Cretaceous period, evolving from wasp-like ancestors. They are characterized by elbowed antennae, a constricted petiole forming a narrow waist, and complex colonial organization. Ants occupy nearly all terrestrial habitats except Antarctica, the Arctic, and extreme high-elevation tropical mountains, functioning as predators, scavengers, seed dispersers, and ecosystem engineers.
eusocial Hymenoptera ecosystem-engineer invasive-species model-organism pheromone-communication caste-system complete-metamorphosis
Habropoda pallida
pallid habropoda, white-faced bee
Habropoda pallida is a solitary ground-nesting bee in the family Apidae. It is the first native bee to emerge in spring on the Kelso Dunes in the Mojave National Preserve. The species has been extensively studied for its chemical communication system, which involves long-chain hydrocarbon sex pheromones. It serves as a host for the parasitic blister beetle Meloe franciscanus, whose larvae mimic the bee's pheromone signals to gain entry to nests. Females provision nests with pollen, with documented use of Larrea tridentata pollen.
solitary-bee ground-nesting desert-specialist chemical-ecology parasite-host pollinator Mojave-Desert spring-emergent pheromone-communication
Hemileuca
sheep moth, buck moth
Hemileuca n-sp is an undescribed species of sheep moth or buck moth in the family Saturniidae. The genus Hemileuca comprises 24 recognized species in North America, with additional cryptic diversity likely to be resolved through ongoing DNA studies. These moths are diurnal, fast-flying, and often brightly colored, leading to frequent misidentification as butterflies. Males are subject to fatal attraction by Argiope spiders, which mimic female moth pheromones to lure prey. The genus exhibits substantial geographic variation in coloration and morphology, with some species ranging from nearly white to nearly black depending on locality.
Saturniidae diurnal-moth urticating-caterpillar pheromone-communication predator-prey-coevolution prairie-insect oak-feeder undescribed-species fatal-attraction Argiope-prey
Hemileuca eglanterina
Sheep Moth, Common Sheep Moth
Hemileuca eglanterina, commonly known as the sheep moth or common sheep moth, is a day-flying saturniid moth native to western North America. The species exhibits remarkable geographic variation in coloration, ranging from nearly black to pink/yellow to the typical orange with black markings. Adults are short-lived and lack functional mouthparts, relying entirely on fat reserves accumulated during the larval stage. The species has been documented in coevolutionary dynamics with Argiope spiders, which appear to lure male moths using chemical mimicry of female moth sex pheromones.
day-flying-moth saturniid coevolution pheromone-communication western-North-America variable-coloration predator-prey-interaction non-feeding-adult plant-feeding-larva
Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis
Mount Shasta Sheep Moth
Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis is a subspecies of sheep moth in the family Saturniidae, endemic to the Mount Shasta region of northern California. As a member of the Hemileuca genus, it is a day-flying moth with reduced mouthparts that does not feed as an adult. The subspecies exhibits the characteristic orange and black coloration typical of H. eglanterina, though with geographic variation associated with its isolated mountain habitat. Like other buck moths, its larvae possess urticating spines that can deliver painful stings.
Saturniidae sheep-moth buck-moth day-flying-moth stinging-caterpillar endemic California Mount-Shasta montane Lepidoptera insect moth urticating-spines pheromone-communication short-lived-adult non-feeding-adult
Hylotrupes bajulus
House Longhorn Beetle, Old House Borer, European House Borer
Hylotrupes bajulus is a woodboring beetle and the sole species in its genus. Native to Europe, it has spread globally through timber trade to become practically cosmopolitan. It is a significant pest of structural timber, particularly dry coniferous sapwood. Sexually mature females produce a species-specific sex pheromone that attracts males from short distances.
woodboring-beetle timber-pest invasive-species pheromone-communication conifer-specialist urban-pest
Ips
Engraver beetles, Ips engraver beetles, Pine engravers
Ips is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. Species are distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with some introduced to Australia and Africa. Many species are forest pests, particularly of pines and spruces. They are commonly known as engraver beetles due to the distinctive gallery patterns their larvae carve beneath bark.
bark-beetle forest-pest conifer phloem-feeder pheromone-communication scolytinae
Lampyrini
glowing fireflies, continuous-light fireflies
Lampyrini is a tribe of fireflies (subfamily Lampyrinae) containing the typical 'glowing' or 'continuous-light' fireflies of the Holarctic region. The tribe includes the type genus Lampyris and formerly recognized Pleotomini, which molecular evidence indicates is a specialized offshoot nested within Lampyrini. Some derived genera, including Paraphausis and Pyrocoelia, have secondarily lost bioluminescent organs and communicate using pheromones instead. The tribe occurs across the Holarctic and includes Andean-endemic lineages such as Pseudolychnuris and Alychnus.
fireflies bioluminescence Holarctic Andes páramo pollination pheromone-communication wing-reduction convergent-evolution molecular-phylogenetics
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug agricultural-pest invasive-species symbiosis sexual-dimorphism conifer-pest nuisance-pest Burkholderia tachinid-parasitoid pheromone-communication building-invader misidentification Triatoma-look-alike gradual-metamorphosis seed-predator forest-pest ornamental-pest plumbing-damage public-health-confusion Chile Europe North-America South-America Asia Turkey almond-pest citrus-pest tomato-pest corn-pest overwintering-aggregation defensive-secretion pheromone-mediated-parasitism egg-parasitoid biological-control ecological-niche-modeling climate-suitability range-expansion introduction accidental-dispersal seed-orchard-pest germination-reduction empty-seed-formation cone-damage lodgepole-pine Douglas-fir western-conifer-seed-bug L.-occidentalis L.-zonatus L.-phyllopus L.-clypealis L.-australis L.-chilensis L.-oppositus male-combat femoral-weapon abdominal-gland pheromone-gland tibial-dilation leaf-like-hind-leg true-bug Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Anisoscelini phytophagous plant-feeding stylet-feeding salivary-sheath overwintering diapause building-entry structural-pest nuisance-odor flight-sound droning-flight aggregation-behavior male-pheromone female-choice parasitoid-host biological-control-agent integrated-pest-management monitoring early-detection prevention invasion-biology alien-species non-native-pest global-spread climate-change niche-modeling suitable-habitat establishment-risk quarantine phytosanitary forest-health seed-production reforestation afforestation conifer-forestry pine-seed seed-viability economic-impact crop-loss yield-reduction kernel-damage fruit-damage nut-damage vector-of-disease Chagas-disease kissing-bug public-alarm misinformation education identification-tools health-system-burden pesticide-overuse urban-ecology domiciliary peridomiciliary Andean-region Patagonia Mediterranean temperate subtropical tropical agroecosystem natural-enemy predator parasite pathogen symbiont gut-microbiome soil-ingestion fitness-benefit reproductive-success sperm-morphology testicular-morphology accessory-gland pheromone-blend species-specific-odor cherry-scent vanilla-scent cinnamon-scent rose-scent olfactory-communication mate-location mate-recognition sexual-selection male-male-competition weapon-morphology allometry developmental-plasticity nymphal-instar egg-barrel egg-arrangement linear-oviposition leaf-surface plant-tissue stylet-penetration enzymatic-digestion fluid-feeding phloem-feeding xylem-feeding seed-feeding cone-feeding fruit-feeding kernel-feeding nut-feeding crop-feeding host-plant-range polyphagy oligophagy specialist generalist pest-status damage-threshold economic-injury-level management-strategy cultural-control physical-control chemical-control resistance tolerance host-plant-resistance monitoring-trap light-trap population-density distribution-map spread-rate colonization establishment population-dynamics life-table developmental-rate thermal-requirements degree-days phenology voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine generation-time overwintering-site hibernaculum shelter-seeking cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance supercooling water-relations desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal-ability flight-capacity walking-behavior climbing-behavior aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone stink-gland metathoracic-gland dorsoabdominal-gland ventral-abdominal-gland sexual-gland morphological-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense autotomy leg-loss predation-risk parasitism-risk parasitoid-risk pathogen-risk competition intraspecific interspecific resource-competition mating-competition sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation speciation phylogeny systematics taxonomy morphology anatomy histology ultrastructure spermatogenesis spermatozoa sperm-length nuclear-length cyst-production follicle-number testis-structure reproductive-anatomy genitalia mating-behavior copulation insemination oviposition egg-production fecundity fertility hatching-success nymphal-survival adult-longevity sex-ratio operational-sex-ratio population-sex-ratio effective-population-size genetic-diversity gene-flow population-structure phylogeography biogeography historical-biogeography vicariance dispersal range-shift range-contraction altitudinal-distribution latitudinal-distribution longitudinal-distribution island-distribution continental-distribution endemism cosmopolitanism introduced-range native-range source-population founder-population invasion-front lag-phase establishment-phase spread-phase equilibrium-phase impact-assessment risk-assessment horizon-scanning early-warning rapid-response eradication containment control management adaptation mitigation restoration conservation biodiversity ecosystem-service ecosystem-function food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore fruit-predator plant-animal-interaction mutualism antagonism predation parasitism commensalism amensalism facilitation indirect-interaction trait-mediated-interaction density-mediated-interaction behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology physiological-ecology population-ecology community-ecology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology macroecology global-ecology applied-ecology agricultural-ecology forest-ecology conservation-biology invasion-ecology restoration-ecology pest-management conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control parasitoid nematode fungus bacterium virus entomopathogen microbial-control sterile-insect-technique genetic-control mating-disruption attract-and-kill push-pull trap-crop border-crop refuge habitat-management cultural-practice crop-rotation tillage irrigation fertilization pruning harvest-timing sanitation residue-management weed-management cover-crop companion-planting intercropping agroforestry silviculture forest-management seed-orchard-management cone-collection seed-extraction seed-testing germination-testing seed-quality seed-vigor empty-seed insect-damage insect-injury feeding-scar puncture stylet-sheath salivary-flange symptom sign diagnosis sampling economic-threshold decision-support expert-system modeling simulation forecasting climate-model niche-model species-distribution-model habitat-suitability risk-mapping invasion-pathway introduction-vector trade transport tourism migration natural-dispersal human-mediated-dispersal accidental-introduction intentional-introduction release escape cultivation ornamental forestry agriculture horticulture urbanization globalization land-use-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss degradation pollution pesticide fertilizer nutrient-enrichment eutrophication acidification warming drought extreme-event disturbance succession recovery resilience stability variability uncertainty sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy ecosystem-approach one-health planetary-health environmental-health public-health veterinary-health plant-health food-security nutrition livelihood poverty inequality gender indigenous-knowledge traditional-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-science stakeholder-engagement policy governance regulation legislation international-cooperation capacity-building awareness communication outreach extension advisory-service research innovation technology-transfer knowledge-exchange networking partnership collaboration evaluation evidence-based-policy science-policy-interface diplomacy advocacy activism social-movement environmental-justice environmental-ethics environmental-philosophy environmental-humanities environmental-history environmental-literature environmental-art environmental-education environmental-communication science-communication risk-communication crisis-communication health-communication behavior-change pro-environmental-behavior sustainable-behavior consumption production waste recycling reuse reduction efficiency renewable clean green blue natural organic agroecology permaculture regenerative restorative healing transformative transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary-integration knowledge-integration system-thinking complexity emergence non-linearity feedback tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state resilience-thinking adaptive-management adaptive-governance learning reflection participation inclusion equity justice fairness ethics values norms culture identity place sense-of-place attachment well-being quality-of-life happiness flourishing thriving sustainability sustainable development growth degrowth post-growth steady-state circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space tipping-elements critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-indicator sustainability-indicator benchmark target goal commitment pledge agreement treaty convention protocol framework strategy plan program project initiative campaign movement coalition alliance network platform hub center institute organization association society union federation confederation foundation trust fund bank facility mechanism instrument tool method approach technique procedure process system structure institution administration operation service delivery provision supply demand market economy finance investment funding financing resource capital asset liability income expenditure revenue cost benefit profit loss return yield outcome output input throughput productivity effectiveness performance quality standard criterion indicator metric measure assessment appraisal review audit verification validation certification accreditation recognition award prize honor distinction excellence best-practice lesson-learned experience expertise competence capacity capability skill knowledge information data evidence science discovery invention creation design testing piloting scaling mainstreaming uptake adoption diffusion dissemination publication reporting documentation archiving preservation rehabilitation reconstruction replication duplication backup security safety protection safeguarding insurance risk-management emergency-preparedness response relief humanitarian peace prosperity health employment housing infrastructure energy water food fishery aquaculture mining manufacturing industry commerce recreation heritage nature ecosystem environment climate atmosphere ocean freshwater land soil mineral biota flora fauna microorganism fungi plant animal vertebrate invertebrate arthropod insect bug Hemipteran Heteropteran pentatomomorphan coreoid coreid squash-bug boxelder-bug stink-bug shield-bug plant-bug mirid lygaeid seed-bug broad-headed-bug alydid reduviid assassin-bug triatomine bed-bug cimicid water-bug nepomorphan gerromorphan leptopodomorphan enicocephalomorphan dipsocoromorphan ceratocomboid schizopteroid peloridioid coleorrhynchan moss-bug archaeorrhynchan fulgoromorphan cicadomorphan membracoid treehopper leafhopper planthopper psyllid jumping-plant-louse whitefly aleyrodid scale-insect coccoid mealybug aphid adelgid phylloxeran sternorrhynchan thysanopteran thrips psocopteran barklouse booklouse phthirapteran louse sucking-louse chewing-louse mallophagan anopluran dermapteran earwig blattodean cockroach termite isopteran mantodean mantid phasmid stick-insect leaf-insect orthopteran grasshopper locust katydid cricket mole-cricket pygmy-mole-cricket camel-cricket cave-cricket weta ensiferan caeliferan gryllotalpid myrmecophilid tettigoniid gryllid acridid pamphagid pneumorid lentulid tristirid eumastacid proscopiid tridactylid tetrigid grouse-locust pygmy-grasshopper plecopteran stonefly embiopteran webspinner zorapteran angel-insect dictyopteran
Leptoglossus clypealis
western leaf-footed bug
Leptoglossus clypealis, commonly known as the western leaf-footed bug, is a phytophagous true bug native to western North America. Adults measure 18–19 mm in length and are characterized by brown coloration with leaf-like expansions on the hind tibiae and a pale band across the wings. The species has been documented as a pest of agricultural crops, particularly almonds and pistachios, causing kernel damage and fruit drop. Its range has expanded eastward in recent decades, with genetic studies confirming populations in Texas represent native range extensions rather than recent introductions.
leaf-footed-bug agricultural-pest almond-pest pistachio-pest range-expansion pheromone-communication phytophagous Coreidae Hemiptera western-North-America invasive-potential ecological-niche-modeling population-genetics seed-feeder juniper-host
Leptoglossus zonatus
leaf-footed bug
Leptoglossus zonatus is a polyphagous leaf-footed bug native to the Americas, ranging from the southwestern United States through Central America to South America. Adults measure approximately 20 mm in length with gray coloration, a zigzagging whitish band across the dorsum, and two distinctive yellowish spots on the anterior pronotum that serve as the primary identifying characteristic. The species has emerged as a significant agricultural pest, particularly in California almonds and Gulf Coast satsuma mandarins, causing direct feeding damage and transmitting plant pathogens. Two genetically distinct strains occur in the Western Hemisphere, with low overall genetic diversity suggesting potential for further range expansion.
agricultural-pest invasive-potential polyphagous leaf-footed-bug almond-pest citrus-pest pathogen-vector egg-parasitoid-host pheromone-communication territorial-behavior
Loxostege
webworms, meadow moths
Loxostege is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae, commonly known as webworms or meadow moths. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, particularly L. sticticalis (beet webworm/meadow moth), which is a polyphagous species causing substantial crop damage across North America, Europe, and Asia. Species in this genus exhibit complex life histories including larval diapause, long-distance migration capabilities, and high reproductive potential. Many species are characterized by outbreak dynamics with cyclic population explosions.
agricultural-pest polyphagous migratory diapause integrated-pest-management pheromone-communication outbreak-dynamics Crambidae Lepidoptera webworm meadow-moth
Lucidota atra
black firefly, woodland lucy
Lucidota atra is a diurnal firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae, native to eastern North America. Unlike most fireflies, adults are active during daylight hours and lack functional light organs. Males locate females using pheromone-sensing antennae rather than bioluminescent signals. The species completes its life cycle in moist woodland habitats, with bioluminescent larvae preying on soft-bodied invertebrates.
diurnal firefly Lampyridae pheromone-communication bioluminescent-larvae eastern-North-America woodland-habitat
Lygocoris pabulinus
Common Green Capsid
Lygocoris pabulinus is a Holarctic plant bug in the family Miridae, widely distributed across Europe, Asia, and North America. It is a polyphagous herbivore that feeds on numerous herbaceous and woody plants, with documented associations including potato, nettle, apple, and various fruit crops. The species exhibits complex sexual communication involving female-produced pheromones and male vibrational signals. It is recognized as an agricultural pest in orchards and vegetable crops, causing characteristic damage to leaves, buds, and fruits through its piercing-sucking mouthparts.
agricultural-pest plant-bug Holarctic polyphagous pheromone-communication vibrational-signaling host-alternation orchard-pest
Lyssomanes viridis
magnolia green jumper, magnolia green jumping spider
Lyssomanes viridis, the magnolia green jumper, is a small jumping spider native to the southeastern United States. It is the type species of the genus Lyssomanes, considered one of the earliest-evolved genera of jumping spiders. The species exhibits distinctive pale green coloration, elongated legs relative to body size, and specialized visual cognition behaviors. Males engage in visual agonistic displays using brightly colored chelicerae and forelegs, while both sexes utilize visual, vibratory, and pheromonal signals for communication.
jumping-spider salticid lyssomanine visual-predator pheromone-communication arboreal southeastern-USA primitive-salticid type-species
Melolonthinae
June Beetles, June bugs, cockchafers, May beetles
Melolonthinae is a large and diverse subfamily of scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) containing over 11,000 species in more than 750 genera, distributed worldwide. Adults range from 3 to 58 mm in length and are typically brown or black, often with setae or scales. The subfamily includes economically important pests such as the Melolontha cockchafers and Phyllophaga May beetles, whose larvae feed on plant roots while adults feed on foliage or may be non-feeding. Many species exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism in antennae, with males bearing large lamellate antennae to detect female sex pheromones.
scarab-beetles June-beetles cockchafers soil-dwelling-larvae agricultural-pests sexual-dimorphism pheromone-communication nocturnal root-feeders
Molanna uniophila
Molanna uniophila is a caddisfly species in the family Molannidae. Larvae inhabit shallow, sand-bottomed lake margins and construct portable cases from sand grains and organic debris. They exhibit distinctive diel foraging behavior, migrating from sandy substrates to hard surfaces (rocks, wood, macrophytes) during evening and night to feed on periphyton, then returning to sandy areas by day. Adults display sex-dependent antennal dimorphism associated with asymmetric pheromone communication, where only females produce volatiles.
caddisfly lake sand periphyton diel-migration case-building antennal-sensilla pheromone-communication
Monema flavescens
Oriental moth
Monema flavescens is a medium-sized moth in the family Limacodidae (slug moths or cup moths), native to East Asia. Adults exhibit yellowish coloration typical of the genus, with males having a wingspan of 30–32 mm and females 35–39 mm. The larvae are polyphagous defoliators of broadleaf trees, bearing urticating spines that can affect human health. The species has one to two generations per year depending on region, with adults active from late June to August. It has been introduced to Massachusetts, USA, and is considered a potential quarantine pest for Europe.
pest defoliator forestry invasive-potential urticating-spines nocturnal pheromone-communication polyphagous slug-moth cup-moth
Monochamus notatus
northeastern pine sawyer, notable sawyer
Monochamus notatus is a large longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) native to North America, occurring in Canada and the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Adults are active from late spring through summer and are attracted to dead and dying conifers, particularly pines. The species is notable for its pronounced sexual dimorphism: males possess antennae up to twice their body length and elongated forelegs with expanded tarsi, while females have shorter antennae and unmodified legs. Like other Monochamus species, it responds to the aggregation pheromone monochamol and male-produced 2-(undecyloxy)-ethanol for mate location.
longhorned-beetle pine-sawyer forest-insect wood-borer pheromone-communication sexual-dimorphism conifer-associate North-America Cerambycidae Monochamus
Myrmecina
Mite-eating Ants
Myrmecina is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing approximately 51-53 species. The genus has a broad geographic distribution spanning North America, Europe, northern Africa, India, Korea, Japan, and Australia. Species exhibit diverse reproductive strategies, including both winged gynomorphs and wingless intermorphs, with some populations demonstrating polygynous reproduction by ergatoid (worker-like) queens. The common name 'Mite-eating Ants' suggests a specialized dietary niche, though this has not been extensively documented.
ants Myrmicinae polygyny ergatoid-queens sexual-calling pheromone-communication queen-dimorphism fossil-ants Green-River-Formation
Mythimna unipuncta
true armyworm moth, white-speck moth, common armyworm, rice armyworm
Mythimna unipuncta is a migratory noctuid moth found across North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Larvae feed on grasses and cereal crops, causing significant agricultural damage during outbreaks. Adults are nocturnal and nectivorous, feeding on flower nectar and ripe or decaying fruit. The species exhibits seasonal migration, traveling north in spring and south in fall to optimize mating conditions. Larvae display characteristic armyworm behavior, moving en masse between fields when food sources are depleted.
migratory nocturnal agricultural-pest armyworm noctuid-moth polygamous pheromone-communication Bt-resistance cover-crop-interactions nocturnal-pollination
Nauphoeta cinerea
Cinereous Cockroach, Speckled Cockroach, Lobster Cockroach
Nauphoeta cinerea is a circumtropical cockroach species native to northeastern Africa that has achieved global distribution through human association. Commonly known as the cinereous, speckled, or lobster cockroach, this species is frequently used as a laboratory model for studying social behavior, neurobiology, and reproductive physiology. Males establish strict dominance hierarchies that determine territorial rights and mating access, with social status mediated through pheromonal communication and acoustic stridulation. The species has been documented harboring Wolbachia endosymbionts of the F clade, which may provide nutritional benefits.
model-organism social-behavior dominance-hierarchy stridulation Wolbachia laboratory-cockroach pheromone-communication tropical-pest ovoviviparous neurobiology-research
Neomegalotomus
Neomegalotomus is a genus of broad-headed bugs in the family Alydidae, established in 1998. The genus contains at least two described species: N. parvus and N. rufipes. Most biological knowledge derives from studies of N. parvus, a Neotropical pest of legume crops. The genus is characterized by broad head morphology typical of Alydidae and is associated with Fabaceae hosts.
broad-headed-bug legume-pest Neotropical agricultural-pest Alydidae Brazil pheromone-communication oviposition-behavior host-plant-selection Fabaceae-pest
Nicrophorus defodiens
Boreal Burying Beetle
Nicrophorus defodiens is a burying beetle species first described by Mannerheim in 1846. It is one of at least two burying beetle species known to breed in the forest canopy. The species exhibits communal breeding behavior, where multiple male-female associations share parental care duties on larger vertebrate carcasses. It produces approximately twice as many eggs as the related N. orbicollis, with clutch sizes averaging around 24 eggs.
burying-beetle carrion-beetle communal-breeding social-immunity parental-care boreal-forest forest-canopy pheromone-communication monogamy-enforcement Nicrophorus Silphidae decomposer nutrient-cycling North-America Mannerheim-1846
Photinus indictus
Silent Firefly
Photinus indictus, commonly known as the silent firefly, is a diurnal firefly species in the beetle family Lampyridae. Adults are active during daylight hours and lack the bioluminescent lanterns characteristic of most fireflies, earning both its common name and specific epithet (Latin for "unspoken"). The species is found in eastern North America, particularly the Great Lakes region. Adults communicate through airborne pheromones rather than light signals.
diurnal non-bioluminescent-adult pheromone-communication Great-Lakes meadows predatory-larvae
Plodia
Indian meal moth (P. interpunctella), pantry moth, flour moth, grain moth, weevil moth
Plodia is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, erected by Achille Guenée in 1845. The genus contains three species, with P. interpunctella (Indian meal moth) being the most economically significant as a cosmopolitan pest of stored food products. Adults are small moths with distinctive wing banding, while larvae infest grains, dried fruits, nuts, and other stored goods. The genus is notable for its association with human food storage environments worldwide.
stored-product-pest pantry-pest pyralid-moth cosmopolitan-pest food-storage-pest pheromone-communication plastic-degradation biological-control-target
Plusia
Plusia is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, subfamily Plusiinae. Species in this genus are commonly known as loopers or plusias. The genus includes several agricultural pest species whose larvae feed on various crop plants. Adults are typically nocturnal and exhibit specific mating behaviors including female pheromone release and wing fanning. Some species display migratory flight behavior in young adults.
Noctuidae Plusiinae loopers agricultural-pests migratory-behavior pheromone-communication circadian-rhythms crop-pests soybean-pests tomato-pests moth Lepidoptera
Polyphylla decemlineata
Ten-lined June Beetle, Watermelon Beetle
Polyphylla decemlineata is a large scarab beetle native to western North America, commonly known as the Ten-lined June Beetle or Watermelon Beetle. Adults are notable for their distinctive ten white stripes on dark elytra and greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae in males. The species is strongly attracted to lights and exhibits distinctive pheromone-mediated mating behavior where males actively search for flightless females. Larvae develop underground, feeding on roots of grasses and other plants.
scarab-beetle June-beetle lined-June-beetle sand-dune-specialist pheromone-communication light-attracted western-North-America root-feeder Melolonthinae Polyphylla chemical-ecology-model-organism flightless-female sexual-dimorphism antennal-bipectination nocturnal stridulation hissing-beetle
Polyphylla hammondi
Hammond's Lined June Beetle
Polyphylla hammondi is a large scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae. Adults measure 24.8–35.5 mm in length and are highly variable in coloration with almost no stripes or mottling. Males possess greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. The species is strongly associated with sand dune habitats across the Great Plains and southwestern North America. Males are attracted to lights at night and exhibit distinctive splayed-antennae behavior when actively searching for females. Females are rarely encountered and may be flightless.
scarab-beetle Melolonthinae sand-dune-specialist sexual-dimorphism pheromone-communication nocturnal light-attracted Great-Plains-fauna southwestern-North-America
Polyphylla monahansensis
Monahans ten-lined June beetle, Monahan's ten-lined June beetle
Polyphylla monahansensis is a large scarab beetle endemic to sand dune habitats of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. Like other members of the genus, males possess greatly enlarged, fan-like antennae used to detect female sex pheromones. The species is nocturnal and attracted to lights, with males actively searching for flightless females after sunset. It is one of several Polyphylla species specialized to sandy environments in this region.
scarabaeidae melolonthinae sand-dune-specialist nocturnal sexual-dimorphism pheromone-communication southwestern-usa chihuahuan-desert
Polyphylla occidentalis
Western Ten-lined June Beetle, Western Lined June Beetle
Polyphylla occidentalis is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, commonly known as the western ten-lined June beetle or western lined June beetle. It is native to the southeastern United States, where adults are active during warm summer months. The species is characterized by brownish coloration with white longitudinal stripes and enlarged, fan-like antennae in males that function in detecting female sex pheromones. Larvae develop underground, feeding on plant roots.
scarab-beetle June-beetle pine-feeder sexual-dimorphism pheromone-communication flightless-female nocturnal light-attracted southeastern-United-States
Polyphylla variolosa
Variegated June Beetle
Polyphylla variolosa, commonly known as the Variegated June Beetle, is a scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is a medium-sized species, approximately 2 cm in length, with reddish-brown coloration. Males possess enlarged, fan-like antennae with seven antennomeres that are longer than those of females, which they use to detect female sex pheromones. The species is associated with sandy soil habitats, particularly in coastal and Great Lakes regions of eastern North America.
scarab-beetle June-beetle sand-dune-specialist nocturnal sexual-dimorphism pheromone-communication
Rothschildia lebeau
Lebeau's Silk Moth, Forbes Moth
Rothschildia lebeau is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, distributed from the Lower Rio Grande Valley through eastern Mexico to Brazil. Adults are short-lived and do not feed, relying on fat reserves accumulated during larval development. The species exhibits a life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult body size based on host plant quality, with larger males showing higher mating success.
giant-silkmoth Saturniidae host-plant-tradeoff sexual-selection tropical-dry-forest Barro-Colorado-Island pheromone-communication non-feeding-adult complete-metamorphosis cultural-significance indigenous-use cocoon-harvesting mating-success body-size-dimorphism seasonal-variation microbial-associations protistan-diversity caterpillar-microbiome herbivore forest-ecology Neotropical Mexico Central-America South-America Panama Costa-Rica Brazil Texas Rio-Grande-Valley exhibit-species butterfly-house education conservation light-pollution suburban-sprawl introduced-parasites rearing cottage-industry vestigial-mouthparts fat-reserves short-lived-adult female-sedentary-behavior male-dispersal oviposition-site-selection fitness-consequences life-history-evolution quantitative-genetic-variation wet-season-phenology developmental-plasticity survival-size-tradeoff herbivore-performance plant-animal-interactions microbial-observatory molecular-characterization eukaryotic-microbiome saturniid-caterpillar Lepidoptera Bombycoidea Rothschildia Guérin-Méneville-1868 Attacus-lebeau Lebeau's-Silk-Moth Forbes-Moth Rothschildia-lebeau-forbesi windows transparent-wing-patches scale-less-wing-areas antennae sexual-dimorphism mate-choice sperm-competition reproductive-success larval-performance caterpillar-growth pupal-development adult-emergence longevity predation bat-predation nocturnal crepuscular moth silkmoth silkworm giant-moth forest-moth tropical-moth Neotropical-fauna biodiversity insect-collection museum-specimen Bohart-Museum American-Museum-of-Natural-History entomology lepidopterology systematics taxonomy natural-history field-study observational-study experimental-ecology evolutionary-ecology behavioral-ecology population-biology community-ecology ecosystem-function food-web trophic-interaction herbivory folivory tree-insect-interaction phenology climate-effects seasonality environmental-variation habitat-heterogeneity host-race ecotype local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genetic-variation quantitative-trait trade-off allocation reproductive-allocation parental-investment offspring-size offspring-number optimal-clutch-size mate-competition intrasexual-selection intersexual-selection ornament signal chemical-communication olfaction sensory-ecology foraging movement-ecology dispersal migration home-range activity-pattern diel-cycle circadian-rhythm photoperiod temperature humidity rainfall precipitation dry-season wet-season tropical-seasonality El-Niño climate-change global-warming habitat-disturbance forest-fragmentation deforestation agricultural-expansion urbanization conservation-biology threatened-species common-species population-decline extinction-risk protected-area national-park biological-reserve research-station Smithsonian-Tropical-Research-Institute Barro-Colorado-Island-Nature-Monument Gatun-Lake Panama-Canal Isthmus-of-Panama Central-American-isthmus land-bridge biogeography vicariance dispersal-limitation species-range range-expansion range-contraction range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift altitudinal-gradient latitudinal-gradient thermal-tolerance desiccation-resistance water-balance physiological-ecology metabolic-rate energetics nutritional-ecology stoichiometry nitrogen phosphorus carbon plant-secondary-metabolite tannin alkaloid terpenoid defense induced-defense constitutive-defense herbivore-offense counter-adaptation coevolution evolutionary-arms-race phylogenetic-constraint phylogenetic-signal comparative-method phylogenetic-comparative-analysis trait-evolution reproductive-strategy iteroparity semelparity big-bang-reproduction suicidal-reproduction capital-breeder income-breeder resource-acquisition resource-allocation storage fat-body lipid glycogen protein amino-acid vitamin micronutrient digestion gut-microbiome gut-flora intestinal-microorganism symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism pathogen disease immunity immune-response defense-mechanism resistance tolerance recovery survival mortality fecundity fertility sterility hybridization introgression gene-flow population-structure genetic-differentiation FST isolation-by-distance isolation-by-environment landscape-genetics landscape-ecology spatial-ecology geographic-information-system remote-sensing satellite-imagery habitat-suitability species-distribution-model ecological-niche-model MaxEnt BIOMOD ensemble-forecast climate-envelope niche-conservatism niche-evolution realized-niche fundamental-niche biotic-interaction competition facilitation apparent-competition indirect-effect trophic-cascade keystone-species ecosystem-engineer foundation-species dominant-species rare-species functional-diversity functional-trait trait-based-ecology community-assembly filtering sorting neutral-theory niche-theory unified-theory metacommunity metapopulation source-sink-dynamics rescue-effect mass-effect patch-dynamics landscape-mosaic connectivity corridor stepping-stone matrix-quality edge-effect interior-forest core-area buffer-zone fragment-size isolation perimeter-area-ratio shape-index fractal-dimension habitat-amount threshold-effect extinction-debt relaxation-time lag-effect time-delay historical-legacy founder-effect bottleneck genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression heterosis hybrid-vigor genetic-rescue assisted-migration managed-relocation translocation reintroduction restoration-ecology habitat-restoration ecological-restoration rewilding de-extinction synthetic-biology conservation-genetics conservation-genomics population-genomics landscape-genomics environmental-DNA eDNA metabarcoding metagenomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics imaging computer-vision machine-learning artificial-intelligence deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network recurrent-neural-network generative-adversarial-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set cross-validation bootstrap jackknife permutation randomization Monte-Carlo Markov-chain Bayesian-inference posterior-probability prior-probability likelihood model-selection information-criterion AIC BIC DIC WAIC LOO model-averaging multimodel-inference structural-equation-model path-analysis causal-inference directed-acyclic-graph potential-outcomes propensity-score instrumental-variable regression-discontinuity difference-in-differences synthetic-control panel-data longitudinal-data time-series cross-sectional-data spatial-data spatiotemporal-data point-pattern areal-data geostatistics kriging variogram spatial-autocorrelation Moran's-I Geary's-c Getis-Ord-Gi LISA hot-spot cold-spot cluster-detection scan-statistic network-analysis graph-theory small-world scale-free-network centrality betweenness closeness eigenvector PageRank community-detection modularity clustering-coefficient path-length diameter radius percolation robustness resilience vulnerability adaptive-capacity transformability social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system emergent-property self-organization nonlinearity threshold tipping-point hysteresis alternative-stable-state regime-shift critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-indicator panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization fast-variable slow-variable controlling-variable driver pressure state impact response DPSIR ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service natural-capital green-infrastructure nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation payment-for-ecosystem-service REDD+biodiversity-offset habitat-banking mitigation-hierarchy avoidance minimization restoration compensation no-net-loss net-gain biodiversity-metric condition-metric landscape-metric connectivity-metric genetic-metric functional-metric irreplaceability threat opportunity conservation-planning systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation prioritization efficiency effectiveness equity stakeholder governance institution policy law regulation incentive market-based-instrument command-and-control voluntary-agreement certification eco-label sustainable-use sustainable-management adaptive-management learning-by-doing monitoring evaluation indicator target goal vision scenario projection forecast uncertainty risk precautionary-principle safe-minimum-standard environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis input-output-analysis environmentally-extended-input-output-analysis multi-regional-input-output-analysis computable-general-equilibrium integrated-assessment-model earth-system-model global-circulation-model regional-climate-model downscaling bias-correction ensemble-simulation perturbed-physics emulator surrogate-model reduced-complexity-model simple-climate-model integrated-earth-system-model socioeconomic-scenario shared-socioeconomic-pathway representative-concentration-pathway climate-scenario emission-scenario mitigation-scenario adaptation-scenario impact-scenario vulnerability-scenario risk-scenario resilience-scenario transformation-scenario sustainability-scenario narrative storyline pathway trajectory transition transformation decarbonization electrification renewable-energy energy-efficiency circular-economy green-economy blue-economy bioeconomy nature-economy natural-capital-accounting ecosystem-accounting environmental-accounting green-accounting inclusive-wealth genuine-progress-indicator happy-planet-index human-development-index sustainable-development-goals Agenda-2030 Paris-Agreement Convention-on-Biological-Diversity Aichi-targets post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework 30-by-30 half-earth nature-needs-half rewilding-Europe rewilding-Britain rewilding-North-America Pleistocene-rewilding trophic-rewilding ecological-replacement taxon-substitution revival-biology molecular-de-extinction proxy-species gene-drive CRISPR genome-editing genetic-modification biotechnology nanotechnology information-technology global-positioning-system unmanned-aerial-vehicle drone satellite sensor camera-trap acoustic-monitoring citizen-science community-science participatory-monitoring traditional-ecological-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge farmer-knowledge fishers-knowledge co-production-of-knowledge transdisciplinarity interdisciplinarity multidisciplinarity post-normal-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix quintuple-helix open-science open-data open-access open-source FAIR-data findable accessible interoperable reusable data-management-plan metadata provenance quality-assurance quality-control validation verification uncertainty-quantification error-propagation sensitivity-analysis scenario-analysis Monte-Carlo-simulation Bayesian-belief-network influence-diagram decision-tree multi-criteria-decision-analysis cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-attribute-utility-theory game-theory mechanism-design incentive-compatibility revelation-principle social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division institutional-design policy-design governance-design architecture polycentric-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance network-governance hierarchical-governance market-governance community-governance hybrid-governance meta-governance steering rowing regulatory-state enabling-state partner-state entrepreneurial-state innovation-state strategic-state developmental-state welfare-state green-state sustainable-state resilient-state smart-state digital-state platform-state algorithmic-state surveillance-state authoritarian-state democratic-state deliberative-democracy participatory-democracy direct-democracy representative-democracy liberal-democracy social-democracy green-democracy ecological-democracy biocracy ecofascism deep-ecology social-ecology ecofeminism environmental-justice climate-justice intergenerational-justice intragenerational-justice spatial-justice territorial-justice recognition-justice procedural-justice distributive-justice restorative-justice transformative-justice reparative-justice transitional-justice ecological-justice species-justice multispecies-justice more-than-human-justice anthropocene capitalocene plantationocene chthulucene symbiocene good-anthropocene bad-anthropocene great-acceleration great-divergence great-convergence great-transformation great-decoupling great-disruption great-moderation great-recession great-depression great-war great-famine great-migration great-replacement great-reset great-refusal great-enrichment great-leveling great-compression
Saturniidae
Emperor and Giant Silk Moths, saturniids, giant silkworm moths, royal moths
Saturniidae is a family of Lepidoptera containing approximately 2,300 described species, including some of the largest moths in the world. Adults are characterized by large lobed wings, heavy bodies covered in hair-like scales, reduced or vestigial mouthparts, and the absence of a frenulum. The family exhibits notable diversity in the Neotropics, with highest species richness in tropical and subtropical wooded regions. Many species produce silk cocoons, and several have significant economic or cultural importance.
Lepidoptera moths giant-silk-moths saturniids wild-silk defoliator-pests urticating-caterpillars Neotropical-diversity diapause pheromone-communication
Scolytinae
Bark and Ambrosia Beetles, Bark Beetles
Scolytinae is a subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) comprising approximately 220 genera and 6,000 species commonly known as bark and ambrosia beetles. Members are characterized by their specialized association with woody plants, where they excavate galleries beneath bark for reproduction and larval development. The subfamily includes some of the most economically significant forest pests globally, such as the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), which cause billions of dollars in timber losses. Species exhibit diverse feeding strategies: phloem-feeding bark beetles consume living or dying tree tissues, while ambrosia beetles cultivate symbiotic fungi in galleries as a food source.
forest-pest invasive-species phloem-feeder ambrosia-beetle fungal-symbiosis pheromone-communication fire-associated economic-pest tree-mortality wood-borer
Stagmomantis limbata
bordered mantis, Arizona mantis, bosque mantis, New Mexico praying mantis
Stagmomantis limbata is one of the largest native mantids in North America, reaching approximately 3 inches in length. It exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are flightless, robust, and typically plain green or gray with a dark spot on the tegmina, while males are slender, long-winged, and capable of flight. The species is notable for female-emitted sex pheromones that attract males, with pheromone production linked to female nutritional status and receptivity. Sexual cannibalism occurs, particularly when females are food-limited.
native beneficial-insect sexual-dimorphism pheromone-communication sexual-cannibalism flightless-female nocturnal-male-flight generalist-predator southwestern-North-America riparian-habitat semi-arid-habitat Stagmomantis Mantidae Mantodea
Supella longipalpa
brown-banded cockroach, brownbanded cockroach, TV roach
Supella longipalpa, commonly known as the brown-banded cockroach, is a small synanthropic pest of presumed African origin that has become established in human-built structures worldwide. It is notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism: males are slender with long, functional wings and are capable of flight, while females are broader with short, non-functional wings. The species completes its entire life cycle indoors and shows distinct behavioral preferences for warmer, drier locations compared to other domestic cockroaches, often inhabiting furniture, appliances, and upper wall areas.
synanthropic urban-pest sexual-dimorphism indoor-habitat public-health invasive Wolbachia microbiome nocturnal thigmotaxis oviposition-behavior circadian-rhythm pheromone-communication
Trigonorhinus
fungus weevils
Trigonorhinus is a genus of fungus weevils in the beetle family Anthribidae, comprising approximately 15-16 described species. The genus includes wood-boring species that develop in plant tissues, with at least one species documented as a pest of Caragana liouana in arid regions of China. A notable species, Trigonorhinus sp., has been demonstrated to rely on gut bacterial symbionts for production of male aggregation pheromones essential for mate attraction.
Anthribidae fungus-weevils wood-boring-beetles gall-forming pest microbial-symbiosis pheromone-communication China arid-regions
Xenorhipis brendeli
Xenorhipis brendeli is a metallic wood-boring beetle (family Buprestidae) notable for extreme sexual dimorphism in antennae. Males possess highly modified, flabellate (comb-like) antennae with expanded distal segments covered in olfactory sensillae, while females retain the unmodified serrate antennae typical of the family. This species is the only member of its tribe occurring in eastern North America, ranging west to Minnesota and eastern Texas. Adults are short-lived, with males living no longer than 48 hours, and exhibit a narrow daily activity window focused on mate location via female-released pheromones.
sexual-dimorphism flabellate-antennae pheromone-communication hickory-specialist short-lived-adult wood-borer jewel-beetle rarely-encountered
Xylocopa sonorina
Valley Carpenter Bee, Hawaiian Carpenter Bee
Xylocopa sonorina is one of the largest bees in California and Hawaii, reaching approximately 25 mm in length. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism: females are entirely black, while males are golden-brown with distinctive green eyes. Native to the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico, it has been introduced to the Hawaiian Islands (since before 1874), French Polynesia, the Samoan Islands, and other Pacific archipelagoes through human-mediated transport of nesting wood. DNA analysis confirmed in 2020 that X. varipuncta is a synonym of X. sonorina. The species is a significant pollinator, including commercial pollination of passion fruit in Hawaii, though its wood-nesting behavior can cause structural damage.
pollinator carpenter-bee sexual-dimorphism introduced-species agricultural-importance thermoregulation pheromone-communication wood-nesting