Gut-microbiome

Guides

• Aphaenogaster picea

  Pitch-black Collared Ant

  Aphaenogaster picea is a species of ant in the family Formicidae. It is known for its gut microbiome composition, which has been studied in relation to worker task behaviors and refuse pile interactions. The species is found at higher elevations in the eastern United States, particularly in Virginia, where it has been documented at 900–1000 meters above sea level. Workers exhibit task specialization without morphological subcastes, including nurse, forager, and refuse pile interaction roles.

  antsFormicidaegut-microbiometask-specializationrefuse-pilesseed-dispersalelaiosomeselevation-gradientVirginiaVermont

• Arhopalus

  burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)

  Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.

  CerambycidaeSpondylidinaeAseminiconifer-pestinvasive-speciespheromonewood-borerpineforestryquarantineNew-ZealandAustraliaSouth-Americabiological-invasionclimate-changevectorBursaphelenchus-xylophilusintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringtrappingsemiochemistryburnt-pinefire-damaged-timbersawmill-pestport-surveillancetimber-exportdeforestationforest-healthecosystem-servicedecomposernutrient-cyclinglife-historyreproductive-biologyovarian-developmentlarval-developmentsurvivalfecunditycompetitioncoexistencespecies-distribution-modelingCMIP6future-climate-scenariosrange-expansionquarantine-pestbiosecurityaggregation-pheromonefuscumolgeranylacetoneelectroantennographyfield-trappingtrap-efficacyhost-volatilesethanolalpha-pinenebeta-pinenemonoterpenesgreen-leaf-volatilesrepellentoviposition-behaviorcrepuscular-activitynocturnal-activityanemotaxischemotaxisthermal-biologydevelopmental-plasticitylaboratory-rearingartificial-diethead-capsule-widthinstar-numberpupal-weightsexual-dimorphismmating-behavioregg-layingsurvivorshipcompetitive-advantagemorphological-anatomyreproductive-systemovipositor-structurenematode-transmissionpine-wilt-diseaseMonochamusvector-competencetransmission-potentialphytopathogenic-nematodeforest-pest-managementdetectionsurveillanceeradicationearly-detectionrapid-responseinvasive-species-managementcost-effective-monitoringenvironmentally-safeIPMbiological-controlnatural-enemiespopulation-dynamicsspatial-distributiongeostatisticslandscape-ecologyforest-patternhabitat-fragmentationland-use-changesouthern-hemisphere-invasionglobal-tradepathway-analysisrisk-assessmentclimate-adaptationthermal-tolerancephenologyvoltinismgeneration-timepopulation-geneticsmolecular-identificationbarcodinggenome-assemblychromosome-levelrepetitive-DNAtransposable-elementsevolutionary-biologyphylogeneticssystematicstaxonomyspecies-identificationmorphological-variationgeographic-variationclinal-variationphenotypic-plasticitydevelopmental-biologyphysiologybiochemistrysoluble-sugarprotein-contentreproductive-maturationfeeding-behaviorneedle-gnawingcardboard-chewingexit-holeemergence-behaviordispersalflight-activityseasonal-abundancepopulation-monitoringtrap-designlure-formulationrelease-ratechiralityenantiomerracemic-mixturedose-responseantennal-responseelectrophysiologybehavioral-assaywind-tunnelolfactory-attractionvisual-cueshabitat-selectionoviposition-preferencehost-selectionhost-conditionstressed-treesfire-damagewind-throwlogging-residuestumpsbranchestrunksbarkphloemsapwoodheartwoodwood-decayfungal-associationsymbiosismicrobial-communitygut-microbiomeenzyme-productionlignocellulose-degradationcarbon-cyclinggreenhouse-gasmethanenitrous-oxideforest-carbonclimate-mitigationsustainable-forestrycertificationphytosanitary-measuresinternational-standardsISPMWTOSPS-agreementtrade-barriermarket-accesseconomic-impactcost-benefit-analysisstakeholder-engagementextensionoutreacheducationcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationphotographycollectionspecimen-preservationmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypespecies-descriptionrevisionmonographfaunal-surveybiodiversity-inventorybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancehuman-mediated-dispersalintroduction-pathwaypropagule-pressureestablishment-successspread-rateimpact-assessmentenvironmental-impactecosystem-impactbiodiversity-impactnon-target-effectsrisk-managementcontainmentcontroleradication-feasibilityrestorationresilienceadaptive-managementresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchcollaborationnetworkdatabaseinformation-sharingopen-accessdata-availabilityreproducibilitytransparencybest-practicestandard-operating-procedurequality-assurancevalidationuncertaintyconfidence-intervalmodel-selectionensemble-modelingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-supportpolicy-relevancescience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policystakeholder-dialoguecommunicationmediapublic-awarenessbehavior-changepreventionpreparednessresponserecoverylessons-learnedadaptive-capacitytransformationinnovationtechnology-transfercapacity-buildingtrainingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipdiversityinclusionequityethicsresponsible-conductanimal-welfarebiosafetydual-useexport-controlpermitCITESCBDNagoya-protocolaccess-and-benefit-sharingtraditional-knowledgeintellectual-propertypatentcommercializationbenefit-sharingsustainable-development-goalsSDGOne-Healthplanetary-healthecosystem-healthtree-healthplant-healthOne-Forestglobal-forest-governanceforest-law-enforcementgovernance-and-tradeFLEGTillegal-loggingdeforestation-freesupply-chaindue-diligencecorporate-responsibilitycertification-schemeforest-stewardshipPEFCFSCSFIATFSsustainable-woodgreen-buildingbiobased-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationforest-landscape-restorationREDD+climate-financegreen-bondimpact-investmentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesPESecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-infrastructureurban-foresturban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• Blissus insularis

  Southern Chinch Bug

  Blissus insularis, the southern chinch bug, is a true bug in the family Blissidae that is a major pest of St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum). It is native to North America and has been introduced to Oceania, including Hawaii. The species harbors specialized midgut crypts that host dense populations of Burkholderia bacterial symbionts, which are essential for host fitness and development. It is economically significant as a turfgrass pest, causing damage through piercing-sucking feeding that leads to yellowing and death of grass patches.

  pestturfgrasssymbiosisBurkholderiaSt.-AugustinegrassHemipteraBlissidaeeconomic-entomologyintegrated-pest-managementgut-microbiome

• Camponotus fragilis

  Camponotus fragilis is a carpenter ant species endemic to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. First described by Theodore Pergande in 1893, it was synonymized and later revived by Roy Snelling in 2006. The species has been studied for its gut bacterial communities, which show compartmentalization across different gut sections and variation between laboratory-raised and field-collected colonies.

  carpenter-antendemicsouthwestern-USgut-microbiomebacterial-symbiontsBlochmanniaAcetobacterPseudomonasCamponotusFormicidaeFormicinaemyrmecologysymbiosisendosymbiontlab-raised-vs-field-collectedgut-compartmentalization

• Cotinis nitida

  green June beetle, June bug, June beetle, Common Green June Beetle

  Cotinis nitida is a native North American scarab beetle in the flower chafer subfamily Cetoniinae. Adults are large, metallic green beetles active during daylight hours, often seen flying loudly in search of ripe or fermenting fruit. The species completes a one-year life cycle, with larvae feeding underground on decaying organic matter and occasionally damaging turfgrass roots through tunneling behavior. Though sometimes mistaken for the invasive Japanese beetle, this species is significantly larger and behaviorally distinct, and is generally considered a minor agricultural pest.

  scarab-beetleflower-chafersap-feederfruit-pestturfgrass-pestwhite-grubdiurnalmetallic-greennative-speciesaggregation-pheromonegut-microbiomefermentation-attractionback-crawling-larvaone-year-life-cycleorganic-matter-decomposersoutheastern-US-endemicethanol-trap-attractionmale-clypeal-hornsexual-competitionmisidentification-riskCetoniinaeGymnetiniCotinisColeopteraScarabaeidae

• Diestrammena

  Asian camel cricket, cave cricket, greenhouse camel cricket

  Diestrammena is a genus of camel crickets (family Rhaphidophoridae) native to Asia, including Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Several species have become invasive in North America, particularly in residential basements, garages, and caves. These wingless crickets are characterized by their humpbacked appearance, extraordinarily long antennae, and powerful jumping legs. Research has shown that Asian camel crickets now dominate indoor environments in many parts of the eastern United States, having largely displaced native camel cricket species.

  camel-cricketcave-cricketinvasive-speciesbasement-pestAsiaNorth-Americacave-ecosystemscavengerwinglessautotomygut-microbiomekeystone-speciesDiestrammena-japanicaDiestrammena-asynamoraTachycines-asynamorusRhaphidophoridaeOrthopteranocturnalthigmotaxisurban-ecologycave-adaptationmorphological-plasticitycompetitive-displacementgreenhouse-pestfish-bait

• Diestrammena japanica

  Japanese camel cricket

  Diestrammena japanica is a species of camel cricket native to Japan. It has been identified as an invasive species in the eastern United States, where it has been observed in homes, particularly in the Northeast. In its native range in China, it serves as a keystone scavenger species in karst cave ecosystems, inhabiting all light zones from cave entrances to deep dark regions. Research indicates its morphology varies with light intensity, with individuals in light regions being significantly larger than those in dark cave zones.

  invasive-speciescamel-cricketcave-cricketscavengerbasement-pestAsian-camel-cricketkarst-cave-ecosystemgut-microbiomeautotomythigmotaxis

• Halyomorpha halys

  Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, BMSB

  Halyomorpha halys is an invasive shield bug native to East Asia that has become a major agricultural and nuisance pest across North America, Europe, and beyond. First detected in Pennsylvania in 1998, it has spread to at least 47 U.S. states, 4 Canadian provinces, and numerous European countries. The species is highly polyphagous, feeding on over 300 plant species across 49 families, with particular preference for Rosaceae. Its invasion success is facilitated by high mobility, broad host range, and absence of natural enemies in invaded ranges. Natural control is emerging through adventive populations of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus and other native predators and pathogens.

  invasive-speciesagricultural-pestnuisance-pestpolyphagousbiological-controlaggregation-pheromoneoverwintering-behaviorintegrated-pest-managementshield-bugstink-bugHemipteraPentatomidaeTrissolcus-japonicusgut-microbiomeseasonal-phenologyattract-and-killmonitoring-traps

• Leptoglossus

  leaf-footed bugs

  Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.

  Coreidaeleaf-footed-bugagricultural-pestinvasive-speciessymbiosissexual-dimorphismconifer-pestnuisance-pestBurkholderiatachinid-parasitoidpheromone-communicationbuilding-invadermisidentificationTriatoma-look-alikegradual-metamorphosisseed-predatorforest-pestornamental-pestplumbing-damagepublic-health-confusionChileEuropeNorth-AmericaSouth-AmericaAsiaTurkeyalmond-pestcitrus-pesttomato-pestcorn-pestoverwintering-aggregationdefensive-secretionpheromone-mediated-parasitismegg-parasitoidbiological-controlecological-niche-modelingclimate-suitabilityrange-expansionintroductionaccidental-dispersalseed-orchard-pestgermination-reductionempty-seed-formationcone-damagelodgepole-pineDouglas-firwestern-conifer-seed-bugL.-occidentalisL.-zonatusL.-phyllopusL.-clypealisL.-australisL.-chilensisL.-oppositusmale-combatfemoral-weaponabdominal-glandpheromone-glandtibial-dilationleaf-like-hind-legtrue-bugHemipteraHeteropteraPentatomomorphaAnisosceliniphytophagousplant-feedingstylet-feedingsalivary-sheathoverwinteringdiapausebuilding-entrystructural-pestnuisance-odorflight-sounddroning-flightaggregation-behaviormale-pheromonefemale-choiceparasitoid-hostbiological-control-agentintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringearly-detectionpreventioninvasion-biologyalien-speciesnon-native-pestglobal-spreadclimate-changeniche-modelingsuitable-habitatestablishment-riskquarantinephytosanitaryforest-healthseed-productionreforestationafforestationconifer-forestrypine-seedseed-viabilityeconomic-impactcrop-lossyield-reductionkernel-damagefruit-damagenut-damagevector-of-diseaseChagas-diseasekissing-bugpublic-alarmmisinformationeducationidentification-toolshealth-system-burdenpesticide-overuseurban-ecologydomiciliaryperidomiciliaryAndean-regionPatagoniaMediterraneantemperatesubtropicaltropicalagroecosystemnatural-enemypredatorparasitepathogensymbiontgut-microbiomesoil-ingestionfitness-benefitreproductive-successsperm-morphologytesticular-morphologyaccessory-glandpheromone-blendspecies-specific-odorcherry-scentvanilla-scentcinnamon-scentrose-scentolfactory-communicationmate-locationmate-recognitionsexual-selectionmale-male-competitionweapon-morphologyallometrydevelopmental-plasticitynymphal-instaregg-barrelegg-arrangementlinear-ovipositionleaf-surfaceplant-tissuestylet-penetrationenzymatic-digestionfluid-feedingphloem-feedingxylem-feedingseed-feedingcone-feedingfruit-feedingkernel-feedingnut-feedingcrop-feedinghost-plant-rangepolyphagyoligophagyspecialistgeneralistpest-statusdamage-thresholdeconomic-injury-levelmanagement-strategycultural-controlphysical-controlchemical-controlresistancetolerancehost-plant-resistancemonitoring-traplight-trappopulation-densitydistribution-mapspread-ratecolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicslife-tabledevelopmental-ratethermal-requirementsdegree-daysphenologyvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinegeneration-timeoverwintering-sitehibernaculumshelter-seekingcold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancesupercoolingwater-relationsdesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistancedispersal-abilityflight-capacitywalking-behaviorclimbing-behavioraggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonestink-glandmetathoracic-glanddorsoabdominal-glandventral-abdominal-glandsexual-glandmorphological-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defenseautotomyleg-losspredation-riskparasitism-riskparasitoid-riskpathogen-riskcompetitionintraspecificinterspecificresource-competitionmating-competitionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationspeciationphylogenysystematicstaxonomymorphologyanatomyhistologyultrastructurespermatogenesisspermatozoasperm-lengthnuclear-lengthcyst-productionfollicle-numbertestis-structurereproductive-anatomygenitaliamating-behaviorcopulationinseminationovipositionegg-productionfecundityfertilityhatching-successnymphal-survivaladult-longevitysex-ratiooperational-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-diversitygene-flowpopulation-structurephylogeographybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancedispersalrange-shiftrange-contractionaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributionlongitudinal-distributionisland-distributioncontinental-distributionendemismcosmopolitanismintroduced-rangenative-rangesource-populationfounder-populationinvasion-frontlag-phaseestablishment-phasespread-phaseequilibrium-phaseimpact-assessmentrisk-assessmenthorizon-scanningearly-warningrapid-responseeradicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementadaptationmitigationrestorationconservationbiodiversityecosystem-serviceecosystem-functionfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerherbivorefruit-predatorplant-animal-interactionmutualismantagonismpredationparasitismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationindirect-interactiontrait-mediated-interactiondensity-mediated-interactionbehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyphysiological-ecologypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologyglobal-ecologyapplied-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologyconservation-biologyinvasion-ecologyrestoration-ecologypest-managementconserv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nchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteran

• Lygus hesperus

  Western Tarnished Plant Bug

  Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.

  agricultural-pestplant-bugMiridaecotton-peststrawberry-pestalfalfa-pestwestern-North-Americadiapausebiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementinsecticide-resistancemark-release-recapturesalivary-enzymesextraoral-digestionPeristenus-relictusHippodamia-convergensdrone-samplingfluorescent-markingSmartWatervectorPantoea-ananatisSerratiapotassium-chloridedeterrentartificial-dietlentilseed-cropsCaliforniaTexasArizonaNevadaWashingtonMexicopolyphagousphytophagousstylet-probingscutellumnymph-spotseconomic-entomologyorganic-agricultureecosystem-servicesbird-predationmolecular-gut-analysisELISAimmunomarkingparasitoidpopulation-suppressioncrop-protectionsampling-protocolssweep-netdrop-clothY-tube-olfactometergustatory-deterrentvisual-cuesvolatile-cuesreproductive-diapausepostdiapauseoogenesisovipositionlongevitybody-masslife-historymass-spectrometrysalivary-proteinspolygalacturonaseα-amylaseproteaselaccaseglucose-dehydrogenasexanthine-dehydrogenaseplant-defensehost-pathogen-interactioniDrone-BeeUAVunmanned-aerial-vehicleopen-sourcefield-scoutingIPMeconomic-thresholdBt-cottonnatural-enemyconservation-biological-controllandscape-ecologyhabitat-managementweed-managementborder-spraysspot-treatmentselective-insecticideneonicotinoidpyrethroidresistance-managementsustainable-agriculturefood-securityeconomic-impactsimulation-modelpopulation-dynamicsimmigrationparasitismaverted-lossvalue-losscost-benefitresearch-methodologyinsect-markingdispersalfluorophoreautofluorescencesurvivorshipmortalitymark-transfercrowdingolfactometerfeeding-behaviorno-choice-assaychoice-assaygustationhost-selectionplant-qualitysucculent-growthfruiting-structuressquarebollbloomterminaldefoliationstand-lossdirty-bloompuckered-petalslesioncarpel-walllint-damageseed-damageyield-lossfiber-qualitymanagement-thresholdscouting-intervalaction-thresholdtreatment-timinginsecticide-efficacylabeled-ratedifficult-to-controlspecies-complexidentification-keymorphologycolor-variationwing-developmentantennaethoraxabdomeninstardevelopmental-stagelaboratory-rearingoligidic-dietsemisolid-slurrychicken-eggsoybeanwheat-germlima-beancost-reductionbiomass-productionsurvivalfecundityegg-productiongeneration-timepopulation-growthlog-phasecolony-maintenancegenetic-diversityfield-collectionadaptationstress-toleranceoxidative-stresstemperature-extremefood-deficitresource-allocationreproductive-senescenceendogenous-reservesenvironmental-stressorclimate-adaptationphenologymigrationdispersal-patternhabitat-patchsource-sinkpopulation-sourcepopulation-sinkcrop-borderfield-edgenon-crop-habitatrefugeoverwintering-sitespring-emergencesummer-populationfall-populationdensity-dependenceaggregationspatial-distributionsampling-accuracypest-detectionmonitoring-technologyprecision-agriculturedigital-agricultureautomationroboticsmachine-learningcomputer-visionsensor-technologydata-collectiondecision-supportgrower-educationextensionstakeholder-engagementmultidisciplinary-researchacademia-industry-collaborationsustainable-intensificationagroecosystemfood-systemplant-insect-interactioninsect-plant-coevolutionsalivary-secretiondigestive-enzymelytic-enzymetissue-macerationfeeding-injuryphysiological-damagemechanical-damagewound-responseplant-defense-responseinduced-resistancesystemic-acquired-resistancejasmonic-acidethylenesalicylic-acidsecondary-metabolitephenolic-compoundoxidative-enzymeredox-enzymebacterial-transmissionphytopathogenopportunistic-pathogeninfection-courtinoculumdisease-vectorepidemiologycrop-hygienesanitationcrop-rotationcover-croptrap-croppush-pullhabitat-manipulationconservation-biocontrolaugmentative-biocontrolclassical-biocontrolimportationestablishmentnon-target-effecthost-specificityparasitoid-biologyreproductive-parasitoididiobiontkoinobiontmummy-formationemergence-rateparasitoid-impactpopulation-regulationtop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadefood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-servicedisservicenet-effectrisk-assessmentmanagement-strategypolicyregulationpesticide-registrationresistance-monitoringstewardshipintegrated-resistance-managementIRMrefuge-strategypyramid-strategymultiple-toxinstransgenic-cropGMObiosafetyenvironmental-impactnon-target-organismpollinator-protectionbeneficial-insectnatural-enemy-conservationfloral-resourcenectarpollenalternative-preyhabitat-diversificationagri-environment-schemegreen-infrastructureecological-compensationlandscape-complexityconnectivitymatrix-qualityspilloversource-habitatecological-trappopulation-viabilityextinction-riskinvasion-biologyrange-expansionclimate-changewarmingdroughtirrigationwater-stressnitrogen-fertilizationcrop-vigorplant-nutritionhost-plant-qualitytritrophic-interactionplant-microbe-insectendosymbiontgut-microbiomesalivary-microbiomevector-competencetransmission-efficiencyacquisitioninoculationretentionmultiplicationcirculativenon-circulativepersistentnon-persistentpropagativestylet-borneforegut-bornehemolymph-bornesalivary-gland-bornereplicationbarriermidgutsalivary-glandescapeinfectionincubationlatent-period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• Megacopta cribraria

  kudzu bug, bean plataspid, globular stink bug, lablab bug

  Megacopta cribraria is a plataspid shield bug native to South and East Asia that has become a significant invasive pest in the southeastern United States since its discovery in Georgia in 2009. The species exhibits a specialized symbiotic relationship with gut bacteria, particularly Candidatus Ishikawella capsulata, which enables it to feed on leguminous plants. North American populations descend from Japanese lineages and possess microbiomes that facilitate soybean infestation, distinguishing them from some Asian populations. The bug is notable for its strong aggregation behavior, attraction to white surfaces, and defensive secretion that causes odor, skin irritation, and staining.

  invasive-speciesagricultural-pestsymbiosisplataspidsoybean-pestkudzuaggregation-behaviorgut-microbiomebuilding-invaderUnited-States-invasion

• Myrmecocystus wheeleri

  Wheeler's Honeypot Ant

  Myrmecocystus wheeleri is a species of honeypot ant native to arid regions of California, Baja California, and Coahuila. Like other members of the genus, it possesses specialized workers called repletes that store liquid carbohydrates in their distended crops for long-term colony sustenance. The species has been documented to host a gut microbiome dominated by halophiles, distinguishing it from congeners that harbor lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria in their replete crops.

  honeypot-antmyrmecophilehalophilegut-microbiomerepletefood-storagedesert-antCalifornia-faunaMexican-faunaFormicidaeFormicinaeLasiini

• Reticulitermes flavipes

  Eastern Subterranean Termite

  Reticulitermes flavipes, the eastern subterranean termite, is the most common and economically significant termite species in North America. Colonies are large, ranging from 20,000 to 5 million workers, with a primary queen producing 5,000–10,000 eggs annually. The species exhibits complex caste differentiation including workers, soldiers, and multiple reproductive forms. Native to the southeastern United States, it has become invasive in Europe, South America, and other regions through human transport.

  termitesubterraneaneusocialpestwood-destroyinginvasivegut-microbiomeflagellate-symbiosiscaste-differentiationRhinotermitidae

• Rothschildia lebeau

  Lebeau's Silk Moth, Forbes Moth

  Rothschildia lebeau is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, distributed from the Lower Rio Grande Valley through eastern Mexico to Brazil. Adults are short-lived and do not feed, relying on fat reserves accumulated during larval development. The species exhibits a life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult body size based on host plant quality, with larger males showing higher mating success.

  giant-silkmothSaturniidaehost-plant-tradeoffsexual-selectiontropical-dry-forestBarro-Colorado-Islandpheromone-communicationnon-feeding-adultcomplete-metamorphosiscultural-significanceindigenous-usecocoon-harvestingmating-successbody-size-dimorphismseasonal-variationmicrobial-associationsprotistan-diversitycaterpillar-microbiomeherbivoreforest-ecologyNeotropicalMexicoCentral-AmericaSouth-AmericaPanamaCosta-RicaBrazilTexasRio-Grande-Valleyexhibit-speciesbutterfly-houseeducationconservationlight-pollutionsuburban-sprawlintroduced-parasitesrearingcottage-industryvestigial-mouthpartsfat-reservesshort-lived-adultfemale-sedentary-behaviormale-dispersaloviposition-site-selectionfitness-consequenceslife-history-evolutionquantitative-genetic-variationwet-season-phenologydevelopmental-plasticitysurvival-size-tradeoffherbivore-performanceplant-animal-interactionsmicrobial-observatorymolecular-characterizationeukaryotic-microbiomesaturniid-caterpillarLepidopteraBombycoideaRothschildiaGuérin-Méneville-1868Attacus-lebeauLebeau's-Silk-MothForbes-MothRothschildia-lebeau-forbesiwindowstransparent-wing-patchesscale-less-wing-areasantennaesexual-dimorphismmate-choicesperm-competitionreproductive-successlarval-performancecaterpillar-growthpupal-developmentadult-emergencelongevitypredationbat-predationnocturnalcrepuscularmothsilkmothsilkwormgiant-mothforest-mothtropical-mothNeotropical-faunabiodiversityinsect-collectionmuseum-specimenBohart-MuseumAmerican-Museum-of-Natural-Historyentomologylepidopterologysystematicstaxonomynatural-historyfield-studyobservational-studyexperimental-ecologyevolutionary-ecologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-functionfood-webtrophic-interactionherbivoryfolivorytree-insect-interactionphenologyclimate-effectsseasonalityenvironmental-variationhabitat-heterogeneityhost-raceecotypelocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationquantitative-traittrade-offallocationreproductive-allocationparental-investmentoffspring-sizeoffspring-numberoptimal-clutch-sizemate-competitionintrasexual-selectionintersexual-selectionornamentsignalchemical-communicationolfactionsensory-ecologyforagingmovement-ecologydispersalmigrationhome-rangeactivity-patterndiel-cyclecircadian-rhythmphotoperiodtemperaturehumidityrainfallprecipitationdry-seasonwet-seasontropical-seasonalityEl-Niñoclimate-changeglobal-warminghabitat-disturbanceforest-fragmentationdeforestationagricultural-expansionurbanizationconservation-biologythreatened-speciescommon-speciespopulation-declineextinction-riskprotected-areanational-parkbiological-reserveresearch-stationSmithsonian-Tropical-Research-InstituteBarro-Colorado-Island-Nature-MonumentGatun-LakePanama-CanalIsthmus-of-PanamaCentral-American-isthmusland-bridgebiogeographyvicariancedispersal-limitationspecies-rangerange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientthermal-tolerancedesiccation-resistancewater-balancephysiological-ecologymetabolic-rateenergeticsnutritional-ecologystoichiometrynitrogenphosphoruscarbonplant-secondary-metabolitetanninalkaloidterpenoiddefenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defenseherbivore-offensecounter-adaptationcoevolutionevolutionary-arms-racephylogenetic-constraintphylogenetic-signalcomparative-methodphylogenetic-comparative-analysistrait-evolutionreproductive-strategyiteroparitysemelparitybig-bang-reproductionsuicidal-reproductioncapital-breederincome-breederresource-acquisitionresource-allocationstoragefat-bodylipidglycogenproteinamino-acidvitaminmicronutrientdigestiongut-microbiomegut-floraintestinal-microorganismsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogendiseaseimmunityimmune-responsedefense-mechanismresistancetolerancerecoverysurvivalmortalityfecundityfertilitysterilityhybridizationintrogressiongene-flowpopulation-structuregenetic-differentiationFSTisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentlandscape-geneticslandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imageryhabitat-suitabilityspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelMaxEntBIOMODensemble-forecastclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effecttrophic-cascadekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciesrare-speciesfunctional-diversityfunctional-traittrait-based-ecologycommunity-assemblyfilteringsortingneutral-theoryniche-theoryunified-theorymetacommunitymetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsrescue-effectmass-effectpatch-dynamicslandscape-mosaicconnectivitycorridorstepping-stonematrix-qualityedge-effectinterior-forestcore-areabuffer-zonefragment-sizeisolationperimeter-area-ratioshape-indexfractal-dimensionhabitat-amountthreshold-effectextinction-debtrelaxation-timelag-effecttime-delayhistorical-legacyfounder-effectbottleneckgenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionheterosishybrid-vigorgenetic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationtranslocationreintroductionrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationecological-restorationrewildingde-extinctionsynthetic-biologyconservation-geneticsconservation-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsenvironmental-DNAeDNAmetabarcodingmetagenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsimagingcomputer-visionmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkconvolutional-neural-networkrecurrent-neural-networkgenerative-adversarial-networktransfer-learningdata-augmentationtraining-setvalidation-settest-setcross-validationbootstrapjackknifepermutationrandomizationMonte-CarloMarkov-chainBayesian-inferenceposterior-probabilityprior-probabilitylikelihoodmodel-selectioninformation-criterionAICBICDICWAICLOOmodel-averagingmultimodel-inferencestructural-equation-modelpath-analysiscausal-inferencedirected-acyclic-graphpotential-outcomespropensity-scoreinstrumental-variableregression-discontinuitydifference-in-differencessynthetic-controlpanel-datalongitudinal-datatime-seriescross-sectional-dataspatial-dataspatiotemporal-datapoint-patternareal-datageostatisticskrigingvariogramspatial-autocorrelationMoran's-IGeary's-cGetis-Ord-GiLISAhot-spotcold-spotcluster-detectionscan-statisticnetwork-analysisgraph-theorysmall-worldscale-free-networkcentralitybetweennessclosenesseigenvectorPageRankcommunity-detectionmodularityclustering-coefficientpath-lengthdiameterradiuspercolationrobustnessresiliencevulnerabilityadaptive-capacitytransformabilitysocial-ecological-systemcomplex-adaptive-systememergent-propertyself-organizationnonlinearitythresholdtipping-pointhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-indicatorpanarchyadaptive-cycleexploitationreleasereorganizationfast-variableslow-variablecontrolling-variabledriverpressurestateimpactresponseDPSIRecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicecultural-servicesupporting-servicenatural-capitalgreen-infrastructurenature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationpayment-for-ecosystem-serviceREDD+biodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationrestorationcompensationno-net-lossnet-gainbiodiversity-metriccondition-metriclandscape-metricconnectivity-metricgenetic-metricfunctional-metricirreplaceabilitythreatopportunityconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationprioritizationefficiencyeffectivenessequitystakeholdergovernanceinstitutionpolicylawregulationincentivemarket-based-instrumentcommand-and-controlvoluntary-agreementcertificationeco-labelsustainable-usesustainable-managementadaptive-managementlearning-by-doingmonitoringevaluationindicatortargetgoalvisionscenarioprojectionforecastuncertaintyriskprecautionary-principlesafe-minimum-standardenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintecological-footprintmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisinput-output-analysisenvironmentally-extended-input-output-analysismulti-regional-input-output-analysiscomputable-general-equilibriumintegrated-assessment-modelearth-system-modelglobal-circulation-modelregional-climate-modeldownscalingbias-correctionensemble-simulationperturbed-physicsemulatorsurrogate-modelreduced-complexity-modelsimple-climate-modelintegrated-earth-system-modelsocioeconomic-scenarioshared-socioeconomic-pathwayrepresentative-concentration-pathwayclimate-scenarioemission-scenariomitigation-scenarioadaptation-scenarioimpact-scenariovulnerability-scenariorisk-scenarioresilience-scenariotransformation-scenariosustainability-scenarionarrativestorylinepathwaytrajectorytransitiontransformationdecarbonizationelectrificationrenewable-energyenergy-efficiencycircular-economygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynature-economynatural-capital-accountingecosystem-accountingenvironmental-accountinggreen-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorhappy-planet-indexhuman-development-indexsustainable-development-goalsAgenda-2030Paris-AgreementConvention-on-Biological-DiversityAichi-targetspost-2020-global-biodiversity-frameworkKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30-by-30half-earthnature-needs-halfrewilding-Europerewilding-Britainrewilding-North-AmericaPleistocene-rewildingtrophic-rewildingecological-replacementtaxon-substitutionrevival-biologymolecular-de-extinctionproxy-speciesgene-driveCRISPRgenome-editinggenetic-modificationbiotechnologynanotechnologyinformation-technologyglobal-positioning-systemunmanned-aerial-vehicledronesatellitesensorcamera-trapacoustic-monitoringcitizen-sciencecommunity-scienceparticipatory-monitoringtraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgefarmer-knowledgefishers-knowledgeco-production-of-knowledgetransdisciplinarityinterdisciplinaritymultidisciplinaritypost-normal-sciencemode-2-sciencetriple-helixquadruple-helixquintuple-helixopen-scienceopen-dataopen-accessopen-sourceFAIR-datafindableaccessibleinteroperablereusabledata-management-planmetadataprovenancequality-assurancequality-controlvalidationverificationuncertainty-quantificationerror-propagationsensitivity-analysisscenario-analysisMonte-Carlo-simulationBayesian-belief-networkinfluence-diagramdecision-treemulti-criteria-decision-analysiscost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-attribute-utility-theorygame-theorymechanism-designincentive-compatibilityrevelation-principlesocial-choice-theoryvoting-theoryfair-divisioninstitutional-designpolicy-designgovernance-designarchitecturepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancehierarchical-governancemarket-governancecommunity-governancehybrid-governancemeta-governancesteeringrowingregulatory-stateenabling-statepartner-stateentrepreneurial-stateinnovation-statestrategic-statedevelopmental-statewelfare-stategreen-statesustainable-stateresilient-statesmart-statedigital-stateplatform-statealgorithmic-statesurveillance-stateauthoritarian-statedemocratic-statedeliberative-democracyparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyrepresentative-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracygreen-democracyecological-democracybiocracyecofascismdeep-ecologysocial-ecologyecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justiceterritorial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justicereparative-justicetransitional-justiceecological-justicespecies-justicemultispecies-justicemore-than-human-justiceanthropocenecapitaloceneplantationocenechthulucenesymbiocenegood-anthropocenebad-anthropocenegreat-accelerationgreat-divergencegreat-convergencegreat-transformationgreat-decouplinggreat-disruptiongreat-moderationgreat-recessiongreat-depressiongreat-wargreat-faminegreat-migrationgreat-replacementgreat-resetgreat-refusalgreat-enrichmentgreat-levelinggreat-compression

• Saperda vestita

  Linden Borer

  Saperda vestita is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) native to North America, commonly known as the Linden Borer. The species was described by Thomas Say in 1824. Adults have been recorded from willow trees, and the species has been the subject of gut microbiome research comparing its bacterial associates to those of other wood-boring beetles.

  CerambycidaeLamiinaeSaperdiniwood-borerwillowNorth-Americagut-microbiome

• Spodoptera exigua

  Beet Armyworm, Small Mottled Willow Moth, Asparagus Fern Caterpillar

  Spodoptera exigua, commonly known as the beet armyworm, is a highly polyphagous agricultural pest native to Asia that has been introduced worldwide. The species is a member of the family Noctuidae and is particularly destructive in vegetable crops, though it occasionally damages soybean in the southern United States. Larvae are characterized by variable green coloration with pinkish or yellowish undersides and a white lateral stripe. The species has gained attention in molecular research due to its gut microbiome interactions and baculovirus susceptibility, which have implications for biological control strategies.

  agricultural-pestpolyphagousNoctuidaearmywormbiological-controlgut-microbiomebaculovirus

• Stictocephala stimulea

  Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  MembracidaetreehopperAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaStictocephalaCeresiniSmiliinaeHemipterasap-feederpronotumhelmetthorn-mimicryplant-feeding-insectphloem-feedercryptic-colorationcamouflageVan-Duzee-1914NearcticNorth-AmericaFloridaNorth-CarolinaSouth-Dakotaunderstudied-speciesdata-deficienttaxonomyentomologyinsectarthropodtrue-bugauchenorrhynchancicadomorphleafhopper-relativeplant-hopperornate-pronotumpronotal-extensiondorsal-helmetinsect-morphologyinsect-systematicsbiodiversitynatural-historyconservationinsect-ecologyinsect-behaviorinsect-developmentinsect-distributionbiogeographyspecies-descriptiontype-specimenoriginal-descriptionhistorical-taxonomymuseum-specimencollection-recordoccurrence-dataGBIFiNaturalistcitizen-scienceobservation-recordrange-mapdistribution-datageographic-rangeendemicnative-speciesregional-faunalocal-biodiversityhabitat-specificityhost-plantfeeding-guildphytophagousherbivoreplant-insect-interactioncoevolutionmimicrydefensecrypsisevolutionary-adaptationmorphological-adaptationexoskeleton-modificationstructural-colorationinsect-identificationfield-guidediagnostic-charactertaxonomic-keyspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylife-historyreproductionovipositionnymphinstarmetamorphosishemimetabolousincomplete-metamorphosispopulation-dynamicscommunity-ecologyfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerecosystem-functionnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowbiological-controlpest-statusagricultural-relevanceforestryurban-ecologyinvasive-potentialclimate-changehabitat-lossconservation-statusdata-gapresearch-needtaxonomic-revisionphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingintegrative-taxonomynatural-history-collectionspecimen-digitizationopen-dataFAIR-databiodiversity-informaticsbiological-databasetaxonomic-authoritynomenclaturezoological-nomenclatureInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-localitytype-specimen-depositionauthor-citationoriginal-combinationcurrent-combinationsynonymyhomonymynomenclatural-acttaxonomic-historyclassification-systemphylogenetic-classificationevolutionary-relationshipsmonophylycladelineagestem-groupcrown-groupdivergence-timemolecular-clockfossil-recordpaleontologyextantextinctliving-fossilevolutionary-historybiogeographic-historydispersalvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiumglacial-relictpostglacial-colonizationanthropogenic-impacthuman-disturbanceland-use-changeurbanizationagricultural-intensificationpesticide-usehabitat-fragmentationconnectivitycorridorprotected-areaconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningpriority-areahotspotendemic-areacenter-of-origincenter-of-diversityevolutionary-significant-unitmanagement-unitpopulationmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsdemographyvital-ratessurvivalfecunditygeneration-timepopulation-growth-ratecarrying-capacitydensity-dependenceregulationlimiting-factorenvironmental-stochasticitydemographic-stochasticitygenetic-stochasticityinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnesseffective-population-sizegenetic-driftgene-flowmigrationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancelandscape-geneticspopulation-genomicsphylogeographyhistorical-demographycoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelhabitat-suitabilitybioclimatic-envelopeclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactiontrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlmesopredator-releasekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharacteristic-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciessurrogate-speciesfocal-speciestarget-speciespest-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciescryptogenic-speciesrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftphenological-shifttemporal-mismatchtrophic-mismatchphenologyseasonalityvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinepartial-generationprolonged-diapauseaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantthermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionhabitat-selectionoviposition-site-selectionhost-selectionmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationspeciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationreinforcementhybridizationintrogressionhybrid-zoneclineecotonecontact-zonesecondary-contactexogenous-selectionendogenous-selectionecological-speciationmutation-order-speciationsexual-conflictsexual-dimorphismsexual-size-dimorphismsexual-dichromatismpolymorphismcolor-polymorphismmorphphasegregarious-phasesolitary-phasedensity-dependent-polyphenismreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionplasticitycanalizationgene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viral-evolutionantigenic-driftantigenic-shiftzoonotic-spilloverreservoir-hostintermediate-hostamplifying-hostdead-end-hostvector-borne-diseasemosquito-borne-diseasetick-borne-diseaseflea-borne-diseaselice-borne-diseasemidge-borne-diseasesandfly-borne-diseasetsetse-borne-diseaseblackfly-borne-diseasetriatomine-borne-diseasekissing-bugChagas-diseasetrypanosomiasisleishmaniasismalariadengueyellow-feverZika-viruschikungunyaWest-Nile-virusJapanese-encephalitistick-borne-encephalitisLyme-diseaseRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverehlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistularemiaplaguemurine-typhusepidemic-typhusendemic-typhusscrub-typhusQ-fevertrench-feverbartonellosiscat-scratch-diseaserat-bite-feverleptospirosisbrucellosisanthraxmelioidosisglanderstularaemiafrancisellosiscoxiellosisrickettsiosisorientia-infectionehrlichiosisneoehrlichiosisneorickettsiosisanaplasmataceaerickettsiaceaecoxiellaceaebartonellaceaebrucellaceaefrancisellaceaepasteurellaceaelegionellaceaechlamydiaceaemycoplasmataceaeureaplasmataceaespiroplasmataceaeachaenoplasmataceaeentomoplasmataceaehaloplasmataceaetenericutesmollicutesbacteroidetesfusobacteriaspirochaetessynergistetesdeferribacteresthermotogaeaquificaecaldisericacaldithrixdeferrisomadesulfurobacteriumthermovibriothermocrinishydrogenobactersulfurihydrogenibiumpersephonellahydrogenobaculumhydrothermusthermothrixsulfuricurvumsulfurimonassulfurovumthiovulumthiomicrospirapseudomonasvibrioaeromonasphotobacteriumaliivibriogracilibacillushalobacillushalomonaschromohalobactercobetiasalinicolakushneriahalotaleahalovibriosalinivibriothioalkalivibriothiohalophilusectothiorhodospirahalorhodospirathiorhodospirahalochromatiumthioflavicoccusmarichromatiumthiocapsalamprocystisthiodictyonthiopediaamoebobacterthiocystischromatiumallo-chromatiumthermochromatiumrhabdochromatiumthiobacathiohalocapsahalocapsathiolamprovumthioplocathiomargaritabeggiatoamethylococcusmethylomonasmethylomicrobiummethylosinusmethylocystismethylocellamethylocapsamethylacidiphilumverrucomicrobiaplanctomyceteschlamydiaelentisphaeraekiritimatiellaeotacalditrichaeotafervidibacteria

• Trigoniulus

  Asian millipede (informal, for T. corallinus)

  Trigoniulus is a genus of millipedes in the family Trigoniulidae, established by Pocock in 1894. The genus contains at least 90 described species distributed primarily across tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. Species such as Trigoniulus corallinus and T. lumbricinus have been studied for their population ecology, revealing seasonal abundance patterns correlated with rainfall and temperature. The genus serves as a host for gut-associated microbes, including bacteria isolated from decaying plant habitats.

  millipedeDiplopodaSpirobolidaTrigoniulidaetropical-Asiapopulation-ecologygut-microbiomeseasonal-abundancesexual-dimorphismdevelopmental-stagesaggregated-distribution

• Xylocopa

  Large Carpenter Bees, Carpenter Bees

  Xylocopa is a large genus of bees comprising approximately 500 species in 31 subgenera, commonly known as carpenter bees for their distinctive nesting behavior in wood and bamboo. The genus exhibits remarkable diversity in size, coloration, and social organization, ranging from solitary to incipiently social species. Recent research has revealed that Xylocopa species harbor gut microbiomes remarkably similar to those of eusocial bees like honey bees and bumble bees, challenging assumptions that advanced sociality is required for such microbial communities. Carpenter bees are important pollinators of wild plants and crops, with some species demonstrating greater pollination efficiency than honey bees for certain large-flowered crops such as passion fruit.

  carpenter-beepollinatorwood-nestinggut-microbiomeincipient-socialitybuzz-pollinationnectar-robbingXylocopinaeApidaesolitary-bee

• Xylocopa californica arizonensis

  Arizona Carpenter Bee

  Xylocopa californica arizonensis is a subspecies of carpenter bee in the family Apidae, recognized as the Arizona Carpenter Bee. It belongs to a genus of large, robust bees known for nesting in wood and exhibiting incipient social behavior. Research on related Xylocopa species has revealed surprising microbiome similarities to highly social bees like honey bees and bumble bees, suggesting that advanced sociality is not required for maintaining complex gut bacterial communities.

  carpenter-beeincipient-socialitypollinatorwood-nesting-beeArizona-faunaApidaeXylocopinaegut-microbiomebuzz-pollinationnectar-robbing

• Xylocopa tabaniformis androleuca

  Pale-male Horse-fly Carpenter

  Xylocopa tabaniformis androleuca is a subspecies of the mountain carpenter bee, distinguished by its pale male coloration. As part of the Xylocopa tabaniformis species complex, it shares the incipiently social behavior and distinctive gut microbiome characteristic of this group. Research has shown that carpenter bees in this complex harbor bacterial communities more similar to eusocial bees like honey bees and bumble bees than to solitary bees, challenging assumptions about sociality as the main driver of microbiome structure. The subspecies occurs in western North America, where females nest in wood and males exhibit the pale facial markings that give this taxon its common name.

  carpenter-beepollinatorwood-nestingsolitary-beeincipient-socialitygut-microbiomewestern-North-America

• Xylocopa tabaniformis orpifex

  Foothill Carpenter Bee, Mountain Carpenter Bee

  Xylocopa tabaniformis orpifex, commonly known as the foothill or mountain carpenter bee, is the smallest of three carpenter bee species in California. Females are solid black with light smoky-colored wings, while males display bright yellow markings on the lower face and yellow hairs on the top front of the thorax. This subspecies exhibits incipient social behavior—lacking queens, hives, and honey production—yet research has revealed it harbors gut bacterial communities remarkably similar to those of highly social bees like honey bees and bumble bees. It nests by tunneling into dead wood and serves as an important pollinator in native plant communities.

  carpenter-beepollinatornectar-robberwood-nestinggut-microbiomeincipient-socialityCalifornia-native-beebuzz-pollinator

• Xylocopa tabaniformis parkinsoniae

  Xylocopa tabaniformis parkinsoniae is a subspecies of mountain carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It belongs to a species group known for nesting in wood and exhibiting incipient social behavior. Research on related populations has revealed distinctive gut bacterial communities similar to those of eusocial bees, challenging assumptions about microbiome evolution. This subspecies is part of a complex that includes some of the smallest carpenter bees in California.

  carpenter-beepollinatorwood-nestingincipient-socialitygut-microbiome

• Zophobas

  blind click-beetles

  Zophobas is a genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) native to the Americas. The genus contains several species, with Zophobas morio (also known as Z. atratus) being the most widely recognized due to its commercial importance. Larvae of this species, commonly called "superworms," are larger and more nutritious than yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) and are extensively used as feeder insects for reptiles, birds, and other pets. Research has demonstrated that Z. morio larvae can degrade polystyrene and other plastics through gut microbiome activity, with potential applications in waste management and as a protein source for animal feed and human consumption.

  darkling-beetlesuperwormfeeder-insectplastic-degradationbioremediationentomophagycommercial-insect-farminggut-microbiomepolystyrene-degradationpet-food