Multi-level-perspective

Guides

• Arhopalus

  burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)

  Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.

  CerambycidaeSpondylidinaeAseminiconifer-pestinvasive-speciespheromonewood-borerpineforestryquarantineNew-ZealandAustraliaSouth-Americabiological-invasionclimate-changevectorBursaphelenchus-xylophilusintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringtrappingsemiochemistryburnt-pinefire-damaged-timbersawmill-pestport-surveillancetimber-exportdeforestationforest-healthecosystem-servicedecomposernutrient-cyclinglife-historyreproductive-biologyovarian-developmentlarval-developmentsurvivalfecunditycompetitioncoexistencespecies-distribution-modelingCMIP6future-climate-scenariosrange-expansionquarantine-pestbiosecurityaggregation-pheromonefuscumolgeranylacetoneelectroantennographyfield-trappingtrap-efficacyhost-volatilesethanolalpha-pinenebeta-pinenemonoterpenesgreen-leaf-volatilesrepellentoviposition-behaviorcrepuscular-activitynocturnal-activityanemotaxischemotaxisthermal-biologydevelopmental-plasticitylaboratory-rearingartificial-diethead-capsule-widthinstar-numberpupal-weightsexual-dimorphismmating-behavioregg-layingsurvivorshipcompetitive-advantagemorphological-anatomyreproductive-systemovipositor-structurenematode-transmissionpine-wilt-diseaseMonochamusvector-competencetransmission-potentialphytopathogenic-nematodeforest-pest-managementdetectionsurveillanceeradicationearly-detectionrapid-responseinvasive-species-managementcost-effective-monitoringenvironmentally-safeIPMbiological-controlnatural-enemiespopulation-dynamicsspatial-distributiongeostatisticslandscape-ecologyforest-patternhabitat-fragmentationland-use-changesouthern-hemisphere-invasionglobal-tradepathway-analysisrisk-assessmentclimate-adaptationthermal-tolerancephenologyvoltinismgeneration-timepopulation-geneticsmolecular-identificationbarcodinggenome-assemblychromosome-levelrepetitive-DNAtransposable-elementsevolutionary-biologyphylogeneticssystematicstaxonomyspecies-identificationmorphological-variationgeographic-variationclinal-variationphenotypic-plasticitydevelopmental-biologyphysiologybiochemistrysoluble-sugarprotein-contentreproductive-maturationfeeding-behaviorneedle-gnawingcardboard-chewingexit-holeemergence-behaviordispersalflight-activityseasonal-abundancepopulation-monitoringtrap-designlure-formulationrelease-ratechiralityenantiomerracemic-mixturedose-responseantennal-responseelectrophysiologybehavioral-assaywind-tunnelolfactory-attractionvisual-cueshabitat-selectionoviposition-preferencehost-selectionhost-conditionstressed-treesfire-damagewind-throwlogging-residuestumpsbranchestrunksbarkphloemsapwoodheartwoodwood-decayfungal-associationsymbiosismicrobial-communitygut-microbiomeenzyme-productionlignocellulose-degradationcarbon-cyclinggreenhouse-gasmethanenitrous-oxideforest-carbonclimate-mitigationsustainable-forestrycertificationphytosanitary-measuresinternational-standardsISPMWTOSPS-agreementtrade-barriermarket-accesseconomic-impactcost-benefit-analysisstakeholder-engagementextensionoutreacheducationcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationphotographycollectionspecimen-preservationmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypespecies-descriptionrevisionmonographfaunal-surveybiodiversity-inventorybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancehuman-mediated-dispersalintroduction-pathwaypropagule-pressureestablishment-successspread-rateimpact-assessmentenvironmental-impactecosystem-impactbiodiversity-impactnon-target-effectsrisk-managementcontainmentcontroleradication-feasibilityrestorationresilienceadaptive-managementresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchcollaborationnetworkdatabaseinformation-sharingopen-accessdata-availabilityreproducibilitytransparencybest-practicestandard-operating-procedurequality-assurancevalidationuncertaintyconfidence-intervalmodel-selectionensemble-modelingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-supportpolicy-relevancescience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policystakeholder-dialoguecommunicationmediapublic-awarenessbehavior-changepreventionpreparednessresponserecoverylessons-learnedadaptive-capacitytransformationinnovationtechnology-transfercapacity-buildingtrainingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipdiversityinclusionequityethicsresponsible-conductanimal-welfarebiosafetydual-useexport-controlpermitCITESCBDNagoya-protocolaccess-and-benefit-sharingtraditional-knowledgeintellectual-propertypatentcommercializationbenefit-sharingsustainable-development-goalsSDGOne-Healthplanetary-healthecosystem-healthtree-healthplant-healthOne-Forestglobal-forest-governanceforest-law-enforcementgovernance-and-tradeFLEGTillegal-loggingdeforestation-freesupply-chaindue-diligencecorporate-responsibilitycertification-schemeforest-stewardshipPEFCFSCSFIATFSsustainable-woodgreen-buildingbiobased-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationforest-landscape-restorationREDD+climate-financegreen-bondimpact-investmentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesPESecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-infrastructureurban-foresturban-greeningtree-plantingafforestationreforestationrestoration-ecologyconservation-biologyprotected-areaOECMKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionGlobal-Tree-AssessmentIUCN-Red-ListCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageUNESCO-Man-and-the-BiosphereIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDSDGs2030-AgendaParis-AgreementGlasgow-Climate-PactKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30x30-targetnature-positiveNbSecological-restorationrewildingtrophic-rewildingfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologymacroecologyphylogeographygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsremote-sensingGISgeospatial-analysismachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelprocess-based-modelindividual-based-modelagent-based-modelsystem-dynamicsnetwork-analysissocial-ecological-systemcomplex-adaptive-systemresilience-thinkingtransformative-changesustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceforest-scienceentomologyforest-entomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyagricultural-entomologyurban-entomologystored-product-entomologyforensic-entomologyacarologynematologyplant-pathologymycologymicrobiologyvirologybacteriologyparasitologyimmunologytoxicologypharmacologyphytochemistrynatural-product-chemistrychemical-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyconservation-geneticsmolecular-ecologylandscape-geneticspopulation-viability-analysisPVAmetapopulation-dynamicssource-sink-dynamicsdispersal-ecologymovement-ecologymigrationseasonal-migrationaltitudinal-migrationphenological-mismatchclimate-change-impactclimate-vulnerabilityclimate-riskextreme-eventdroughtheat-wavefirefloodstormwindthrowinsect-outbreakdisease-epidemiccompound-eventcascading-effecttipping-pointregime-shifthysteresisalternative-stable-stateprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicecultural-servicesupporting-servicebiodiversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessfunctional-diversityphylogenetic-diversitytaxonomic-diversitygenetic-diversityalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityendemismraritythreatened-speciesendangered-speciescritically-endangeredextinct-in-the-wildextinctImportant-Bird-Areaecosystem-restorationecological-connectivityhabitat-corridorstepping-stonematrix-qualitylandscape-permeabilitymovement-networkpopulation-connectivitygene-flowgenetic-driftinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressionhybridizationintrogressionexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesephemeralestablishedspreadingimpacttransformerecosystem-engineerkeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecosystem-health-indicatorenvironmental-health-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorplanetary-health-indicatorsustainability-indicatorSDG-indicatorAichi-targetCBD-targetpost-2020-global-biodiversity-framework30x30green-recoverybuild-back-betterjust-transitionclimate-justiceenvironmental-justicesocial-justiceintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitygender-equityIndigenous-rightstraditional-ecological-knowledgeTEKbiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagesacred-natural-siteprotected-and-conserved-areaICCAsterritories-of-lifearea-based-conservationconservation-effectivenessmanagement-effectivenessconservation-impactconservation-outcomeconservation-outputtheory-of-changeresults-chainlogical-frameworkmonitoring-and-evaluationM&Eevidence-based-conservationsystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-exchangeknowledge-mobilizationscience-communicationpublic-engagementcommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchmultidisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchstrategic-researchtransformative-researchtechnology-developmentcapacity-developmentinstitutional-developmentpolicy-developmentgovernance-reformlegal-reformenforcementcomplianceincentivedisincentivemarket-based-instrumentecosystem-service-paymentcarbon-marketbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingspecies-bankingconservation-bankingmitigation-bankingrestoration-bankingno-net-lossnet-positive-impactbiodiversity-net-gainenvironmental-net-gainnatural-capital-accountingecosystem-accountingwealth-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorbeyond-GDPwellbeing-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacetipping-elementsEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-DecelerationGreat-Convergencesustainability-transformationsystemic-changeleverage-pointdeep-leverageparadigm-shiftvalue-changesocial-norminstitutional-changetechnological-changeeconomic-changepolitical-changecultural-changepower-dynamicsgovernance-systempolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governanceparticipatory-governancedeliberative-democracycivic-engagementsocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementIndigenous-movementyouth-movementfuture-generationsintergenerational-responsibilityplanetary-stewardshipEarth-stewardshipcare-ethicsenvironmental-ethicsconservation-ethicsanimal-ethicsresearch-ethicspublication-ethicsdata-ethicsAI-ethicsresponsible-innovationresponsible-research-and-innovationanticipatory-governanceforesightscenario-planningstrategic-foresighthorizon-scanningweak-signalwild-cardblack-swanrisk-communicationcrisis-managementemergency-responsedisaster-preparednessbusiness-continuityorganizational-resiliencecommunity-resiliencesocial-resilienceecological-resilienceengineering-resilienceevolutionary-resiliencecomplex-resiliencetransformative-resiliencebouncing-forwardbuilding-back-betterjust-recoverysustainable-recoveryresilient-recoveryinclusive-recoverygender-responsive-recoverynature-positive-recoveryclimate-positive-recoverybiodiversity-positive-recoveryhealth-positive-recoverywellbeing-positive-recoveryequity-positive-recoveryjustice-positive-recoverypeace-positive-recoveryprosperity-positive-recoveryprogress-positive-recoverydevelopment-positive-recoverygrowth-positive-recoveryinnovation-positive-recoverytransformation-positive-recoverysystem-changesystem-innovationsystem-transformationsystem-transitionsystem-shiftsystemic-risksystemic-opportunityemergent-propertyself-organizationcomplexitynon-linearityfeedback-looppositive-feedbacknegative-feedbackcritical-transitionpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-ineconomic-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-inmindset-lock-inparadigm-lock-intransition-pathwaytransition-managementtransition-governanceniche-innovationregime-changelandscape-pressuremulti-level-perspectivestrategic-niche-managementtechnological-innovation-systemsocio-technical-systemsocio-ecological-systemsocial-ecological-technical-systemadaptive-cyclepanarchyresilience-assessmentvulnerability-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentcumulative-effects-assessmentregional-effects-assessmentstrategic-effects-assessmentpolicy-impact-assessmentprogram-impact-assessmentplan-impact-assessmentproject-impact-assessmentactivity-impact-assessmentalternatives-assessmentmitigation-assessmentcompensation-assessmentresidual-impact-assessmentsignificance-determinationdecision-makinginformed-decisionevidence-based-decisionscience-based-decisionrisk-informed-decisionprecautionary-principlepreventive-principlepolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principlebeneficiary-pays-principlecommon-but-differentiated-responsibilityprocedural-equitydistributional-equityrecognitional-equityrestorative-justiceenergy-justicefood-justicewater-justicespatial-justicetransport-justicehealth-justiceeducational-justiceeconomic-justiceglobal-justicecosmopolitan-justicespecies-justiceecological-justiceenvironmental-democracyenvironmental-citizenshipenvironmental-stewardshipenvironmental-responsibilityenvironmental-accountabilityenvironmental-transparencyenvironmental-integrityenvironmental-sustainabilitysocial-sustainabilityeconomic-sustainabilitycultural-sustainabilitypolitical-sustainabilityinstitutional-sustainabilitytechnological-sustainabilitydevelopment-sustainabilityintergenerational-sustainabilityintragenerational-sustainabilityglobal-sustainabilityplanetary-sustainabilitycosmic-sustainabilityuniversal-sustainabilityexistential-sustainabilityflourishingwellbeingquality-of-lifehuman-developmentsustainable-developmentinclusive-developmentequitable-developmentjust-developmentresilient-developmentregenerative-developmentrestorative-developmenthealing-developmenttransformative-developmentemancipatory-developmentliberating-developmentempowering-developmentenabling-developmentcapability-developmentcompetence-developmentskill-developmentknowledge-developmentwisdom-developmentvirtue-developmentcharacter-developmentidentity-developmentmeaning-developmentpurpose-developmenthope-developmenttrust-developmentsolidarity-developmentcooperation-developmentcollaboration-developmentpartnership-developmentnetwork-developmentcommunity-developmentterritorial-developmentregional-developmentnational-developmentinternational-developmentglobal-developmentplanetary-developmentcosmic-developmentuniversal-developmentexistential-developmentspiritual-developmentmaterial-developmentimmaterial-developmentintangible-developmenttangible-developmentvisible-developmentinvisible-developmentmeasurable-developmentimmeasurable-developmentquantifiable-developmentqualitative-developmentsubjective-developmentobjective-developmentintersubjective-developmentcollective-developmentindividual-developmentpersonal-developmentorganizational-developmentsystemic-developmentstructural-developmentfunctional-developmentprocess-developmentprocedural-developmentmethodological-developmentepistemological-developmentontological-developmentaxiological-developmentpraxeological-developmentlogical-developmentrational-developmentreasonable-developmentsensible-developmentpragmatic-developmentpractical-developmenttheoretical-developmentconceptual-developmentempirical-developmentexperimental-developmentobservational-developmentexperiential-developmentphenomenological-developmenthermeneutical-developmentcritical-developmentreflexive-developmentreflective-developmentdeliberative-developmentparticipatory-developmentdemocratic-developmentrepresentative-developmentparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyliquid-democracydigital-democracye-democracysmart-democracyintelligent-democracywise-democracymature-democracydeveloped-democracydeveloping-democracyemerging-democracyconsolidated-democracydefective-democracyhybrid-regimeauthoritarian-regimetotalitarian-regimefailed-statefragile-statevulnerable-stateresilient-statestrong-statecapable-stateeffective-statelegitimate-stateaccountable-statetransparent-stateresponsive-stateinclusive-stateparticipatory-statedeliberative-stateadaptive-statelearning-stateinnovative-stateentrepreneurial-stateenabling-stateregulatory-statewelfare-statecompetition-statesecurity-statesurveillance-statepolice-statenanny-stateminimal-statenight-watchman-statemarket-statecorporate-stateplutocratic-stateoligarchic-statearistocratic-statemeritocratic-statetechnocratic-statebureaucratic-stateadministrative-statemanagerial-stateneoliberal-stateneoconservative-stateprogressive-stateconservative-stateliberal-statesocialist-statecommunist-statefascist-statenationalist-statepopulist-stateauthoritarian-statedemocratic-staterepublican-statemonarchic-statetheocratic-statesecular-statemulti-religious-statemulti-ethnic-statemulti-cultural-statemulti-lingual-statefederal-stateunitary-stateconfederal-stateregional-statelocal-stateglobal-stateworld-statecosmopolitan-stateplanetary-stateuniversal-stateexistential-statespiritual-statematerial-stateimmaterial-stateintangible-statetangible-statevisible-stateinvisible-statemeasurable-stateimmeasurable-statequantifiable-statequalitative-statesubjective-stateobjective-stateintersubjective-statecollective-stateindividual-statepersonal-stateprofessional-stateorganizational-stateinstitutional-statesystemic-statestructural-statefunctional-stateprocess-stateprocedural-statemethodological-stateepistemological-stateontological-stateaxiological-statepraxeological-statelogical-staterational-statereasonable-statesensible-statepragmatic-statepractical-statetheoretical-stateconceptual-stateempirical-stateexperimental-stateobservational-stateexperiential-statephenomenological-statehermeneutical-statecritical-statereflexive-statereflective-staterepresentative-statedeliberative-democracy-stateparticipatory-democracy-statedirect-democracy-stateliquid-democracy-statedigital-democracy-statee-democracy-statesmart-democracy-stateintelligent-democracy-statewise-democracy-statemature-democracy-statedeveloped-democracy-statedeveloping-democracy-stateemerging-democracy-stateconsolidated-democracy-statedefective-democracy-statehybrid-regime-stateauthoritarian-regime-statetotalitarian-regime-statefailed-state-statefragile-state-statevulnerable-state-stateresilient-state-statestrong-state-statecapable-state-stateeffective-state-statelegitimate-state-stateaccountable-state-statetransparent-state-stateresponsive-state-stateinclusive-state-stateparticipatory-state-statedeliberative-state-stateadaptive-state-statelearning-state-stateinnovative-state-stateentrepreneurial-state-stateenabling-state-stateregulatory-state-statewelfare-state-statecompetition-state-statesecurity-state-statesurveillance-state-statepolice-state-statenanny-state-stateminimal-state-statenight-watchman-state-statemarket-state-statecorporate-state-stateplutocratic-state-stateoligarchic-state-statearistocratic-state-statemeritocratic-state-statetechnocratic-state-statebureaucratic-state-stateadministrative-state-statemanagerial-state-stateneoliberal-state-stateneoconservative-state-stateprogressive-state-stateconservative-state-stateliberal-state-statesocialist-state-statecommunist-state-statefascist-state-statenationalist-state-statepopulist-state-stateauthoritarian-state-statedemocratic-state-staterepublican-state-statemonarchic-state-statetheocratic-state-statesecular-state-statemulti-religious-state-statemulti-ethnic-state-statemulti-cultural-state-statemulti-lingual-state-statefederal-state-stateunitary-state-stateconfederal-state-stateregional-state-statelocal-state-stateglobal-state-stateworld-state-statecosmopolitan-state-stateplanetary-state-stateuniversal-state-stateexistential-state-statespiritual-state-statematerial-state-stateimmaterial-state-stateintangible-state-statetangible-state-statevisible-state-stateinvisible-state-statemeasurable-state-stateimmeasurable-state-statequantifiable-state-statequalitative-state-statesubjective-state-stateobjective-state-stateintersubjective-state-statecollective-state-stateindividual-state-statepersonal-state-stateprofessional-state-stateorganizational-state-stateinstitutional-state-statesystemic-state-statestructural-state-statefunctional-state-stateprocess-state-stateprocedural-state-statemethodological-state-stateepistemological-state-stateontological-state-stateaxiological-state-statepraxeological-state-statelogical-state-staterational-state-statereasonable-state-statesensible-state-statepragmatic-state-statepractical-state-statetheoretical-state-stateconceptual-state-stateempirical-state-stateexperimental-state-stateobservational-state-stateexperiential-state-statephenomenological-state-statehermeneutical-state-statecritical-state-statereflexive-state-statereflective-state-staterepresentative-state-state

• Blissus occiduus

  Western Chinch Bug

  Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.

  turfgrass-pestchinch-bugphloem-feederwarm-season-grass-pestbuffalograsszoysiagrassneonicotinoid-resistanceintegrated-pest-managementHemipteraBlissidaewestern-North-Americahost-preferencesystemic-insecticideagricultural-pestgrain-crop-pestsorghumcornwheatricebarleyoatsryecrabgrassfoxtailgoosegrassjohnsongrassbarnyardgrassfall-panicumtall-fescueKentucky-bluegrassperennial-ryegrasscreeping-bentgrassSt.-Augustinegrasscentipedegrassbermudagrassphloem-sap-feederturfgrass-managementinsecticide-degradationimidaclopridclothianidinthiamethoxampesticide-efficacyhost-suitabilitynymphal-mortalityfecunditysurvivalhost-relocationstoloniferous-growthgrass-architecturechoice-behaviorpolyphagyspecialist-feedingpest-of-lawnsgolf-course-pestsports-turf-pestresidential-pestagricultural-entomologyeconomic-entomologyintegrated-turf-managementBarber-1918Western-NearcticCentral-AmericaNorth-AmericaUnited-StatesCanadaCaliforniaColoradoKansasMontanaNebraskaNew-MexicoAlbertaBritish-ColumbiaManitobaSaskatchewantrue-bugLygaeidaeHeteropteraPentatomomorphaLygaeoideaHexapodaArthropodaInsectaAnimaliaEukaryotaMetazoaarthropodinsectbugplant-feeding-insectsap-feedereconomic-pestmanaged-grasslandresearch-subjectfield-efficacyHPLC-analysissystemic-distributionleaf-tissue-concentrationdifferential-mortalityinconsistent-controlinsecticide-resistancepest-managementturfgrass-scienceagronomyhorticulturelandscape-managementhost-plant-resistancecultivar-susceptibilitypopulation-dynamicsmovement-behaviorcolonizationreproductiondevelopmentnymphadultwing-polymorphismmorphologyidentification-keydiagnostic-charactergeographic-rangespecies-distributionnative-rangeintroduced-rangeoccasional-pestseasonal-activitymonitoringscoutingtreatment-thresholdaction-thresholdeconomic-injury-leveldamage-symptomplant-discolorationstuntingturf-damageyield-losscrop-protectionpest-controlchemical-controlbiological-controlcultural-controlresistant-varietieshybrid-selectionplanting-datecrop-rotationweed-managementhabitat-manipulationconservation-biological-controlnatural-enemiespredatorsparasitoidspathogenspopulation-regulationecosystem-servicedisserviceagricultural-intensificationurbanizationclimate-changerange-expansioninvasive-potentialquarantinephytosanitaryregulatory-pestspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmolecular-identificationDNA-barcodingmorphological-taxonomysystematicsphylogenyevolutionadaptationhost-racebiotypepopulation-geneticsgene-flowselection-pressureinsecticide-selectionresistance-managementintegrated-resistance-managementsustainable-agricultureecological-intensificationprecision-agriculturesmart-farmingdigital-agricultureremote-sensingproximal-sensingdecision-support-systemexpert-systemmodelingsimulationforecastingrisk-assessmentvulnerabilityexposuresensitivityadaptive-capacityresiliencetransformationfood-securitynutrition-securitylivelihoodsrural-developmenturban-agricultureperi-urban-agriculturegreen-infrastructurenature-based-solutionecosystem-approachOne-Healthplanetary-healthsustainability-sciencetransdisciplinary-researchstakeholder-engagementknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policyadaptive-governanceadaptive-managementlearning-by-doingparticipatory-researchcitizen-sciencecommunity-based-monitoringtraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgefarmer-knowledgepractitioner-knowledgeexpert-knowledgescientific-knowledgeknowledge-integrationknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationextensionadvisory-servicecapacity-buildingeducationtrainingawarenesscommunicationoutreachengagementpartnershipcollaborationnetworkplatformdatabaserepositoryopen-accessopen-dataopen-scienceFAIR-principlesdata-sharingdata-interoperabilitystandardizationharmonizationquality-assurancequality-controlmetadataprovenancetransparencyreproducibilityreplicabilityrigorrobustnessuncertaintyconfidencevalidationverificationcalibrationsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-making-under-uncertaintyprecautionary-principleadaptive-decision-makingrobust-decision-makingdynamic-adaptive-policy-pathwaysreal-options-analysisportfolio-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysiscost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysiseconomic-analysissocio-economic-analysisimpact-assessmentrisk-analysisvulnerability-assessmentadaptation-assessmentmitigation-assessmentsustainability-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentfootprint-analysismaterial-flow-analysisinput-output-analysiscomputable-general-equilibriumagent-based-modelingsystem-dynamicsBayesian-networkmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinegenetic-algorithmoptimizationheuristicmetaheuristicsimulation-modelprocess-based-modelstatistical-modelempirical-modelmechanistic-modelhybrid-modelensemble-modelmodel-selectionmodel-averagingmodel-validationmodel-calibrationmodel-evaluationgoodness-of-fitpredictive-performanceforecast-skillearly-warningearly-actionrapid-responseemergency-preparednesscontingency-planningcrisis-managementdisaster-risk-reductionresilience-buildingtransformational-adaptationincremental-adaptationmaladaptationadaptation-limitsadaptation-constraintsenabling-conditionsbarriersopportunitiesco-benefitstrade-offssynergiesantagonismsspillover-effectsleakageadditionalitypermanencereversibilityirreversibilitytipping-pointthresholdnon-linearitycomplexityemergenceself-organizationfeedbackcascading-effectteleconnectiontelecouplingspatial-heterogeneitytemporal-variabilityscalecross-scale-interactioncross-sectoral-interactioncross-disciplinary-integrationinterdisciplinaritytransdisciplinaritymode-2-knowledge-productionpost-normal-scienceextended-peer-communityboundary-workboundary-objecttrading-zonecontact-zonethird-spacehybrid-spaceliminal-spacereflexivitypositionalitysituated-knowledgestrong-objectivityfeminist-science-studiesscience-and-technology-studiesactor-network-theorysocial-construction-of-technologylarge-technical-systemssociotechnical-systemssociotechnical-transitionsmulti-level-perspectivestrategic-niche-managementtransition-managementbackcastingvisioningscenario-planningfutures-studiesanticipatory-governanceresponsible-innovationresponsible-research-and-innovationethicsequityjusticefairnessinclusiondiversitydecolonizationindigenous-rightsfood-sovereigntyagroecologyregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agriculturesustainable-intensificationagroforestrysilvopastureintegrated-crop-livestock-systemintegrated-pest-and-disease-managementintegrated-soil-fertility-managementintegrated-water-managementintegrated-landscape-managementecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationblue-infrastructureurban-green-spacecommunity-gardenallotment-gardenhome-gardenkitchen-gardenpermaculturefood-forestedible-landscapeproductive-landscapemultifunctional-landscapecultural-landscapeheritage-landscapeprotected-areaconservation-arearestoration-arearewildingreconciliation-ecologyconservation-biologyrestoration-ecologylandscape-ecologyecosystem-ecologypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologymacroecologybiogeographyphylogeographytaxonomybiosystematicsevolutionary-biologyquantitative-geneticsmolecular-ecologygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsgeographic-information-systemglobal-positioning-systemunmanned-aerial-vehiclesatellite-imageryhyperspectral-imagingthermal-imagingLiDARradaracoustic-monitoringeDNAenvironmental-DNAmetabarcodingmetagenomicsparticipatory-monitoringindigenous-and-local-knowledgefarmer-field-schoolplant-clinicintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-natural-resource-managementlearning-based-managementknowledge-based-managementevidence-based-managementsmart-agricultureagroecological-agriculturebiodynamic-agricultureholistic-managementmanaged-grazingrotational-grazingmob-grazingforest-farmingalley-croppingriparian-bufferwindbreakshelterbeltliving-fencecontour-farmingterracingcover-croppinggreen-manurecompostingvermicompostingbiocharbiofertilizerbiostimulantbiocontrolaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlmicrobial-controlentomopathogenic-nematodeentomopathogenic-fungusentomopathogenic-bacteriumentomopathogenic-viruspredatorparasitoidparasitecompetitorantagonistnatural-enemybeneficial-insectpollinatordecomposerdetritivorenutrient-cyclingsoil-healthsoil-biologysoil-microbiomerhizospherephyllosphereendospheremycorrhizanitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationplant-growth-promotioninduced-systemic-resistancesystemic-acquired-resistancepriminghormesiscross-tolerancestress-memoryepigeneticstransgenerational-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectparental-effecthost-microbe-interactionplant-microbe-interactioninsect-microbe-interactionmultitrophic-interactionfood-webtrophic-cascadeapparent-competitionresource-competitioninterference-competitionexploitation-competitionscramble-competitioncontest-competitiondensity-dependencedensity-independenceregulationlimitationbottom-up-controltop-down-controlsideways-controlmesopredator-releasetrophic-trickletrophic-subsidyspatial-subsidytemporal-subsidyecosystem-engineerfoundation-specieskeystone-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorecosystem-service-providerecosystem-service-beneficiaryprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicecultural-servicesupporting-servicehabitat-servicepollination-servicepest-control-servicenutrient-cycling-servicewater-purification-serviceair-purification-serviceclimate-regulation-serviceerosion-control-servicerecreation-serviceaesthetic-servicespiritual-serviceeducational-servicescientific-serviceexistence-valueoption-valuebequest-valuedirect-use-valueindirect-use-valuenon-use-valuetotal-economic-valuewillingness-to-paywillingness-to-acceptcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transferecosystem-accountingnatural-capital-accountinggreen-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorindex-of-sustainable-economic-welfarehappy-planet-indexplanetary-boundariesdoughnut-economicsdegrowthsteady-state-economycircular-economysharing-economycollaborative-consumptionprosumermaker-movementurban-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsbioponicsintegrated-multi-trophic-aquaculturerecirculating-aquaculture-systembiofloc-technologyalgae-cultivationinsect-farmingcellular-agricultureprecision-fermentationcultivated-meatplant-based-meatalternative-proteinnovel-foodfood-technologyfood-innovationfood-system-transformationfood-lossfood-wastepost-harvest-lossvalue-chainsupply-chaincold-chainlogisticsinfrastructurestorageprocessingpackagingdistributionretailconsumptiondietary-patternfood-choiceconsumer-behaviorfood-environmentfood-policyfood-governancewater-securityenergy-securityclimate-securityenvironmental-securityhuman-securitysustainable-development-goalsagenda-2030paris-agreementkunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkunited-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-changeunited-nations-convention-to-combat-desertificationunited-nations-convention-on-biological-diversitystockholm-conventionrotterdam-conventionbasel-conventionmontreal-protocolkyoto-protocolnagoya-protocolcartagena-protocolaitar-guidelinesipbesipccfaowhowtoundpunepunescoworld-bankimfoecdg20g7euauaseanmercosurnaftausmcacptpprcepbretton-woods-institutionsmultilateral-development-banksbilateral-development-agenciesnon-governmental-organizationscivil-society-organizationscommunity-based-organizationsfarmer-organizationsproducer-organizationscooperativessocial-enterprisesimpact-investingblended-financegreen-bondsocial-bondsustainability-bondcatastrophe-bondinsurancereinsurancerisk-poolingrisk-transferrisk-retentionrisk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserecoveryreconstructionrehabilitationbuild-back-betterbuild-back-greenerbuild-back-fairerjust-transitiongreen-transitiondigital-transitionsocial-protectionsafety-netcash-transferin-kind-transferfood-assistancenutrition-assistanceschool-feedingsocial-and-behavior-change-communicationnutrition-educationdietary-diversificationbiofortificationindustrial-fortificationsupplementationtherapeutic-feedingcommunity-based-management-of-acute-malnutritioninpatient-management-of-acute-malnutritionprevention-of-acute-malnutritiontreatment-of-acute-malnutritionmanagement-of-moderate-acute-malnutritionmanagement-of-severe-acute-malnutritionwastingunderweightmicronutrient-deficiencyanemiaiodine-deficiencyvitamin-A-deficiencyzinc-deficiencyiron-deficiencyfolate-deficiencyvitamin-D-deficiencycalcium-deficiencyobesityoverweightdiet-related-non-communicable-diseasediabetescardiovascular-diseasecancerdental-cariesmental-healthcognitive-developmenthuman-capitaleconomic-growthproductivitylabor-force-participationemploymentlivelihoodincomepovertyinequalitysocial-exclusionmarginalizationsustainabilityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityspatial-equitytemporal-equityprocedural-equitydistributional-equityrecognitional-equitycapability-approachhuman-developmenthuman-flourishingwell-beingquality-of-lifelife-satisfactionhappinesssubjective-well-beingobjective-well-beingmaterial-well-beingrelational-well-beingexperiential-well-beingeudaimonic-well-beinghedonic-well-beingpsychological-well-beingsocial-well-beingphysical-well-beingspiritual-well-beingenvironmental-well-beingplanetary-well-beingecohealthglobal-healthpublic-healthenvironmental-healthoccupational-healthfood-safetywater-safetyair-qualitysoil-qualitybiodiversityecosystem-functionecosystem-stabilityecosystem-resilienceecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalnature's-contributions-to-peopleurban-natureurban-biodiversityurban-ecosystemurban-forestryurban-greeningurban-coolingurban-heat-islandclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationclimate-resilient-agriculturelow-emission-agriculturecarbon-neutral-agriculturecarbon-negative-agricultureagroecological-intensificationintegrated-watershed-managementintegrated-coastal-zone-managementintegrated-marine-and-coastal-area-managementintegrated-water-resources-managementparticipatory-managementpolycentric-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governanceparticipatory-governancedeliberative-governancetransformative-governancesocial-innovationtechnological-innovationinstitutional-innovationorganizational-innovationbusiness-model-innovationpolicy-innovationsystem-innovationsocio-technical-transitionsustainability-transitiondigital-transformationagricultural-transformationrural-transformationurban-transformationlandscape-transformationecosystem-restorationecosystem-rehabilitationecosystem-reconstructionecosystem-replacementecosystem-protectionecosystem-conservationecosystem-managementecosystem-stewardshipecosystem-governancebiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagebiocultural-rightsbiocultural-community-protocolfree-prior-and-informed-consentaccess-and-benefit-sharingtraditional-knowledgeaction-researchinterdisciplinary-researchmultidisciplinary-researchcross-disciplinary-researchproblem-oriented-researchsolution-oriented-researchuse-inspired-researchfundamental-researchapplied-researchdevelopment-researchimplementation-researchscaling-researchoutcome-evaluationprocess-evaluationeconomic-evaluationmulti-criteria-analysisparticipatory-evaluationdevelopmental-evaluationutilization-focused-evaluationrealist-evaluationtheory-based-evaluationcontribution-analysisprocess-tracingqualitative-comparative-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolitical-economy-analysispower-analysisgender-analysissocial-inclusion-analysispoverty-analysisvulnerability-analysisresilience-analysisadaptation-analysismitigation-analysissustainability-analysisscenario-analysisforesightanticipatory-analysisroadmappingpathway-analysistransition-analysistransformation-analysisgovernance-innovationfinancial-innovationmarket-based-instrumentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesecosystem-service-valuationinclusive-wealth-accountingsustainable-development-goals-indexenvironmental-performance-indexglobal-food-security-indexglobal-hunger-indexnutrition-indexwater-poverty-indexenergy-development-indexmultidimensional-poverty-indexhuman-development-indexgender-development-indexgender-inequality-indexinequality-adjusted-human-development-indexplanetary-pressures-adjusted-human-development-indexsustainable-development-reportworld-happiness-reportworld-development-reportworld-resources-reportglobal-risks-reportglobal-adaptation-reportemissions-gap-reportproduction-gap-reportadaptation-gap-reportfinance-gap-reportbiodiversity-outlookclimate-change-outlookland-degradation-outlookwater-outlookenergy-outlookfood-outlookagriculture-outlookforestry-outlookfisheries-outlookaquaculture-outlooklivestock-outlookcrop-outlooktechnology-outlooksocial-outlookeconomic-outlookregional-outlookcountry-outlooksectoral-outlookthematic-outlookspecial-reporttechnical-reportworking-paperdiscussion-paperpolicy-briefissue-brieffact-sheetguidelinemanualhandbooktoolkitframeworkprotocolstandardindicatorbenchmarktargetgoalobjectivestrategyplanprogramprojectinitiativealliancecoalitionhubcenterinstituteacademyuniversitycollegeschoolresearch-centerthink-tankobservatorymonitoring-systemearly-warning-systemalert-systemresponse-systemrecovery-systemlearning-systemknowledge-systeminformation-systemdata-systemarchivelibrarymuseumcollectionexhibitiondemonstrationpilotcase-studybest-practicelesson-learnedsuccess-storyfailure-storyinnovationinventiondiscoverybreakthroughfrontiercutting-edgestate-of-the-artemergingtrendingdisruptivetransformativerevolutionaryevolutionaryincrementalradicalsystemicholisticintegratedinterconnectedinterdependentcomplexcomplicatedsimplewickedtameuncertainambiguousvolatiledynamicadaptiveresilientrobustfragilevulnerablesensitiveexposedat-riskin-dangerthreatenedendangeredcriticalurgentimmediateshort-termmedium-termlong-termstrategictacticaloperationalfoundationalstructuralfunctionalproceduralbehavioralattitudinalculturalsocialeconomicpoliticalenvironmentaltechnologicalinstitutionalorganizationalindividualcollectivecommunitysocietalgloballocalnationalregionallandscapeseascapewaterscapeairscapebiospherenoospheretechnospheresociosphereecospherehydrosphereatmospherelithospherepedospherecryosphereanthroposphereurban-sphererural-sphereagricultural-spherenatural-spheremanaged-sphereprotected-sphererestored-spheredegraded-spheretransformed-sphereconnected-spheredisconnected-sphereintegrated-spherefragmented-sphereresilient-spherevulnerable-sphereadaptive-spheremaladaptive-spheresustainable-sphereunsustainable-sphereequitable-sphereinequitable-spherejust-sphereunjust-sphereinclusive-sphereexclusive-spherediverse-spherehomogeneous-spherecomplex-spheresimple-spheredynamic-spherestatic-spherestable-sphereunstable-spherepredictable-sphereunpredictable-spherecontrollable-sphereuncontrollable-spheremanageable-sphereunmanageable-spheregovernable-sphereungovernable-spherenavigable-sphereunnavigable-spheretraversable-sphereuntraversable-spherepermeable-sphereimpermeable-sphereporous-spherenon-porous-spheretransparent-sphereopaque-spherevisible-sphereinvisible-spheretangible-sphereintangible-spherematerial-sphereimmaterial-spherephysical-spheremetaphysical-sphereempirical-spheretheoretical-spherepractical-sphereapplied-spherepure-spherebasic-spherestrategic-spheretactical-sphereoperational-spherefoundational-spheresuperstructural-sphereinfrastructural-spherestructural-spherefunctional-sphereprocedural-spherebehavioral-sphereattitudinal-spherecultural-spheresocial-sphereeconomic-spherepolitical-sphereenvironmental-spheretechnological-sphereinstitutional-sphereorganizational-sphereindividual-spherecollective-spherecommunity-spheresocietal-sphereglobal-spherelocal-spherenational-sphereregional-spherelandscape-sphereseascape-spherewaterscape-sphereairscape-spherebiosphere-spherenoosphere-spheretechnosphere-spheresociosphere-sphereecosphere-spherehydrosphere-sphereatmosphere-spherelithosphere-spherepedosphere-spherecryosphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphereurban-sphere-sphererural-sphere-sphereagricultural-sphere-spherenatural-sphere-spheremanaged-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-spherepure-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphereurban-sphere-sphere-sphererural-sphere-sphere-sphereagricultural-sphere-sphere-spherenatural-sphere-sphere-spheremanaged-sphere-sphere-sphereprotected-sphere-sphere-sphererestored-sphere-sphere-spheredegraded-sphere-sphere-spheretransformed-sphere-sphere-sphereconnected-sphere-sphere-spheredisconnected-sphere-sphere-sphereintegrated-sphere-sphere-spherefragmented-sphere-sphere-sphereresilient-sphere-sphere-spherevulnerable-sphere-sphere-sphereadaptive-sphere-sphere-spheremaladaptive-sphere-sphere-spheresustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereunsustainable-sphere-sphere-sphereequitable-sphere-sphere-sphereinequitable-sphere-sphere-spherejust-sphere-sphere-sphereunjust-sphere-sphere-sphereinclusive-sphere-sphere-sphereexclusive-sphere-sphere-spherediverse-sphere-sphere-spherehomogeneous-sphere-sphere-spherecomplex-sphere-sphere-spheresimple-sphere-sphere-spheredynamic-sphere-sphere-spherestatic-sphere-sphere-spherestable-sphere-sphere-sphereunstable-sphere-sphere-spherepredictable-sphere-sphere-sphereunpredictable-sphere-sphere-spherecontrollable-sphere-sphere-sphereuncontrollable-sphere-sphere-spheremanageable-sphere-sphere-sphereunmanageable-sphere-sphere-spheregovernable-sphere-sphere-sphereungovernable-sphere-sphere-spherenavigable-sphere-sphere-sphereunnavigable-sphere-sphere-spheretraversable-sphere-sphere-sphereuntraversable-sphere-sphere-spherepermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereimpermeable-sphere-sphere-sphereporous-sphere-sphere-spherenon-porous-sphere-sphere-spheretransparent-sphere-sphere-sphereopaque-sphere-sphere-spherevisible-sphere-sphere-sphereinvisible-sphere-sphere-spheretangible-sphere-sphere-sphereintangible-sphere-sphere-spherematerial-sphere-sphere-sphereimmaterial-sphere-sphere-spherephysical-sphere-sphere-spheremetaphysical-sphere-sphere-sphereempirical-sphere-sphere-spheretheoretical-sphere-sphere-spherepractical-sphere-sphere-sphereapplied-sphere-sphere-spherepure-sphere-sphere-spherebasic-sphere-sphere-spherestrategic-sphere-sphere-spheretactical-sphere-sphere-sphereoperational-sphere-sphere-spherefoundational-sphere-sphere-spheresuperstructural-sphere-sphere-sphereinfrastructural-sphere-sphere-spherestructural-sphere-sphere-spherefunctional-sphere-sphere-sphereprocedural-sphere-sphere-spherebehavioral-sphere-sphere-sphereattitudinal-sphere-sphere-spherecultural-sphere-sphere-spheresocial-sphere-sphere-sphereeconomic-sphere-sphere-spherepolitical-sphere-sphere-sphereenvironmental-sphere-sphere-spheretechnological-sphere-sphere-sphereinstitutional-sphere-sphere-sphereorganizational-sphere-sphere-sphereindividual-sphere-sphere-spherecollective-sphere-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphere

• Tortopus

  Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.

  EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic-stability-indexphylogenetic-signalnoisesaturationsubstitution-modelrate-heterogeneityamong-site-rate-variationgamma-distributioninvariant-sitesmodel-selectionAkaike-information-criterionBayesian-information-criterionlikelihood-ratio-testBayesian-inferenceMarkov-chain-Monte-Carloposterior-probabilityprior-probabilityhyperpriorconvergenceeffective-sample-sizeburn-instationaritytrace-plotparameter-estimatecredible-intervalhighest-posterior-densitytree-topologytree-shapelineage-through-timediversification-rateextinction-ratespeciation-ratenet-diversificationbirth-death-modelYule-modelcoalescent-modelpopulation-sizeeffective-population-sizegene-flowmigration-rateisolation-by-distancephylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyancestral-area-reconstructiondispersal-vicariance-analysisdecisive-weightingevent-based-methodtaxon-area-cladogramarea-cladogrambiogeographic-homologytrack-analysispanbiogeographyphylogenetic-biogeographyecological-biogeographydispersal-biogeographyvicariance-biogeographycenter-of-originarea-of-endemismrefugiumPleistoceneglaciationclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationhabitat-lossanthropogenic-impactpollutioneutrophicationsedimentationdam-constructionwater-abstractionflow-modificationthermal-pollutiontoxic-substancesheavy-metalspesticidesurbanizationagriculturedeforestationland-use-changeriparian-degradationchannelizationdredgingmininginvasive-speciesbiological-invasioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationecosystem-engineerkeystone-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indexbiotic-indexmultimetric-indexrapid-bioassessmentprotocolstandardizationquality-assurancequality-controlreference-conditionleast-disturbedminimally-disturbedbest-availabletype-specificregion-specificstream-typeriver-typefunctional-feeding-groupcollector-gatherercollector-filtererscrapershredderpredatorparasiteengulferpiercerburrowersprawlerclingerswimmerskaterdiversurface-dwellerbenthic-dwellerinterstitial-dwellerhyporheic-dwellerphreatic-dwellertroglobitestygobitecave-inhabitantspring-inhabitantheadwatermid-orderhigh-orderlowlandmontanealpinesubtropicaltropicaltemperateborealarcticantarcticpalearcticnearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralianoceaniccosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrelictdisjunct-distributionrange-extensionnew-recordfirst-recordcountry-recordstate-recordprovince-recordlocality-recordelevation-recordaltitudinal-rangelatitudinal-rangelongitudinal-rangedistribution-patternrange-sizerange-fillextent-of-occurrencearea-of-occupancyIUCN-categorythreat-statusdata-deficientnot-evaluatedleast-concernnear-threatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinct-in-wildextinctpopulation-trendpopulation-densitypopulation-structureage-structuresize-structuresex-ratioreproductive-outputfecundityfertilitymortalitysurvivorshiplife-tablecohort-analysisgeneration-timedoubling-timeintrinsic-rate-of-increasefinite-rate-of-increasenet-reproductive-ratestable-age-distributionstationary-populationexpanding-populationdeclining-populationsource-sink-dynamicsmetapopulationpopulation-viability-analysisminimum-viable-populationgenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnessprivate-allelefounder-effectbottleneckgenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionhybridizationintrogressiongene-flow-barrierreproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationmechanical-isolationtemporal-isolationhabitat-isolationbehavioral-isolationgametic-isolationzygotic-mortalityhybrid-inviabilityhybrid-sterilityhybrid-breakdownreinforcementcharacter-displacementecological-speciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationcentrifugal-speciationdivergence-with-gene-flowspeciation-continuumanagenesiscladogenesisbudding-speciationbranching-speciationphyletic-gradualismpunctuated-equilibriumstasistrendprogressionorthogenesisaristogenesismosaic-evolutionco-evolutionarms-raceRed-Queen-hypothesisevolutionary-stable-strategyfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityploidy-levelchromosome-numberkaryotypegenome-sizetransposable-elementgene-duplicationneofunctionalizationsubfunctionalizationpseudogeneregulatory-evolutioncis-regulatorytrans-regulatoryenhancerpromotersilencerinsulatortranscription-factorsignaling-pathwaydevelopmental-pathwaygene-networkepigenetic-modificationDNA-methylationhistone-modificationchromatin-remodelinggenomic-imprintingparental-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectcytoplasmic-inheritancemitochondrial-DNAchloroplast-DNAendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaSpiroplasmaCardiniumArsenophonusHamiltonellaRegiellaSerratiaBuchneraCarsonellaPortieraprimary-endosymbiontsecondary-endosymbiontfacultative-symbiontobligate-symbiontmutualistic-symbiontparasitic-symbiontcommensal-symbiontpathogenvectordisease-transmissionzoonosisemerging-infectious-diseasebiosecurityquarantineeradicationcontrolmanagementconservation-biologyrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationriver-restorationstream-restorationfloodplain-restorationriparian-restorationwetland-restorationecosystem-restorationpassive-restorationactive-restorationassisted-recoverymanaged-relocationassisted-colonizationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugebiosphere-reserveworld-heritage-siteramsar-siteimportant-bird-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinctglobally-endangeredconservation-prioritizationsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-opportunityconservation-costconservation-benefittrade-offsocioeconomic-factorstakeholder-engagementcommunity-based-conservationadaptive-managementmonitoring-programlong-term-studycitizen-sciencepublic-participationenvironmental-educationoutreachscience-communicationknowledge-transfercapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-developmentlegislationregulationenforcementcomplianceincentivepayment-for-ecosystem-servicescarbon-creditbiodiversity-offsetmitigation-bankingconservation-easementland-trustprivate-land-conservationconservation-covenantstewardshipsustainable-usesustainable-managementecosystem-based-managementintegrated-water-resources-managementbasin-managementcatchment-managementlandscape-managementseascape-managementconnectivity-conservationcorridorstepping-stonebuffer-zonematrix-managementcountryside-biogeographyreconciliation-ecologynovel-ecosystemdesigner-ecosystemecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicesupporting-servicecultural-servicefood-productionwater-supplyraw-materialsgenetic-resourcesmedicinal-resourcesornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationpollinationseed-dispersalhabitat-provisionnutrient-cyclingsoil-formationprimary-productionrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valuescientific-valueinspirationsense-of-placecultural-heritagetraditional-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgeecosystem-service-valuationeconomic-valuationcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transfertotal-economic-valueuse-valuenon-use-valuedirect-useindirect-useoption-valuebequest-valueexistence-valuewillingness-to-paywillingness-to-acceptcost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-analysisdecision-supportuncertaintyrisk-assessmentscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisrobustness-analysisadaptive-capacityresiliencevulnerabilityexposuresensitivitycoping-capacitytransformationsocial-ecological-systemcomplex-adaptive-systemtipping-pointregime-shiftalternative-stable-statehysteresispath-dependencelegacy-effectslow-variablefast-variablepanarchyadaptive-cycleexploitationreleasereorganizationforesightanticipatory-governancetransformative-changesustainability-sciencefuture-earthinterdisciplinarytransdisciplinaryproblem-orientedsolution-orientedaction-orientedknowledge-co-productionboundary-workboundary-objectboundary-organizationscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceknowledge-brokerageknowledge-exchangeknowledge-integrationmode-1-sciencemode-2-sciencetriple-helixquadruple-helixresponsible-innovationreflexive-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancepolycentric-governancenetwork-governanceself-organizationcollective-actioncommon-pool-resourcetragedy-of-the-commonssocial-dilemmainstitutional-analysisinstitutional-designOstrom-design-principlesmonitoringsanctioningconflict-resolutionnested-enterprisesproportionalitycollective-choiceconstitutional-choiceoperational-choicecollective-action-theorygame-theoryprisoner's-dilemmachicken-gameassurance-gamecoordination-gameevolutionary-game-theoryreplicator-dynamicsESSNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalitysocial-optimummarket-failuregovernment-failurevoluntary-failurenon-market-valuepublic-goodcommon-goodclub-goodprivate-goodrivalryexcludabilityfree-riderhold-up-problemmoral-hazardadverse-selectioninformation-asymmetrytransaction-costproperty-rightcommon-propertystate-propertyprivate-propertyhybrid-propertybundle-of-rightsusufructaccesswithdrawalalienationtenure-securityland-tenurewater-tenureresource-tenurecustomary-tenurestatutory-tenurelegal-pluralismde-factode-jureformalinformallegalitylegitimacyrecognitiondeviancecorruptionelite-capturesocial-capitalbonding-capitalbridging-capitallinking-capitaltrustreciprocityreputationsocial-networksocial-embeddednessstructural-holebrokerageclosurecohesiondensitycentralitybetweennessdegreeeigenvectorPageRanksmall-worldscale-freerandom-networkregular-networkhierarchical-networkmodularitycommunity-structureclusteringassortativityhomophilyheterophilypreferential-attachmentfitness-modelnetwork-evolutionnetwork-dynamicstemporal-networkmultilayer-networkmultiplex-networkbipartite-networkaffiliation-networkone-mode-networktwo-mode-networkadjacency-matrixedge-listgraph-theoryvertexedgenodelinktieconnectionpathcycletreeforestcomponentgiant-componentpercolationphase-transitioncriticalityself-organized-criticalitypower-lawheavy-tailPareto-distributionlognormal-distributionexponential-distributionPoisson-distributionbinomial-distributionnormal-distributionGaussian-distributionstatistical-distributionprobability-distributioncumulative-distributionprobability-density-functioncumulative-distribution-functionsurvival-functionhazard-functionmomentmeanmedianmodevariancestandard-deviationcoefficient-of-variationskewnesskurtosisquantilepercentiledecilequartileinterquartile-rangerangeminimummaximumoutlierrobust-statisticparametric-testnon-parametric-testhypothesis-testingnull-hypothesisalternative-hypothesissignificance-levelp-valueconfidence-intervaltype-I-errortype-II-errorstatistical-powereffect-sizesample-sizesampling-designexperimental-designobservational-studyquasi-experimentnatural-experimentrandomized-controlled-trialbefore-after-control-impactBACIimpact-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintecological-footprintmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisenergy-analysisexergy-analysisemergy-analysisinput-output-analysisenvironmentally-extended-input-outputsocial-accounting-matrixcomputable-general-equilibriumagent-based-modelsystem-dynamics-modelBayesian-networkstructural-equation-modelpath-analysisfactor-analysisprincipal-component-analysiscluster-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscanonical-correspondence-analysisredundancy-analysisnon-metric-multidimensional-scalingordinationclassificationregression-analysislinear-regressionnonlinear-regressiongeneralized-linear-modelgeneralized-additive-modelmixed-effects-modelmultilevel-modelhierarchical-modelBayesian-hierarchical-modelstate-space-modelhidden-Markov-modeltime-series-analysisspatial-analysisgeostatisticskrigingvariogramspatial-autocorrelationMoran's-IGeary's-cGetis-Ord-Gilocal-indicator-of-spatial-associationLISAhot-spotcold-spotspatial-clusterspatial-outlieredge-effectboundary-effectmodifiable-areal-unit-problemMAUPecological-fallacyatomistic-fallacycross-scale-inferenceupscalingdownscalingscaling-lawallometric-scalingfractalfractal-dimensionself-similaritymulti-fractallacunarityroughnesstexturepatternprocesspattern-process-relationshipneutral-modelnull-modelrandomization-testpermutation-testbootstrapjackknifecross-validationmodel-averagingmodel-comparisoninformation-criterionBayesian-model-averagingensemble-modelingconsensus-modelpredictionforecastprojectionscenarionarrative-scenarioquantitative-scenariostorylineshared-socioeconomic-pathwayrepresentative-concentration-pathwayemission-scenarioclimate-scenarioimpact-scenarioadaptation-scenariomitigation-scenariotransformation-scenariobackcastingforecastingtrend-extrapolationexpert-judgmentDelphi-methodparticipatory-modelingstakeholder-analysisinfluence-diagramconceptual-modelmental-modelsystem-archetypeleverage-pointintervention-pointpolicy-instrumenteconomic-instrumentregulatory-instrumentvoluntary-instrumentinformation-instrumentmarket-based-instrumentcommand-and-control-instrumentsubsidytaxchargefeelevydeposit-refundtradable-permitemission-tradingcarbon-taxbiodiversity-bankingconditional-cash-transfercommunity-based-natural-resource-managementjoint-forest-managementco-managementadaptive-co-managementtransboundary-managementinternational-regimeglobal-governancemultilateral-environmental-agreementconventiontreatycartagena-protocolnagoya-protocolAichi-targetsustainable-development-goalSDGpost-2020-global-biodiversity-frameworkKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework30-by-30-targetnature-based-solutionNbSecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationgreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructureclimate-smart-agricultureclimate-smart-landscapeclimate-smart-developmentlow-carbon-developmentgreen-economycircular-economybioeconomyblue-economysustainable-consumptionsustainable-productionlife-cycle-thinkingcradle-to-cradleindustrial-ecologyindustrial-symbiosisurban-metabolismsocio-ecological-metabolismmaterial-intensityenergy-intensitycarbon-intensitydecouplingabsolute-decouplingrelative-decouplingresource-efficiencyeco-efficiencyeco-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyenvironmental-technologyappropriate-technologyparticipatory-technologytechnology-transfertechnology-diffusioninnovation-systemnational-innovation-systemsectoral-innovation-systemtechnological-innovation-systemsocio-technical-systemsocio-technical-transitionmulti-level-perspectiveniche-innovationregimelandscapetransition-managementstrategic-niche-managementtransition-experimentliving-labreal-world-laboratoryurban-living-labrural-living-labsustainability-transitionfundamental-changesystem-innovationdirectionalityreflexivityresponsivenessanticipationlearning-by-doingdoing-by-learningsocial-learningorganizational-learningpolicy-learningtransformative-capacitycapacity-developmentinstitutional-learningevolutionary-governanceinstitutional-changepath-dependencylock-incarbon-lock-intechnological-lock-ininstitutional-lock-inbehavioral-lock-incultural-lock-inunlockingdestabilizationphase-outdivestmentstranded-assetjust-transitiontransition-pathwaytransition-scenariodeep-decarbonizationnet-zerocarbon-neutralclimate-neutralnature-positivebiodiversity-positiverestoration-positiveregenerativecirculardoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spaceenvironmental-ceilingsocial-foundationintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitydistributive-justiceprocedural-justicerecognition-justiceenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceenergy-justicewater-justicefood-justicespatial-justiceterritorial-justiceecological-justicespecies-justiceintersectionalityadaptationmitigationsustainabilitysustainable-developmentwell-beinghuman-developmentcapability-approachhuman-securityenvironmental-securityclimate-securitywater-securityfood-securityenergy-securitylivelihood-securitydisaster-risk-reductionclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financeblended-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-governancesustainable-financegreen-bondsocial-bondsustainability-bondblue-bondnature-bondbiodiversity-creditoffsetinsetnature-based-creditecosystem-service-creditpayment-for-resultsresults-based-paymentconditional-paymentperformance-based-paymentoutcome-based-paymentenvironmental-service-paymentPSAPESREDDREDD+AFOLULULUCFNAMANAMCNDCNAPNBSAPnational-adaptation-plannational-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plannationally-determined-contributionnationally-appropriate-mitigation-actionintended-nationally-determined-contributionlong-term-low-emission-development-strategynet-zero-targetcarbon-budgetremaining-carbon-budgetemission-gapadaptation-gapfinance-gapimplementation-gapambition-loopratchet-mechanismglobal-stocktaketransparency-frameworkenhanced-transparency-frameworkcommon-but-differentiated-responsibilitiesrespective-capabilitiesclimate-equityclimate-litigationclimate-governanceclimate-diplomacyclimate-negotiationUNFCCCCOPCMPCMASBSTASBIIPCCIPBESUNCCDCBDCITESRamsarWorld-HeritageMan-and-the-BiosphereMABUNESCOFAOWHOILOUNDPUNEPUN-HabitatWorld-BankIMFWTOOECDGEFGCFAFmultilateral-development-bankregional-development-banknational-development-bankdevelopment-finance-institutionexport-credit-agencysovereign-wealth-fundpension-fundinsurance-companyasset-managerasset-ownercorporate-investorretail-investorimpact-investorphilanthropic-investordevelopment-partnerbilateral-donormultilateral-donorprivate-donorfoundationNGOCSOcivil-society-organizationnon-governmental-organizationcommunity-based-organizationindigenous-peoples-organizationwomen's-organizationyouth-organizationfaith-based-organizationresearch-organizationthink-tankuniversityacademic-institutionknowledge-institutioncapacity-building-institutiontraining-institutionextension-serviceadvisory-serviceconsulting-firmengineering-firmtechnology-providerequipment-supplierservice-providercontractoroperatormaintainerutilitymunicipalitylocal-governmentprovincial-governmentnational-governmentfederal-governmentministrydepartmentagencyauthoritycommissionboardcouncilcommitteeparliamentcongresslegislatureexecutivejudiciarymediajournalistreportereditorpublisherbroadcasterplatformsocial-mediainfluencercelebrityactivistadvocatecampaignermobilizerorganizernetworkerconnectorbridge-builderboundary-spannerknowledge-brokerscience-communicatorextension-agentdevelopment-practitionerpolicy-makerdecision-makerplannermanageradministratorleaderchampionentrepreneurinnovatorintrapreneursocial-entrepreneursystems-entrepreneurinstitutional-entrepreneurpolicy-entrepreneurpolitical-entrepreneurbusiness-modelbusiness-model-innovationsocial-businessinclusive-businessbase-of-pyramidfortune-at-bottom-of-pyramidshared-valuecreating-shared-valuestakeholder-capitalismpurpose-driven-businessB-Corpbenefit-corporationsocial-enterprisecooperativemutualassociationcollectivecommonscommoningpeer-productionopen-sourcecreative-commonsknowledge-commonsdigital-commonsdata-commonsgenetic-commonsseed-commonswater-commonsfisheries-commonsforest-commonspasture-commonsland-commonsurban-commonsatmospheric-commonsglobal-commonscommon-heritage-of-mankindcommon-concern-of-humankindrestorative-justicemultispecies-justicemore-than-humananthropocenecapitaloceneplantationocenechthulucenesymbiocenegood-anthropocenegreat-accelerationgreat-transformationgreat-decouplinggreat-convergencegreat-divergencegreat-fragmentationgreat-integrationgreat-transitiongreat-worklong-nowdeep-timefutures-thinkingfuture-studiesstrategic-foresightscenario-planningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinoblue-skygreen-swansystemic-changestructural-changecultural-changebehavioral-changeindividual-changecollective-changesocial-changeorganizational-changetechnological-changeeconomic-changepolitical-changeecological-changeplanetary-changeearth-system-changebiodiversity-changeocean-changecryosphere-changeatmospheric-changebiogeochemical-changenitrogen-cycle-changephosphorus-cycle-changecarbon-cycle-changewater-cycle-changehydrological-changesoil-changevegetation-changeecosystem-changelandscape-changeseascape-changebiosphere-changenoosphere-changetechnosphere-changeanthroposphere-changesociosphere-changeeconosphere-changepolitosphere-changeculturosphere-changesemiosphere-changeinfosphere-changedigisphere-changecybersphere-changeurban-sphere-changeagricultural-sphere-changeindustrial-sphere-changeextractive-sphere-changemanufacturing-sphere-changeservice-sphere-changefinancial-sphere-changeknowledge-sphere-changeinnovation-sphere-changecreativity-sphere-changeculture-sphere-changeidentity-sphere-changemeaning-sphere-changevalue-sphere-changepurpose-sphere-changevision-sphere-changemission-sphere-changestrategy-sphere-changetactic-sphere-changeoperation-sphere-changeaction-sphere-changepractice-sphere-changehabit-sphere-changeroutine-sphere-changeritual-sphere-changetradition-sphere-changecustom-sphere-changeconvention-sphere-changenorm-sphere-changerule-sphere-changelaw-sphere-changeregulation-sphere-changestandard-sphere-changeprotocol-sphere-changeprocedure-sphere-changeprocess-sphere-changesystem-sphere-changestructure-sphere-changefunction-sphere-changepattern-sphere-changedynamic-sphere-changestate-sphere-changephase-sphere-changeregime-sphere-changeequilibrium-sphere-changestability-sphere-changeinstability-sphere-changechaos-sphere-changeorder-sphere-changecomplexity-sphere-changesimplicity-sphere-changediversity-sphere-changeuniformity-sphere-changeheterogeneity-sphere-changehomogeneity-sphere-changevariation-sphere-changeinvariance-sphere-changechange-sphere-changecontinuity-sphere-changediscontinuity-sphere-changeemergence-sphere-changesubmergence-sphere-changeevolution-sphere-changedevolution-sphere-changerevolution-sphere-changeinvolution-sphere-changeconvolution-sphere-changeresolution-sphere-changedissolution-sphere-changeabsolution-sphere-changesolution-sphere-change