Urban-forestry

Guides

Agrilus planipennis
Emerald Ash Borer, EAB
Agrilus planipennis, the emerald ash borer, is a highly destructive invasive beetle native to northeastern Asia. First detected in North America in 2002 (Michigan) and European Russia in 2003, it has since spread to 36 U.S. states, five Canadian provinces, and across Eastern Europe. The species has killed hundreds of millions of ash trees, causing severe ecological and economic damage. In its native range, it occurs at low densities without significant tree mortality; in invaded regions, it typically kills over 90% of ash trees within 2–4 years of establishment.
invasive-species forest-pest biological-control Fraxinus jewel-beetle Buprestidae North-America Europe Asia quarantine parasitoid-wasps chemical-ecology urban-forestry firewood-movement Spathius Tetrastichus Oobius Cerceris-fumipennis citizen-science Wasp-Watchers
Agromyza aristata
elm agromyzid leafminer
Agromyza aristata is a leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, commonly known as the elm agromyzid leafminer. The species creates serpentine leaf mines in elm leaves and shows a strong preference for American elm (Ulmus americana) over Asian elms and hybrids. It is widespread throughout eastern North America and has been documented as a pest in urban landscape settings.
leaf-miner pest Ulmus serpentine-mine urban-forestry
Allokermes
oak kermes scales
Allokermes is a genus of gall-like kermes scale insects in the family Kermesidae, native to the United States and specialized on oak trees (Quercus spp.). Females are relatively large (4–5 mm), round, and mottled brown, while males are tiny (1 mm), white, and oval. The genus includes economically significant pests that cause branch dieback, reduced growth, and occasional tree mortality. At least two species are well-documented: A. kingii in the southeastern and eastern United States, and A. galliformis in the eastern United States and Colorado.
oak-pest urban-forestry scale-insect phloem-feeder drippy-blight honeydew-producer ant-tended
Alsophila
cankerworm moths
Alsophila is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Alsophilinae. The genus is characterized by extreme sexual dimorphism: males are winged and capable of flight, while females are wingless, flightless, and lack functional mouthparts. Adults are active in late autumn or early spring, with larvae (known as inchworms or loopers) feeding on hardwood tree foliage in spring. Several species are significant defoliators of shade trees, with populations exhibiting eruptive dynamics.
sexual-dimorphism wingless-female inchworm defoliator outbreak-pest geometrid native-pest urban-forestry
Alsophila pometaria
Fall Cankerworm Moth, Fall Cankerworm, Inchworm
Alsophila pometaria, the fall cankerworm, is a native North American geometrid moth notable for its sexually dimorphic adults: males are winged and capable of flight, while females are wingless, flightless, and lack functional mouthparts. The species exhibits a distinctive life cycle with adult emergence in late autumn and early winter, egg-laying on tree bark, and larval feeding in spring. Caterpillars are known as "inchworms" or "loopers" due to their characteristic looping locomotion. The species is a generalist defoliator of deciduous hardwood trees and can reach outbreak densities, causing significant economic and ecological impact.
geometridae geometer-moth inchworm looper defoliator forest-pest sexual-dimorphism flightless-female winter-moth parthenogenesis native-pest hardwood-forest urban-forestry integrated-pest-management
Anisota peigleri
yellowstriped oakworm, yellow-striped oakworm moth
Anisota peigleri is a saturniid moth native to the southeastern United States, described by Jules C. E. Riotte in 1975. Previously misidentified as Anisota senatoria, this species is distinguished by its diurnal adult activity and specific geographic range. The larvae are specialized oak feeders that develop in gregarious clusters, causing noticeable but generally non-lethal defoliation of host trees. The species completes one generation annually, with adults active from mid-July through late August.
defoliator oak-pest gregarious-larvae diurnal-moth southeastern-endemic urban-forestry saturniid univoltine
Anoplophora glabripennis
Asian longhorned beetle, starry sky beetle, sky beetle, ALB
Anoplophora glabripennis, commonly known as the Asian longhorned beetle or starry sky beetle, is a highly polyphagous wood-boring beetle native to eastern China, Japan, and Korea. It has become a devastating invasive pest in North America and Europe, where it attacks and kills a broad range of hardwood trees. The beetle was first detected in the United States in Brooklyn, New York in 1996, likely arriving via solid wood packaging material. Eradication efforts have focused on tree removal and destruction, though biocontrol methods including entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes have been studied as potential management tools.
invasive-species forest-pest wood-borer urban-forestry biocontrol polyphagous quarantine-pest cerambycidae
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas 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inpatient-management-of-acute-malnutrition prevention-of-acute-malnutrition treatment-of-acute-malnutrition management-of-moderate-acute-malnutrition management-of-severe-acute-malnutrition wasting underweight micronutrient-deficiency anemia iodine-deficiency vitamin-A-deficiency zinc-deficiency iron-deficiency folate-deficiency vitamin-D-deficiency calcium-deficiency obesity overweight diet-related-non-communicable-disease diabetes cardiovascular-disease cancer dental-caries mental-health cognitive-development human-capital economic-growth productivity labor-force-participation employment livelihood income poverty inequality social-exclusion marginalization sustainability intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity spatial-equity temporal-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capability-approach human-development human-flourishing well-being quality-of-life life-satisfaction happiness subjective-well-being objective-well-being material-well-being 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tactical operational foundational structural functional procedural behavioral attitudinal cultural social economic political environmental technological institutional organizational individual collective community societal global local national regional landscape seascape waterscape airscape biosphere noosphere technosphere sociosphere ecosphere hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere pedosphere cryosphere anthroposphere urban-sphere rural-sphere agricultural-sphere natural-sphere managed-sphere protected-sphere restored-sphere degraded-sphere transformed-sphere connected-sphere disconnected-sphere integrated-sphere fragmented-sphere resilient-sphere vulnerable-sphere adaptive-sphere maladaptive-sphere sustainable-sphere unsustainable-sphere equitable-sphere inequitable-sphere just-sphere unjust-sphere inclusive-sphere exclusive-sphere diverse-sphere homogeneous-sphere complex-sphere simple-sphere dynamic-sphere static-sphere stable-sphere unstable-sphere predictable-sphere 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airscape-sphere-sphere-sphere biosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere noosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere technosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphere
Coptodisca
Coptodisca is a genus of small moths in the family Heliozelidae, established by Walsingham in 1895. Species are leafminers whose larvae feed internally on leaves of woody plants, creating distinctive blotch mines. Several species have become invasive pests in Europe, particularly C. lucifluella and C. juglandiella on walnut (Juglans) and related trees. The genus is native to the Nearctic region with approximately 20 described species.
leafminer invasive pest walnut Heliozelidae Lepidoptera shield-bearer blotch-mine multivoltine Nearctic-origin Europe-invasion Juglandaceae Carya Juglans parasitoid host-shift Coptodisca-lucifluella Coptodisca-juglandiella Coptodisca-negligens orchard-pest urban-forestry
Drepanosiphum platanoidis
sycamore aphid, maple aphid
Drepanosiphum platanoidis is a small aphid species specialized on maple and sycamore trees (Acer species). It is one of the most abundant aphids on sycamore in Europe and has been introduced to other regions including New Zealand. The species is notable for its distinctive winged morphs and its role in temperate forest ecosystems. It reproduces parthenogenetically through most of the year, with sexual forms appearing in autumn.
aphid maple-pest honeydew-producer urban-forestry introduced-species
Eriocampa
woolly sawflies
Eriocampa is a small Holarctic genus of sawflies in the family Tenthredinidae comprising approximately five to ten described extant species. The genus is characterized by larvae that produce conspicuous white waxy secretions, giving them a woolly appearance that likely serves as a defense against predators and parasitoids. Several species are economically significant as defoliators of woody plants, including Eriocampa juglandis (butternut woollyworm) on walnut and hickory, and Eriocampa ovata (woolly alder sawfly) on alder. The genus has a debated taxonomic history, with various classifications placing it in different subfamilies within Tenthredinidae.
sawfly Tenthredinidae defoliator waxy-secretion Holarctic pest introduced-species folivore walnut alder hickory urban-forestry diapause prolegs Hymenoptera
Eriocampa ovata
alder sawfly, woolly alder sawfly
Eriocampa ovata is a sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae, native to Europe and introduced to North America. Females reproduce primarily by parthenogenesis; males are unknown in North America and rare in Europe. The species is notable for its distinctive woolly larvae that feed on alder leaves.
sawfly parthenogenesis introduced-species pest folivore alder woolly-larva urban-forestry Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae
Exenterus amictorius
Exenterus amictorius is an ichneumonid parasitoid wasp introduced to North America that attacks sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), particularly during the pre-spinning eonymph stage. The species exhibits adaptive host discrimination behavior that changes during the host's spinning period, lacks discrimination initially but rapidly acquires and maintains this ability. It shows strong positive density-dependent responses to host abundance and has established successfully on multiple diprionid hosts across North America. In multiparasitism situations with the native E. diprionis, E. amictorius consistently survives due to faster larval development.
parasitoid biological-control sawfly-parasite introduced-species forest-entomology Ichneumonidae Diprionidae host-discrimination density-dependent-response multiparasitism competitive-displacement jack-pine pine-sawfly Quebec Ontario Europe North-America koinobiont idiobiont oviposition-behavior adaptive-behavior learning egg-complement Morisita's-Index power-function sex-ratio-bias seasonal-emergence invasive-species-success population-regulation host-switching establishment spread dominance competition exclusion phenology temporal-partitioning spatial-distribution aggregation functional-response numerical-response discrimination-learning associative-learning reproductive-strategy life-history development-rate survival interspecific-competition community-ecology species-interactions trophic-cascade ecosystem-service natural-enemy pest-management integrated-pest-management silviculture forest-health coniferous-forest boreal-forest temperate-forest pine-forest habitat-specificity host-specificity host-range-expansion biogeography colonization invasion-biology establishment-success population-dynamics density-dependence spatial-heterogeneity temporal-heterogeneity behavioral-plasticity phenotypic-plasticity memory decision-making foraging-behavior oviposition-strategy reproductive-allocation sex-allocation local-mate-competition fitness development emergence overwintering diapause voltinism univoltine partially-bivoltine seasonality synchrony asynchrony host-parasitoid-interactions biological-control-efficacy non-target-effects environmental-risk beneficial-insect conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control introduced-natural-enemy exotic-species non-native-species invasive-species range-expansion distribution occurrence abundance population-density sampling monitoring survey inventory phylogeography molecular-ecology systematics taxonomy identification morphology anatomy behavior ecology reproduction 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Homadaula
Homadaula is a genus of small moths in the family Galacticidae, established by Lower in 1907. The genus contains approximately 15 described species distributed across Africa, Asia, and Australia. Several species are known as webworms, with larvae that construct silk webs on host foliage. Homadaula anisocentra, the mimosa webworm, is the most economically significant species and has been introduced to North America as a pest of ornamental honeylocust and mimosa trees.
webworm pest introduced-species urban-forestry defoliator silk-web gregarious-larvae
Illinoia liriodendri
tuliptree aphid, tulip tree aphid
Illinoia liriodendri is a sap-feeding aphid native to eastern North America that specializes on tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera). It has become an invasive pest in Europe, where it was first recorded in the early 2000s and has since spread to multiple countries. The species exhibits a monoecic-holocyclic life cycle, with peak populations occurring in late spring. It is considered the most significant insect pest of tuliptree in urban landscapes, capable of reaching high densities that produce substantial honeydew and impact young trees.
aphid pest invasive-species urban-forestry tuliptree honeydew-producer biological-control North-American-native European-invasion
Macrohomotoma
Macrohomotoma is a genus of psyllids in the family Homotomidae, established by Kuwayama in 1908. The genus contains approximately 15 described species of plant-parasitic hemipterans. Best-known species include Macrohomotoma gladiata, a significant pest of ornamental Ficus trees that has expanded from its native Asian range to become invasive in the Mediterranean region and elsewhere. The genus is characterized by association with Ficus host plants and production of conspicuous waxy secretions.
psyllid Ficus-pest invasive-species ornamental-pest urban-forestry Liberibacter-vector
Podosesia
Ash and Lilac Borer Moths
Podosesia is a genus of clearwing moths in the family Sesiidae, established by Möschler in 1879 after the original name Grotea was found to be preoccupied. The genus contains at least three described species in North America, including the economically significant lilac borer (P. syringae) and the banded ash clearwing (P. aureocincta). Larvae are wood-borers in woody plants of the olive family (Oleaceae), particularly ash, lilac, and privet. Adults are diurnal and exhibit wasp mimicry in both appearance and behavior.
Sesiidae clearwing-moth wood-borer wasp-mimicry Oleaceae pest Pheno-Forecast urban-forestry ornamental-pest
Podosesia aureocincta
Banded Ash Borer Moth, Banded Ash Clearwing
Podosesia aureocincta is a clearwing moth in the family Sesiidae that infests ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). Unlike the invasive emerald ash borer, this native pest causes gradual damage over years or decades rather than rapid tree mortality. Adults emerge in late summer, exhibiting Batesian mimicry of paper wasps with their yellow-banded abdomens and clear wings. Larvae tunnel beneath bark, producing sawdust-like frass and round exit holes distinct from the D-shaped holes of emerald ash borer. The species is distributed across the Nearctic region.
clearwing-moth ash-pest native-pest wood-borer wasp-mimicry urban-forestry emerald-ash-borer-look-alike Sesiidae
Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis
western oak bark beetle
Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis, the western oak bark beetle, is a small bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. The species has been identified as a vector of Geosmithia pallida, the causal agent of foamy bark canker disease on coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) in California. Previously considered a secondary agent, this native beetle is now associated with significant tree decline and mortality in urban landscapes across multiple California counties.
bark-beetle vector oak-pest California Geosmithia-pallida foamy-bark-canker emerging-disease urban-forestry
Tetropium parvulum
Northern Spruce Borer
Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.
Cerambycidae spruce-borer wood-boring-beetle forest-pest western-Canada conifer-specialist Tetropium Picea economic-pest one-year-life-cycle Tetropium-parvulum Northern-Spruce-Borer Tetropium-cinnamopterum-complex morphological-diagnosis strict-host-specificity Tetropium-alaskanum-synonym Rhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoid spruce-log-pest Alberta-forestry boreal-forest-insect phloem-feeder cambium-borer L-shaped-galleries early-summer-emergence woodpecker-predation disease-mortality excess-heat-mortality Tetropium-velutinum-comparison lectotype-designation Tetropium-parallelum Tetropium-schwarzianum coniferous-forest-decomposer primary-borer Tetropium-taxonomy Casey-1891 Canadian-Entomologist economic-entomology forest-health timber-pest spruce-regeneration Picea-glauca-pest Picea-engelmannii-pest western-Canadian-distribution North-American-Cerambycidae Tetropium-morphology larval-urogomphi adult-genitalia pronotal-punctation eye-morphology scutellum-structure 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