Sap-feeder

Guides

Acanalonia servillei
Acanalonia servillei is a relatively large planthopper in the family Acanaloniidae, measuring more than 9 mm in length. It is widely distributed across the eastern and Gulf coastal regions of the United States and throughout the Caribbean. The species feeds on plant sap and has been documented in association with Capparis cynophallophora and other members of the caper family.
planthopper Acanaloniidae Hemiptera sap-feeder coastal-species
Acanaloniidae
Acanaloniid Planthoppers, Cone-headed Planthoppers
Acanaloniidae is a family of planthoppers in the superfamily Fulgoroidea, sometimes treated as a subfamily (Acanaloniinae) within Issidae. The family comprises approximately 7 genera including Acanalonia, Batusa, Chlorochara, and Philatis. Members are characterized by their distinctive cone-headed appearance and reticulate forewing venation. Several species have been introduced to Europe, including Acanalonia conica and Acanalonia bivittata, where they represent the first Nearctic representatives of this family.
planthopper sap-feeder wax-producing invasive-species Fulgoroidea Nearctic-origin Europe-introduction leaf-mimic cone-headed phloem-feeder honeydew-producer
Acanthocephala thomasi
giant agave bug
Acanthocephala thomasi, commonly known as the giant agave bug, is a large leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Despite its common name, observations indicate it utilizes multiple host plants including Baccharis sarothroides (desert broom), not exclusively agave species.
phytophagous sap-feeder desert southwestern-US monsoon-active
Achorotile
Achorotile is a genus of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, first described by Fieber in 1866. The genus comprises at least 15 described species distributed across Europe and North America. As with other delphacids, members of this genus are small, sap-feeding insects associated with grasses and sedges. The genus has been documented from subarctic regions to temperate zones, with several species described from the western United States and Canada.
Delphacidae planthopper grassland sap-feeder Palearctic Nearctic
Acizziinae
Acizziinae is a monotypic subfamily of psyllids (family Psyllidae) containing the single genus Acizzia. The subfamily was established by George Heslop-Harrison in 1961 and has a worldwide distribution. Members are small sap-feeding insects associated with host plants.
psyllid sap-feeder monotypic worldwide
Aconophora
Aconophora is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, tribe Aconophorini, characterized by a long, forward-projecting pronotal horn. The genus contains 13 described species distributed in the Neotropics. The most studied species, Aconophora compressa, was introduced to Australia in 1995 as a biological control agent for invasive lantana but was subsequently found to attack non-target plants, leading to its discontinued use. Members of this genus feed on plant stem sap and are not known to form mutualistic associations with ants, unlike the related genus Guayaquila.
treehopper biocontrol invasive-species Membracidae sap-feeder maternal-care
Aetalionidae
Aetalionid Treehoppers
Aetalionidae is a family of treehoppers in the superfamily Membracoidea, distinguished from the more diverse Membracidae by morphological features including a front femur fused to the trochanter and a completely exposed scutellum. The family is predominantly Neotropical in distribution, with two recognized subfamilies: Biturritiinae (exclusively Neotropical) and Aetalioninae (containing the Neotropical genus Aetalion and the Paleotropical genus Darthula). Females exhibit maternal care by guarding egg masses, and many species form aggregations on tree branches where they produce honeydew and associate with ants and stingless bees.
treehopper Membracoidea Neotropical maternal-care ant-mutualism honeydew phytophagous sap-feeder pest
Aleuroplatus coronata
Crown Whitefly
Aleuroplatus coronata, known as the crown whitefly, is a small sap-feeding insect in the family Aleyrodidae. Native to the southern United States and Mexico, it has established populations in California where it primarily infests oak and chestnut trees. The species derives its common name from the distinctive crown of waxy filaments surrounding the puparium. Heavy infestations can cause leaf drop, though the species generally causes limited harm to healthy host trees.
whitefly sap-feeder oak-pest chestnut-pest California biological-control
Amorphicolinae
Amorphicolinae is a subfamily of jumping plant lice within the family Psyllidae (Hemiptera). Members of this group are small, sap-feeding insects associated with host plants. The subfamily is relatively poorly documented compared to other psyllid groups, with limited published research on its biology and ecology.
psyllid jumping-plant-louse sap-feeder Sternorrhyncha
Aphalaroida inermis
Aphalaroida inermis is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Psyllidae. First described by Crawford in 1914, this small hemipteran insect belongs to a group of sap-feeding insects associated with host plants. The species name 'inermis' (Latin for 'unarmed') likely refers to morphological features lacking spines or projections. Like other psyllids, it undergoes incomplete metamorphosis with distinct nymphal stages.
psyllid jumping-plant-louse Sternorrhyncha sap-feeder North-America
Aphalaroidinae
Aphalaroidinae is a subfamily of psyllids within the family Psyllidae. These are small sap-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice. The subfamily is distinguished by particular wing venation patterns and genitalic structures that separate it from other psyllid subfamilies. Members are associated with various host plants, though specific associations remain incompletely documented for many taxa.
psyllid jumping-plant-louse sap-feeder Myrtaceae Eucalyptus-pest
Aphis cephalanthi
Buttonbush aphid
Aphis cephalanthi is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Thomas in 1878. The common name "Buttonbush aphid" reflects its association with its host plant, buttonbush (Cephalanthus species). Like other aphids in the genus Aphis, it is a sap-feeding insect with a typical aphid life cycle involving parthenogenetic reproduction during favorable conditions. The species is recognized in major taxonomic databases including GBIF, Catalogue of Life, and NCBI, though detailed biological studies appear limited in the available literature.
aphid Hemiptera Aphididae sap-feeder parthenogenesis buttonbush Cephalanthus North-America Thomas-1878
Aphrophora cribrata
pine spittlebug
Aphrophora cribrata, commonly known as the pine spittlebug, is a species of spittlebug in the family Aphrophoridae. The species is associated with coniferous habitats and has been documented in North America. Taxonomic authorities recognize this species as a synonym of Epipyga cribrata, reflecting ongoing revisions in spittlebug classification. The common name indicates its ecological association with pine trees.
spittlebug pine conifer forestry-pest Hemiptera sap-feeder
Aphrophora irrorata
Speckled spittlebug
Aphrophora irrorata is a species of spittlebug in the family Aphrophoridae, first described by Ball in 1899. The species is recognized as valid by GBIF and NCBI, though listed as a synonym in the Catalogue of Life. It belongs to the subgenus Plesiommata within Aphrophora. Like other spittlebugs, it feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The specific epithet 'irrorata' refers to a speckled or sprinkled appearance, likely describing the color pattern.
spittlebug Cercopoidea conifer-forest western-North-America sap-feeder
Asterocampa celtis
Hackberry Emperor
Asterocampa celtis, the Hackberry Emperor, is a North American brush-footed butterfly (Nymphalidae) whose life cycle is entirely dependent on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.). Adults are known for their rapid, erratic flight and frequent habit of landing on humans to feed on sweat. The species ranges across much of the eastern and central United States, with larvae feeding exclusively on hackberry foliage.
butterfly Nymphalidae hackberry Celtis North-America woodland sap-feeder human-associated-behavior
Asterocampa celtis antonia
Empress Antonia
Asterocampa celtis antonia is a subspecies of tawny emperor butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is currently recognized as a synonym of Asterocampa leilia according to GBIF taxonomy, though NCBI and iNaturalist maintain it as a distinct subspecies. The taxon was originally described by W.H. Edwards in 1878 as Apatura antonia.
butterfly Nymphalidae Asterocampa synonym hackberry-feeder sap-feeder
Asterocampa clyton
tawny emperor
Asterocampa clyton, the tawny emperor, is a brush-footed butterfly native to eastern North America. Adults are distinguished from the similar hackberry emperor by orange-brown forewings with pale orange-yellow spots and the absence of white forewing spots and a lower black eyespot. The species exhibits a dark morph with nearly uniformly dark hindwings in some regions. Adults rarely visit flowers, instead feeding on carrion, plant sap, and dung. The sole larval host is hackberry (Celtis spp.).
butterfly brush-footed-butterfly sap-feeder hackberry-specialist eastern-North-America
Asterocampa clyton flora
Florida Tawny Emperor
Asterocampa clyton flora is a subspecies of the tawny emperor butterfly, commonly known as the Florida Tawny Emperor. It is endemic to Florida and is distinguished from other subspecies by subtle differences in wing pattern and coloration. Like other members of the genus, adults are known to feed on sap flows, rotting fruit, and animal dung rather than flower nectar. The subspecies is associated with forested habitats where its larval host plants, hackberries (Celtis spp.), occur.
butterfly Nymphalidae Florida-endemic sap-feeder hackberry-specialist brush-footed-butterfly Apaturinae
Atymna helena
Atymna helena is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, described by Woodruff in 1915. It occurs in the north-central United States and southern Canada, with records from Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Manitoba, Minnesota, and Nebraska. As a member of the Smiliini tribe, it belongs to a diverse group of sap-feeding insects characterized by their enlarged pronota.
treehopper Membracidae Smiliini North-America sap-feeder
Bakerella maculata
Bakerella maculata is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. It belongs to a family commonly known as delphacid planthoppers, which are small, sap-feeding insects associated with grasses and other monocots. The specific epithet 'maculata' refers to spotted or mottled coloration. Distribution records indicate presence in parts of North America including Mississippi and Ohio, as well as southern Mexico in Chiapas and Guerrero.
planthopper Delphacidae Hemiptera sap-feeder grassland-insect
Banasa calva
Banasa calva is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The species feeds on sap of trees and shrubs but is rarely, if ever, a pest. Species identification within the genus is challenging as several North American species appear nearly identical and require microscopic examination for confirmation.
stink-bug Pentatomidae sap-feeder non-pest overwintering-adult identification-difficult microscopic-characters-required
Blera confusa
Confusing Wood Fly
Blera confusa, commonly known as the Confusing Wood Fly, is a syrphid fly species first described by Johnson in 1913. Adults are flower visitors that feed on nectar and pollen. The larvae are of the rat-tailed type, developing in exuding sap or rot holes of trees. The species is widely distributed across eastern and central North America.
Syrphidae hoverfly flower-fly rat-tailed-maggot Nearctic woodland sap-feeder pollinator
Blera nigra
Golden-haired Wood Fly
Blera nigra, commonly known as the golden-haired wood fly, is a Nearctic syrphid fly species first described by Williston in 1887. Adults are flower-visiting hoverflies that feed on nectar and pollen. The species exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism in facial coloration and antennal structure. Larvae are of the rat-tailed type, developing in tree rot holes or exuding sap.
syrphidae hoverfly rat-tailed-larva wood-fly boreal nearctic pollinator sap-feeder
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas Montana Nebraska New-Mexico Alberta British-Columbia Manitoba Saskatchewan true-bug Lygaeidae Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Lygaeoidea Hexapoda Arthropoda Insecta Animalia Eukaryota Metazoa arthropod insect bug plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder economic-pest managed-grassland research-subject field-efficacy HPLC-analysis systemic-distribution leaf-tissue-concentration differential-mortality inconsistent-control insecticide-resistance pest-management turfgrass-science agronomy horticulture landscape-management host-plant-resistance cultivar-susceptibility population-dynamics movement-behavior colonization reproduction development nymph adult wing-polymorphism morphology identification-key diagnostic-character geographic-range species-distribution native-range introduced-range occasional-pest seasonal-activity monitoring scouting treatment-threshold action-threshold economic-injury-level damage-symptom plant-discoloration stunting turf-damage yield-loss crop-protection pest-control 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Catamergus
Catamergus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, tribe Macrosiphini, established by Oestlund in 1923. It belongs to the diverse group of Sternorrhyncha, a suborder of Hemiptera characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts. Members of this genus are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on plant sap. The genus is poorly documented in public sources, with limited species-level information available.
aphid Sternorrhyncha Macrosiphini plant-feeding sap-feeder
Ceriana tridens
Western Wasp Fly
Ceriana tridens is a syrphid fly species native to western North America, commonly known as the Western Wasp Fly. It exhibits striking wasp mimicry, with coloration resembling yellowjackets or paper wasps. The species has been documented ovipositing in tree fissures, where larvae feed on sap.
wasp-mimic sap-feeder western-North-America pollinator
Chaitophorus populifolii
Chaitophorus populifolii is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Essig in 1912. It belongs to the subfamily Chaitophorinae, a group of aphids commonly associated with woody host plants, particularly in the Salicaceae family. The species name suggests an association with poplar foliage (Populus species). Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to feed on phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Published records for this species are limited, with few documented observations.
aphid sap-feeder poplar-associated
Chlorion aerarium
steel-blue cricket hunter, aphid wasp
Chlorion aerarium, the steel-blue cricket hunter, is a large, solitary thread-waisted wasp in the family Sphecidae. Females hunt crickets (Gryllidae) as prey for their larvae, paralyzing them with venom and caching them in underground burrows. The species is frequently mistaken for the similar blue mud dauber (Chalybion californicum), but is generally larger, brighter metallic blue to violet in color, and less hairy. Both sexes feed primarily on fermenting plant sap rather than nectar.
solitary-wasp cricket-predator metallic-blue sap-feeder ground-nester
Cixius balli
Cixius balli is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, first described by Kramer in 1981. It belongs to the genus Cixius, a diverse group of sap-feeding insects within the order Hemiptera. The species is known from distribution records in Arizona, USA. Like other cixiids, it is presumed to feed on plant vascular fluids, though specific host associations remain unstudied.
Cixiidae planthopper Hemiptera Arizona Nearctic sap-feeder Auchenorrhyncha
Cixius yufengi
Cixius yufengi is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Tsaur in 1993. The species belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous insects that feed on plant sap. Very little specific information is available about this particular species.
planthopper Cixiidae California-endemic Tsaur-1993 Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha sap-feeder Hemiptera insect arthropod Hexapoda Animalia Eukaryota Delphacoidea Cixiinae Cixiini Cixius species accepted GBIF Catalogue-of-Life taxonomy distribution California USA United-States North-America endemic invertebrate hemipteran true-bug bug insecta animal hexapod eukaryote arthropoda cixius-yufengi yufengi Tsaur 1993 scientific-name canonical-name authorship rank status genus specific-epithet classification taxonomy-match exact kingdom phylum class order family distribution-records Buglife endemic-species British-endemics Ivell's-Sea-Anemone Edwardsia-ivelli Widewater-Lagoon Sussex extinct likely-extinct not-seen-in-over-forty-years 1973 1983 dance-fly Poecilobothrus-majesticus Essex 1907 Caledonian-Planthopper Cixius-caledonicus not-seen-for-70-years Manx-Shearwater-Flea Ceratophyllus-fionnus 1960s Turk's-Earth-Centipede Nothogeophilus-turki Isles-of-Scilly Isle-of-Wight 1988 never-seen-again conservation James-Harding-Morris book British-endemic-invertebrates Craig-Macadam Celtic-Woodlouse Metatrichoniscoides-celticus Wales western-fringes-of-England 1980s Chater's-Bristletail Dilta-chateri iridescent jumping-powers 1990s Lundy-Cabbage-Flea-Beetle Psylliodes-luridipennis Lundy-Island Devon co-endemism Lundy-Cabbage endemic-plant Lundy-Cabbage-Weevil Ceutorhynchus-contractus-pallipes taxonomic-uncertainty Horrid-Ground-weaver Nothophantes-horridus Plymouth development Northern-February-Red-Stonefly Brachyptera-putata Scotland drumming abdomen-tapping British-Cave-Shrimp Niphargus-glenniei blind ghostly-pale caves damp-rock-fissures temporary-puddles humid-caves rediscovered protected survival conservation-priorities global-responsibility evolutionary-twists ecological-intrigue hope natural-heritage Back-from-the-Brink RSPB Big-Garden-Birdwatch BSBI New-Year-Plant-Hunt plants wildlife nature communications public-engagement campaigns rare-species obscure-species overlooked-species irreplaceable-species local-wonders global-stakes isolation thousands-of-years millions-of-years evolution landscapes Red-Squirrel Hedgehog Europe shared-species nowhere-else no-backup no-second-chances celebration protection cherish recognise awareness habitat-protection research forgotten-creatures spotlight slipping-through-the-cracks unknown-to-public rarely-surveyed barely-hanging-on already-gone uncomfortable-truth important-species least-known strange deeply-unsettling sole-global-responsibility lose-them-everywhere organisations fighting-to-change extraordinary-work rarest most-threatened entirely-overlooked forgotten evolved step-with-Britain's-landscapes familiar-species share-with-Europe population-overseas reintroduce lose-them written journey overlooked irreplaceable found-nowhere-else-on-Earth call-to-recognise protect uniquely-ours available-now booksellers species-found-nowhere-else-on-Earth passionate-nature-enthusiast lifelong-love exploring natural-world trekking mountains rare-flowers scouring fens elusive-moths investigating exotic-invertebrates hothouses fascination unwavering professional-life conservation-sector high-impact-campaigns inspired England's-rarest most-obscure-species mission Britain-and-Ireland fall-in-love-with-plants SHARE Facebook LinkedIn guest-blog author how-many-species found-only-in-Britain simple-question comprehensive-list researching writing 2022 reference buried-in-books scattered-across-internet tucked-away minds-of-species-experts result over-700-species at-least-another-100-subspecies occur-nowhere-else-on-Earth total-global-responsibility very-few-people name-even-a-single-one struck most-irreplaceable-species live-or-die decisions-made-within-our-borders top-of-conservation-priorities celebrated understood set-out tell-their-stories unique-invertebrates incredibly-fortunate Buglife's-Conservation-Director first-time compiling-report 20-species five-species-of-fly four-species-of-beetle two-stoneflies one-each woodlouse centipede millipede flea bristletail spider shrimp sea-anemone tell-stories go-out-and-find-them picked-five track-down bumped-into couple-more searched-under-coastal-rocks exquisite pearly-translucent tiny-species barely-2.5mm-long first-discovered known-only-from-Wales nearby searched-damp ferny-woodlands alien-looking astonishing-jumping-powers named-new-to-science travelled Devon's-Lundy-Island try-and-see particularly-rare-pairing only-known-example endemic-beetle possibly-endemic spend-their-lives wintry-visit search elusive-and-threatened found-in-just-a-few-sites within-the-city perpetually-under-pressure owes-its-survival tireless-efforts guided-tour prime-Northern-February-Red-Stonefly habitat blew-my-mind musical-prowess stoneflies-'drum'tapping-their-abdomens slithering-through-tight muddy underground-tunnels personal-favourite utterly-gorgeous spends-its-life chance-search Devon-coast first-sighting almost-thirty-years ones-we've-lost immediately-drawn only-ever-known unfortunately Craig's-report hasn't-been-seen over-forty-years first-collected last-seen within-a-decade knowing-this-species-existed gone-forever sadly not-uncommon-theme endemic-invertebrates discovered hasn't-been-found over-a-century 70-years don't-think-anyone spotted since-the-1960s not-long-after first-described first-found strange-and-uncomfortable-truth some-of-the-most-important-species also-some-of-the-least-known by-definition Britain's-sole-global-responsibility lose-them-here despite-that-significance thankfully organisations-fighting raising-awareness rarest-and-most-threatened otherwise-remain leading-edge-research evolved-in-step Britain's-landscapes thousands unlike-more-familiar-species no-population-overseas nowhere-to-reintroduce why-I-wrote-Endemic utterly-unique mosses woodlice beetles buttercups stories-full-of right-attention action still-be-saved held-on possible within-our-reach all-good-booksellers overlooked-and-irreplaceable Backs-Goldilocks-Buttercup Heather-Stuckey About-the-Author trekking-up-mountains scouring-fens investigating-exotic-invertebrates fascination-with-wildlife RSPB's-Big-Garden-Birdwatch BSBI's-New-Year-Plant-Hunt Back-from-the-Brink-project care-deeply currently ensure-everyone opportunity work-with-BSBI SHARE-ON
Coccus longulus
Long Brown Scale
Coccus longulus, commonly known as the long brown scale, is a soft scale insect in the family Coccidae. It has a broad global distribution spanning Europe, Africa, Asia, the Americas, and numerous Pacific islands. As a member of the soft scales, it likely feeds on plant sap and may produce honeydew, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
soft-scale Coccidae cosmopolitan-distribution sap-feeder
Colladonus geminatus
Geminate Leafhopper
Colladonus geminatus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Geminate Leafhopper. It is one of several Colladonus species found in North America, including the related Colladonus clitellarius (Saddled Leafhopper). The species has been documented in Oregon and across western North America from Alaska to California. As with other leafhoppers in this genus, it likely feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
leafhopper Cicadellidae western-North-America sap-feeder bioblitz-species
Corythucha associata
Cherry lace bug
Corythucha associata, commonly known as the cherry lace bug, is a species of true bug in the family Tingidae. It is found throughout North America. As a member of the lace bug family, it is a small, sap-sucking insect that feeds on plant foliage. The species was described by Osborn and Drake in 1916.
lace-bug Tingidae sap-feeder cherry-pest ornamental-pest North-America
Corythucha confraterna
sycamore lace bug, Western Sycamore Lace Bug
Corythucha confraterna, commonly known as the sycamore lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is found in Central America and North America. The species is active from spring to autumn, feeding on plant sap and causing leaf stippling, wilting, and premature leaf drop. It has been observed feeding on sycamore, ash, hickory, and mulberry trees. During winter, adults shelter in protected locations near their food sources.
lace-bug Tingidae pest sycamore sap-feeder tree-pest Hemiptera true-bug
Corythucha coryli
hazelnut lace bug
Corythucha coryli, the hazelnut lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is found in North America. The species is associated with hazelnut (Corylus) and other plants in the birch family (Betulaceae). Like other lace bugs, it feeds on plant sap and produces characteristic white stippling damage on leaves.
lace-bug sap-feeder Betulaceae hazelnut North-America
Corythucha heidemanni
alder lace bug
Corythucha heidemanni, commonly known as the alder lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is native to North America and has been documented across Canada and the United States. Like other lace bugs, it is a small, sap-sucking true bug with distinctive lacy wings. The species is associated with alder trees (Alnus spp.), though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
lace-bug Tingidae Hemiptera sap-feeder phytophagous North-America alder ornamental-pest
Corythucha incurvata
Toyon Lace Bug
Corythucha incurvata is a species of lace bug (family Tingidae) first described by Uhler in 1894. It occurs in Central America and North America, with distribution records from California, Oregon, Arizona, and Middle America. Like other lace bugs, it is a small, sap-feeding true bug with characteristic lacy, reticulated wings. The species is known by the common name 'Toyon Lace Bug', suggesting an association with toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) or related host plants, though specific host associations require further documentation.
lace-bug Tingidae sap-feeder plant-bug Nearctic California-fauna
Corythucha mollicula
Corythucha mollicula is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is a small, sap-sucking true bug native to North America. Like other lace bugs in the genus Corythucha, it likely feeds on plant foliage and may be associated with specific host plants, though detailed host records for this particular species are limited in the available literature.
lace-bug Tingidae Hemiptera sap-feeder North-America phytophagous
Corythucha morrilli
Morrill Lace Bug
Corythucha morrilli, commonly known as the Morrill lace bug, is a species of true bug in the family Tingidae. It has a remarkably broad distribution spanning Australia, the Caribbean, Central America, North America, and Oceania, suggesting either high dispersal capability or human-mediated spread. Like other lace bugs, it is a sap-feeding insect that uses its piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant cell contents.
lace-bug sap-feeder pest cosmopolitan-distribution
Corythucha pallipes
Birch Lace Bug
Corythucha pallipes, known as the birch lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is found across North America. As a member of the lace bug family, it possesses the characteristic reticulated, lace-like wing covers that give these insects their common name. The species is associated with birch trees, though specific ecological details remain limited in available sources.
lace-bug Tingidae birch North-America sap-feeder Hemiptera
Corythucha pergandei
Alder Lace Bug
Corythucha pergandei, commonly known as the alder lace bug, is a species of true bug in the family Tingidae. It is native to and distributed throughout North America, with records from both Canada and the United States. Like other lace bugs, it is a sap-feeding insect that typically inhabits the undersides of leaves. The species is associated with alder (Alnus) as its primary host plant, from which it derives its common name. As with other members of the genus Corythucha, it likely causes characteristic white stippling damage on foliage through its piercing-sucking mouthparts.
lace-bug Tingidae Hemiptera sap-feeder alder North-America leaf-damage stippling
Corythucha pruni
prunus lace bug
Corythucha pruni is a North American species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. As a member of the genus Corythucha, it shares the characteristic reticulated, lace-like forewings that give these insects their common name. The species is associated with Prunus hosts, as indicated by its specific epithet. Like other lace bugs, it is a sap-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract fluids from plant tissues.
lace-bug Tingidae Hemiptera North-America sap-feeder
Corythucha ulmi
elm lace bug
Corythucha ulmi, the elm lace bug, is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is native to North America and feeds on elm trees (Ulmus spp.). Like other lace bugs, it is a small sap-sucking insect that causes characteristic white stippling damage on leaves. The species was described by Drake in 1916.
lace-bug elm-pest sap-feeder Tingidae North-America
Cotinis nitida
green June beetle, June bug, June beetle, Common Green June Beetle
Cotinis nitida is a native North American scarab beetle in the flower chafer subfamily Cetoniinae. Adults are large, metallic green beetles active during daylight hours, often seen flying loudly in search of ripe or fermenting fruit. The species completes a one-year life cycle, with larvae feeding underground on decaying organic matter and occasionally damaging turfgrass roots through tunneling behavior. Though sometimes mistaken for the invasive Japanese beetle, this species is significantly larger and behaviorally distinct, and is generally considered a minor agricultural pest.
scarab-beetle flower-chafer sap-feeder fruit-pest turfgrass-pest white-grub diurnal metallic-green native-species aggregation-pheromone gut-microbiome fermentation-attraction back-crawling-larva one-year-life-cycle organic-matter-decomposer southeastern-US-endemic ethanol-trap-attraction male-clypeal-horn sexual-competition misidentification-risk Cetoniinae Gymnetini Cotinis Coleoptera Scarabaeidae
Craspedolepta nebulosa
Craspedolepta nebulosa is a species of psyllid (family Aphalaridae) in the order Hemiptera. It is a small sap-feeding insect with 34 documented observations on iNaturalist and distribution records from multiple sources. The species was first described by Zetterstedt in 1828. As a member of the psyllid group, it likely feeds on plant phloem and may be associated with specific host plants, though detailed biological information remains limited in available sources.
psyllid Hemiptera Aphalaridae sap-feeder Zetterstedt-1828
Delphacodes trimaculata
Delphacodes trimaculata is a species of delphacid planthopper in the family Delphacidae, first described by Beamer in 1948. It is a small, sap-feeding insect belonging to the order Hemiptera, suborder Auchenorrhyncha. The species is found in North America, with distribution records from Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, and Illinois. As a member of the genus Delphacodes, it shares characteristics typical of this group of planthoppers, including a movable spur on the hind tibia.
planthopper delphacid Auchenorrhyncha North-America Hemiptera Delphacidae Delphacodes Beamer-1948 insect sap-feeder
Derbidae
Derbid Planthoppers, Derbids
Derbidae is a large and diverse family of planthoppers within the superfamily Fulgoroidea, comprising over 1,700 described species in 166 genera. Adults are small sap-sucking insects typically 5–10 mm in length, with highly variable morphology across subfamilies and tribes. The family exhibits striking diversity in wing shape, head structure, and antennae form. Nymphs develop in decaying organic matter, particularly under bark of dead trees and in palm debris, where they feed on fungi—an unusual life history trait among planthoppers. Several species are economically significant as suspected vectors of phytoplasma diseases affecting palms, including lethal yellowing and related syndromes, though clear evidence of transmission remains limited.
planthopper sap-feeder phytoplasma-vector palm-pest fungivorous-nymph decomposer tropical Hemiptera Fulgoroidea Auchenorrhyncha
Diceroprocta biconica
Florida Keys' Scrub Cicada, Key's cicada
Diceroprocta biconica, commonly known as the Florida Keys' Scrub Cicada or Key's cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea and North America, with confirmed records from Florida and Isla de la Juventud. Like other cicadas, it has piercing-sucking mouthparts and produces sound through tymbal organs. The species belongs to the genus Diceroprocta, which contains several species distributed across North American deserts and subtropical regions.
Cicadidae Hemiptera North-America Caribbean Florida Cuba scrub-habitat sap-feeder subtropical
Diceroprocta marevagans
Scrub Cicada
Diceroprocta marevagans is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae, distributed across parts of Central America and North America. As a member of the genus Diceroprocta, it shares traits with other "annual" cicadas that appear every year due to staggered generations, rather than the synchronous emergences seen in periodical cicadas. The species inhabits scrubland and arid environments where it feeds on plant sap.
cicada Hemiptera Cicadidae North-America Central-America sap-feeder annual-cicada scrubland Texas Mexico Diceroprocta
Enchenopa on-betula
Enchenopa on-betula is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, subfamily Membracinae. The genus Enchenopa belongs to the tribe Membracini, a group of treehoppers characterized by their enlarged, often elaborately shaped pronotum that extends backward over the abdomen. Species in this genus are associated with various host plants, with some showing specificity to particular plant taxa. The specific epithet 'on-betula' suggests an association with birch (Betula) host plants, though this requires confirmation. Treehoppers in this group feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts and are known for their often striking pronotal modifications.
treehopper Membracidae Membracinae Membracini Enchenopa Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha plant-feeding sap-feeder pronotum-modified potential-birch-associate
Erythridula aspera
Erythridula aspera is a small leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It belongs to a diverse genus of microleafhoppers characterized by their diminutive size and often colorful patterning. Records indicate presence in eastern North America including Florida, New Brunswick, and New Hampshire. Like other members of Typhlocybinae, it feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae microleafhopper Cicadellidae sap-feeder eastern-North-America
Erythridula brundusa
Erythridula brundusa is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Robinson in 1924. Like other members of the genus Erythridula and tribe Erythroneurini, it belongs to a diverse group of small, often colorful leafhoppers commonly referred to as microleafhoppers. These insects feed on plant sap and are frequently encountered on vegetation, though specific details about this particular species remain poorly documented in the available literature.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Erythroneurini microleafhopper sap-feeder Hemiptera
Erythridula cruciformis
Erythridula cruciformis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. The genus Erythridula comprises small leafhoppers commonly referred to as "microleafhoppers," typically measuring under 5 millimeters in body length. These insects are part of the diverse leafhopper fauna found in eastern North America, where they feed on plant sap using their piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species name "cruciformis" likely refers to a cross-shaped marking or pattern on the body or wings.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae microleafhopper North-America Hemiptera sap-feeder
Erythridula hamata
Erythridula hamata is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Beamer in 1930. It belongs to the subfamily Typhlocybinae, a group commonly known as microleafhoppers due to their small size. Records indicate occurrence in northeastern North America including New Brunswick, New Hampshire, and New York. The genus Erythridula contains numerous small, often colorful leafhopper species that feed on plant sap.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae microleafhopper sap-feeder Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha
Erythridula lawsoniana
Erythridula lawsoniana is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. The genus Erythridula comprises small leafhoppers often referred to as 'microleafhoppers' due to their diminutive size, typically under 5 millimeters. These insects feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species has been documented from scattered localities across eastern North America, with records from Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, New Hampshire, and Ontario.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae microleafhopper Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha North-America sap-feeder insect arthropod
Erythridula noeva
Erythridula noeva is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, originally described as Typhlocyba obliqua var. noevus by Gillette in 1898. It belongs to the subgenus Erythridula within the larger genus Erythroneura. The species has been documented on birch hosts in New Brunswick, Canada, where it exhibits similar seasonal histories and habits to other Erythridula species but differs in host relationships and ecology. It is one of five Erythridula species studied from birch in that region.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae birch Betula New-Brunswick sap-feeder Erythroneura Erythridula Hemiptera
Erythridula nondescripta
Erythridula nondescripta is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, described by Johnson in 1935. As a member of the tribe Erythroneurini, it belongs to a diverse group of small leafhoppers commonly referred to as 'microleafhoppers' due to their diminutive size, typically under 5 millimeters. The genus Erythridula contains multiple species that are frequently encountered in late autumn in temperate North America, often found on wooden fences and vegetation in residential and natural settings. Like other typhlocybines, this species feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae microleafhopper autumn-insects Hemiptera sap-feeder overwintering-adult
Erythridula rubrataeniensis
Erythridula rubrataeniensis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, described by Beamer in 1930. It belongs to a genus of small, often colorful leafhoppers commonly referred to as microleafhoppers. Like other members of the tribe Erythroneurini, this species likely feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The specific epithet suggests a connection to red or ruddy markings (rubra-) and banding or stripes (taenia-).
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae microleafhopper sap-feeder
Erythridula stolata
Erythridula stolata is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Like other members of the genus, it is a small, plant-feeding insect that feeds on sap. The species was described by McAtee in 1920. Records indicate it occurs in northeastern North America, with observations from Maryland north to New Brunswick and Ontario.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha sap-feeder northeastern-North-America
Erythroneura bistrata
Two-banded Leafhopper
Erythroneura bistrata is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It belongs to a genus containing numerous species commonly referred to as "microleafhoppers" due to their small size. Members of this genus are known for their often vivid coloration with streaks and bands across their wings. The specific epithet "bistrata" refers to the two-banded appearance. Like other Erythroneura species, it is likely associated with woody plants and may be encountered in late season when leafhoppers are abundant.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae microleafhopper North-America sap-feeder
Erythroneura coloradensis
Erythroneura coloradensis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, first described by Gillette in 1892. The genus Erythroneura comprises numerous small, often colorful leafhoppers commonly referred to as "microleafhoppers," many of which are associated with woody plants. Species in this genus are frequently encountered in late autumn on sun-warmed surfaces. Specific biological details for E. coloradensis remain poorly documented in available literature, though congeners are known to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species has been recorded from multiple states in the central and western United States.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae microleafhopper sap-feeder autumn-active western-United-States
Erythroneura cymbium
Erythroneura cymbium is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by McAtee in 1920. It belongs to the genus Erythroneura, a diverse group of small, often colorful leafhoppers commonly known as "microleafhoppers." Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with feeding on plant sap, though specific host plant associations and detailed biology remain poorly documented in published literature. The species has been recorded from multiple U.S. states including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Texas.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae North-America sap-feeder
Erythroneura fraxa
Fraxa Leafhopper
Erythroneura fraxa is a species of microleafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Robinson in 1924. It belongs to the genus Erythroneura, a diverse group of small, colorful leafhoppers commonly found in North America. Members of this genus are known for their striking wing patterns with bands and streaks of color. The species has been documented in Kansas based on distribution records. Like other Erythroneura species, it likely feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
leafhopper Cicadellidae microleafhopper North-America Kansas Typhlocybinae Erythroneurini sap-feeder Robinson-1924
Erythroneura nudata
Erythroneura nudata is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, described by McAtee in 1920. Like other members of the genus Erythroneura, it belongs to a group commonly known as microleafhoppers or grape leafhoppers, many of which are associated with woody plants. The species is part of a diverse North American fauna of Typhlocybinae that feed on plant sap. Specific biological details for E. nudata remain poorly documented compared to economically important congeners such as E. comes and E. ziczac.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Erythroneura North-America Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha microleafhopper sap-feeder woody-plant-associate
Erythroneura prosata
Erythroneura prosata is a species of microleafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It belongs to the diverse genus Erythroneura, which contains numerous species commonly known as grape leafhoppers and related microleafhoppers found in North America. Members of this genus are typically small, colorful insects with distinctive wing patterns. The species was described by Johnson in 1935. Like other Erythroneura species, it likely feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
leafhopper microleafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha North-America sap-feeder Erythroneura
Erythroneura tricincta
Three-banded Leafhopper
Erythroneura tricincta, commonly known as the Three-banded Leafhopper, is a small leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae. It is distinguished by three distinct bands across its wings and is frequently observed on fence lines and building exteriors during mild winter periods. The species is known to overwinter as adults and become active on warm days. Like other Erythroneura species, it feeds on plant sap and can be found in association with various host plants, though specific host relationships for this species are less documented than for congeners such as E. comes.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae winter-active North-America sap-feeder
Erythroneura vitifex
Vine Leafhopper
Erythroneura vitifex is a small leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Vine Leafhopper. It belongs to the diverse genus Erythroneura, which includes numerous species associated with grapevines and other plants. Like other members of its genus, it feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species was described by Fitch in 1856 and is documented from several central and eastern U.S. states.
leafhopper grapevine vineyard pest Hemiptera Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Erythroneurini phytophagous sap-feeder
Eucalyptolyma maideni
Spotted Gum Lerp Psyllid
Eucalyptolyma maideni is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, commonly known as the Spotted Gum Lerp Psyllid. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha suborder, it is a sap-feeding insect that produces protective carbohydrate coverings called lerps on host plants. The species is associated with eucalypt trees in Australia.
psyllid lerp eucalypt sap-feeder Corymbia
Euceraphis punctipennis
downy birch aphid, European birch aphid
Euceraphis punctipennis is a small green aphid species that feeds exclusively on downy birch (Betula pubescens). Adults are pale green with bluish wax particles, membranous wings, and long legs. The species reproduces parthenogenetically during spring and summer, with all adults being female. Population dynamics correlate with seasonal changes in host tree sap nutritional quality.
aphid birch sap-feeder parthenogenesis introduced-species honeydew-producer
Euglyptoneura robusta
Euglyptoneura robusta is a species of jumping plant louse in the family Psyllidae, order Hemiptera. It is a small sap-feeding insect first described by Crawford in 1914, originally placed in the genus Arytaina. The species is known from western North America, with records from Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, and British Columbia. Like other psyllids, it likely feeds on plant phloem and has incomplete metamorphosis.
psyllid jumping-plant-louse sap-feeder western-North-America Hemiptera Psyllidae Euglyptoneura Crawford-1914 Arytaina-robusta Arizona California Colorado Idaho British-Columbia
Euphoria fulgida
emerald euphoria, emerald euphorium
Euphoria fulgida, commonly known as the emerald euphoria, is a flower chafer beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. This species exhibits remarkable color polymorphism, with most eastern U.S. populations appearing metallic green while western populations show blue-green, burgundy, or pink coloration. Adults are bee mimics with a unique wing mechanism allowing flight with elytra closed. The species has a one-year life cycle and is attracted to ethanol-based baits. Several subspecies have been described based on geographic variation in coloration.
scarab-beetle flower-chafer Cetoniinae bee-mimic sap-feeder North-America color-polymorphism
Euphoria fulgida holochloris
Emerald Euphoria
Euphoria fulgida holochloris is a subspecies of flower scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. Adults are notable bee mimics with a distinctive flight pattern, and exhibit considerable color variation including metallic green, blue-green, and burgundy forms. The subspecies was described by Fall in 1905 and occurs across much of eastern and central North America.
flower-scarab bee-mimic sap-feeder pollinator color-polymorphism
Euphoria herbacea
Olive Flower Beetle
Euphoria herbacea is a medium-sized scarab beetle in the subfamily Cetoniinae, commonly known as flower chafers or fruit chafers. Adults measure 15–16 mm and display an olive-green coloration. The species is endemic to the United States, with its distribution centered on the central plains and areas east of the Mississippi River. Like other members of its genus, it is attracted to fermenting sap flows on trees and exhibits a distinctive flight morphology with hind wings that deploy while the elytra remain closed.
scarab-beetle flower-chafer sap-feeder oak-associate Nearctic-endemic
Euphoria inda
bumble flower beetle, brown fruit chafer, Indian cetonia
Euphoria inda is a scarab beetle in the subfamily Cetoniinae, commonly known as the bumble flower beetle. Adults are active pollinators that feed on pollen, nectar, sap, and damaged fruits. The species is notable for its distinctive flight behavior: adults do not lift their elytra during flight, causing the hindwings to vibrate inside and produce a buzzing sound. It is widely distributed across North America and has been documented in large numbers at fermented bait traps in prairie and woodland habitats.
flower-chafer scarab pollinator sap-feeder fermented-bait-attraction buzzing-flight
Euphoria monticola
Euphoria monticola is a species of flower scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. It was originally described by Henry Walter Bates in 1889. The species was formerly considered conspecific with Euphoria fulgida but was recognized as distinct in a 2012 revision by Jesus Orozco. It is primarily distributed in the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico) and mountainous regions of Mexico.
scarab flower-chafer bee-mimic sap-feeder oak-associate mountain-species diurnal
Eupteryx vittata
Eupteryx vittata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It is a small sap-feeding insect found in the Palearctic region. Like other members of the genus Eupteryx, it is associated with herbaceous vegetation and has been recorded from various locations across Russia and Ukraine.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae Palearctic sap-feeder
Fagocyba douglasi
Fagocyba douglasi is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It belongs to a group of small, sap-feeding insects commonly known as typhlocybine leafhoppers. The species was described by Edwards in 1878. Distribution records indicate occurrence in parts of Europe (Italy, Crimea) and western North America (British Columbia), suggesting a transcontinental or possibly introduced range pattern.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae Cicadellidae Hemiptera sap-feeder
Flatoides
Flatoides is a genus of planthoppers in the family Flatidae, subfamily Flatoidinae. Members of this genus are characterized by their flattened, often broad body shape typical of flatid planthoppers. The genus was established by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1844. Species within Flatoides are distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in the Old World tropics including parts of Africa, Asia, and associated islands. Like other flatids, they are sap-feeding insects that inhabit vegetation where they feed on plant phloem.
planthopper flatid sap-feeder tropical Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha
Gloridonus pulcher
Gloridonus pulcher is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 2014. The genus Gloridonus belongs to the diverse leafhopper fauna of western North America. This species is known from California, where it inhabits native plant communities. Like other cicadellids, it is a sap-feeding insect that uses its piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract fluids from plant vascular tissue. The specific epithet 'pulcher' (Latin for 'beautiful') likely refers to distinctive coloration or morphological features.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Hemiptera California-endemic western-North-America sap-feeder Auchenorrhyncha
Gyropsylla ilecis
Yaupon Psyllid
Gyropsylla ilecis, commonly known as the Yaupon Psyllid, is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae. It is associated with yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria) as its host plant. The species has been documented in the southeastern United States, particularly Florida and Georgia. Its common name reflects this specific host relationship.
psyllid sap-feeder host-specific southeastern-US Ilex ornamental-pest
Heliria
Heliria is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, established by Stål in 1867. The genus contains thirteen described species distributed in North America. Members of this genus are phytophagous insects associated with woody host plants. At least one species, Heliria praealta, has been documented feeding on chokecherry (Prunus virginiana).
treehopper Membracidae phytophagous North-America woody-plants chokecherry Hemiptera Smiliinae Telamonini sap-feeder
Heterotrioza
Heterotrioza is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant lice) in the family Triozidae, established by Dobreanu & Manolache in 1960. Members of this genus are sap-feeding insects associated with plants in the family Amaranthaceae. The genus includes at least one documented species in Egypt, Heterotrioza chenopodii, which has been studied for its seasonal abundance patterns.
psyllid Triozidae Sternorrhyncha sap-feeder Amaranthaceae Egypt
Kelisia
Kelisia is a genus of delphacid planthoppers established by Fieber in 1866. The genus contains more than 50 described species and is classified within the subfamily Kelisiinae of the family Delphacidae. Species in this genus are small, sap-feeding insects associated with grasses and sedges.
delphacid planthopper grassland sap-feeder
Kyboasca
Kyboasca is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. The genus was established by Zakhvatkin in 1953. Members of this genus are small, sap-feeding insects commonly found in the Palearctic region. The genus is placed in the tribe Empoascini, which includes many economically important agricultural pests.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae Empoascini Palearctic sap-feeder
Laccocera zonata
Laccocera zonata is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Van Duzee in 1897. It belongs to the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, a group of sap-feeding insects commonly known as planthoppers. Distribution records indicate this species occurs in western North America, with documented presence in Alberta, Arizona, California, Colorado, and Montana. As a member of Delphacidae, it is likely associated with grassland and wetland habitats where its host plants grow, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
planthopper Delphacidae Fulgoromorpha western-North-America Van-Duzee-1897 Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha grassland wetland sap-feeder
Leptopharsa oblonga
Leptopharsa oblonga is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae. It is distributed across North America, with records from Canada and the United States. Like other lace bugs, it is a small, sap-feeding true bug with distinctive reticulated wing covers. The species was described by Thomas Say in 1825.
lace-bug Tingidae Hemiptera North-America sap-feeder
Livia caricis
sedge psyllid
Livia caricis is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. It belongs to the genus Livia, which comprises psyllids associated with sedges (Carex spp.). The species is found in western North America, with distribution records from British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Idaho. Like other psyllids, it is a small sap-feeding insect with host-specific relationships to its plant hosts.
psyllid Liviidae western-North-America Crawford-1914 sedge-associated sap-feeder Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha
Macropsis viridis
Green Leafhopper
Macropsis viridis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Macropsinae. It is a small, green insect associated with woody plants. The species has been recorded across North America from Georgia to Colorado and north to Alberta and British Columbia. Like other members of its genus, it likely feeds on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Macropsinae North-America green-leafhopper sap-feeder
Macrosteles vulgaris
Macrosteles vulgaris is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Kwon in 2010. The species belongs to the genus Macrosteles, a group of small sap-feeding insects commonly known as leafhoppers. Distribution records indicate occurrence in western North America including British Columbia, California, Idaho, Manitoba, and Montana. As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.
leafhopper sap-feeder western-North-America recently-described
Metadelphax
Metadelphax is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, established by Wagner in 1963. The genus contains at least five described species, including M. propinqua, which has been studied for its biology and wing polymorphism. Members are small sap-feeding insects with characteristic delphacid morphology.
planthopper delphacid Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoromorpha Delphacoidea sap-feeder wing-polymorphism grassland-insect agricultural-pest-potential
Metcalfa pruinosa
Citrus Flatid Planthopper
Metcalfa pruinosa is a polyphagous planthopper native to North America that has become a significant invasive pest across Europe, Asia, and other regions. Adults measure 5.5–8 mm in length and are covered in a distinctive bluish-white waxy coating. The species produces one generation per year, with eggs overwintering in bark crevices. It feeds gregariously on plant sap, excreting honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth and causes direct damage to crops and ornamentals. First described by Thomas Say in 1830, it has spread to over 20 countries and is known to attack more than 300 plant species.
invasive-species agricultural-pest planthopper sap-feeder honeydew-producer polyphagous classical-biological-control-target urban-pest orchard-pest vineyard-pest
Muirodelphax arvensis
Muirodelphax arvensis is a species of delphacid planthopper first described by Fitch in 1851. It belongs to the family Delphacidae, a group of small, sap-feeding insects commonly known as planthoppers. The species is recorded from North America, with distribution records from Alberta, Arizona, Arkansas, British Columbia, and California.
planthopper delphacid sap-feeder
Neophyllura pruinosa
Neophyllura pruinosa is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Liviidae, first described by Martin in 1931. As a member of the Hemiptera order, it is a sap-feeding insect that likely specializes on particular host plants. The genus Neophyllura is part of a group of psyllids associated with various plant families, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented in available literature. The species has been recorded in California, USA based on distribution data.
Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha Psylloidea Liviidae psyllid jumping-plant-louse sap-feeder phloem-feeder California-endemic rarely-recorded
Nothodelphax venusta
Nothodelphax venusta is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae. It belongs to a group of small, sap-feeding insects commonly known as delphacid planthoppers. The species was described by Beamer in 1948. Like other delphacids, it possesses a characteristic spur on the hind tibia. Distribution records indicate presence in the southwestern United States and western Canada.
planthopper delphacid Hemiptera sap-feeder Nothodelphax Beamer-1948
Nymphalis antiopa
Mourning Cloak, Camberwell Beauty
Nymphalis antiopa is a large, distinctive butterfly native to Eurasia and North America. Adults are among the longest-lived butterflies, with lifespans of 11–12 months. The species is notable for its early spring emergence, often before snow has melted, and for seasonal altitudinal migrations in some regions. Larvae feed gregariously on willows, elms, and other woody plants, while adults primarily consume tree sap, rotting fruit, and aphid honeydew rather than nectar.
hibernating-adult sap-feeder gregarious-larvae territorial-behavior altitudinal-migrant early-spring-flier
Oestlundiella flava
Oestlundiella flava is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Davidson in 1912. It belongs to the subfamily Calaphidinae and tribe Calaphidini. As with other aphids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant sap. The specific epithet 'flava' (Latin for yellow) likely refers to its coloration. Available records indicate it is a rarely documented species with limited observational data.
aphid Calaphidinae Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder
Opsius
Opsius is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, established by Fieber in 1866. The genus contains approximately 19 described species distributed across the Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions, including Europe, North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, and India. Species in this genus are obligate associates of Tamarix plants (Tamaricaceae), completing their entire life cycles on these hosts. The genus has gained attention as a potential bioindicator for environmental monitoring due to documented sensitivity to pollutants.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Tamarix bioindicator sap-feeder Palearctic riparian phloem-feeder
Ormenoides
Ormenoides is a genus of flatid planthoppers in the family Flatidae, established by Melichar in 1923. Adults typically measure 7–7.5 mm in length and 2 mm in width. The genus contains six recognized species distributed in North America. Like other flatids, members of this genus produce conspicuous white wax secretions, particularly during the nymphal stage.
Flatidae planthopper North-America sap-feeder wax-producing pest ornamental-plants
Parallaxis
Parallaxis is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, and tribe Dikraneurini. The genus was established by McAtee in 1926. Members of this genus are small, sap-feeding insects that inhabit diverse plant communities. As with other typhlocybines, they possess reduced wing venation and are among the smallest leafhoppers.
leafhopper Typhlocybinae Dikraneurini Cicadellidae Hemiptera sap-feeder phloem-feeder
Paramysidia
Paramysidia is a genus of derbid planthoppers established by Broomfield in 1985. It contains seven described species, all named by Broomfield except for two species originally described under different genera and later transferred. The genus is part of the diverse Derbidae family within the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea.
derbidae planthopper fulgoroidea auchenorrhyncha hemiptera insecta arthropoda animalia derbinae derbini broomfield-1985 genus north-america mississippi barbara boudica felix mississippiensis nigropunctata tessellata vulgaris derbid-planthopper true-bug hemipteran insect bug leafhopper-relative sap-feeder plant-feeder derbid-planthopper-genus fulgoromorph auchenorrhynchan heteropteran-relative piercing-sucking-mouthparts xylem-feeder phloem-feeder plant-sap-feeder derbidae-genus derbinae-genus derbini-genus broomfield-taxonomy 1985-taxonomy north-american-insect north-american-planthopper north-american-derbidae north-american-hemiptera north-american-true-bug mississippi-insect mississippi-planthopper mississippi-derbidae mississippi-hemiptera mississippi-true-bug usa-insect usa-planthopper usa-derbidae usa-hemiptera usa-true-bug united-states-insect united-states-planthopper united-states-derbidae united-states-hemiptera united-states-true-bug nearctic-insect nearctic-planthopper 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Paramysidia mississippiensis
Paramysidia mississippiensis is a species of derbid planthopper in the family Derbidae, first described by Dozier in 1922. The specific epithet reflects its association with the state of Mississippi. As a member of the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea, it belongs to a group of hemipteran insects characterized by their distinctive head morphology and sap-feeding habits. The species has been documented across multiple states in the southern United States.
planthopper derbid sap-feeder southern-United-States
Paraphlepsius planus
Paraphlepsius planus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Sanders and DeLong in 1922. It belongs to the subfamily Deltocephalinae and tribe Pendarini. The species has been recorded in the southeastern United States, with observations from Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. As a member of the Auchenorrhyncha, it is a sap-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant fluids.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Pendarini Auchenorrhyncha Hemiptera Insecta sap-feeder planthopper-relative southeastern-US-fauna
Pealius kelloggi
Hollyleaf Cherry Whitefly
Pealius kelloggi is a species of whitefly in the family Aleyrodidae. It has been recorded from California and is associated with hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia). The species was described by Bemis in 1904 and is one of approximately 44 observations documented on iNaturalist. Like other whiteflies, it is a sap-feeding insect that develops through distinct immature stages before reaching the winged adult form.
whitefly Aleyrodidae Hemiptera California Prunus-ilicifolia sap-feeder
Periphyllus negundinis
Box Elder Aphid
A North American aphid species specialized on box elder trees. Forms dense colonies on leaves and stems, often becoming conspicuous due to honeydew production and associated sooty mold. The species was first described in 1878 and remains a common, well-documented member of the aphid genus Periphyllus.
aphid box-elder Acer-negundo sap-feeder honeydew-producer urban-pest North-America-native Chaitophorinae monophagous Periphyllus
Phyllocnistis subpersea
Phyllocnistis subpersea is a microlepidopteran moth in the family Gracillariidae, described in 2011. Adults are tiny, with forewings measuring 2–2.7 mm. The species is a specialist leafminer on Persea borbonia, creating distinctive serpentine mines on the undersides of leaves. Its specific name references this sub-leaf mining habit. The species has a restricted known distribution in southeastern United States coastal regions.
leafminer microlepidoptera monophagous endemic coastal Lauraceae sap-feeder serpentine-mine
Phylloxera auburnensis
Phylloxera auburnensis is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, it induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on its host through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species is part of a genus containing several economically significant pests, including grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, formerly Phylloxera vitifoliae) and pecan phylloxera species. Specific details about P. auburnensis hosts and distribution remain limited in available literature.
gall-former phylloxeran Hemiptera Carya-associate sap-feeder parthenogenetic
Polygonia interrogationis
Question Mark, question mark butterfly
Polygonia interrogationis, commonly called the question mark butterfly, is a North American nymphalid butterfly recognized by the distinctive silver ?-shaped mark on the underside of its hindwing. Adults have a wingspan of 4.5–7.6 cm and exhibit cryptic coloration resembling a dead leaf when wings are closed. The species produces two generations annually, with adults active from May through September. Winter-form adults hibernate in sheltered locations and emerge in spring to reproduce.
butterfly brush-footed-butterfly anglewing cryptic-coloration dead-leaf-mimicry migratory two-generations sap-feeder fruit-feeder dung-feeder hibernation urban-wildlife park-species North-American-endemic
Polykatianna radicula
Polykatianna sp-nr-radicula is a flatid planthopper in the family Flatidae, a group of fulgoroid insects characterized by broad, often flattened wings and a distinctive waxy coating. Members of this genus occur in tropical and subtropical regions and are primarily associated with woody vegetation. The species epithet "radicula" suggests possible association with root systems or basal plant parts, though this requires confirmation. Flatid planthoppers are generally sap-feeders on phloem and serve as hosts for parasitoid wasps.
Flatidae planthopper Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha tropical sap-feeder undetermined-species
Psallus variabilis
Psallus variabilis is a plant bug in the family Miridae, native to the Palearctic region and adventive in North America. It feeds on sap from diverse woody and herbaceous plants including oaks, fruit trees, and berry bushes. The species has been documented across Europe, parts of Asia, and the northeastern United States.
plant-bug sap-feeder adventive-species forest-insect fruit-pest
Pseudokermes
Pseudokermes is a genus of scale insects in the family Coccidae, first described by Cockerell in 1895. These insects are soft scales that feed on plant sap. The genus is part of the diverse Coccidae family, which contains many economically significant agricultural pests. Species within Pseudokermes are relatively poorly documented compared to other coccid genera.
scale-insect Coccidae soft-scale Sternorrhyncha sap-feeder
Purshivora coryli
Hazelnut psyllid
Purshivora coryli is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae that feeds on hazelnut (Corylus species). Psyllids, also known as jumping plant lice, are small sap-feeding insects with host-specific relationships to their plant hosts. This species is associated with the genus Corylus in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus Purshivora comprises species specialized on hosts within Betulaceae.
psyllid hazelnut Betulaceae specialist-herbivore sap-feeder
Purshivora pubescens
Purshivora pubescens is a species of psyllid, a group of sap-feeding insects in the family Psyllidae. The genus Purshivora is named in reference to its association with plants in the genus Purshia (bitterbrush), suggesting a specialized host relationship. Like other psyllids, this species likely feeds on phloem sap and may produce honeydew. The species was described by Crawford in 1914.
psyllid Psyllidae Hemiptera western-North-America Purshia sap-feeder
Ribautiana tenerrima
Bramble Leafhopper
Ribautiana tenerrima, commonly known as the Bramble Leafhopper, is a European leafhopper species that has become an established agricultural pest in western North America. Both nymphs and adults feed on phloem sap from cane fruit leaves, causing distinctive white stippling damage. Severe infestations during dry seasons result in leaf curling, reduced cane vigor, and diminished fruit size. The species was first documented in North America in 1947 near Victoria, British Columbia, and has since spread to southern Vancouver Island and the lower Fraser Valley.
leafhopper agricultural-pest introduced-species Rubus-pest sap-feeder British-Columbia cane-fruit
Rosenus cruciatus
Rosenus cruciatus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Osborn and Ball in 1898 under the basionym Deltocephalus cruciatus. It belongs to the subfamily Deltocephalinae and tribe Paralimnini. The species is recorded from northern and central North America, including Alaska, British Columbia, Illinois, and Iowa. Like other leafhoppers, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Available records indicate it is a rarely observed species with limited documented ecological information.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Deltocephalinae Paralimnini North-America rarely-observed plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder
Rugosana verrucosa
Rugosana verrucosa is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by DeLong in 1942. The genus Rugosana belongs to the tribe Gyponini within the subfamily Iassinae. Leafhoppers in this group are sap-feeding insects that use piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract fluids from plant vascular tissue. The species name 'verrucosa' refers to a warty or roughened surface texture.
leafhopper Cicadellidae Arizona North-America sap-feeder nocturnal light-attracted
Scolops pruinosus
Scolops pruinosus is a planthopper species in the family Dictyopharidae, characterized by an elongated rostrum or 'horn' projecting from the head. Like other members of the genus Scolops, it is a small, squat insect with reduced wings in some individuals. The genus is endemic to North America, ranging from southern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. These planthoppers feed on plant sap, primarily from host plants in the families Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae. Very little is known about the specific biology of S. pruinosus, as most Scolops species remain poorly studied.
planthopper Dictyopharidae North-America Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha Fulgoroidea arid-habitat grassland prairie sap-feeder
Stenocranus brunneus
Stenocranus brunneus is a delphacid planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Beamer in 1946. It is a small, sap-feeding insect found in North America. Like other delphacids, it possesses a characteristic movable spur on the hind tibia, a key family trait. The species is part of the subfamily Stenocraninae, which includes planthoppers often associated with grass and sedge habitats.
delphacid planthopper sap-feeder grassland North-America
Stephanitis takeyai
Andromeda lace bug
Stephanitis takeyai, the andromeda lace bug, is a small sap-feeding insect native to Japan that has become an invasive pest of ornamental Ericaceae in North America and Europe. It is closely associated with Pieris japonica (Japanese andromeda), its preferred host, but has been documented on multiple genera within Ericaceae including Rhododendron, Vaccinium, and Kalmia. The species exhibits facultative seasonal host alternation in parts of its native range, moving from evergreen Pieris japonica in winter to deciduous Lyonia elliptica in summer when the latter is available.
pest invasive sap-feeder ornamental-pest Ericaceae
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Membracidae treehopper Auchenorrhyncha Cicadomorpha Stictocephala Ceresini Smiliinae Hemiptera sap-feeder pronotum helmet thorn-mimicry plant-feeding-insect phloem-feeder cryptic-coloration camouflage Van-Duzee-1914 Nearctic North-America Florida North-Carolina South-Dakota understudied-species data-deficient taxonomy entomology insect arthropod true-bug auchenorrhynchan cicadomorph leafhopper-relative plant-hopper ornate-pronotum pronotal-extension dorsal-helmet insect-morphology insect-systematics biodiversity natural-history conservation insect-ecology insect-behavior insect-development insect-distribution biogeography species-description type-specimen original-description historical-taxonomy museum-specimen collection-record occurrence-data GBIF iNaturalist citizen-science observation-record range-map distribution-data geographic-range endemic native-species regional-fauna local-biodiversity habitat-specificity host-plant feeding-guild phytophagous herbivore 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indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species surrogate-species focal-species target-species pest-species invasive-species naturalized-species alien-species non-native-species introduced-species cryptogenic-species range-shift poleward-shift elevational-shift phenological-shift temporal-mismatch trophic-mismatch phenology seasonality voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine partial-generation prolonged-diapause aestivation hibernation overwintering overwintering-strategy cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance freeze-avoidance supercooling cryoprotectant thermal-biology thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation microclimate-selection habitat-selection oviposition-site-selection host-selection mate-choice sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation reinforcement hybridization introgression hybrid-zone cline 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vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission mixed-mode-transmission nutritional-symbiosis defensive-symbiosis digestive-symbiosis detoxification metabolism biosynthesis vitamin-synthesis amino-acid-synthesis steroid-synthesis cuticle-synthesis chitin-synthesis molting ecdysis ecdysteroid juvenile-hormone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing energy-storage lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism flight-metabolism respiration tracheal-system spiracle gas-exchange water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubule hindgut rectum cryptonephridial-system ion-transport water-reabsorption nitrogenous-waste uric-acid urea ammonia detoxification-enzyme cytochrome-P450 glutathione-S-transferase carboxylesterase mixed-function-oxidase resistance insecticide-resistance acaricide-resistance herbicide-resistance antibiotic-resistance resistance-management resistance-evolution resistance-mechanism target-site-resistance metabolic-resistance behavioral-resistance cuticular-resistance resistance-allele resistance-gene fitness-cost fitness-benefit pleiotropy trade-off life-history-trade-off allocation resource-allocation energy-allocation time-allocation foraging optimal-foraging central-place-foraging patch-use marginal-value-theorem predator-avoidance antipredator-defense masquerade Batesian-mimicry Müllerian-mimicry automimicry intraspecific-mimicry intersexual-mimicry aggressive-mimicry social-parasitism brood-parasitism kleptoparasitism defense-behavior thanatosis death-feigning startle-display deimatic-display eyespot deflection-mark autotomy reflex-bleeding regurgitation defensive-secretion venom toxin allomone kairomone synomone semiochemical pheromone sex-pheromone aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone territorial-pheromone recognition-pheromone signature-mixture cuticular-hydrocarbon volatile-organic-compound olfaction gustation mechanoreception thermoreception hygroreception photoreception vision compound-eye ommatidium rhabdom visual-pigment opsin color-vision polarization-vision motion-detection optomotor-response phototaxis photoperiodism circadian-rhythm biological-clock entrainment zeitgeber circannual-rhythm photoperiod day-length critical-day-length critical-photoperiod diapause-induction diapause-termination diapause-maintenance diapause-development endocrine-control neuroendocrine corpus-allatum corpus-cardiacum prothoracic-gland ecdysiotropin ecdysiostatin allatostatin allatotropin neuropeptide hormone hormone-receptor signal-transduction gene-expression transcription-factor regulatory-gene structural-gene gene-network gene-regulatory-network developmental-gene Hox-gene homeobox segment-polarity-gene gap-gene pair-rule-gene maternal-effect-gene zygotic-gene embryonic-development embryogenesis cleavage blastoderm gastrulation segmentation tagmosis appendage-development imaginal-disc holometabolous complete-metamorphosis larva pupa adult apolysis teneral sclerotization tanning cuticle exoskeleton epicuticle procuticle exocuticle endocuticle resilin sclerotin chitin protein lipid wax cement-layer wax-layer surface-lipid waterproofing anti-wetting anti-fouling self-cleaning structural-color pigmentary-color ommin pteridine carotenoid melanin papiliochrome flavonoid anthocyanin betalain iridescence photonic-crystal diffraction-grating thin-film-interference multilayer-reflector scattering Tyndall-scattering Rayleigh-scattering Mie-scattering non-iridescent-structural-color biochrome biofluorescence bioluminescence luciferin luciferase photoprotein bioluminescent-system counter-illumination burglar-alarm lure communication mate-recognition predator-deterrence aposematism warning-coloration honest-signal dishonest-signal signal-evolution signal-design receiver-psychology sensory-bias sensory-exploitation sensory-trap amplifier attenuator signal-efficacy signal-honesty handicap-principle index-signal conventional-signal assessment-signal territorial-signal dominance-signal submissive-signal aggressive-signal courtship-signal copulatory-signal postcopulatory-signal antagonistic-coevolution chase-away-selection sensory-drive reproductive-character-displacement genetic-exchange admixture hybrid-fitness hybrid-breakdown hybrid-vigor heterosis genetic-load mutational-meltdown founder-effect bottleneck population-expansion invasion-genetics propagule-pressure introduction-effort establishment spread lag-phase exponential-growth logistic-growth Allee-effect demographic-Allee-effect component-Allee-effect strong-Allee-effect weak-Allee-effect critical-population-size minimum-viable-population extinction-risk population-viability-analysis stochastic-model deterministic-model individual-based-model agent-based-model spatially-explicit-model metapopulation-model source-sink-model integrated-population-model state-space-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-model machine-learning artificial-intelligence computer-vision image-recognition automated-identification deep-learning neural-network convolutional-neural-network transfer-learning data-augmentation training-set validation-set test-set accuracy precision recall F1-score confusion-matrix receiver-operating-characteristic area-under-curve model-selection model-validation cross-validation bootstrapping permutation-test null-model randomization-test Monte-Carlo-simulation Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo Gibbs-sampling Metropolis-Hastings-algorithm Bayesian-inference prior-distribution posterior-distribution likelihood-function evidence model-comparison Bayes-factor information-criterion Akaike-information-criterion corrected-AIC Bayesian-information-criterion deviance-information-criterion Watanabe-Akaike-information-criterion cross-validation-information-criterion stacking model-averaging ensemble-model prediction forecasting scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis propagation-of-uncertainty error-budget confidence-interval credible-interval prediction-interval tolerance-interval statistical-power sample-size effect-size significance-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis type-I-error type-II-error false-positive false-negative multiple-comparison Bonferroni-correction false-discovery-rate q-value p-value significance-level alpha-level beta-level statistical-test parametric-test nonparametric-test robust-test exact-test asymptotic-test bootstrap-test jackknife resampling subsampling leave-one-out k-fold stratified-sampling balanced-sampling imbalanced-data class-imbalance oversampling undersampling synthetic-minority-oversampling SMOTE ADASYN cost-sensitive-learning ensemble-method bagging boosting random-forest gradient-boosting XGBoost LightGBM CatBoost support-vector-machine kernel-method radial-basis-function polynomial-kernel linear-kernel sigmoid-kernel decision-tree classification-tree regression-tree pruning cost-complexity-pruning minimum-description-length rule-based-classifier association-rule frequent-pattern apriori-algorithm FP-growth sequential-pattern temporal-pattern spatial-pattern spatiotemporal-pattern time-series-analysis trend-analysis seasonal-decomposition autoregressive-model moving-average-model ARIMA SARIMA exponential-smoothing state-space-model Kalman-filter particle-filter hidden-Markov-model dynamic-Bayesian-network recurrent-neural-network long-short-term-memory gated-recurrent-unit transformer attention-mechanism self-attention multi-head-attention encoder decoder encoder-decoder-architecture sequence-to-sequence-model generative-model generative-adversarial-network variational-autoencoder normalizing-flow diffusion-model energy-based-model Boltzmann-machine restricted-Boltzmann-machine deep-belief-network autoencoder denoising-autoencoder sparse-autoencoder contractive-autoencoder variational-inference expectation-maximization maximum-likelihood maximum-a-posteriori maximum-entropy Occam's-razor parsimony model-complexity overfitting underfitting bias-variance-tradeoff regularization L1-regularization L2-regularization elastic-net dropout early-stopping batch-normalization layer-normalization group-normalization instance-normalization weight-decay mixup cutout cutmix random-erasing autoaugment fast-autoaugment population-based-augmentation neural-architecture-search automated-machine-learning hyperparameter-optimization grid-search random-search Bayesian-optimization sequential-model-based-optimization multi-fidelity-optimization knowledge-distillation teacher-student-model model-compression quantization knowledge-transfer domain-adaptation few-shot-learning zero-shot-learning one-shot-learning meta-learning learning-to-learn metric-learning siamese-network triplet-loss contrastive-learning self-supervised-learning unsupervised-learning semi-supervised-learning weakly-supervised-learning active-learning online-learning incremental-learning continual-learning lifelong-learning curriculum-learning multi-task-learning multi-modal-learning cross-modal-learning representation-learning feature-learning embedding-learning manifold-learning dimensionality-reduction principal-component-analysis t-SNE UMAP word-embedding sentence-embedding document-embedding knowledge-graph-embedding graph-neural-network graph-convolutional-network graph-attention-network message-passing-neural-network relational-graph-convolutional-network inductive-learning transductive-learning homophily heterophily graph-isomorphism Weisfeiler-Lehman-test subgraph-isomorphism graph-matching network-alignment network-embedding node-embedding edge-embedding graph-classification node-classification link-prediction graph-generation graph-synthesis molecular-generation de-novo-design inverse-design retrosynthesis reaction-prediction property-prediction quantitative-structure-activity-relationship QSAR quantitative-structure-property-relationship QSPR molecular-descriptor fingerprint Morgan-fingerprint extended-connectivity-fingerprint circular-fingerprint atom-pair-fingerprint topological-torsion-fingerprint pharmacophore shape-similarity electrostatic-similarity docking scoring-function binding-affinity-prediction protein-ligand-interaction protein-protein-interaction protein-structure-prediction AlphaFold protein-folding contact-prediction distance-prediction angle-prediction torsion-prediction secondary-structure-prediction tertiary-structure-prediction quaternary-structure-prediction protein-design protein-engineering directed-evolution rational-design computational-design de-novo-protein-design enzyme-design catalytic-antibody ribozyme aptamer DNAzyme synthetic-biology genetic-circuit metabolic-engineering metabolic-flux-analysis flux-balance-analysis genome-scale-metabolic-model dynamic-metabolic-model kinetic-modeling stoichiometric-modeling constraint-based-modeling optimization linear-programming mixed-integer-linear-programming quadratic-programming nonlinear-programming dynamic-programming stochastic-programming robust-optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-optimality evolutionary-algorithm genetic-algorithm genetic-programming differential-evolution particle-swarm-optimization ant-colony-optimization simulated-annealing tabu-search variable-neighborhood-search iterated-local-search greedy-randomized-adaptive-search scatter-search path-relinking memetic-algorithm hyper-heuristic metaheuristic local-search neighborhood-search hill-climbing random-walk randomized-search Monte-Carlo-tree-search upper-confidence-bound Thompson-sampling multi-armed-bandit contextual-bandit reinforcement-learning policy-gradient actor-critic Q-learning deep-Q-network policy-iteration value-iteration temporal-difference-learning SARSA expected-SARSA double-Q-learning dueling-Q-network prioritized-experience-replay distributed-reinforcement-learning impala A3C asynchronous-advantage-actor-critic PPO proximal-policy-optimization TRPO trust-region-policy-optimization DDPG deep-deterministic-policy-gradient TD3 twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradient SAC soft-actor-critic model-based-reinforcement-learning model-predictive-control guided-policy-search imitation-learning inverse-reinforcement-learning apprenticeship-learning behavior-cloning dataset-aggregation DAgger generative-adversarial-imitation-learning third-person-imitation-learning one-shot-imitation-learning meta-reinforcement-learning hierarchical-reinforcement-learning option skill subgoal intrinsic-motivation curiosity-driven-exploration empowerment information-gain prediction-error novelty-seeking diversity-seeking multi-agent-reinforcement-learning mean-field fictitious-play correlated-equilibrium Nash-equilibrium game-theory mechanism-design auction-theory incentive-design social-choice-theory voting-theory fair-division matching-theory market-design algorithmic-game-theory computational-social-choice computational-complexity NP-completeness NP-hardness approximation-algorithm approximation-ratio inapproximability fixed-parameter-tractability parameterized-complexity kernelization treewidth graph-minor forbidden-minor-characterization well-quasi-ordering Robertson-Seymour-theorem graph-structure-theorem bidimensionality-theory meta-theorem Courcelle's-theorem automata-theory finite-automaton pushdown-automaton Turing-machine computability decidability halting-problem Rice's-theorem Gödel's-incompleteness-theorems lambda-calculus combinatory-logic type-theory proof-theory model-theory set-theory forcing large-cardinal axiom-of-choice continuum-hypothesis independence-result consistency-strength reverse-mathematics constructive-mathematics intuitionistic-logic modal-logic temporal-logic epistemic-logic deontic-logic description-logic ontology knowledge-representation semantic-web linked-data RDF SPARQL OWL knowledge-graph entity-linking relation-extraction event-extraction coreference-resolution named-entity-recognition part-of-speech-tagging dependency-parsing constituency-parsing semantic-parsing natural-language-inference textual-entailment natural-language-generation machine-translation summarization question-answering dialogue-system conversational-AI chatbot virtual-assistant speech-recognition speech-synthesis speaker-recognition emotion-recognition sentiment-analysis opinion-mining aspect-based-sentiment-analysis target-dependent-sentiment-analysis stance-detection rumor-detection fake-news-detection fact-checking claim-verification evidence-retrieval argument-mining persuasion-detection deception-detection personality-prediction mental-health-detection suicide-prevention crisis-intervention social-media-mining network-analysis community-detection influence-maximization information-diffusion cascade-modeling epidemic-modeling SEIR-model SIR-model agent-based-epidemic-model compartmental-model network-epidemic-model metapopulation-epidemic-model spatial-epidemic-model stochastic-epidemic-model branching-process renewal-equation generation-interval serial-interval incubation-period latent-period infectious-period basic-reproduction-number effective-reproduction-number herd-immunity-threshold vaccination-coverage vaccine-efficacy vaccine-effectiveness breakthrough-infection waning-immunity immune-escape variant-of-concern variant-of-interest variant-under-monitoring phylogenetic-analysis molecular-clock-analysis phylodynamics viral-evolution antigenic-drift antigenic-shift zoonotic-spillover reservoir-host intermediate-host amplifying-host dead-end-host vector-borne-disease mosquito-borne-disease tick-borne-disease flea-borne-disease lice-borne-disease midge-borne-disease sandfly-borne-disease tsetse-borne-disease blackfly-borne-disease triatomine-borne-disease kissing-bug Chagas-disease trypanosomiasis leishmaniasis malaria dengue yellow-fever Zika-virus chikungunya West-Nile-virus Japanese-encephalitis tick-borne-encephalitis Lyme-disease Rocky-Mountain-spotted-fever ehlichiosis anaplasmosis babesiosis tularemia plague murine-typhus epidemic-typhus endemic-typhus scrub-typhus Q-fever trench-fever bartonellosis cat-scratch-disease rat-bite-fever leptospirosis brucellosis anthrax melioidosis glanders tularaemia francisellosis coxiellosis rickettsiosis orientia-infection ehrlichiosis neoehrlichiosis neorickettsiosis anaplasmataceae rickettsiaceae coxiellaceae bartonellaceae brucellaceae francisellaceae pasteurellaceae legionellaceae chlamydiaceae mycoplasmataceae ureaplasmataceae spiroplasmataceae achaenoplasmataceae entomoplasmataceae haloplasmataceae tenericutes mollicutes bacteroidetes fusobacteria spirochaetes synergistetes deferribacteres thermotogae aquificae caldiserica caldithrix deferrisoma desulfurobacterium thermovibrio thermocrinis hydrogenobacter sulfurihydrogenibium persephonella hydrogenobaculum hydrothermus thermothrix sulfuricurvum sulfurimonas sulfurovum thiovulum thiomicrospira pseudomonas vibrio aeromonas photobacterium aliivibrio gracilibacillus halobacillus halomonas chromohalobacter cobetia salinicola kushneria halotalea halovibrio salinivibrio thioalkalivibrio thiohalophilus ectothiorhodospira halorhodospira thiorhodospira halochromatium thioflavicoccus marichromatium thiocapsa lamprocystis thiodictyon thiopedia amoebobacter thiocystis chromatium allo-chromatium thermochromatium rhabdochromatium thiobaca thiohalocapsa halocapsa thiolamprovum thioploca thiomargarita beggiatoa methylococcus methylomonas methylomicrobium methylosinus methylocystis methylocella methylocapsa methylacidiphilum verrucomicrobia planctomycetes chlamydiae lentisphaerae kiritimatiellaeota calditrichaeota fervidibacteria
Telamona maculata
Telamona maculata is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Edward Payson Van Duzee in 1908. It is characterized by a high, almost plateau-shaped pronotum with brown and beige patterning and a pale face contrasting with the darker body. The species occurs across eastern North America, feeding on sap from various oak and hickory species. It can be confused with the similar Telamona tristis.
treehopper Membracidae sap-feeder oak-associated hickory-associated eastern-North-America
Teleonemia scrupulosa
lantana lace bug
Teleonemia scrupulosa is a sap-sucking lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions. It is a specialist herbivore of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) and has been deployed as a biological control agent against this invasive shrub in multiple countries since 1961. The species exhibits strong microhabitat preferences, thriving in high-light environments but failing to establish in shaded conditions. Its feeding causes characteristic chlorotic damage and can severely impair host plant photosynthesis.
biocontrol invasive-species-management Tingidae sap-feeder host-specific light-dependent Lantana-camara South-Africa Western-Ghats India
Tetraleurodes mori
Mulberry Whitefly
Tetraleurodes mori is a species of whitefly in the family Aleyrodidae, commonly known as the Mulberry Whitefly. The species feeds on mulberry (Morus spp.) and related plants. It is a member of the Sternorrhyncha suborder, which includes sap-feeding insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Like other whiteflies, it produces waxy secretions and honeydew, and has been observed in association with its host plants in Florida and other regions where mulberry grows.
whitefly Aleyrodidae mulberry pest sap-feeder Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha Florida
Texananus superbus
Texananus superbus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, originally described by Van Duzee in 1892. The genus Texananus belongs to a diverse group of sap-feeding insects commonly known as leafhoppers. Distribution records indicate presence across western and southern North America including California, Arizona, and British Columbia.
leafhopper sap-feeder Nearctic
Tingidae
Lace Bugs
Tingidae, commonly known as lace bugs, is a family of minute true bugs (Hemiptera) comprising approximately 2,000 described species worldwide. Adults range from 2–10 mm in body length and are immediately recognizable by their ornate, reticulated forewings and pronotal expansions that create a delicate lace-like appearance. The family exhibits complete phytophagy, with species typically specialized to particular host plants or closely related plant groups. Tingidae undergo hemimetabolous development with five distinct nymphal instars preceding the adult stage. Several species are economically significant as pests of ornamental plants, trees, and agricultural crops, while others have been employed as biological control agents against invasive weeds.
Hemiptera Heteroptera phytophagous plant-pest ornamental-pest biological-control invasive-species host-specific reticulate-wings sap-feeder
Tragidion deceptum
Tragidion deceptum is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) described by Swift & Ray in 2008 during a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus. It occurs in montane habitats of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it breeds in recently dead oak branches. The species exhibits Batesian mimicry of tarantula hawk wasps (Pompilidae: Pepsis, Hemipepsis), with bright orange-red and black coloration. It is one of several Tragidion species historically confused under the name T. 'annulatum' prior to the 2008 revision.
Cerambycidae longhorned-beetle Batesian-mimicry tarantula-hawk-wasp-mimic oak-specialist montane sap-feeder
Trialeurodes pergandei
Trialeurodes pergandei is a species of whitefly in the family Aleyrodidae. Whiteflies are tiny sap-sucking insects closely related to aphids. This species belongs to a genus that includes several economically significant agricultural pests, though specific information about T. pergandei's biology and impact appears limited in available sources.
whitefly sap-feeder agricultural-pest Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha
Tylopelta gibbera
Tylopelta gibbera is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, characterized by its use of vibrational communication during mating displays. Males produce substrate-borne signals transmitted through host plant stems to locate receptive females, with documented cases of vibrational masking when multiple males compete. The species maintains mutualistic relationships with ants, which defend nymphs in exchange for honeydew.
treehopper vibrational-communication ant-mutualism sap-feeder Membracidae substrate-borne-signal vibrational-masking
Uroleucon eupatoricolens
Uroleucon eupatoricolens is an aphid species in the family Aphididae. Like other members of the genus Uroleucon, it is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on plants in the Asteraceae family. The species reproduces parthenogenetically during spring and summer, producing all-female colonies. When disturbed, colonies exhibit synchronized twitching and kicking defensive behaviors. These aphids serve as important prey for diverse predator communities including lady beetles, lacewings, flower flies, and spiders.
aphid Uroleucon Asteraceae parthenogenesis predator-prey biological-control synchronized-defense CTKR sap-feeder Hemiptera
Vanduzea albifrons
Vanduzea albifrons is a species of treehopper described by Fowler in 1895. It belongs to the family Membracidae, a group of insects known for their highly modified pronotum that often extends into elaborate projections. The species has been documented in North and Central America, with distribution records from California, Baja California, and Bocas del Toro. Like other treehoppers, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts, though specific host plant associations have not been documented in the available sources.
treehopper Membracidae Hemiptera North-America Central-America sap-feeder Auchenorrhyncha Smiliinae Amastrini Vanduzea insect arthropod Fowler-1895 rarely-observed data-deficient
Xantholobus lateralis
Xantholobus lateralis is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae. It was described by Edward Payton Van Duzee in 1908. The species occurs in eastern and central North America and has been documented feeding on oak and birch trees.
treehopper membracid sap-feeder hardwood-forest
Xantholobus muticus
Xantholobus muticus is a North American treehopper in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae. Adults measure 7–8 mm in length and exhibit variable coloration from black to pale yellowish-brown. The species is strictly associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.), feeding exclusively on their sap. It ranges across eastern and central North America from Manitoba to Quebec and south to Texas and Florida.
treehopper oak-specialist Smiliinae North-America sap-feeder