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Agonum belleri
Beller's Ground Beetle
Agonum belleri is a flightless ground beetle endemic to Pacific Northwest wetlands. It is metallic-black with copper, blue, or green reflections. The species is restricted to sphagnum bogs and associated wetlands in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. It is listed as endangered by the Xerces Society and a species of greatest conservation need in Washington due to habitat loss from peat mining and development.
endangered flightless wetland-specialist sphagnum-bog Pacific-Northwest-endemic conservation-concern
Anaea troglodyta floridalis
Florida Leafwing
Anaea troglodyta floridalis is a federally endangered subspecies of butterfly endemic to southern Florida. It is one of the most imperiled butterflies in North America, with populations restricted to pine rockland and tropical hardwood hammock habitats in Miami-Dade County and Everglades National Park. The subspecies is highly dependent on its host plant Croton linearis for larval development. Habitat loss, fragmentation, and fire suppression have contributed to its decline, with remaining populations concentrated in protected areas.
endangered endemic pine-rockland hardwood-hammock host-specialist conservation Florida Miami-Dade-County Everglades-National-Park leafwing-butterfly Croton-linearis dead-leaf-mimicry
Analetris
Analetris is a genus of sand-dwelling mayflies in the family Acanthametropodidae, established by Edmunds in 1972. The genus contains at least two species: the extant Analetris eximia and the extinct †Analetris secundus. Members of this genus are specialized inhabitants of riverine environments with unstable silty substrates. The best-studied species, A. eximia, is considered endangered due to habitat destruction from reservoir construction.
mayflies sand-dwelling riverine endangered North-America fossil carnivorous-nymphs chironomid-predator reservoir-impact unstable-substrate-specialist
Apodrepanulatrix liberaria
New Jersey tea inchworm, Barrens Carpet
A small geometrid moth with a wingspan of 25–35 mm, found in eastern North America. The species is notable for its specialized larval diet on New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus) and its endangered status in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Adults are active during the growing season, with larvae feeding on a single host plant genus.
Geometridae specialist-herbivore endangered North-America barrens-habitat
Atrytone arogos
Arogos Skipper, Beard-grass Skipper
Atrytone arogos, commonly known as the Arogos Skipper or Beard-grass Skipper, is an endangered butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. The species consists of two subspecies: the nominate A. a. arogos and A. a. iowa. It is native to grassland ecosystems of the eastern and midwestern United States, where it has experienced significant population declines due to habitat destruction and poor adaptability to environmental change.
endangered prairie-specialist grassland-dependent
Bagoinae
Bagoinae is a subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) containing the genus Bagous and related genera. Members are primarily associated with aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, though some occupy terrestrial environments. The group has been variously classified, with some treatments placing it within Molytinae. The subfamily includes approximately 130 species in the Palaearctic region, with the genus Bagous distributed globally except Central and South America.
weevil aquatic wetland biological-control endangered
Batrisodes venyivi
Helotes Mold Beetle
Batrisodes venyivi, commonly known as the Helotes Mold Beetle, is a small, eyeless troglobitic beetle in the family Staphylinidae. It is endemic to eight caves in Bexar County, Texas, and was listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2000. The species exhibits classic cave-adapted traits including elongated antennae, legs, and sensory setae. Very little is known about its behavior, population trends, or life history due to the logistical challenges of accessing its subterranean habitat.
troglobite cave-endemic endangered karst-invertebrate Bexar-County eyeless Staphylinidae Pselaphinae Batrisodes Texas-endemic ESA-listed
Blattellinae
wood cockroaches
Blattellinae is a subfamily of Ectobiidae containing approximately 70 genera. It includes the globally distributed German cockroach (Blattella germanica), a major household pest, as well as several endangered species such as those in Hololeptoblatta and Miriamrothschildia. The subfamily exhibits diverse ecological adaptations, with members occupying habitats ranging from wetlands and grasslands to caves and human dwellings.
cave-dwelling synanthropic wetland endangered pest
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
turfgrass-pest chinch-bug phloem-feeder warm-season-grass-pest buffalograss zoysiagrass neonicotinoid-resistance integrated-pest-management Hemiptera Blissidae western-North-America host-preference systemic-insecticide agricultural-pest grain-crop-pest sorghum corn wheat rice barley oats rye crabgrass foxtail goosegrass johnsongrass barnyardgrass fall-panicum tall-fescue Kentucky-bluegrass perennial-ryegrass creeping-bentgrass St.-Augustinegrass centipedegrass bermudagrass phloem-sap-feeder turfgrass-management insecticide-degradation imidacloprid clothianidin thiamethoxam pesticide-efficacy host-suitability nymphal-mortality fecundity survival host-relocation stoloniferous-growth grass-architecture choice-behavior polyphagy specialist-feeding pest-of-lawns golf-course-pest sports-turf-pest residential-pest agricultural-entomology economic-entomology integrated-turf-management Barber-1918 Western-Nearctic Central-America North-America United-States Canada California Colorado Kansas Montana Nebraska New-Mexico Alberta British-Columbia Manitoba Saskatchewan true-bug Lygaeidae Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Lygaeoidea Hexapoda Arthropoda Insecta Animalia Eukaryota Metazoa arthropod insect bug plant-feeding-insect sap-feeder economic-pest managed-grassland research-subject field-efficacy HPLC-analysis systemic-distribution leaf-tissue-concentration differential-mortality inconsistent-control insecticide-resistance pest-management turfgrass-science agronomy horticulture landscape-management host-plant-resistance cultivar-susceptibility population-dynamics movement-behavior colonization reproduction development nymph adult wing-polymorphism morphology identification-key diagnostic-character geographic-range species-distribution native-range introduced-range occasional-pest seasonal-activity monitoring scouting treatment-threshold action-threshold economic-injury-level damage-symptom plant-discoloration stunting turf-damage yield-loss crop-protection pest-control 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post-normal-science extended-peer-community boundary-work boundary-object trading-zone contact-zone third-space hybrid-space liminal-space reflexivity positionality situated-knowledge strong-objectivity feminist-science-studies science-and-technology-studies actor-network-theory social-construction-of-technology large-technical-systems sociotechnical-systems sociotechnical-transitions multi-level-perspective strategic-niche-management transition-management backcasting visioning scenario-planning futures-studies anticipatory-governance responsible-innovation responsible-research-and-innovation ethics equity justice fairness inclusion diversity decolonization indigenous-rights food-sovereignty agroecology regenerative-agriculture organic-agriculture conservation-agriculture climate-smart-agriculture sustainable-intensification agroforestry silvopasture integrated-crop-livestock-system integrated-pest-and-disease-management integrated-soil-fertility-management integrated-water-management 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participatory-monitoring indigenous-and-local-knowledge farmer-field-school plant-clinic integrated-crop-management integrated-natural-resource-management learning-based-management knowledge-based-management evidence-based-management smart-agriculture agroecological-agriculture biodynamic-agriculture holistic-management managed-grazing rotational-grazing mob-grazing forest-farming alley-cropping riparian-buffer windbreak shelterbelt living-fence contour-farming terracing cover-cropping green-manure composting vermicomposting biochar biofertilizer biostimulant biocontrol augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control microbial-control entomopathogenic-nematode entomopathogenic-fungus entomopathogenic-bacterium entomopathogenic-virus predator parasitoid parasite competitor antagonist natural-enemy beneficial-insect pollinator decomposer detritivore nutrient-cycling soil-health soil-biology soil-microbiome rhizosphere phyllosphere endosphere mycorrhiza nitrogen-fixation phosphorus-solubilization plant-growth-promotion induced-systemic-resistance systemic-acquired-resistance priming hormesis cross-tolerance stress-memory epigenetics transgenerational-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect parental-effect host-microbe-interaction plant-microbe-interaction insect-microbe-interaction multitrophic-interaction food-web trophic-cascade apparent-competition resource-competition interference-competition exploitation-competition scramble-competition contest-competition density-dependence density-independence regulation limitation bottom-up-control top-down-control sideways-control mesopredator-release trophic-trickle trophic-subsidy spatial-subsidy temporal-subsidy ecosystem-engineer foundation-species keystone-species umbrella-species flagship-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator biomonitor ecosystem-service-provider ecosystem-service-beneficiary provisioning-service regulating-service cultural-service supporting-service habitat-service pollination-service pest-control-service nutrient-cycling-service water-purification-service air-purification-service climate-regulation-service erosion-control-service recreation-service aesthetic-service spiritual-service educational-service scientific-service existence-value option-value bequest-value direct-use-value indirect-use-value non-use-value total-economic-value willingness-to-pay willingness-to-accept contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer ecosystem-accounting natural-capital-accounting green-accounting inclusive-wealth genuine-progress-indicator index-of-sustainable-economic-welfare happy-planet-index planetary-boundaries doughnut-economics degrowth steady-state-economy circular-economy sharing-economy collaborative-consumption prosumer maker-movement urban-farming vertical-farming controlled-environment-agriculture hydroponics aeroponics aquaponics bioponics integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture recirculating-aquaculture-system biofloc-technology 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oecd g20 g7 eu au asean mercosur nafta usmca cptpp rcep bretton-woods-institutions multilateral-development-banks bilateral-development-agencies non-governmental-organizations civil-society-organizations community-based-organizations farmer-organizations producer-organizations cooperatives social-enterprises impact-investing blended-finance green-bond social-bond sustainability-bond catastrophe-bond insurance reinsurance risk-pooling risk-transfer risk-retention risk-reduction prevention preparedness response recovery reconstruction rehabilitation build-back-better build-back-greener build-back-fairer just-transition green-transition digital-transition social-protection safety-net cash-transfer in-kind-transfer food-assistance nutrition-assistance school-feeding social-and-behavior-change-communication nutrition-education dietary-diversification biofortification industrial-fortification supplementation therapeutic-feeding community-based-management-of-acute-malnutrition inpatient-management-of-acute-malnutrition prevention-of-acute-malnutrition treatment-of-acute-malnutrition management-of-moderate-acute-malnutrition management-of-severe-acute-malnutrition wasting underweight micronutrient-deficiency anemia iodine-deficiency vitamin-A-deficiency zinc-deficiency iron-deficiency folate-deficiency vitamin-D-deficiency calcium-deficiency obesity overweight diet-related-non-communicable-disease diabetes cardiovascular-disease cancer dental-caries mental-health cognitive-development human-capital economic-growth productivity labor-force-participation employment livelihood income poverty inequality social-exclusion marginalization sustainability intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity spatial-equity temporal-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capability-approach human-development human-flourishing well-being quality-of-life life-satisfaction happiness subjective-well-being objective-well-being material-well-being relational-well-being experiential-well-being eudaimonic-well-being hedonic-well-being psychological-well-being social-well-being physical-well-being spiritual-well-being environmental-well-being planetary-well-being ecohealth global-health public-health environmental-health occupational-health food-safety water-safety air-quality soil-quality biodiversity ecosystem-function ecosystem-stability ecosystem-resilience ecosystem-services natural-capital nature's-contributions-to-people urban-nature urban-biodiversity urban-ecosystem urban-forestry urban-greening urban-cooling urban-heat-island climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation climate-resilient-agriculture low-emission-agriculture carbon-neutral-agriculture carbon-negative-agriculture agroecological-intensification integrated-watershed-management integrated-coastal-zone-management integrated-marine-and-coastal-area-management integrated-water-resources-management participatory-management polycentric-governance 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fundamental-research applied-research development-research implementation-research scaling-research outcome-evaluation process-evaluation economic-evaluation multi-criteria-analysis participatory-evaluation developmental-evaluation utilization-focused-evaluation realist-evaluation theory-based-evaluation contribution-analysis process-tracing qualitative-comparative-analysis social-network-analysis institutional-analysis political-economy-analysis power-analysis gender-analysis social-inclusion-analysis poverty-analysis vulnerability-analysis resilience-analysis adaptation-analysis mitigation-analysis sustainability-analysis scenario-analysis foresight anticipatory-analysis roadmapping pathway-analysis transition-analysis transformation-analysis governance-innovation financial-innovation market-based-instrument payment-for-ecosystem-services ecosystem-service-valuation inclusive-wealth-accounting sustainable-development-goals-index environmental-performance-index global-food-security-index global-hunger-index nutrition-index water-poverty-index energy-development-index multidimensional-poverty-index human-development-index gender-development-index gender-inequality-index inequality-adjusted-human-development-index planetary-pressures-adjusted-human-development-index sustainable-development-report world-happiness-report world-development-report world-resources-report global-risks-report global-adaptation-report emissions-gap-report production-gap-report adaptation-gap-report finance-gap-report biodiversity-outlook climate-change-outlook land-degradation-outlook water-outlook energy-outlook food-outlook agriculture-outlook forestry-outlook fisheries-outlook aquaculture-outlook livestock-outlook crop-outlook technology-outlook social-outlook economic-outlook regional-outlook country-outlook sectoral-outlook thematic-outlook special-report technical-report working-paper discussion-paper policy-brief issue-brief fact-sheet guideline manual handbook 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tactical operational foundational structural functional procedural behavioral attitudinal cultural social economic political environmental technological institutional organizational individual collective community societal global local national regional landscape seascape waterscape airscape biosphere noosphere technosphere sociosphere ecosphere hydrosphere atmosphere lithosphere pedosphere cryosphere anthroposphere urban-sphere rural-sphere agricultural-sphere natural-sphere managed-sphere protected-sphere restored-sphere degraded-sphere transformed-sphere connected-sphere disconnected-sphere integrated-sphere fragmented-sphere resilient-sphere vulnerable-sphere adaptive-sphere maladaptive-sphere sustainable-sphere unsustainable-sphere equitable-sphere inequitable-sphere just-sphere unjust-sphere inclusive-sphere exclusive-sphere diverse-sphere homogeneous-sphere complex-sphere simple-sphere dynamic-sphere static-sphere stable-sphere unstable-sphere predictable-sphere unpredictable-sphere controllable-sphere uncontrollable-sphere manageable-sphere unmanageable-sphere governable-sphere ungovernable-sphere navigable-sphere unnavigable-sphere traversable-sphere untraversable-sphere permeable-sphere impermeable-sphere porous-sphere non-porous-sphere transparent-sphere opaque-sphere visible-sphere invisible-sphere tangible-sphere intangible-sphere material-sphere immaterial-sphere physical-sphere metaphysical-sphere empirical-sphere theoretical-sphere practical-sphere applied-sphere pure-sphere basic-sphere strategic-sphere tactical-sphere operational-sphere foundational-sphere superstructural-sphere infrastructural-sphere structural-sphere functional-sphere procedural-sphere behavioral-sphere attitudinal-sphere cultural-sphere social-sphere economic-sphere political-sphere environmental-sphere technological-sphere institutional-sphere organizational-sphere individual-sphere collective-sphere community-sphere societal-sphere global-sphere local-sphere national-sphere regional-sphere landscape-sphere seascape-sphere waterscape-sphere airscape-sphere biosphere-sphere noosphere-sphere technosphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere urban-sphere-sphere rural-sphere-sphere agricultural-sphere-sphere natural-sphere-sphere managed-sphere-sphere protected-sphere-sphere restored-sphere-sphere degraded-sphere-sphere transformed-sphere-sphere connected-sphere-sphere disconnected-sphere-sphere integrated-sphere-sphere fragmented-sphere-sphere resilient-sphere-sphere vulnerable-sphere-sphere adaptive-sphere-sphere maladaptive-sphere-sphere sustainable-sphere-sphere unsustainable-sphere-sphere equitable-sphere-sphere inequitable-sphere-sphere just-sphere-sphere unjust-sphere-sphere inclusive-sphere-sphere exclusive-sphere-sphere diverse-sphere-sphere homogeneous-sphere-sphere complex-sphere-sphere simple-sphere-sphere dynamic-sphere-sphere static-sphere-sphere stable-sphere-sphere unstable-sphere-sphere predictable-sphere-sphere unpredictable-sphere-sphere controllable-sphere-sphere uncontrollable-sphere-sphere manageable-sphere-sphere unmanageable-sphere-sphere governable-sphere-sphere ungovernable-sphere-sphere navigable-sphere-sphere unnavigable-sphere-sphere traversable-sphere-sphere untraversable-sphere-sphere permeable-sphere-sphere impermeable-sphere-sphere porous-sphere-sphere non-porous-sphere-sphere transparent-sphere-sphere opaque-sphere-sphere visible-sphere-sphere invisible-sphere-sphere tangible-sphere-sphere intangible-sphere-sphere material-sphere-sphere immaterial-sphere-sphere physical-sphere-sphere metaphysical-sphere-sphere empirical-sphere-sphere theoretical-sphere-sphere practical-sphere-sphere applied-sphere-sphere pure-sphere-sphere basic-sphere-sphere strategic-sphere-sphere tactical-sphere-sphere operational-sphere-sphere foundational-sphere-sphere superstructural-sphere-sphere infrastructural-sphere-sphere structural-sphere-sphere functional-sphere-sphere procedural-sphere-sphere behavioral-sphere-sphere attitudinal-sphere-sphere cultural-sphere-sphere social-sphere-sphere economic-sphere-sphere political-sphere-sphere environmental-sphere-sphere technological-sphere-sphere institutional-sphere-sphere organizational-sphere-sphere individual-sphere-sphere collective-sphere-sphere community-sphere-sphere societal-sphere-sphere global-sphere-sphere local-sphere-sphere national-sphere-sphere regional-sphere-sphere landscape-sphere-sphere seascape-sphere-sphere waterscape-sphere-sphere airscape-sphere-sphere biosphere-sphere-sphere noosphere-sphere-sphere technosphere-sphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere-sphere urban-sphere-sphere-sphere rural-sphere-sphere-sphere agricultural-sphere-sphere-sphere natural-sphere-sphere-sphere managed-sphere-sphere-sphere protected-sphere-sphere-sphere restored-sphere-sphere-sphere degraded-sphere-sphere-sphere transformed-sphere-sphere-sphere connected-sphere-sphere-sphere disconnected-sphere-sphere-sphere integrated-sphere-sphere-sphere fragmented-sphere-sphere-sphere resilient-sphere-sphere-sphere vulnerable-sphere-sphere-sphere adaptive-sphere-sphere-sphere maladaptive-sphere-sphere-sphere sustainable-sphere-sphere-sphere unsustainable-sphere-sphere-sphere equitable-sphere-sphere-sphere inequitable-sphere-sphere-sphere just-sphere-sphere-sphere unjust-sphere-sphere-sphere inclusive-sphere-sphere-sphere exclusive-sphere-sphere-sphere diverse-sphere-sphere-sphere homogeneous-sphere-sphere-sphere complex-sphere-sphere-sphere simple-sphere-sphere-sphere dynamic-sphere-sphere-sphere static-sphere-sphere-sphere stable-sphere-sphere-sphere unstable-sphere-sphere-sphere predictable-sphere-sphere-sphere unpredictable-sphere-sphere-sphere controllable-sphere-sphere-sphere uncontrollable-sphere-sphere-sphere manageable-sphere-sphere-sphere unmanageable-sphere-sphere-sphere governable-sphere-sphere-sphere ungovernable-sphere-sphere-sphere navigable-sphere-sphere-sphere unnavigable-sphere-sphere-sphere traversable-sphere-sphere-sphere untraversable-sphere-sphere-sphere permeable-sphere-sphere-sphere impermeable-sphere-sphere-sphere porous-sphere-sphere-sphere non-porous-sphere-sphere-sphere transparent-sphere-sphere-sphere opaque-sphere-sphere-sphere visible-sphere-sphere-sphere invisible-sphere-sphere-sphere tangible-sphere-sphere-sphere intangible-sphere-sphere-sphere material-sphere-sphere-sphere immaterial-sphere-sphere-sphere physical-sphere-sphere-sphere metaphysical-sphere-sphere-sphere empirical-sphere-sphere-sphere theoretical-sphere-sphere-sphere practical-sphere-sphere-sphere applied-sphere-sphere-sphere pure-sphere-sphere-sphere basic-sphere-sphere-sphere strategic-sphere-sphere-sphere tactical-sphere-sphere-sphere operational-sphere-sphere-sphere foundational-sphere-sphere-sphere superstructural-sphere-sphere-sphere infrastructural-sphere-sphere-sphere structural-sphere-sphere-sphere functional-sphere-sphere-sphere procedural-sphere-sphere-sphere behavioral-sphere-sphere-sphere attitudinal-sphere-sphere-sphere cultural-sphere-sphere-sphere social-sphere-sphere-sphere economic-sphere-sphere-sphere political-sphere-sphere-sphere environmental-sphere-sphere-sphere technological-sphere-sphere-sphere institutional-sphere-sphere-sphere organizational-sphere-sphere-sphere individual-sphere-sphere-sphere collective-sphere-sphere-sphere community-sphere-sphere-sphere societal-sphere-sphere-sphere global-sphere-sphere-sphere local-sphere-sphere-sphere national-sphere-sphere-sphere regional-sphere-sphere-sphere landscape-sphere-sphere-sphere seascape-sphere-sphere-sphere waterscape-sphere-sphere-sphere airscape-sphere-sphere-sphere biosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere noosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere technosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere sociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere ecosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere hydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere atmosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere lithosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere pedosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere cryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphere anthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphere
Bombus crotchii
Crotch's bumble bee, Golden State bumble bee, Crotch's bumblebee
Bombus crotchii, commonly called Crotch's bumble bee or the Golden State bumble bee, is a short- to medium-tongue bumble bee endemic to California and adjacent regions. The species is classified as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act and listed as imperiled globally by the IUCN. It has experienced severe population declines attributed to habitat loss, pesticide exposure, climate change, and inbreeding depression. The species is a dietary generalist and important pollinator of native plants and agricultural crops.
bumble-bee endangered pollinator California-endemic conservation-priority buzz-pollination eusocial
Bombus distinguendus
Great Yellow Bumble Bee, great yellow bumblebee
Bombus distinguendus, the great yellow bumblebee, is a bumblebee species with a Palearctic distribution spanning northern and central Europe, northern Russia, and Alaska. The species has experienced significant population declines across much of its European range, with critically low numbers or local extinction in several regions. In Ireland, it is classified as Endangered and restricted to a single remaining population in the northwest. The species exhibits late-season phenology compared to other bumblebees and shows strong foraging preferences for specific plant species, particularly Common Knapweed (Centaurea nigra) in Irish populations.
bumblebee pollinator conservation endangered grassland late-emerging
Bombus franklini
Franklin's bumble bee, Franklin's bumblebee
Bombus franklini is a critically endangered bumble bee species with the most restricted range of any bumble bee in the world, confined to a 13,300-square-mile area spanning five counties in southern Oregon and northern California. The species has not been observed since 2006, despite intensive monitoring by entomologist Robbin Thorp from 1998 until his death in 2019. Listed as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2021, it is feared extinct due to severe population decline from an estimated 94 individuals in 1998 to zero confirmed sightings since 2006. Genomic research indicates long-term population decline driven by bottlenecks and environmental stressors rather than pathogens alone.
endangered flagship-species pollinator-decline Siskiyou-Cascade possibly-extinct ESA-listed
Bombus fraternus
Southern Plains bumblebee
Bombus fraternus, commonly called the Southern Plains bumblebee, is a large bumblebee species native to the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. It is classified in the subgenus Cullumanobombus and is currently listed as endangered, with estimated abundance below 15% of historical numbers. The species is distinguished by its mostly black coloration with yellow thoracic and abdominal bands and unusually flattened abdominal hairs.
bumblebee pollinator endangered prairie grassland underground-nester
Bombus occidentalis
Western bumble bee, white-bottomed bee
Bombus occidentalis, the western bumble bee, is a medium to large bumble bee species native to western North America. Once among the most common bumble bees in its range, it has experienced severe population declines since the late 1990s, with losses exceeding 40% in some areas and near-disappearance from parts of California, Oregon, and Washington. The species was listed as endangered under the California Endangered Species Act in 2019. It is a generalist forager and effective pollinator of crops including tomatoes, peppers, and berries through buzz pollination.
bumble-bee pollinator endangered western-North-America buzz-pollination eusocial commercial-pollination population-decline
Bombus suckleyi
Suckley's Cuckoo Bumble Bee, Suckley's Bumble Bee
Bombus suckleyi is a cuckoo bumble bee (subgenus Psithyrus) and obligate social parasite of other Bombus species. It lacks corbiculae (pollen baskets) on its hind legs, having lost the ability to collect pollen and nectar for its own brood. The species invades host colonies, kills or subdues the resident queen, and manipulates host workers to provision its offspring. Native to northwestern North America, it has experienced severe population declines of approximately 77% and is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN and NatureServe.
bumble-bee cuckoo-bee social-parasite pollinator endangered conservation Psithyrus North-America meadow obligate-parasite
Brychius
crawling water beetles
Brychius is a genus of small aquatic beetles in the family Haliplidae, commonly known as crawling water beetles. The genus comprises five recognized species distributed across parts of Europe and North America. One species, Brychius hungerfordi, is federally endangered in the United States. Members of this genus inhabit freshwater environments and are associated with aquatic vegetation.
aquatic freshwater Haliplidae crawling-water-beetle endangered conservation Coleoptera Adephaga
Calephelis borealis
Northern Metalmark
Calephelis borealis, the northern metalmark, is a small butterfly in the family Riodinidae endemic to the eastern United States. It is one of few tropical-associated riodinids found in eastern North America. The species has declined across its range due to habitat loss from afforestation and invasive plant encroachment. Active management including canopy thinning and invasive plant removal has been shown to increase local populations.
endangered conservation-dependent limestone-barren-specialist riodinidae eastern-north-america single-brooded metapopulation habitat-management-responsive
Calephelis muticum
Swamp Metalmark
Calephelis muticum, known as the swamp metalmark, is a small riodinid butterfly with a restricted distribution across wetlands of the upper Midwest, Ohio Valley, Ozark Mountains, and parts of Arizona. The species is globally vulnerable (G3) and endangered in Illinois, with small, isolated colonies scattered across ten states. It is distinguished from the northern metalmark (Calephelis borealis) by habitat preference, wing morphology, and host plant associations. Conservation concerns center on habitat loss from wetland conversion, invasive species, pesticides, and fire suppression.
butterfly riodinidae metalmark wetland endangered thistle north-america
Callophrys hesseli
Hessel's Hairstreak
Hessel's Hairstreak is a small lycaenid butterfly endemic to Atlantic coastal wetlands of the eastern United States. The species exhibits complete ecological dependence on Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), which serves as the exclusive larval host plant and provides adult camouflage habitat. Populations are patchily distributed and declining due to habitat loss, with state-level endangered status in Connecticut and G3 vulnerable ranking globally.
butterfly lycaenid hairstreak wetland-specialist endangered Atlantic-white-cedar host-specific diapause lek-mating
Callophrys mossii bayensis
San Bruno Elfin
The San Bruno Elfin is a federally endangered butterfly subspecies endemic to the San Francisco Peninsula in California. It inhabits rocky outcrops and cliffs in coastal scrub habitat, with its distribution directly tied to that of its host plant, broadleaf stonecrop (Sedum spathulifolium). The subspecies was described by R. Brown in 1969 and is currently listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
endangered endemic California hairstreak specialist
Canthyloscelidae
Canthyloscelidae is a small family of nematoceran flies closely related to Scatopsidae. The family contains approximately 15 extant species distributed across New Zealand, North America, South America, Japan, and Russia, plus one species known from Jurassic fossils. Most species are considered endangered due to their specialized habitat requirements.
Diptera Nematocera ancient-woodland xylosaprophagous endangered decaying-wood
Catocala amestris
Three-staff Underwing
Catocala amestris, the three-staff underwing, is a North American moth in the family Erebidae. It is listed as endangered and receives legal protection in Michigan. The species has a wingspan of 4-4.5 cm and exhibits the characteristic underwing pattern of cryptic forewings concealing brightly colored hindwings. It has been documented as a new record for southern Colorado when attracted to bait stations, indicating potential range expansion or underreporting.
underwing-moth endangered specialist-herbivore North-America bait-attracted
Chytonix sensilis
barrens chytonix
Chytonix sensilis, commonly known as the barrens chytonix, is a small noctuid moth native to eastern North America. First described in 1881, it is listed as endangered in Connecticut. The species is notable for its specialized larval diet of fungi growing on leaf litter and dead wood.
moth Noctuidae fungivore endangered North-America leaf-litter dead-wood
Cicindela albissima
Coral Pink Sand Dunes tiger beetle
Cicindela albissima is a highly endemic tiger beetle restricted to the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southern Utah. Adults are distinguished by nearly pure white elytra with reduced pigmentation, contrasting with a bronze to brown thorax. The species exhibits a bimodal adult activity pattern with peak abundance in mid-April to early May, followed by a smaller secondary emergence in late August to October. Originally described as a subspecies of C. limbata, molecular and morphological evidence elevated it to full species status. The entire global population occupies approximately 400 hectares, making it one of North America's most geographically restricted tiger beetles.
endemic endangered sand-dune-specialist spring-fall-activity white-coloration Utah conservation-priority
Cicindela ohlone
Ohlone Tiger Beetle
Cicindela ohlone is an endangered tiger beetle endemic to Santa Cruz County, California, discovered in 1987 and described in 1993. It is most closely related to C. purpurea but differs in larger body size, distinct genital morphology, and a unique late winter-spring activity period. The species occupies a restricted 24 km² range with five remaining subpopulations, having declined from 10-15 historical patches. Listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2001, it faces ongoing threats from habitat destruction, invasive vegetation, and recreational disturbance.
endangered endemic tiger-beetle California coastal-prairie conservation Cicindelidae
Cicindela patruela
Northern Barrens Tiger Beetle
Cicindela patruela, the Northern Barrens Tiger Beetle, is a medium-sized tiger beetle endemic to eastern North America with highly specific habitat requirements. Adults are metallic green with ivory elytral bands and measure 12–15 mm in length. The species has a two-year life cycle with adults active primarily in spring and fall. Populations have declined significantly due to habitat loss and fire suppression, leading to endangered status in Canada and vulnerable ranking by NatureServe.
tiger-beetle endangered fire-dependent barrens-specialist ground-beetle visual-predator
Cicindela patruela patruela
Northern Barrens Tiger Beetle
Cicindela patruela patruela is a globally rare and endangered subspecies of tiger beetle found in barrens habitats of eastern North America. The subspecies has been documented in limited populations in Canada and the United States, with particular study focus on Île-aux-Allumettes in Quebec. Research indicates small population sizes are typical for this subspecies, with individuals exhibiting moderate daily movement distances. The subspecies exhibits thermoregulatory behaviors and seasonal activity patterns that have been subjects of dedicated study.
Cicindelidae Carabidae tiger-beetle endangered barrens thermoregulation mark-recapture
Cicindelidia floridana
Miami Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia floridana, the Miami Tiger Beetle, is a critically endangered species endemic to pine rockland habitat in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Rediscovered in 2007 after being presumed extinct since the 1940s, it is one of the rarest tiger beetles in North America. Adults are diurnal predators with brilliant coppery-green coloration, reduced elytral maculation, and distinctly punctured elytra with dense lateral pronotal setae. The species shows extreme habitat specificity to open sandy patches within fire-maintained pine rocklands, making it exceptionally vulnerable to urban development.
endangered endemic Florida pine-rockland rediscovered tiger-beetle conservation
Cicindelidia highlandensis
Highlands Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia highlandensis is one of Florida's rarest endemic tiger beetles, restricted to remnant sand scrub and pine woodland habitats on the Lake Wales Ridge in central Florida. The species has experienced severe population declines due to habitat loss, with an estimated 90% reduction and only a few sites capable of sustaining viable populations. Adults are active during summer months, displaying characteristic thermoregulatory "stilting" behavior and extreme wariness when approached. Despite its critically imperiled global status (G1), it remains unlisted by the State of Florida.
endemic endangered Florida tiger-beetle Lake-Wales-Ridge sand-scrub fire-dependent-ecosystem
Cicindelidia marginipennis
Cobblestone Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia marginipennis is a North American riparian specialist tiger beetle restricted to sandy cobblestone banks and bars along rivers. The species has a highly disjunct distribution spanning from southern Alabama and Mississippi through a northern corridor to New Brunswick, Canada, with a significant gap across the southeastern United States. It is state-listed as threatened or endangered throughout its U.S. range and has been periodically considered for federal listing since 1984 due to habitat decline from dam construction, channelization, and development. The species exhibits potential geographic population structure based on mitochondrial DNA, with Alabama populations possessing unique haplotypes that may represent a cryptic species.
riparian cobblestone tiger-beetle endangered indicator-species riverine metapopulation conservation laboratory-rearing cryptic-species Alabama-haplotype throw-pile mate-guarding visual-predator ice-scour seasonal-flooding
Cicurina
cave meshweaver
Cicurina is a genus of small spiders commonly known as cave meshweavers, first described by Anton Menge in 1871. The genus has undergone multiple family reassignments, most recently placed in the family Cicurinidae in 2023. Species exhibit considerable size variation, with some measuring under 2 mm and others exceeding 13 mm. Many species are specialized cave dwellers (troglobites), including several federally endangered species in the United States.
spider cave-dwelling troglobite subnivium endangered North-America Texas China conservation taxonomy
Cicurina madla
Madla Cave meshweaver, Madla's Cave Meshweaver
Cicurina madla is a federally endangered troglobitic spider endemic to karst caves in Bexar County, Texas. First described by Gertsch in 1992, it was synonymized with Cicurina venii in 2018. The species is completely eyeless and exhibits morphological adaptations to cave life, including elongated legs relative to body size. It is known from only eight to nine caves and depends on cave crickets as a food source.
troglobite endangered karst cave-spider Bexar-County Edwards-Plateau eyeless Cicurinidae
Coranarta luteola
Small Dark Yellow Underwing
Coranarta luteola is a small noctuid moth native to boreal North America. First described in 1865, it occurs from Alaska and Labrador south through the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and eastward to Maine. The species has a forewing length of 11–12 mm. Its larvae feed on laurels (Kalmia species), while adults visit flowers, particularly Andromeda polifolia. The species is listed as endangered in Connecticut.
Noctuidae underwing-moth boreal laurel-feeder endangered Connecticut Kalmia ericaceous-host small-moth North-America pollinator wetland conservation-concern 1865-description Grote Robinson
Danaus plexippus
Monarch, Monarch butterfly, Milkweed, Common tiger, Wanderer, Black veined brown
The monarch butterfly is a large, migratory milkweed butterfly with distinctive orange, black, and white wing patterns. It is best known for its spectacular multigenerational migration between overwintering sites in central Mexico and coastal California and breeding grounds across North America. The species has declined dramatically in recent decades, with the western population declining 99.9% and the eastern population declining 84% since the 1990s. It was listed as Endangered by the IUCN in 2022, though it remains a candidate for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation efforts focus on protecting milkweed host plants and overwintering habitat.
migratory endangered pollinator milkweed-dependent flagship-species multigenerational-migration chemical-defense citizen-science
Elaphrus
Marsh Ground Beetles
Elaphrus is a genus of ground beetles (Carabidae: Elaphrinae) commonly known as marsh ground beetles. The genus contains at least 40 described species distributed across the Palearctic, Nearctic, Near East, and Northern Africa. Many species are strongly associated with wetland habitats, including vernal pools and marshes. Several species exhibit strong morphological resemblance to tiger beetles (Cicindelinae), frequently leading to misidentification by collectors. At least two species, E. viridis and E. sugai, are considered threatened or endangered due to habitat loss and degradation.
Carabidae Elaphrinae wetland marsh vernal-pool predator conservation endangered misidentification tiger-beetle-mimicry
Ellipsoptera nevadica lincolniana
Salt Creek Tiger Beetle
Ellipsoptera nevadica lincolniana is a critically endangered subspecies of tiger beetle endemic to saline wetlands in Nebraska, USA. Populations remain critically low despite ongoing conservation efforts. The egg stage in June is particularly vulnerable to climatic conditions, with higher temperatures and lower precipitation negatively impacting population growth through reduced oviposition and egg survival.
endangered saline-wetland Nebraska-endemic climate-sensitive conservation-dependent
Epeoloides pilosulus
Macropis Cuckoo Bee
Epeoloides pilosulus is one of the rarest bees in North America, an obligate kleptoparasite of oil-collecting Macropis bees (Melittidae). It belongs to the tribe Osirini, a group of parasitic bees entirely dependent on oil-collecting bees as hosts. The species was thought extinct from the 1950s until its rediscovery in Nova Scotia in 2004, with subsequent records from Alberta, Ontario, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Michigan extending its known range. Its survival depends on a three-way ecological relationship: E. pilosulus requires Macropis host bees, which in turn require oil-producing Lysimachia flowers for larval provisioning.
kleptoparasite cuckoo-bee rare endangered oil-bee wetland Macropis Lysimachia conservation rediscovery
Eristalis brousii
Hourglass Drone Fly
Eristalis brousii, commonly known as the hourglass drone fly, is a hoverfly species first described by Samuel Wendell Williston in 1882. The species has experienced severe population decline across North America following the introduction of the European congener Eristalis arbustorum near Toronto around 1885. As of 2019, it persists only along the lake margin of Hudson Bay in Northern Canada, making it one of the most geographically restricted hoverflies on the continent. Like other Eristalis species, adults are pollinators while larvae develop as aquatic filter-feeders.
hoverfly pollinator aquatic-larvae rat-tailed-maggot endangered range-collapse Hudson-Bay competitive-exclusion North-America Syrphidae Eristalis Eoseristalis Williston-1882 hourglass-drone-fly
Erynnis persius
Persius Duskywing
Erynnis persius, the Persius duskywing, is a butterfly species in the family Hesperiidae native to North America. The species exhibits a single annual generation with larvae hibernating and pupating in spring. The eastern subspecies E. p. persius is of particular conservation concern, being rare and in severe decline due to habitat loss and decline of its obligate host plant, wild blue lupine (Lupinus perennis). Adults are difficult to distinguish from other duskywing skippers without close examination.
butterfly skipper conservation threatened endangered specialist univoltine hibernation legume-feeder North-America
Euphilotes battoides allyni
El Segundo Blue Butterfly
Euphilotes battoides allyni is a federally endangered subspecies of blue butterfly endemic to coastal sand dunes in southwestern Los Angeles County, California. The subspecies has an extremely restricted range, historically occurring only between El Segundo and San Pedro. It is one of the most geographically localized butterfly taxa in North America, with all known populations confined to areas supporting its obligate larval host plant, Eriogonum parvifolium (coastal buckwheat).
endangered endemic coastal-dune-specialist single-host-plant conservation-flagship urban-wildlife Lycaenidae California-endemic Eriogonum-specialist insect-conservation
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti
Sacramento Mountains checkerspot butterfly
Euphydryas anicia cloudcrofti is a subspecies of checkerspot butterfly endemic to the Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico. It is currently proposed for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The subspecies is restricted to high-elevation habitats in the Lincoln National Forest, where it depends on specific larval host plants maintained in protected food plots. Its limited geographic range and specialized habitat requirements contribute to its conservation concern.
endemic endangered conservation New-Mexico Sacramento-Mountains montane Gambel-oak Lincoln-National-Forest
Flexamia huroni
Huron River Leafhopper
Flexamia huroni is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Bess & Hamilton in 1999. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers known for their specialized host plant associations with grasses. The species is named after the Huron River in Michigan, where it was first collected. Like other members of the genus, it likely exhibits strong ecological dependence on specific grass host plants.
leafhopper cicadellidae deltocephalinae paralimnini flexamia grass-specialist michigan-endemic auchenorrhyncha hemiptera insecta arthropoda animalia true-bug planthopper-relative 1999-description bess hamilton huroni huron-river usa north-america grassland-insect host-specific poorly-known rare uncommon data-deficient gbif catalogue-of-life ncbi inaturalist taxon species accepted hexapoda cicadomorpha clypeata membracoidea paralimnina flexamia-huroni bess-&-hamilton 1999 exact-match accepted-name canonical-name scientific-name authorship rank status matched taxonomy classification eukaryota metazoa distribution michigan observations 0 wikipedia none preferred-common-name huron-river-leafhopper true-bugs group kingdom phylum class order family genus authority ipt integrated-publishing-toolkit biodiversity-data-journal zookeys nature-conservation comparative-cytogenetics open-access open-access journal publication dataset specimen type nomenclatural-type herbarium university-of-granada spain fungi lichens agaricales cortinarius antonio-ortega mediterranean france italy image-collection colección-de-imágenes-de-los-tipos-nomenclaturales-de-hongos líquenes musgos-y-algas gda gdac vizoso quesada 2015 doi 10.3897 bdj 3 e5204 new-species new-jersey-pine-barrens muhlenbergia-torreyana pinebarren-smokegrass threatened-species andrew-hicks museum-of-natural-history university-of-colorado gerry-moore natural-resources-conservation-service greensboro nc uli-lorimer brooklyn-botanic-garden f.-whitcombi robert-whitcomb microbiology ornithology ecology host-plant warming-climate human-activities zookeys-511 69-79 zookeys.511.9572 roundworm nematode antarctic amblydorylaimus-isokaryoni pararhyssocolpus-paradoxus bulgaria scanning-electron-microscopy sem maritime-antarctic antarctic-islands lip-region spear vulva postembryonic-development molecular-analyses dorylaimida elshishka lazarova radoslavov hristov peneva 25-68 zookeys.511.9793 anidiv2 bulgarian-academy-of-sciences national-scientific-fund octocoral okinawa japan nanipora-kamurai living-fossil blue-coral heliopora aragonite-calcium-carbonate skeleton scleractinians soft-coral heliporacea lithotelestidae epiphaxum deep-sea shallow-coral-reef zamami-island national-park miyazaki reimer 1-23 zookeys.511.9432 non-biting-midge chironomus ch.-bernensis north-caucasus russia caucasian-populations europe siberia karyotype morphology mouthparts larvae chromosome genotypic-combinations mineralization eutrophication karmokov polukonova sinichkina tembotov-institute-of-ecology-of-mountain-territories saratov-state-medical-university comparative-cytogenetics-9 281-297 compcytogen.v9i3.4519 sea-turtle rescue-centre first-aid-station loggerhead green-turtle caretta-caretta chelonia-mydas bycatch mortality greece migration sexual-maturity ullmann stachowitsch uit-the-arctic-university-of-norway nature-conservation-10 45-69 natureconservation.10.4890 regional-activity-centre-for-specially-protected-areas porcupine coendou-ichillus lower-urubamba peru canopy-bridge pipeline natural-gas arboreal camera-trap dwarf-porcupine iquitos 770g gregory lunde zamora-meza carrasco-rueda repsol-exploración-perú zookeys-509 109-121 zookeys.509.9821 ant prionopelta madagascar seychelles subterranean leaf-litter dracula-ant hemolymph larval-hemolymph-feeding oophagy madagascar-biodiversity-center overson fisher zookeys-507 115-150 zookeys.507.9303 ito billen masuko spider anelosimus subsocial cobweb-spider theridiidae deforestation biodiversity-hotspot agnarsson university-of-vermont smithsonian-national-museum-of-natural-history wallace huxley buffon hooker lamarck darwin moramora eriophyoid-mite acari xinjiang china rosaceae paracolomerus gall ji-wei-li wang xue zhang zookeys-508 97-111 zookeys.508.8940 shihezi-university grasshopper wyoming melanoplus melanoplinae acrididae tetrigidae gomphocerniae oedipodinae cyrtacanthacridinae distribution-atlas field-guide wgis wyoming-grasshopper-information-system key capinera sechrist hebard helfer scudder blatchley thomas say harris degeer bruner saussure girard dodge walker fieber fabricius serville mcneill tinkham burmeister haldeman big-horn-mountains black-hills gladston indigens infantilis dodgei oregonensis marshalli yellowstone-national-park sagebrush pine elevation shortgrass-prairie mixedgrass-prairie forb grass economic-damage rangeland benefit overwinter egg hatch adult late-summer august october june life-cycle food-habit size collection survey underreported common endemic restricted-range forest-opening grassy moderate-elevation larger smaller east west united-states america north south central range extent limited restricted abundant population density occurrence presence absence habitat environment condition altitude topography terrain vegetation plant shrub tree forest opening meadow prairie steppe savanna woodland draw slope aspect soil substrate moisture temperature climate weather season phenology timing activity nymph emerge molt develop grow reproduce mate oviposit die generation voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine semivoltine diapause aestivation hibernation dispersal movement behavior habit action feeding diet food host association relationship interaction specialist generalist monophagy oligophagy polyphagy herbivore detritivore predator parasitoid scavenger economic-importance pest beneficial neutral damage control management conservation threatened endangered vulnerable secure unknown global-biodiversity-information-facility es biodiversity-image-portal spanish-collections type-specimen lichen antarctica bernensis li yellowstone
Grylloblattidae
ice crawlers, icebugs, rock-crawlers
Grylloblattidae, commonly known as ice crawlers or icebugs, is a family of wingless, cold-adapted insects representing the sole living family of the order Grylloblattodea. These relict insects inhabit extreme cold environments including glacier margins, alpine snowfields, caves, and subalpine forests across disjunct regions of the Holarctic. With approximately 35 extant species in six genera, they exhibit narrow physiological temperature tolerances and are considered endangered due to climate warming and habitat specificity.
psychrophile apterous relict endangered Holarctic cave-dwelling alpine glacier
Heterelmis
riffle beetles
Heterelmis is a genus of aquatic beetles in the family Elmidae, commonly known as riffle beetles. The genus includes several described species, with Heterelmis comalensis being particularly notable as an endangered species endemic to spring systems in Texas. Members of this genus are fully aquatic, inhabiting oxygen-rich flowing water environments where they feed on microbial biofilms. Some species have reduced or non-functional wings, limiting their dispersal ability and making them vulnerable to habitat degradation.
aquatic spring-dwelling endangered Edwards-Aquifer flightless biofilm-feeder cave-dwelling karst-ecosystem conservation-target
Heterelmis comalensis
Comal Springs riffle beetle
Heterelmis comalensis is a federally endangered aquatic beetle endemic to two spring systems in Texas. Described in 1988, this flightless species measures approximately 2 mm and inhabits shallow gravel substrates in spring riffles fed by the Edwards Aquifer. The species has been the focus of intensive conservation research, including captive breeding programs and studies on sexual dimorphism identification.
endangered aquatic flightless Edwards-Aquifer karst-ecosystem captive-breeding Texas-endemic
Laemostenus terricola
Laemostenus terricola is a cavernicolous ground beetle native to Europe, capable of maintaining substantial populations in old hedge habitats within intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes. The species exhibits eurychronous phenology with year-round surface activity, though peak activity occurs in late summer and early autumn. It shows strong ecological association with rabbit burrows, which serve as important microhabitat features. The species is considered endangered in parts of its range, including Berlin and Germany as a whole.
ground-beetle cavernicolous nocturnal agricultural-landscape rabbit-burrow-associate endangered eurychronous Europe
Lepidurus packardi
Vernal Pool Tadpole Shrimp
Lepidurus packardi is a federally endangered, California endemic freshwater microcrustacean in the order Notostraca. It is an ephemeral wetland specialist restricted to vernal pools and other temporary water bodies. The species is a key food source for larval California Tiger Salamander and acts as an ecosystem engineer through bioturbation. It reaches approximately 5 cm in length with a shield-like carapace up to 3.5 cm long.
endangered endemic vernal-pool freshwater crustacean ecosystem-engineer California ephemeral-wetland tadpole-shrimp notostracan
Limulidae
Horseshoe Crabs
Limulidae is a family of marine arthropods comprising four extant species: Limulus polyphemus in North America and three Indo-Pacific species (Tachypleus tridentatus, T. gigas, and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda). These organisms possess a distinctive horseshoe-shaped prosoma, long telson, and compound eyes. Populations are declining globally, with T. tridentatus classified as Endangered by the IUCN. The family is notable for its ancient evolutionary lineage and biomedical importance due to hemolymph containing endotoxin-sensitive coagulation factors.
marine-arthropods horseshoe-crabs endangered biomedical ancient-lineage intertidal Indo-Pacific conservation morphometry phototaxis spawning nursery-grounds mudflats estuarine Xiphosura
Limulus polyphemus
Atlantic horseshoe crab, American horseshoe crab
Limulus polyphemus is a marine and brackish chelicerate arthropod commonly known as the Atlantic or American horseshoe crab. Despite its common name, it is more closely related to spiders, ticks, and scorpions than to true crabs. The species has remained morphologically unchanged for approximately 200 million years, earning it the designation of a 'living fossil.' It is ecologically and medically significant, with populations distributed along the Atlantic coast of North America and in the Gulf of Mexico.
chelicerate living-fossil marine brackish medically-important endangered
Microhexura
Pygmy Funnel-web Spiders, spruce-fir moss spider (M. montivaga)
Microhexura is a genus of minute mygalomorph spiders endemic to North America, containing two described species: M. montivaga and M. idahoana. The genus represents the sole member of family Microhexuridae. M. montivaga, the spruce-fir moss spider, is restricted to high-elevation spruce-fir forests on isolated peaks in the southern Appalachians and is federally endangered. M. idahoana occurs in old-growth coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains. Both species inhabit moss mats and are among the smallest mygalomorph spiders.
mygalomorph endangered sky-island old-growth-dependent bryophyte-associate micro-endemic