Synanthropic
Guides
Acanthoscelides obtectus
Bean Weevil, Bean Bruchid, Dry Bean Weevil
Acanthoscelides obtectus is a small bruchid beetle and major pest of stored legume seeds, particularly common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Native to mountainous regions of northern South America, it has spread globally through grain shipments and now occurs on every continent except Antarctica. The species is notable for its ability to infest seeds both in the field and in storage, with larvae developing entirely within seeds while adults feed on pollen. Its economic impact stems from reduced seed quality, germination failure, and contamination of legume products.
Acaridia
Acaridia is a zoosubsection within the suborder Astigmatina (order Sarcoptiformes), encompassing a diverse group of mites commonly referred to as acarid mites. The group includes at least 136 species in 50 genera and 14 families documented in China alone, with substantial diversity also recorded in other regions. These mites are predominantly synanthropic, occurring in human-associated environments such as stored products, barns, and dwellings. Research has documented significant altitudinal variation in species diversity, with higher richness at lower elevations.
Amaurobius ferox
black lace-weaver, black lace weaver
Amaurobius ferox is a nocturnal spider known for its distinctive cribellate web with woolly, lace-like silk. The species exhibits a unique subsocial organization among spiderlings, including synchronized molting, cooperative prey capture, and matriphagy—where offspring consume their mother after hatching. Native to Europe, it has been introduced to North America and is commonly found near human structures in dark, moist environments.
Amaurobius similis
Lace-Weaver Spider, lace-webbed spider
Amaurobius similis is a small spider in the family Amaurobiidae, commonly known as the lace-weaver spider. It is frequently found in human dwellings, particularly near windows and in wall crevices. The species is visually similar to A. fenestralis, with which it has been historically confused, and reliable identification requires microscopic examination of genitalia. It has a Holarctic distribution, native to Europe and the Caucasus, and has been introduced to North America.
Anthrenus verbasci
Varied Carpet Beetle
Anthrenus verbasci is a cosmopolitan pest species in the family Dermestidae, commonly known as the varied carpet beetle. Adults are small (2–4 mm), rounded beetles with distinctive patterned elytra bearing bands or spots of brown, black, and white scales. Larvae are covered in dense setae and feed on dried proteinaceous material, causing damage to household items, museum collections, and stored agricultural products. The species exhibits circannual control of its life cycle, with photoperiod serving as the primary zeitgeber for synchronizing pupation and adult emergence in spring. Adults feed on pollen and nectar, particularly from umbelliferous plants (Apiaceae) and Asteraceae, and use both olfaction and vision in host plant selection.
Araneae
spiders
Araneae is an order of air-breathing arachnids comprising over 51,000 described species across 136 families, ranking seventh in total species diversity among all organismal orders. Members are characterized by two body regions (cephalothorax and unsegmented abdomen), eight legs, cheliceral fangs with venom glands, and abdominal spinnerets that produce silk. The order is divided into two suborders: Mesothelae (87 species, retaining abdominal segmentation) and Opisthothelae (over 39,000 species, without abdominal segmentation). Spiders occupy virtually all terrestrial habitats worldwide except Antarctica, functioning exclusively as predators of insects and other small arthropods.
Araneus cavaticus
Barn Spider, Barn Orbweaver
Araneus cavaticus, commonly known as the barn spider, is a large orb-weaving spider native to North America. Females reach approximately 20 mm in body length and are typically yellow and brown in coloration. The species is strongly associated with human structures, particularly barns and wooden buildings, where they construct their webs in rafters and under eaves. The barn spider gained cultural significance as the basis for the character Charlotte in E. B. White's children's novel Charlotte's Web.
Armadillidium nasatum
Nosy Pill Woodlouse
Armadillidium nasatum is a large woodlouse species native to Western Europe, particularly Britain, that has been introduced to North America and other regions. It reaches up to 21 mm in length and is distinguished from congeners by a rectangular protrusion ("nose") at the apex of the head and a rounded tail tip with incurved sides. Unlike some relatives, it does not form a complete ball when enrolled. The species exhibits synanthropic tendencies and prefers drier habitats than most woodlice.
Artema
Giant Cellar Spiders
Artema is a genus of cellar spiders (family Pholcidae) first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1837. The genus includes some of the largest pholcid spiders and is primarily distributed from West Africa through Central Asia to Pakistan. One species, A. atlanta, has been introduced worldwide. The genus comprises twelve recognized species as of October 2025.
Artema atlanta
giant daddy-long-legs spider, Giant Cellar Spider
Artema atlanta is a large cellar spider and the largest known pholcid, with a body length of 8–11 mm. It has a pantropical distribution and has been introduced to temperate regions including North America and Europe. The species is commonly known as the giant daddy-long-legs spider. It constructs tangled webs in dark, sheltered locations and exhibits characteristic pholcid behavior of rapid, vibrating movement when disturbed.
Attagenus smirnovi
Brown Carpet Beetle, Vodka Beetle
Attagenus smirnovi is a synanthropic dermestid beetle commonly known as the brown carpet beetle. Native to Africa, it has established populations across Central and Northern Europe through human-mediated dispersal. The species is a significant pest of museum collections and households, feeding on keratin-based materials including wool textiles, carpets, fur, and skin. First described by Rustem Devletovich Zhantiev in 1973, it was named after E.S. Smirnov, who first observed it in Moscow in 1961.
Attulus fasciger
Asiatic Wall Jumping Spider
Attulus fasciger is a small jumping spider native to northern and western Asia, introduced to North America in the mid-20th century. It measures 3–4 mm and exhibits brownish-black coloration with mottled brown-and-grey patterning. The species has successfully established in human-modified environments, particularly on man-made structures where artificial lighting extends its foraging opportunities. Males are distinguished from females by a more slender abdomen and enlarged black palps.
Attulus pubescens
Downy jumping spider
Attulus pubescens is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae, formerly classified as Sitticus pubescens until 2017. Females reach approximately 5 mm in body length, with males slightly smaller at around 4 mm. The species exhibits dark coloration with variable white markings and is frequently associated with human structures, including walls, fences, and building interiors. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, and has been introduced to North America.
Badumna
House Spiders, Black House Spider, Grey House Spider
Badumna is a genus of medium to large cribellate spiders in the family Desidae, first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1890. The genus is native to the Indo-Australian region, with most species endemic to Australasia. Several species, particularly B. longinqua and B. insignis, have become synanthropic and have been introduced to multiple continents, establishing populations in urban environments. The most well-known species, B. insignis, is commonly called the 'black house spider' and has been documented in Japan as an introduced species.
Badumna longinqua
Grey House Spider
Badumna longinqua, the grey house spider, is a medium-sized spider native to eastern Australia that has become a widespread invasive species. It is highly synanthropic, thriving in urban environments and artificial structures rather than natural habitats. The species constructs distinctive messy, ladder-like webs from retreats in cracks and crevices. Females may remain in the same web for their entire lives, while males disperse to seek mates during warmer months.
Blaniulidae
Thin Snake Millipedes
Blaniulidae is a family of julid millipedes characterized by extremely elongated, slender bodies with length-to-width ratios reaching 30:1. Members possess distinctive ozadenes (odiferous defensive glands) visible as spots on each segment, and may have eyes present or absent depending on species. The family exhibits diverse habitat preferences including leaf litter, soil, caves, and synanthropic environments. Several genera contain troglobitic species restricted to subterranean habitats, while others are widespread across Europe and have been introduced to other continents.
Blaps mucronata
Churchyard Beetle
Blaps mucronata is a tenebrionid beetle known as a pest of stored products. The species exhibits nocturnal activity patterns synchronized with human or animal activity cycles, particularly in enclosed environments like stables. It has been documented in Europe, with specific biological studies conducted in Germany. The beetle possesses defensive secretions and shows distinct habitat preferences for humid, dark environments.
Blattellinae
wood cockroaches
Blattellinae is a subfamily of Ectobiidae containing approximately 70 genera. It includes the globally distributed German cockroach (Blattella germanica), a major household pest, as well as several endangered species such as those in Hololeptoblatta and Miriamrothschildia. The subfamily exhibits diverse ecological adaptations, with members occupying habitats ranging from wetlands and grasslands to caves and human dwellings.
Centruroides gracilis
Slender Brown Scorpion, Florida Bark Scorpion, Brown Bark Scorpion, Red Bark Scorpion, Slender Red Scorpion, Alacran Prieto, Alacran Azul
Centruroides gracilis is a medium to large scorpion in the family Buthidae, notable for its wide color variation and extensive introduced range. Females reach up to 10 cm, while males can exceed 15 cm. The species exhibits remarkable phenotypic plasticity, with individuals in single populations or even litters showing colors ranging from reddish to dark brown with contrasting leg and chelae coloration. It is native to northern Central America but has been introduced to numerous regions including Florida, the Caribbean, South America, Africa, and the Canary Islands, often occurring in synanthropic habitats.
Cheiracanthiidae
Long-legged Sac Spiders
Cheiracanthiidae is a family of araneomorph spiders established by Wagner in 1887, with priority over the synonym Eutichuridae. The family contains approximately 15 genera and 385 species as of 2026, with Cheiracanthium being the largest and most species-rich genus. Members are commonly known as long-legged sac spiders. The family's phylogenetic placement has been historically contested, having been assigned to Clubionidae, Miturgidae, and Eutichuridae before recognition as a distinct family. Molecular analyses indicate Cheiracanthium is paraphyletic, with divergence estimated at 67 million years ago.
Cheiracanthium
Longlegged Sac Spiders, Yellow Sac Spiders
Cheiracanthium is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cheiracanthiidae, first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839. Commonly known as longlegged sac spiders or yellow sac spiders, the genus contains over 230 accepted species. These spiders are notable for their pale coloration, nocturnal hunting behavior, and habit of constructing silken retreats rather than permanent webs. They are frequently encountered in human dwellings, particularly in temperate regions, and have been the subject of controversy regarding their medical significance.
Cheiracanthium mildei
Northern Yellow Sac Spider, Long-legged Sac Spider
Cheiracanthium mildei is a medium-sized spider native to Europe and North Africa, introduced to North America and parts of South America. Adults measure 7–10 mm in body length with pale green or tan coloration, darker palpi and chelicerae, and characteristically long front legs up to twice the length of others. It constructs silken retreats rather than capture webs, hunting actively at night. The species is frequently encountered in human dwellings, particularly in northern regions of its introduced range, and has been documented to bite humans with generally mild effects.
Chelifer
Chelifer is a genus of pseudoscorpions in the family Cheliferidae, established in 1762. The genus is currently monotypic, containing only Chelifer cancroides, the house pseudoscorpion, which is the most widely distributed pseudoscorpion species globally. All other species originally described in Chelifer have been moved to other genera, synonymized, or designated as nomina dubia or nomina nuda. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features including large setose tubercles on the carapace and specialized male genitalia structures.
Chelifer cancroides
House Pseudoscorpion
Chelifer cancroides, the house pseudoscorpion, is a small pseudoscorpion species measuring 2.5–4.5 mm in body length with pedipalps extending to 7–9 mm. It is the most widely distributed pseudoscorpion species globally, occurring across North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and the Caribbean. The species is strongly synanthropic, frequently found in human dwellings, barns, and beehives, but also occurs in natural habitats including under tree bark, in caves, and in bird nests. It is harmless to humans and preys on small arthropods.
Chilopoda
Centipedes
Chilopoda is a class of venomous, predatory arthropods comprising the centipedes. These elongated metameric animals possess one pair of legs per body segment, with leg counts ranging from 30 to 354 depending on species. Centipedes are distinguished from millipedes (class Diplopoda) by their single pair of legs per segment, flattened body profile, and venomous forcipules derived from modified first leg pairs. The class contains four extant orders: Scutigeromorpha (house centipedes), Lithobiomorpha (stone centipedes), Geophilomorpha (soil centipedes), and Scolopendromorpha (giant centipedes). All are obligate carnivores with predatory lifestyles.
Chondromorpha xanthotricha
Chondromorpha xanthotricha is a millipede in the family Paradoxosomatidae. Native to South India and Sri Lanka, it has become a widespread introduced species across tropical and subtropical regions through human-mediated transport. Adults measure 20–26 mm and exhibit notably rapid movement compared to many millipedes. Two subspecies are recognized: C. x. hamuligerus and C. x. hirsutus.
Choneiulus palmatus
Palm Millipede
A small julid millipede native to the Atlantic zone of northwest Europe, now widely distributed through synanthropic spread and human introduction. Adults reach 12–15 mm with up to 58 body rings. The species shows strong association with human-modified environments in parts of its range, particularly in northern Britain, while retaining woodland populations elsewhere. A genome assembly of 626.52 Mb has been published from an Oxfordshire specimen.
Chrysomya megacephala
oriental latrine fly, oriental blue fly
Chrysomya megacephala is a warm-weather blowfly with metallic blue-green coloration, notable for its forensic importance in estimating post-mortem intervals due to its rapid colonization of corpses. The species exhibits two distinct forms: a normal forest-dwelling form restricted to South Pacific Islands, and a synanthropic derived form that has spread globally from Papua New Guinea and is closely associated with human environments. It serves as a significant public health concern through its role in causing accidental myiasis and mechanically transmitting pathogens to human food.
Cimicidae
bed bugs, cimicids
Cimicidae is a family of small, wingless, blood-feeding parasitic insects comprising over 100 species. Members are obligate hematophages of warm-blooded vertebrates, primarily bats, birds, and humans. The family is notable for traumatic insemination, a unique reproductive strategy where males pierce the female abdominal wall to deposit sperm. Cimicids harbor bacterial symbionts in specialized mycetome organs that may assist with nutrient acquisition. The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) is the most widely known member and a significant urban pest.
Cithaeron
Cithaeron is a genus of small, nomadic spiders in the family Cithaeronidae. Members are characterized by depressed posterior median eyes and pseudosegmented tarsi. The genus includes species with Old World origins that have become established as human-mediated introductions in multiple regions, including the Americas. Cithaeron praedonius, the best-known species, was first documented in Florida in 2011 and has since been recorded in multiple counties.
Cithaeronidae
Curly-legged Ground Spiders
Cithaeronidae is a small family of araneomorph spiders in the superfamily Gnaphosoidea, established by Simon in 1893. The family contains two genera—Cithaeron and Inthaeron—with approximately ten described species. Members are small, pale yellowish, fast-moving nocturnal hunters that construct silken retreats under rocks. Several species, notably Cithaeron praedonius, have been introduced to the Americas and Australia through human activity.
Clogmia
drain flies, moth flies, filter flies, bathroom flies
Clogmia is a genus of small, non-biting drain flies in the family Psychodidae. Adults are 3–5 mm long with fuzzy, moth-like appearance due to dense hairs on wings and body. The genus includes the cosmopolitan species C. albipunctata, commonly known as the filter fly or bathroom fly, which frequently inhabits human dwellings. These flies are primarily nuisance pests associated with moist, decaying organic matter. Larvae play a documented role in sewage treatment as decomposers.
Coleosoma floridanum
Coleosoma floridanum is a small cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae. The species has a broad native distribution across the Americas and has been introduced to multiple regions worldwide, including Europe, West Africa, and Pacific islands. It builds irregular, tangled webs characteristic of its family.
Crossopriza
cellar spiders
Crossopriza is a genus of cellar spiders (family Pholcidae) described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893. The genus comprises 24 species as of October 2025, with native distributions in Africa and Asia. The most widely known member, C. lyoni, has become cosmopolitan through human-mediated introduction and is now found globally in human dwellings.
Crossopriza lyoni
Tailed Cellar Spider, Tailed Daddy Longlegs Spider, Box Spider
Crossopriza lyoni is a cosmopolitan cellar spider (Pholcidae) characterized by extremely long, fragile legs and a distinctive box-shaped abdomen. Females reach 3–7 mm in body length, males 2.5–6 mm, with leg spans up to 6 cm. The species is synanthropic, thriving in human dwellings worldwide, particularly in tropical to subtropical regions. It constructs extensive, irregular cobweb-like webs and is often regarded as both a household pest and beneficial predator of mosquitoes and other arthropods. Native range unknown; now pantropical through human-mediated introduction.
Cryptolestes turcicus
flour mill beetle
Cryptolestes turcicus is a small beetle commonly known as the flour mill beetle, a member of the family Laemophloeidae (lined flat bark beetles). It is a significant pest of stored grain products, particularly in flour mills and warehouses. The species has been introduced widely through human commerce and now occurs in North America and Europe. Populations can maintain themselves only within a temperature range of 17°C–37°C and at relative humidities above 40%, with optimal reproduction near 28°C and 90% relative humidity.
Cryptophagus
silken fungus beetles
Cryptophagus is a genus of small beetles in the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as silken fungus beetles. The genus has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution across all biogeographic realms. Members are fungivores that feed on fungal spores and hyphae, and are frequently associated with decaying organic matter, stored products, and animal nests. Some species are considered pests in food storage facilities, though they feed on mold growing on products rather than the products themselves. The genus contains numerous species, with significant historical taxonomic confusion.
Cryptophagus acutangulus
Acute-angled Fungus Beetle, Silken Fungus Beetle
Cryptophagus acutangulus is a small mycophagous beetle in the family Cryptophagidae, commonly known as the acute-angled fungus beetle or silken fungus beetle. The species has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, occurring across Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas, though it is most abundant in temperate and boreal forest zones. It feeds primarily on fungi, with larvae and adults consuming fungal spores and hyphae. The complete life cycle from egg to adult has been described, and the species plays a documented role in fungal spore dispersal through internal and external transmission mechanisms.
Cryptopidae
Bark Centipedes
Cryptopidae is a family of scolopendromorph centipedes characterized by complete absence of eyes (lacking ocelli) and possessing 21 pairs of legs as adults. The family is dominated by the genus Cryptops, which comprises over 150 species worldwide. Members are commonly known as bark centipedes and occur across diverse geographic regions, with some species showing strong synanthropic tendencies and human-mediated dispersal.
Ctenolepisma
Ctenolepisma is a genus of primitive wingless insects in the order Zygentoma, family Lepismatidae. The genus comprises approximately 75 extant species distributed nearly worldwide in warm regions, with some species occurring both indoors and outdoors while others are found exclusively in natural habitats. Unlike the closely related silverfish (Lepisma saccharina) and firebrat (Thermobia domestica), many Ctenolepisma species are less dependent on human habitation. Australia lacks native species but hosts introduced populations. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with ICZN Opinion 2427 (2018) establishing the neuter gender of Lepisma and related genera, resulting in species epithet changes such as Ctenolepisma longicaudatum (formerly longicaudata).
Ctenolepisma longicaudatum
gray silverfish, long-tailed silverfish, paper silverfish
Ctenolepisma longicaudatum is a synanthropic silverfish species first described from South Africa in 1905, now distributed worldwide in human dwellings. It has become a significant indoor pest in Europe since the early 2000s, particularly in newly constructed buildings with stable climates. The species damages cellulose-based materials including books, documents, and textiles, and can survive extended periods without food.
Desidae
intertidal spiders, desid spiders
Desidae is a family of spiders with remarkable ecological diversity, ranging from truly marine intertidal species to inland web-builders. The family was historically defined by intertidal members of the genus Desis, which construct air-filled silk retreats in barnacle shells or kelp holdfasts to survive tidal submersion. Modern circumscription includes inland genera such as Badumna and Phryganoporus. The family contains 63 genera and over 320 species, with the majority native to Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia. Some species have become invasive synanthropes, establishing populations in North and South America, Europe, and Asia.
Dictis striatipes
Striped Spitting Spider
Dictis striatipes is a spitting spider in the family Scytodidae, known for the common name "Striped Spitting Spider." The species has been introduced to regions outside its native range, including Hawaii, Mexico, and Yemen. As a member of Scytodidae, it possesses the characteristic spitting ability that defines this family—immobilizing prey by ejecting a mixture of silk, venom, and adhesive from the chelicerae. It is a synanthropic species often found in human-modified environments.
Echidnophaga gallinacea
hen flea, sticktight flea, stickfast flea
Echidnophaga gallinacea is a small, dark brown flea that parasitizes a broad range of bird and mammal hosts including poultry, dogs, cats, and occasionally humans. Adult females embed permanently into host skin—typically on bare areas of the head and face—using a serrated mouthpart to feed on blood, while males remain mobile. Heavy infestations cause ulceration, dermatitis, anemia, and can be fatal to young or small hosts. The species has spread globally through poultry farming and is now established across tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions.
fleaectoparasitepoultry-pestvectorinvasivecosmopolitanintegrated-pest-managementcage-free-poultrybackyard-chickenshematophagypermanent-attachmentsessile-femaleresilinjumpingctenidia-absentanaemiadermatitisulcerationRickettsiaBartonellaplaguediatomaceous-earthmaldisonpesticide-resistanceorganic-farminganimal-welfareeconomic-entomologyveterinary-entomologyhost-generalisturban-wildlife-interfacesynanthropicEmbidopsocus needhami
Embidopsocus needhami is a small, wingless barklouse in the family Liposcelididae, widely distributed across North America. It belongs to a group of psocids commonly known as booklice or barklice, characterized by reduced or absent wings and flattened bodies adapted for living in tight spaces. The species has been recorded from the United States and Canada.
Eratigena duellica
Giant House Spider
Eratigena duellica, commonly known as the giant house spider, is a funnel weaver spider in the family Agelenidae. Originally described from Europe, it has been introduced to western North America, where it is established in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. The species was transferred from the genus Tegenaria to Eratigena in 2013, and was restored as a distinct species separate from E. atrica in 2018 after being considered conspecific. It is one of the largest house-dwelling spiders in its range and constructs characteristic funnel-shaped webs.
Eristalinus taeniops
band-eyed drone fly, stripe-eyed lagoon fly, tiger fly
Eristalinus taeniops is a hoverfly (family Syrphidae) native to the Palearctic and Afrotropical regions that has become established as an exotic species across much of the world, including North and South America. Adults are notable pollinators with distinctive banded compound eyes featuring five vertical dark stripes, and they exhibit Batesian mimicry of bees and wasps. The species is strongly associated with human-modified environments and has shown rapid geographic expansion in South America via airports and seaports.
Eudasyphora
Eudasyphora is a genus of muscid flies established by Townsend in 1911. The genus contains at least seven described species distributed primarily across Europe and North America. Eudasyphora cyanicolor, the best-studied species, has been the subject of genome sequencing research. Members of this genus are synanthropic and frequently associated with human dwellings.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaEvarcha proszynskii
Proszynski's Jumping Spider
Evarcha proszynskii is a Holarctic jumping spider species first described from Russia in 1998. It occurs across northern Eurasia from Russia through Japan, and has established populations in western North America. The species is primarily diurnal but has been observed sheltering on building exteriors at night. Like other salticids, it hunts by sight without using webs.