Costa-rica
Guides
Amblycerus
pea and bean weevils, seed beetles
Amblycerus is the second most diverse genus of seed beetles in the Americas, containing over 60 described species. These bruchid beetles are specialized seed predators, with larvae developing inside seeds of various host plants. The genus exhibits complex evolutionary patterns of host plant association, having radiated from an ancestral association with Fabaceae into at least 12 other plant families including Sterculiaceae, Boraginaceae, and Humiriaceae. Species-level identification requires examination of male genitalia and pygidial morphology.
Anagyrus paralia
Anagyrus paralia is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Encyrtidae, described by Noyes and Menezes in 2000. It belongs to the genus Anagyrus, which contains numerous species used in biological control of mealybugs and other scale insects. The specific epithet "paralia" suggests a coastal or shore-associated habitat, though detailed ecological data remain limited. Like other Anagyrus species, it is presumed to be a primary parasitoid of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), but host records specific to this species have not been documented in the available literature.
Apanteles
Apanteles is a large genus of braconid wasps in the subfamily Microgastrinae, containing over 600 described species worldwide. A 2014 study from Costa Rica's Area de Conservación Guanacaste alone documented 186 new species, suggesting the genus is far more diverse than previously recognized. These small wasps (1–5 mm) are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars, with most species showing high host specificity.
Belvosia
Belvosia is a genus of tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) in the tribe Goniini. The genus contains over 100 species distributed across the New World from Canada to Argentina. Belvosia species are parasitoids of caterpillars, with females laying microtype eggs on host food plant foliage that are ingested by feeding larvae. A 2023 revision described 33 new species from Costa Rica, bringing the total from 72 to 107 species.
Ceratomia igualana
Ceratomia igualana is a hawkmoth in the family Sphingidae. It is known from a limited number of specimens collected from Mexico to Costa Rica. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, with females notably larger than males. Biological details including larval host plants, adult behavior, and complete life history remain undocumented due to its rarity in collections.
Curicta scorpio
waterscorpion
Curicta scorpio is a species of waterscorpion in the family Nepidae. It occurs in Central America and North America, with a documented first record for Costa Rica on the Caribbean slope. Waterscorpions are aquatic true bugs characterized by their raptorial forelegs and breathing siphons.
Dylobolus rotundicollis
Firefly Longhorn
Dylobolus rotundicollis is a longhorn beetle (family Cerambycidae) in the subfamily Lamiinae, tribe Hemilophini. It was described by James Thomson in 1868 and is known from Costa Rica and the United States. The species has been historically classified under the genus Mecas, which remains a synonym. Observations suggest adult activity during summer months in North American regions.
Elasmia mandela
Elasmia mandela is a moth in the family Notodontidae, first described by Herbert Druce in 1887. The species occurs in Mexico, Costa Rica, Texas, and Oklahoma. Adults are active from April to early October. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form in Mexico and Costa Rica, and E. m. santaana in Texas, Oklahoma, and probably Mexico.
Eryciini
Eryciini is a tribe of tachinid flies comprising approximately 128 genera. The tribe serves as a repository for exoristine taxa that cannot be placed into other tribes, resulting in a polyphyletic assemblage. Members are parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae, with documented associations to caterpillars in families Crambidae, Notodontidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae, and Tortricidae. A new genus, Santarosamyia, was described in 2024 from Costa Rica based on specimens reared from wild-caught caterpillars.
Eucalantica
Eucalantica is a genus of micro-moths in the family Yponomeutidae, first described by Busck in 1904. The genus was long considered monotypic, known only from a single Nearctic species, until a 2011 taxonomic review described six new species from Central America and southern North America. Members of this genus are characterized by silvery white coloration with distinctive dark brown costal streaks on the forewings. Yponomeutid moths, including Eucalantica, are considered important for understanding the evolution of plant associations in Lepidoptera.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaGymnandrosoma
Gymnandrosoma is a genus of tortricid moths in the tribe Grapholitini. The genus includes at least eight described species distributed primarily in the Americas. Gymnandrosoma aurantianum, the most economically significant species, is a major agricultural pest known as the citrus fruit borer in Brazil and the macadamia nut borer in Central America. Other species in the genus have been described from North and South America, with limited biological information available.
Hyphantrophaga
Hyphantrophaga is a genus of tachinid flies in the tribe Goniini, subfamily Exoristinae, containing 46 valid species. The genus is notable for a major taxonomic revision in 2019 that described 22 new species from Costa Rica and synonymized five previously recognized genera. Species in this genus are parasitoids of caterpillars across a broad range of lepidopteran families.
Isochaetes
Isochaetes is a genus of slug caterpillar moths (family Limacodidae) described by Harrison Gray Dyar in 1899. The genus contains at least five described species distributed in the Neotropical region, with most species described from Costa Rica in the early 2000s. Like other limacodids, members of this genus have slug-like larval forms.
Marpesia
Daggerwings
Marpesia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as daggerwings. These butterflies are found in the Neotropical and Nearctic realms, with species distributed from the southern United States through Central and South America. The genus is named after Marpesia, a queen of the Amazons in Greek and Roman legendary history. Marpesia butterflies are notable for their striking wing patterns and distinctive behavior called "pumping," in which they rapidly imbibe water through their proboscis and expel it from their abdomen, possibly for thermoregulation.
Myrmeleon crudelis
antlion
Myrmeleon crudelis is a pit-building antlion species whose larvae construct conical traps in fine-grained soil to capture small arthropods. Research on this species has focused on its behavioral plasticity in trap construction and prey capture kinematics. Larvae demonstrate sophisticated modulation of mandible velocity during strikes and adjust pit architecture in response to prey availability and soil conditions. The species occurs in tropical dry forests of Costa Rica and has been recorded from Middle and North America.
Narberdia
Narberdia is a genus of true weevils in the family Curculionidae, tribe Anthonomini. The genus was monotypic when described by Burke in 1976 from the United States, but expanded to at least five species following descriptions of four additional species from México and Costa Rica in 2017. All species are intimately associated with plants of the genus Bernardia (Euphorbiaceae). Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with females possessing a longer, more slender rostrum and a distinctive tibial tooth absent in males.
Norrbomia fulvipennis
A small dung fly in the family Sphaeroceridae, described in 1992 from material collected in Costa Rica. The species epithet refers to the tawny or yellowish-brown coloration of the wings. Sphaeroceridae are commonly known as lesser dung flies and are associated with decaying organic matter.
Ochrotrichia
microcaddisfly
Ochrotrichia is a large genus of microcaddisflies (family Hydroptilidae) comprising approximately 226 extant species, making it the most species-rich microcaddisfly genus in the Neotropics. The genus is predominantly distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, with one exceptional African record from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Species are primarily found in freshwater stream habitats.
Oligostigmoides cryptalis
Oligostigmoides cryptalis is a moth in the family Crambidae, subfamily Acentropinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1896 based on specimens from Mexico. The species has been recorded from montane localities in Mexico (Xalapa, Orizaba), Costa Rica, and Panama. Very few observations exist, with only three records documented on iNaturalist.
Ophraea rugosa
Ophraea rugosa is a leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, first described by Jacoby in 1886. The species has a transcontinental distribution spanning from the southwestern United States through Mexico to Central America. It is one of approximately 13 species in the genus Ophraea, a group of leaf beetles primarily distributed in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions.
Orasema costaricensis
Orasema costaricensis is a species of parasitic wasp in the family Eucharitidae, first described by Wheeler & Wheeler in 1937. Like other members of the genus Orasema, it is likely a parasitoid of ant larvae, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented. The species name indicates its Costa Rican origin. Records from the Galápagos Islands suggest some dispersal capacity or potential human-mediated introduction.
Orwellion gibbulum arizonense
Orwellion gibbulum arizonense is a subspecies of longhorn beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It belongs to the tribe Elaphidiini within the subfamily Cerambycinae. The subspecies was described by Casey in 1891 and is distributed in parts of North and Middle America. Very little specific information is documented about this particular subspecies beyond its taxonomic status and general geographic occurrence.
Petrolisthes armatus
Green Porcelain Crab
Petrolisthes armatus, commonly known as the green porcelain crab, is a small porcellanid crab native to the southwestern Atlantic, particularly Brazil. The species has established invasive populations along the southeastern United States coast, where densities can exceed 30,000 individuals per square meter. Genetic studies confirm it as a single monophyletic species with exceptional geographic range spanning the Atlantic and eastern Pacific. It is frequently parasitized by the bopyrid isopod Aporobopyrus curtatus, which causes parasitic castration.
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Polana is a genus of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) in the tribe Gyponini, established by DeLong in 1942. The genus includes multiple subgenera (Polana, Nihilana, Polanana, Hobemanella, Bulbusana, Varpulana) with over 34 species described in the nominate subgenus alone. Species occur primarily in the Neotropical region, with documented diversity in Brazil, Costa Rica, and surrounding areas. The group has undergone extensive taxonomic revision, with numerous new combinations proposed to clarify subgeneric placement.
Rothschildia lebeau
Lebeau's Silk Moth, Forbes Moth
Rothschildia lebeau is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, distributed from the Lower Rio Grande Valley through eastern Mexico to Brazil. Adults are short-lived and do not feed, relying on fat reserves accumulated during larval development. The species exhibits a life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult body size based on host plant quality, with larger males showing higher mating success.
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Salbia is a genus of crambid moths (family Crambidae, subfamily Pyraustinae) established by Achille Guenée in 1854. The genus contains leaf-rolling species, including Salbia lotanalis, which has been studied as a potential biological control agent for the invasive tree Miconia calvescens. Larvae feed on Melastomataceae and construct leaf rolls for shelter.
Shellenius
Shellenius is a small genus of planthoppers in the family Derbidae, subfamily Otiocerinae, tribe Otiocerini. The genus was established by Ball in 1928 and contains species distributed in the eastern United States and Mesoamerica. At least one species has been documented in association with palms in Costa Rica. A recent taxonomic revision transferred Otiocerus interruptus Fowler to this genus as Shellenius interruptus.
Strumigenys ananeotes
Strumigenys ananeotes is a species of miniature trap-jaw ant described in 2019 from Costa Rica. It belongs to a diverse genus of predatory ants known for their elongated mandibles that snap shut to capture prey. The species name derives from Greek, meaning 'newly emerged' or 'returning to life', possibly referencing its discovery or cryptic habits. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a specialized predator of small soil arthropods.
Sufetula
Sufetula is a pantropical genus of moths in the family Crambidae (subfamily Lathrotelinae), established by Walker in 1859. The genus contains at least 32 described species, including several that are economically significant pests of cultivated plants. Sufetula anania is a destructive root borer of pineapple (Ananas comosus) in Central America, causing damage that can destroy the root system. Sufetula culshawi, described in 2024, is a previously unrecognized species associated with cultivated palms (Areca Palm, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens), spread through horticultural trade. Larvae of at least some species are root-feeders that create tunnels within plant tissues.
Telothyria
Telothyria is a genus of tachinid flies established by van der Wulp in 1890. The genus contains approximately 50 described species, with 25 new species described in 2020 from Costa Rica alone. All studied species are parasitoids of caterpillars, specifically targeting two lepidopteran families. The genus is distributed almost exclusively in the Neotropical region.
Trichonephila clavata
Jorō spider, Joro Spider, Parachute spider
Trichonephila clavata, commonly known as the Jorō spider, is a large orb-weaving spider native to East Asia that has become established as an invasive species in the southeastern United States since approximately 2010. First confirmed in Georgia in 2014, it has expanded rapidly across multiple states through a combination of ballooning dispersal and human-mediated transport. The species is notable for its substantial size, striking coloration, and extensive golden webs, but poses minimal risk to humans due to small fangs and docile behavior. Its physiological adaptations—including higher metabolic rate, faster heart rate, and greater cold tolerance than its congener Trichonephila clavipes—suggest potential for continued northward range expansion.
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Unplaced is a genus of braconid wasps within the tribe Heterospilini, subfamily Doryctinae. The genus was established to accommodate species that could not be assigned to existing genera within this diverse tribe of parasitoid wasps. A 2013 study on Costa Rican Doryctinae described 286 species in Heterospilini, with additional specimens remaining in this genus pending further taxonomic resolution. The genus reflects the extraordinary undescribed biodiversity of braconid wasps in tropical regions.
Urania fulgens
urania swallowtail moth, green page moth
Urania fulgens is a day-flying moth in the family Uraniidae, notable for its iridescent green coloration and swallowtail-like wing shape. The species is highly migratory, with populations moving through Mexico, Central America, and northwestern South America. It has been recorded as a vagrant to Texas. Mass migrations have been documented, including a significant event observed in Costa Rica in 2005 with Tapantí National Park identified as a possible destination.
Uranotaenia lowii
Pale-footed Uranotaenia
Uranotaenia lowii is a frog-biting mosquito distributed across the Americas. The species exhibits a unique phonotactic behavior: females are attracted to the acoustic calls of male frogs, specifically the barking tree frog (Hyla gratiosa). This represents the first documented case of a female mosquito being attracted to host sound rather than visual or chemical cues. The species inhabits lowland environments and has been documented using 450 Hz frequency detection via antennae to locate hosts.
Zelomorpha
Zelomorpha is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae (superfamily Ichneumonoidea). Members of this genus are part of the hyperdiverse ichneumonoid wasp fauna, with numerous species remaining undescribed. The genus was used as a case study to demonstrate a novel rapid species description protocol combining mitochondrial DNA sequences with lateral holotype images. Species in this genus are known from the Neotropical region, particularly Costa Rica.