Intermediate-host
Guides
Aeginina
skeleton shrimp
Aeginina is a genus of caprellid amphipods containing at least two described species: Aeginina longicornis and Aeginina aenigmatica. These small crustaceans are commonly known as skeleton shrimp due to their elongated, stick-like appearance. The genus was established by Norman in 1905 and occurs in marine environments of the North Atlantic.
Alphitophagus
Alphitophagus is a genus of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) established by Stephens in 1832. The genus has an almost cosmopolitan distribution. The best-known species, A. bifasciatus, is a cosmopolitan pest of stored products and serves as an intermediate host for the poultry cestode Raillietina cesticillus. A. obtusangulus, described from Croatia in 1904, was recently recorded from France and Greece.
Alphitophagus bifasciatus
Two-banded fungus beetle
Alphitophagus bifasciatus is a small darkling beetle (family Tenebrionidae) with an almost cosmopolitan distribution. The species is frequently associated with stored products and organic matter, and has been documented as an intermediate host for the poultry tapeworm Raillietina cesticillus. It is distinguished from the rare congener A. obtusangulus by its two pale transverse bands on the elytra.
Artemiidae
Brine Shrimp
Artemiidae is a family of branchiopod crustaceans containing the single genus Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp. These organisms inhabit hypersaline inland waters worldwide where their extreme salinity tolerance excludes most predators. The family has remained morphologically unchanged since the Triassic period. Artemiidae species serve as important food sources for waterbirds and as intermediate hosts for avian cestodes. Their desiccation-resistant cysts have enabled commercial harvest and widespread use in aquaculture as live feed.
Brachystola
grassland lubbers
Brachystola is a genus of large, flightless grassland lubber grasshoppers in the family Romaleidae, distributed across the western United States and Mexico. Members are among the largest grasshoppers in North America, with robust bodies, short non-functional wings, and striking coloration. The genus includes six recognized species, with Brachystola magna (plains lubber grasshopper) being the most studied due to its use in early genetic research and its status as an occasional agricultural pest.
Brachystola magna
Plains Lubber Grasshopper, Western Lubber Grasshopper, Homesteader
Brachystola magna is one of the largest grasshoppers in North America, a flightless species inhabiting the Great Plains from the Canadian border to central Mexico. Adults reach 4–6 cm in length, with females substantially larger and heavier than males. The species exhibits a two-year life cycle, with eggs overwintering twice before hatching. Though primarily herbivorous, adults display notable omnivory including scavenging and predation on other insects. The species has historical scientific significance as the subject of Walter Sutton's pioneering work on reduction division and chromosome theory.
Chicobolus
Chicobolus is a monotypic genus of millipedes in the family Spirobolidae, established by Chamberlin in 1947. The genus contains a single species, Chicobolus spinigerus, commonly known as the Florida ivory millipede. This species is notable for its large size and pale coloration, and has been documented as a natural intermediate host for the acanthocephalan parasite Macracanthorhynchus ingens.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaGammaridae
gammarids, scuds
Gammaridae is a family of amphipod crustaceans with a distribution centered on Eurasia. The family exhibits euryhaline tolerance as a lineage, inhabiting environments from freshwater to marine waters. Historically, Gammaridae served as a wastebin taxon for numerous gammaridean amphipods, many of which have since been reassigned to separate families including Anisogammaridae, Melitidae, and Niphargidae. In North America, members are commonly referred to as scuds.
Gammarus
scuds, freshwater shrimp, sideswimmers
Gammarus is a genus of amphipod crustaceans in the family Gammaridae, containing over 200 described species and representing one of the most species-rich crustacean genera. Species occupy diverse aquatic habitats ranging from purely freshwater to estuarine and marine environments, with salinity tolerance varying markedly among species. The genus is widely distributed throughout the Holarctic region, with additional species extending into tropical Southeast Asia. Gammarus species serve important ecological functions as shredders and predators in aquatic food webs.
Leptothorax
Thin Ants
Small ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae with primarily Holarctic distributions. The genus is distinguished by widespread social parasitism, with many species dependent on host workers during part or all of their life cycles. Some species exhibit complex social behaviors including dominance hierarchies and queen usurpation.
Ligia baudiniana
Central American Seaslater
A large intertidal isopod (sea slater) native to the Greater Caribbean region, reaching 25–30 mm in body length. Distinguished from congeners by long uropods exceeding two-thirds body length and brush-like structures on the first pair of legs in males. Exhibits strong habitat fidelity to natural mangrove forests and rocky intertidal zones, with documented sensitivity to coastal development. Serves as intermediate host for digenean trematodes.
Orchestia
Orchestia is a genus of talitrid amphipods comprising approximately 10-15 marine supralittoral species. The genus was revised in 2014, with three new species described from the North Atlantic and South America, and has been redefined to exclude terrestrial species now placed in Cryptorchestia. Species in this genus inhabit coastal environments including sandy beaches, driftwood, and estuaries, with some showing specialized ecological associations. Orchestia species serve as intermediate hosts for parasites and play roles in wrack decomposition.
Periplaneta brunnea
brown cockroach
Periplaneta brunnea is a cockroach species in the family Blattidae, commonly known as the brown cockroach. It serves as an intermediate host for the acanthocephalan parasite Moniliformis moniliformis, with behavioral alterations documented in infected individuals. The species has been used in biochemical studies investigating juvenile hormone regulation and insecticide metabolism. Its distribution includes regions in Africa, Australia, and South America including the Galápagos Islands.
Pycnoscelus
burrowing cockroaches
Pycnoscelus is a genus of burrowing cockroaches in the family Blaberidae, containing approximately 15 described species. The genus is distributed across India, China, Southeast Asia, and has been introduced to other regions including the Americas. The most studied species, Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Surinam cockroach), is notable for being parthenogenetic and serving as an intermediate host for poultry parasites.
Ramellogammarus
Stumptown scud (R. similimanus)
Ramellogammarus is a genus of freshwater amphipod crustaceans in the family Anisogammaridae, established by Bousfield in 1979. The genus includes species with highly restricted geographic distributions in the Pacific Northwest of North America. R. similimanus, known as the Stumptown scud, is endemic to the Portland metropolitan area of Oregon, while R. vancouverensis occurs in British Columbia.
Setomorpha rutella
Tropical Tobacco Moth
Setomorpha rutella is a tineid moth commonly known as the tropical tobacco moth. It has been widely distributed through commerce across warmer regions of Africa, Eurasia, Malaysia, Australia, Pacific islands, and the Americas. The species is notable as an intermediate host for the nematode parasite Tetrameres mohtedai, which infects fowl.
Spirobolidae
Spirobolid Millipedes
Spirobolidae is a family of large, cylindrical millipedes in the order Spirobolida, distributed across tropical and temperate regions worldwide. The family is divided into two subfamilies: Spirobolinae and Tylobolinae. Members of this family include well-known genera such as Narceus in North America, Spirobolus in Asia, and Chicobolus in the southeastern United States. Several species serve as intermediate hosts for parasitic acanthocephalans.
Stictocephala stimulea
Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
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