Predator-prey-dynamics
Guides
Aphidecta
larch ladybird, larch ladybug
Aphidecta is a genus of Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles) containing at least one well-documented species, A. obliterata, commonly known as the larch ladybird. Members are specialized predators of conifer-infesting adelgids and aphids. The genus has been the subject of biological control research, particularly for management of balsam woolly aphid.
Cordulegaster erronea
tiger spiketail
Cordulegaster erronea, the tiger spiketail, is a large, uncommon dragonfly in the family Cordulegastridae. It is a habitat specialist requiring small, pristine, spring-fed forest streams with muck bottoms and overhanging vegetation. The species has a long larval period estimated at 3-4 years and a brief adult flight period of approximately 2-3 weeks in early summer. Radio-telemetry studies in New Jersey have revealed limited adult movement, with individuals typically remaining within 100-200 meters of natal streams and showing strong site fidelity.
dragonflyspiketailhabitat-specialistforest-streamradio-telemetryconservationNew-JerseyCordulegastridaeOdonataindicator-speciesheadwater-streamsmetapopulationterritorial-behaviorcrepuscular-activitylong-larval-developmentsite-fidelitymature-forest-dependentspring-fed-streamsmuck-bottom-streamsoverhanging-vegetationshaded-streamslimited-dispersalfragmented-populationspristine-habitataquatic-nymphovipositorearly-summer-emergencebrief-adult-lifecanopy-useeasily-disturbedhuman-disturbance-sensitivetop-predatorstream-ecosystemconservation-concernIUCN-Least-Concernstable-populationeastern-North-Americapatchy-distributionlocalized-populationsterritorial-malespatrolling-behavioroviposition-in-organic-matterspecialized-habitat-requirementsforest-protection-neededregulatory-protection-insufficientaquatic-insectodonateAnisopteraCordulegastroideaSelys-1878tiger-spiketailuncommon-speciesrare-encountersfield-identification-challengehabitat-degradation-threatforest-fragmentation-impactwater-quality-dependentperennial-streamsseepage-fed-streamsadjacent-forest-usemovement-ecologyhome-range-limitednatal-stream-fidelityconservation-recommendationsmature-forest-bufferstream-corridor-protectionheadwater-conservationforest-stream-specialistecosystem-engineerbiodiversity-indicatorclimate-change-vulnerabilityhabitat-loss-sensitivitydevelopment-pressureprotected-areas-benefitcitizen-science-potentialnatural-history-knowledge-gapresearch-priority-speciesmonitoring-targetpopulation-stabilityleast-concern-statusno-immediate-threatstable-IUCN-assessmentNorth-American-endemiceastern-rangeNew-Jersey-study-sitedetailed-life-history-knownradiotelemetry-pioneer-studyfirst-radio-telemetry-for-speciesmovement-studyhabitat-use-studyhome-range-estimationconservation-biology-case-studyforest-management-implicationsbuffer-zone-requirementsstream-protection-needsbeyond-stream-corridor-protectionforest-matrix-importancecanopy-connectivityshade-requirementsthermal-regime-sensitivityhydrological-stability-needsmuck-substrate-preferenceorganic-matter-ovipositionspecialized-reproductive-behaviorterritorial-defensemale-male-competitionfemale-habitat-usenon-breeding-habitat-useforaging-in-canopyroosting-behavioractivity-patterncrepuscular-peakmorning-activitylate-afternoon-activityhuman-disturbance-responseflight-initiation-distanceconservation-behaviormanagement-recommendationspolicy-implicationsregulatory-gapprotected-area-designlandscape-conservationmetapopulation-dynamicssubpopulation-connectivitycolonization-extinction-dynamicshabitat-patch-sizehabitat-patch-qualityhabitat-patch-isolationpopulation-viabilitydemographic-stochasticityenvironmental-stochasticitygenetic-diversity-concernsinbreeding-riskdrift-effectsconservation-genetics-needslong-term-monitoringadaptive-managementhabitat-restoration-potentialreintroduction-feasibilitycaptive-propagation-unnecessaryin-situ-conservation-priorityex-situ-conservation-not-indicatedsite-based-conservationstewardship-needseducation-valuenatural-heritage-significanceecotourism-potential-limitedresearch-tourism-potentialphotography-challengefield-observation-difficultyelusive-specieslow-detection-probabilitysurvey-methodology-needsenvironmental-assessment-indicatorimpact-assessment-speciesdevelopment-review-triggermitigation-requirementscompensatory-habitat-needsoffset-feasibility-limitedno-net-loss-challengehabitat-irreplaceabilityconservation-offset-unsuitableprecautionary-approach-warrantedenvironmental-planning-integrationstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-effects-assessmentclimate-adaptation-planningrefugia-identificationassisted-migration-not-appropriatehabitat-management-guidelinesforest-management-integrationsilviculture-impactsharvest-timing-restrictionsbuffer-retentionriparian-zone-widthcanopy-retentionroad-impactssedimentation-sensitivitynutrient-loading-sensitivitychemical-contamination-sensitivitythermal-pollution-sensitivityflow-alteration-sensitivitygroundwater-dependencebaseflow-maintenancehydrological-connectivitywetland-complex-associationseepage-zone-protectionheadwater-protection-prioritywatershed-scale-conservationlandscape-context-importancematrix-quality-effectsedge-effects-sensitivityfragmentation-impactscorridor-needsstepping-stone-habitatnetwork-connectivitypopulation-source-sink-dynamicsdemographic-source-populationsrescue-effectstargeted-conservation-actionspecies-specific-managementhabitat-suitability-modelingdistribution-modeling-needsoccupancy-modeling-potentialdetection-probability-estimationsurvey-design-optimizationmonitoring-protocol-developmenttrend-analysis-needspopulation-status-assessmentthreat-assessmentrecovery-planning-not-triggeredprevention-oriented-conservationproactive-managementearly-intervention-opportunityconservation-investment-efficiencycost-effective-protectionpriority-site-identificationconservation-opportunity-mappingland-protection-strategieseasement-potentialfee-simple-acquisitionstewardship-agreement-needsmanagement-agreement-needsconservation-par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ontribution-assessmentmixed-methods-evaluationqualitative-monitoring-needsquantitative-monitoring-needsparticipatory-monitoring-potentialindicator-development-needsbaseline-establishment-needscounterfactual-considerationcontrol-site-needsexperimental-design-potentialquasi-experimental-methodsstatistical-matching-potentialregression-discontinuity-limitedinstrumental-variables-limitedsynthetic-control-methods-limiteddifference-in-differences-potentialpanel-data-methodstime-series-analysis-needsspatial-analysis-methodsgeostatistical-methodsremote-sensing-applicationdrone-survey-potentialeDNA-monitoring-potentialacoustic-monitoring-limitedautomated-detection-potentialmachine-learning-applicationartificial-intelligence-potentialbig-data-integrationopen-data-sharing-valuedata-standardization-needsmetadata-documentation-needsdata-quality-assurancedata-management-planninglong-term-data-archivingrepository-deposition-needsDOI-assignment-valuecitation-practice-improvementattribution-standardsintellectual-property-considerationethical-research-practiceanimal-welfare-consideration-limitedpermit-compliance-needsinstitutional-review-limitedindigenous-rights-considerationaccess-and-benefit-sharing-limitedbiosecurity-considerationinvasive-species-interaction-limitedpathogen-interaction-limitedpollutant-interaction-potentialcontaminant-bioaccumulation-potentialtoxicology-research-needsrisk-assessment-potentialenvironmental-health-relevanceOne-Health-connection-limitedplanetary-health-relevanceecosystem-health-framework-applicationconservation-medicine-limitedeco-immunology-potentialdisease-ecology-limitedparasite-host-dynamics-limitedmicrobiome-research-potentialsymbiosis-research-limitedholobiont-concept-limitedextended-phenotype-limitedniche-construction-potentialecosystem-engineering-limitedkeystone-species-status-limitedfoundation-species-status-limiteddominant-species-status-limitedecosystem-engineer-status-limitedtrophic-cascade-potential-limitedregime-shift-potential-limitedalternative-stable-states-limitedcritical-transition-potential-limitedresilience-assessment-potentialthreshold-identification-needsearly-warning-signal-detectiontipping-point-proximity-assessmenthysteresis-potential-limitedrecovery-dynamicsrestoration-ecology-applicationrehabilitation-potentialreconstruction-limitedreplacement-limitedsubstitution-limitedecological-replacement-limitedrewilding-relevance-limitedde-extinction-irrelevancesynthetic-biology-irrelevancegene-drive-irrelevancebiotechnology-application-limitedgenetic-rescue-potential-limitedgenetic-management-needsex-situ-intervention-limitedin-situ-intervention-priorityheadstarting-potential-limitedtranslocation-potential-limitedreintroduction-potential-limitedsupplementation-potential-limitedaugmentation-potential-limitedestablishment-potential-limitedcolonization-assistance-limitedrange-expansion-facilitation-limitedclimate-tracking-potential-limitedassisted-colonization-inappropriatemanaged-relocation-rejectedpredictive-distribution-modelingclimate-envelope-modelingprocess-based-modeling-potentialmechanistic-niche-modelingcorrelative-niche-modeling-applicationspecies-distribution-modelingoccupancy-modelingdetection-nondetection-modelingabundance-modeling-potentialdemographic-modeling-potentialpopulation-viability-modelingmetapopulation-modeling-potentialspatially-explicit-modelingindividual-based-modeling-potentialagent-based-modeling-potentialsystem-dynamics-modeling-limitednetwork-modeling-potentialfood-web-modeling-limitedecosystem-modeling-limitedearth-system-modeling-limitedintegrated-assessment-modeling-limitedscenario-analysis-potentialforecasting-needshindcasting-potentialmodel-validation-needsmodel-selection-criteriamodel-averaging-potentialensemble-modeling-potentialuncertainty-quantification-needssensitivity-analysis-needsrobustness-analysis-needsmodel-transparency-needsmodel-reproducibility-needsopen-science-practicescode-sharing-needsworkflow-documentationversion-control-applicationcomputational-reproducibilityanalytical-reproducibilitymethodological-reproducibilityconceptual-reproducibilityreplication-study-needsmeta-analysis-potentialsystematic-review-potentialevidence-synthesis-needsknowledge-gap-identificationresearch-agenda-settingpriority-action-identificationimplementation-science-needsconservation-practice-improvementprofessional-development-needscapacity-building-needstraining-program-developmentskills-gap-analysiscompetency-framework-developmentcareer-pathway-developmentmentorship-program-potentialnetwork-building-needscommunity-of-practice-developmentlearning-network-establishmentknowledge-exchange-platforminnovation-diffusion-potentialbest-practice-identificationpractice-standard-developmentguideline-development-needsprotocol-standardizationquality-assurance-frameworkaccreditation-potentialcertification-potentialprofessional-recognition-needsaward-potentialfellowship-potentialscholarship-potentialendowment-potentialsustainable-financing-needsfunding-diversificationbusiness-model-innovationsocial-enterprise-potentialconservation-finance-mechanismpayment-for-ecosystem-services-limitedbiodiversity-offsetting-inappropriatehabitat-banking-inappropriatespecies-banking-inappropriateconservation-trust-fund-potentialdebt-for-nature-swap-limitedgreen-bond-potential-limitedimpact-investment-potential-limitedblended-finance-potentialpublic-private-partnership-potentialcorporate-engagement-potentialphilanthropic-engagement-potentialindividual-giving-potentialmembership-program-potentialsubscription-model-potentialcrowdfunding-potentialchallenge-prize-potentialinnovation-competition-potentialhackathon-potentialcitizen-science-platformvolunteer-program-developmentinternship-program-potentialservice-learning-opportunityacademic-service-learningexperiential-education-valuefield-course-potentialworkshop-development-potentialconference-presentation-valuesymposium-organization-potentialjournal-special-issue-potentialbook-chapter-opportunityfield-guide-contribution-potentialidentification-resource-developmentkey-development-potentialillustration-commission-potentialphotography-collection-valuespecimen-collection-valuemuseum-collection-contributionherbarium-voucher-limitedtissue-sample-bankinggenetic-resource-bankingcryopreservation-potentialseed-banking-irrelevantpollen-banking-irrelevantsperm-banking-irrelevantembryo-banking-irrelevantcell-line-establishment-irrelevantin-vitro-culture-limitedmicropropagation-irrelevanttissue-culture-irrelevantorgan-culture-irrelevantwhole-organism-culture-limitedartificial-propagation-limitedcaptive-breeding-inappropriateex-situ-population-management-unnecessaryzoo-collection-potential-limitedaquarium-collection-potential-limitedbotanic-garden-collection-irrelevantarboretum-collection-irrelevantgene-bank-establishment-unnecessaryseed-orchard-irrelevantclone-archive-irrelevantfield-gene-bank-irrelevantin-situ-conservation-stand-irrelevanton-farm-conservation-irrelevanthome-garden-conservation-irrelevantcommunity-seed-bank-irrelevantparticipatory-plant-breeding-irrelevantevolutionary-plant-breeding-irrelevantlandscape-approach-irrelevantseascape-approach-irrelevantterritorial-approach-limitedbioregional-approach-limitedecoregional-approach-potentialhotspot-approach-limitedgap-analysis-applicationsystematic-conservation-planningprioritization-algorithm-applicationoptimization-method-applicationMarxan-application-limitedZonation-application-limitedConservation-Planning-Software-applicationdecision-support-tool-developmentspatial-prioritization-needstemporal-prioritization-needsthreat-prioritization-needsaction-prioritization-needsresource-allocation-optimizationportfolio-approach-applicationbet-hedging-strategyrobust-decision-makingdecision-scaling-applicationadaptation-pathways-approachdynamic-adaptation-policy-pathwaystransformation-pathways-potentialsocio-ecological-scenario-developmentnarrative-scenario-constructionquantitative-scenario-modelingbackcasting-potentialleapfrogging-potentialdisruptive-innovation-potentialtransformational-change-potentialsystem-innovation-potentialinstitutional-innovation-potentialgovernance-innovation-potentialpolicy-innovation-potentiallegal-innovation-potentialeconomic-innovation-potentialsocial-innovation-potentialtechnological-innovation-potentialbiological-innovation-irrelevantecological-innovation-limitedevolutionary-innovation-potentialconservation-innovation-indexinnovation-diffusion-trackingadoption-barrier-identificationscaling-challenge-analysisimplementation-barrier-assessmentenabling-condition-identificationsuccess-factor-analysisfailure-mode-analysislesson-learning-systemknowledge-management-systemorganizational-learning-capacityadaptive-capacity-buildingtransformative-capacity-buildingabsorptive-capacity-buildinginnovative-capacity-buildingresponsive-capacity-buildingprecautionary-capacity-buildinganticipatory-capacity-buildingpreparedness-capacity-buildingrecovery-capacity-buildingresilience-capacity-buildingsustainability-capacity-buildingviability-capacity-buildingfeasibility-assessmentdesirability-assessmentacceptability-assessmentlegitimacy-assessmenteffectiveness-assessmentefficiency-assessmentequity-assessmentappropriateness-assessmentadequacy-assessmentsufficiency-assessmentnecessity-assessmentproportionality-assessmentsubsidiarity-assessmentcoherence-assessmentconsistency-assessmentcompatibility-assessmentconformity-assessmentcompliance-assessmentperformance-assessmentimpact-assessmentoutcome-assessmentoutput-assessmentinput-assessmentprocess-assessmentcontext-assessmentneeds-assessmentcapacity-assessmentrisk-assessmentvulnerability-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmentsensitivity-assessmentadaptive-capacity-assessmentcoping-capacity-assessmentresponse-capacity-assessmentrecovery-capacity-assessmenttransformation-capacity-assessmentdevelopment-assessmentsustainability-assessmentresilience-assessmentviability-assessmentEustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
Araneidaeorb-weaverspiderhumpbackedmyrmecophilyant-plant-mutualismNeotropicalNearcticEustala-anasteraEustala-oblongaEustala-illicitaweb-buildingpredatoracaciaPseudomyrmexPanamaBrazilGalápagosSimon-1895arachnologyentomologytropical-ecologycommensalismontogenyballooningoverwinteringjuvenilespider-wasp-preyCaliadurgus-hyalinatushost-parasitoid-interactionsthird-party-exploitationmutualism-exploitationcryptic-colorationnocturnal-foragingdiurnal-hiding-behaviorthorn-defenseorb-web-architecturesawtoothed-webpopulation-ecologysubstrate-selectionspatial-distributionspecies-diversityendemic-speciestaxonomic-revisionnomen-dubiumgenitalic-morphologymicroscopy-identificationtemperate-North-AmericaCentral-AmericaSouth-AmericaCaribbeanPacific-islandsconservation-biologyclimate-change-vulnerabilityphenology-disruptionwinter-activityspring-emergenceforest-understorydry-forestmoist-forestripariangrasslandscrubedge-habitatwoodlandparklandurban-adaptedgeneralist-predatorspecialist-predatorant-alate-predationherbivore-interceptionecosystem-servicebiological-controlnatural-historyfield-identificationcryptic-species-complexsexual-dimorphismwingless-female-mothsballooning-dispersalsilk-productionweb-ontogenyinstar-developmentoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessmetabolic-suppressiondiapausevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltineseasonal-polyphenismcolor-morphpattern-polymorphismhabitat-specificityhost-plant-specificityant-colony-integrationalarm-pheromone-avoidancesting-avoidancepredator-avoidancebird-predationlizard-predationwasp-predationassassin-bug-predationstink-bug-predationdefensive-behaviorthanatosiscamouflagemasquerademimicryaggressive-mimicryforaging-ecologyprey-captureweb-maintenanceweb-repairsilk-recyclingenergeticsreproductive-outputfecundityegg-sac-constructionmaternal-caremale-searching-behaviormate-locationpheromone-communicationvibratory-communicationvisual-signalingterritorialityweb-site-fidelityweb-site-tenacitydispersal-behaviorcolonization-abilityrange-expansioninvasive-potentialnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciessynanthropicagricultural-landscapeorchardvineyardforest-plantationconservation-statusdata-deficientIUCNCITESprotected-areanational-parksoberaniachiribiquetegalapagosfloreanaecuadorperuboliviachileargentinauruguayparaguayvenezuelacolombiacosta-ricanicaraguahondurasguatemalabelizemexicousacanadacubahispaniolajamaicapuerto-ricotrinidadtobagobarbadoslesser-antillesgreater-antilleswest-indiescaribbean-basinamazon-basinorinocoparanapantanalcerradocaatingaatlantic-forestpampaschacoyungasvaldivianmagellanicfynbosnoneresearch-modeleducational-resourcecitizen-scienceinaturalistgbifcatalogue-of-lifencbiwikipediazootaxajournal-of-natural-historypsycheentomology-todaybug-ericaraneologychelicerate-biologyarthropod-ecologytropical-biologyneotropical-faunanearctic-faunaholarticpantropicalgondwananbiogeographyphylogeographymolecular-systematicsmorphological-taxonomyintegrative-taxonomyspecies-conceptcryptic-diversityundescribed-speciesnew-species-descriptionredescriptionneotype-designationlectotype-designationtype-localitytype-specimenmuseum-collectionvoucher-specimendna-barcodingcoiitsphylogenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsecological-genomicsadaptationlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycanalizationevolutionary-developmental-biologyevo-devobehavioral-ecologysensory-ecologyvisual-ecologychemical-ecologymechanoreceptionproprioceptionneuroethologyhunting-behaviorweb-building-behaviorconstruction-behaviortool-useextended-phenotypeniche-constructionecosystem-engineeringtrophic-cascadefood-webenergy-flownutrient-cyclingdecompositionpredator-prey-dynamicspopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicshabitat-fragmentationedge-effectscorridorsconnectivitylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryclimate-envelopespecies-distribution-modelingmaxentbioclimworldclimremote-sensinggisspatial-analysisgeostatisticsabundancedensitybiomassproductivitydiversity-indexrichnessevennessdominancerarityendemismbeta-diversitygamma-diversityalpha-diversityturnovernestednesscommunity-assemblyneutral-theoryniche-theorycompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effectsinteraction-networksmutualismparasitismpredationherbivorydetritivoryscavengingcannibalismintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitioncharacter-displacementresource-partitioningniche-differentiationcoexistencestabilityresilienceresistancerecoverysuccessiondisturbanceperturbationextinctioncolonizationinvasionestablishmentspreadimpactrisk-assessmentmanagementcontroleradicationrestorationreintroductionrewildingconservation-breedingex-situin-situprotected-area-networkgap-analysissystematic-conservation-planningprioritizationhotspotcoldspotmajorityminorityflagshipumbrellakeystonefoundationecosystem-engineerindicatorsentinelbioindicatorbiomonitorecosystem-healthenvironmental-qualitypollutionpesticideheavy-metalcontaminantbioaccumulationbiomagnificationtoxicologyriskhazardexposuredose-responseno-observed-effect-concentrationlowest-observed-effect-concent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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaGlaenocorisa propinqua
Glaenocorisa propinqua is a water boatman species (family Corixidae) found in lakes across Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. Its abundance and distribution are strongly influenced by fish predation pressure, which primarily targets larvae. The species preys upon the water flea Holopedium gibberum, placing it as both predator and prey in lacustrine food webs.
Nesticodes rufipes
Red House Spider
Nesticodes rufipes, commonly known as the Red House Spider, is a cobweb spider in the family Theridiidae and the sole species in its genus. It has been introduced globally and is found on multiple continents including North America, South America, and oceanic islands. The species has been studied extensively for its predatory behavior, exhibiting a type II functional response to prey density. Research indicates that habitat complexity significantly affects its predation efficiency, with reduced capture rates in more complex environments due to prey refuge availability.
Uroleucon rudbeckiae
goldenglow aphid
Uroleucon rudbeckiae, the goldenglow aphid, is a bright red aphid species specialized on Rudbeckia host plants. Adults measure 2.4–3.2 mm with distinctive yellow legs, black antennae, and reticulated siphunculi. Populations exhibit characteristic mid-summer rise and late-summer decline on native perennials, with colony dynamics driven by immigration patterns and predation pressure rather than weather or host quality degradation.