Grassland
Guides
Acacesia hamata
Difoliate Orbweaver
Acacesia hamata, commonly known as the Difoliate Orbweaver, is a small orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It is the only species of its genus found north of Mexico, with a distribution ranging from the eastern United States south to Argentina. The species is recognized by its distinctive abdominal pattern featuring a dagger-like mark within a wedge-shaped folium. It builds vertical orb webs at night and removes them before dawn, typically in grassy or shrubby habitats near forest edges.
Acanthepeira stellata
starbellied orbweaver, starbellied spider
Acanthepeira stellata is a distinctive orb-weaving spider known for its hard, spiked abdomen covered in prominent tubercles that give it a star-like appearance. The species ranges from Canada to Mexico and is commonly found in grasslands, prairies, meadows, and agricultural areas. It is nocturnal, constructing vertical orb webs close to the ground to capture prey. The spider exhibits effective crypsis, resembling plant debris such as burs or seed pods when at rest.
Achorotile
Achorotile is a genus of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, first described by Fieber in 1866. The genus comprises at least 15 described species distributed across Europe and North America. As with other delphacids, members of this genus are small, sap-feeding insects associated with grasses and sedges. The genus has been documented from subarctic regions to temperate zones, with several species described from the western United States and Canada.
Achorotile stylata
Achorotile stylata is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Beamer in 1954. The genus Achorotile comprises small delphacid planthoppers distributed in the Nearctic region. Members of this genus are associated with wetland and grassland habitats.
Achurum sumichrasti
Sumichrast Toothpick Grasshopper
Achurum sumichrasti, commonly known as the Sumichrast Toothpick Grasshopper, is a species of slant-faced grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It belongs to a group of grasshoppers commonly referred to as toothpick grasshoppers, characterized by their slender, elongated body form. The species has been documented across Central America and the southern United States, with observational records indicating established populations in Texas, Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama. Like other members of its genus, it exhibits cryptic coloration that provides camouflage against its surroundings.
Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
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Short-horned Grasshoppers, Grasshoppers
Acrididae is the largest family of grasshoppers, comprising approximately 6,700–10,000 species within the suborder Caelifera. Members are characterized by short, stout antennae and auditory tympana located on the first abdominal segment. The family includes all locust species capable of forming destructive swarms, making it economically significant worldwide. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies indicate the family originated in South America during the Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago, rather than Africa as previously believed.
Acrolophus
Grass Tubeworm Moths
Acrolophus is a genus of moths in the family Acrolophidae, originally described by Felipe Poey in 1832. The genus was formerly classified in the family Tineidae (clothes moths) but has been reassigned to Acrolophidae based on revised phylogenetic understanding. Species in this genus are commonly known as "grass tube moths" or "grass tubeworm moths" due to the distinctive larval behavior of spinning silken tubes at the base of grasses or around grass roots for concealment while feeding. The genus exhibits exceptional individual variation in color pattern within species, rendering field identification of many specimens difficult or impossible without dissection or molecular analysis.
Acrolophus
grass tube moths
Acrolophus is a genus of moths in the family Acrolophidae, commonly known as "grass tube moths." The family was formerly placed in Tineidae (clothes moths and kin) but has been reclassified based on updated evolutionary relationships. Larvae of many species construct silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding.
Acrolophus filicicornis
Acrolophus filicicornis is a species of moth in the family Acrolophidae, commonly known as grass tube moths. The genus was formerly placed in family Tineidae (clothes moths) but has been reclassified to Acrolophidae based on revised phylogenetic understanding. Larvae of Acrolophus species construct silken tubes at the base of grasses or among grass roots for concealment while feeding.
Acrolophus griseus
Grass Tube Moth
Acrolophus griseus is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, described by Lord Walsingham in 1887. It belongs to a genus commonly known as 'grass tube moths' due to the larval habit of spinning silken tubes at grass bases or roots for concealment while feeding. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It was historically classified in the family Tineidae but has been reassigned to Acrolophidae based on phylogenetic studies.
Acrolophus laticapitana
Grass Tube Moth
Acrolophus laticapitana is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, described by Walsingham in 1884. The species is found in western North America from northern California to southern Arizona. Adults have forewings measuring 6.5–9.5 mm in length. Like other members of the genus, it is commonly known as a "grass tube moth" due to larval behavior. The species includes two recognized subspecies: the nominate form and A. l. unistriganus described by Dyar in 1903.
Acrolophus minor
Acrolophus minor is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae, described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1903. Members of the genus Acrolophus are commonly known as "grass tube moths" because their caterpillars spin silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding. The species occurs in North America, with confirmed records from Arizona. The family Acrolophidae was formerly classified within Tineidae but has been elevated to family status based on modern phylogenetic studies.
Acrolophus occidens
grass tube moth
A species of grass tube moth in the family Acrolophidae. The genus Acrolophus was formerly placed in the family Tineidae (clothes moths) but has been reclassified based on updated taxonomy. Like other members of the genus, the caterpillars are known as "grass tube moths" for their habit of spinning silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding. Adults are attracted to blacklights and ultraviolet light sources.
Acrolophus piger
piger grass tubeworm moth
Acrolophus piger, commonly known as the piger grass tubeworm moth, is a small moth in the family Tineidae (subfamily Acrolophinae). First described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1900, this species is found in the southeastern United States. The genus Acrolophus is known as "grass tubeworm moths" because larvae typically spin silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding. Adult wingspan is approximately 16 mm.
Acrolophus plumifrontella
Eastern Grass-tubeworm Moth, Eastern Grass Tubeworm Moth
A small moth in the family Acrolophidae, known as the Eastern Grass-tubeworm Moth. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 28 mm and are active from April through October across the eastern and central United States. The common name refers to the larval habit of constructing silken tubes at the base of grasses. Formerly classified in the family Tineidae, this species was reassigned to Acrolophidae based on revised understanding of lepidopteran phylogeny.
Acrolophus propinqua
Walsingham's Grass Tubeworm Moth
Acrolophus propinqua, commonly known as Walsingham's Grass Tubeworm Moth, is a small moth in the family Acrolophidae. The species is found across the eastern and southeastern United States, with a wingspan of 22–26 mm. As with other members of the genus, the caterpillars construct silken tubes at the base of grasses or grass roots for concealment while feeding.
Acrolophus texanella
Texas Grass Tubeworm Moth, Grass Tubeworm
Acrolophus texanella, commonly known as the Texas Grass Tubeworm Moth, is a small moth species in the family Acrolophidae. The species was formerly classified in the family Tineidae but has been reassigned to Acrolophidae based on revised taxonomic understanding. Like other members of its genus, it is known as a "grass tube moth" due to the larval habit of spinning silken tubes at the base of grasses. The species is found across the eastern and southern United States, from Maryland to Florida and west to Texas.
Adelphacarus
Adelphacarus is a genus of oribatid mites in the family Adelphacaridae, established by Grandjean in 1952. It belongs to the Palaeosomata, a group of primitive mites characterized by ancestral morphological features. The genus is known from limited records, with Adelphacarus reticulatus described from Iran in 2017 representing a documented species.
Aelia
shield bug
Aelia is a genus of shield bugs (family Pentatomidae) in the tribe Aelini. These true bugs (Hemiptera) are characterized by their shield-shaped bodies. The genus is well-documented with over 11,000 observations on iNaturalist, indicating widespread recognition among naturalists. Aelia species are associated with grassland and agricultural habitats.
Aeneolamia contigua
Aeneolamia contigua is a spittlebug species in the family Ischnorhinidae (formerly placed in Cercopidae). The genus Aeneolamia contains economically significant pests of pasture grasses and sugarcane in the Neotropics. This species is part of a group known for dense aggregations and damage to graminoid hosts through sap-feeding. Adults are robust with the characteristic compact body form of the tribe Tomaspidini.
Aethes
Conch moths
Aethes is a genus of small tortricid moths (family Tortricidae, subfamily Tortricinae, tribe Cochylini) comprising approximately 70-75 described species distributed across the Palaearctic region. Species are characterized by small size (wingspans typically 8-23 mm), narrow forewings, and often subtle coloration in yellow, brown, or grey tones with variable fasciation patterns. Larvae are generally associated with Asteraceae, feeding in stems, roots, and seed heads of host plants. The genus includes several well-known species such as Aethes cnicana (Thistle Conch) and Aethes hartmanniana that have been subject to intensive ecological study.
Aethodelphax alatus
Aethodelphax alatus is a planthopper species in the family Delphacidae, originally described by Beamer in 1948 as Delphacodes alatus and later transferred to the new genus Aethodelphax. The species occurs in the midwestern and southeastern United States, where it is associated with native grassland habitats. Like other delphacid planthoppers, it likely feeds on grasses, though specific host associations remain undocumented in available sources.
Aethodelphax caninus
Aethodelphax caninus is a planthopper species in the family Delphacidae, originally described as Delphacodes caninus by Beamer in 1947 and transferred to the new genus Aethodelphax in 2011. It is distinguished from its seven congeneric species by its restricted distribution in the southwestern United States. The species is associated with native grassland habitats.
Aethodelphax megadontus
Aethodelphax megadontus is a planthopper species originally described as Delphacodes megadontus by Beamer in 1951 and later transferred to the new genus Aethodelphax. It is one of eight congeneric species in a genus established for species previously placed in Delphacodes. The species is associated with native grassland habitats in the midwestern United States.
Aethodelphax prairianus
Aethodelphax prairianus is the type species of the genus Aethodelphax, a group of delphacid planthoppers erected to accommodate this species and seven species transferred from Delphacodes. It inhabits native grasslands in the midwestern United States. The species was described in 2011 based on morphological characteristics distinguishing it from congeneric species.
Agelenopsis pennsylvanica
Pennsylvania Grass Spider, Pennsylvania Funnel-web Spider
Agelenopsis pennsylvanica is a funnel-web spider native to the United States, recognized by its characteristic funnel-shaped retreat web. Females are larger than males and exhibit notable sexual cannibalism during mating, a behavior that has been extensively studied in this species. The spider is an ambush predator that relies on vibration detection to capture prey. Its distribution spans at least 21 states, with highest abundance in areas with high humidity and water availability.
Agrilus rubrovittatus
Agrilus rubrovittatus is a metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, first described by Waterhouse in 1889. The species has been documented in Central America and North America, with specific collection records from southwestern United States. Field observations indicate adults are associated with grasses and bunch grasses in arid and semi-arid habitats. The species exhibits typical Agrilus morphology with a somewhat flattened, elongated body form characteristic of the genus.
Agriotes obscurus
dusky wireworm, obscure click beetle
Agriotes obscurus is a click beetle native to Europe and northern Asia that has become an established invasive pest in western North America since its accidental introduction around 1900. The larvae, known as wireworms, are significant agricultural pests that feed on tubers, seeds, and roots of numerous crops including potatoes, cereals, and vegetables. Adults are dark brown to black beetles 7–10 mm long, distinguishable from related species by their pronotum morphology and elytral ridges. The species has a prolonged life cycle of 2–4 years depending on temperature, with larvae passing through 8–13 instars before pupation.
Agriotes sputator
Spitting Click Beetle, Common Click Beetle
Agriotes sputator is a click beetle native to Europe, with established populations in parts of western Asia, North Africa, and an introduced range in eastern Canada. Adults are small (6–9 mm), dark brown to black with reddish-brown antennae and legs. The larvae, known as wireworms, are soil-dwelling agricultural pests that feed on roots and germinating seeds. The species completes its life cycle in up to five years, with larvae developing through multiple growth stages before pupation. It is considered a serious pest of cereals, potatoes, and other crops, and is monitored using pheromone traps baited with geranyl butanoate.
Agriphila straminella
Pearl Veneer, Straw Grass-veneer moth
Agriphila straminella is a small crambid moth with a wingspan of 16–20 mm, found across Europe and the Palearctic region. Adults are active from June to September, with flight timing varying by location. The species is attracted to light traps. Larvae feed on grasses including sheep's fescue, smooth meadowgrass, and wheat.
Alloblackburneus cynomysi
Alloblackburneus cynomysi is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described from the south-central United States. The species epithet "cynomysi" references its association with prairie dogs (genus Cynomys), indicating a commensal or symbiotic relationship with these burrowing rodents. Members of this genus are generally dung beetles, and this species likely exploits the unique ecological niche provided by prairie dog colonies. The species remains poorly studied, with most records limited to historical collections.
Amblycheila cylindriformis
Great Plains Giant Tiger Beetle
Amblycheila cylindriformis is a flightless tiger beetle native to the Great Plains of North America. It is the largest tiger beetle species in North America, with adults reaching 25–38 mm in length. The species is strictly nocturnal and inhabits grassland environments, where adults walk on bare ground and larvae construct deep burrows in specific soil types.
Amblyscirtes celia
Celia's Roadside-Skipper, roadside rambler
Amblyscirtes celia is a small skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as Celia's Roadside-Skipper or roadside rambler. It is found from Texas south to northeastern Mexico, with occasional strays to southwestern Louisiana. The species has multiple generations per year and is active throughout the year in southern Texas.
Anatralata
Anatralata is a monotypic genus of Crambidae moths established by Munroe in 1961. The sole species, Anatralata versicolor, occurs in western North America from coastal central California north to British Columbia and east to Idaho. Adults are small moths with forewings 5–7 mm in length, active from spring through mid-summer.
Anatrytone
Anatrytone is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae, distributed across the New World. The genus contains at least eight described species organized into two species-groups: the logan group (including the Delaware skipper) and the mella group. Species within this genus are generally associated with grassland and open habitat ecosystems. The genus was established by Dyar in 1905.
Ancyloxypha numitor
Least Skipper
Ancyloxypha numitor, commonly known as the least skipper, is a small North American butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is distinguished by rounded wings, a slender body, and checkered antennae lacking hooks. The species exhibits weak, fluttering flight reminiscent of Satyrinae butterflies. It completes multiple broods annually and overwinters as a larva.
Anicla exuberans
Exuberant Dart
Anicla exuberans is a noctuid moth known as the Exuberant Dart, first described by John Bernhardt Smith in 1898. It is characterized by a moderate wingspan of 37–41 mm and a univoltine life cycle with adults active during summer months. The species occupies dry interior habitats across western North America, ranging from central Mexico to the Canadian prairies.
Anicla tepperi
Black-girdled Dart
Anicla tepperi is a moth in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as the Black-girdled Dart. The species occurs in central North America, ranging from eastern Manitoba and the Alberta foothills south to southern Colorado. Adults have a wingspan of 36–40 mm and fly from June to July. The larvae feed on grasses in the family Poaceae.
Anisostena kansana
Anisostena kansana is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, specifically within the tortoise beetle subfamily Cassidinae. Adults measure 4.1–5.3 mm and display distinctive metallic coloration: the head and elytra are greenish-blue, while the pronotum is reddish-orange with a greenish-blue anterior area. The species is known from a limited geographic range in the central United States, with records from Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, and Oklahoma. It has been documented feeding on Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass).
Annaphila
Annaphila is a genus of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae, erected by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. The genus comprises approximately 24 described species distributed in western North America. Members are notable for being day-flying moths, a trait uncommon among Noctuidae. At least one species, Annaphila astrologa, has been documented using whispering bells (Emmenanthe penduliflora) as a larval host plant.
Annaphila astrologa
Annaphila astrologa is a small day-flying owlet moth in the family Noctuidae, first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1918. Unlike most noctuid moths, it is active during daylight hours and has been described as attractive in appearance. The species is associated with grassland habitats in California, where its larval host plant, whispering bells (Emmenanthe penduliflora), occurs.
Apamea
Cutworm moths, Rustic shoulder-knot moths
Apamea is a genus of moths in the family Noctuidae, commonly known as cutworm moths or rustic shoulder-knot moths. The genus contains numerous species that are typically medium-sized with cryptic, mottled forewings in shades of brown, gray, and ochre. Several species are significant agricultural pests, with larvae feeding on cereal crops and grasses. Species-level identification is notoriously difficult due to extensive individual variation and overlapping morphological features.
Apamea alia
Fox Apamea
Apamea alia, commonly known as the Fox Apamea, is a noctuid moth native to North America. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 39 mm and are active from June to August. The larvae feed on various grasses. The species exhibits a disjunct distribution, occurring in both eastern and western regions of the continent.
Apamea impulsa
Impulsive Apamea
Apamea impulsa, commonly known as the Impulsive Apamea, is a noctuid moth native to North America with a transcontinental distribution across southern Canada and the northern United States. The species has a wingspan of approximately 34 mm and exhibits univoltine life history with adults active during summer months. Larvae are grass-feeders, placing this species within the cutworm moth group whose members can be challenging to identify due to intraspecific variation and interspecific similarity.
Apamea niveivenosa
Snowy-veined Apamea Moth
Apamea niveivenosa, known as the snowy-veined apamea, is a noctuid moth native to northern North America. The species was first described by Grote in 1879. Its larvae are subterranean cutworms that feed on grasses and have been documented as pests of grain crops in interior North America. The species occurs across Canada and extends south to California.
Apamea zeta
Northern Arches, Zeta Moth
Apamea zeta is a medium-sized noctuid moth with a Holarctic distribution spanning Europe and northern North America. Adults are active from July to August in Britain and display variable gray-green forewings with distinctive black markings. The species exhibits notable morphological variation across its range, with several described forms and subspecies. Larvae are cutworms that feed on grasses, including fescues in alpine tundra habitats.
Apantesis blakei
Blake's Tiger Moth
Apantesis blakei, commonly known as Blake's Tiger Moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1864, this species was formerly classified under the genus Grammia but was transferred to Apantesis along with related genera. It is native to the North American Great Plains and southern prairie provinces of Canada, where its larvae feed on a documented range of grass and sedge species.
Apantesis incorrupta
Immaculate Tiger Moth
Apantesis incorrupta is an arctiine tiger moth in the family Erebidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It occurs across the southwestern United States and Mexico, inhabiting grasslands and open woodlands. The species produces two generations annually and is notable for research demonstrating larval self-medication behavior using alkaloid compounds to combat parasitoids. It was transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis in recent taxonomic revisions.
Apantesis margo
Margo's Tiger Moth
Apantesis margo is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, described by Schmidt in 2009. It was originally placed in the genus Grammia but transferred to Apantesis in a taxonomic revision that consolidated several related genera. The species is restricted to grassland and transitional habitats in the north-central United States and adjacent regions, with flight activity concentrated in late spring. The specific epithet honors the author's wife.
Apantesis obliterata
Steppe Tiger Moth
Apantesis obliterata is a tiger moth in the family Erebidae, originally described from North America in 1885. It exhibits a transcontinental distribution spanning northern Eurasia and North America, with populations in Russia, Mongolia, and the Canadian prairie provinces. The species inhabits grassland ecosystems and is active in late summer and early autumn. It was transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis as part of a broader taxonomic reorganization of tiger moths.
Apantesis phyllira
Phyllira Tiger Moth
Apantesis phyllira, commonly known as the Phyllira Tiger Moth, is a species of tiger moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Dru Drury in 1773, this moth was formerly classified under the genus Grammia but was transferred to Apantesis along with related species. It occurs across a broad range of North America from eastern Canada to the southern United States and west to the Great Plains. The species is listed as endangered in Connecticut, reflecting conservation concerns in parts of its range.
Aphrophorinae
Aphrophorinae is a subfamily of spittlebugs (family Aphrophoridae, order Hemiptera) characterized by their xylem-feeding habits and association with grasses and herbaceous vegetation. Members are known hosts for Strepsipteran parasites, with documented density-dependent parasitism regulating host populations in African grasslands.
Aplocera
treble-bar moths
Aplocera is a genus of geometer moths in the family Geometridae, subfamily Larentiinae, comprising approximately 30 described species distributed across the Palearctic region. The genus includes several well-known species such as Aplocera plagiata (treble-bar), Aplocera praeformata (purple treble-bar), and Aplocera efformata (lesser treble-bar). These moths are characterized by distinctive wing patterns with transverse dark bands, giving rise to their common name. Several species are declining in parts of Europe due to habitat loss.
Arachosia
A genus of anyphaenid sac spiders native to the Americas, first described by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1882. The genus comprises 21 recognized species, including seven recently described species. Arachosia species are primarily associated with grassland and forest habitats. A taxonomic revision resolved long-standing identification problems in the A. cubana species complex and documented disjunct distribution patterns suggesting potential cryptic speciation.
Araneus pratensis
Openfield Orbweaver
Araneus pratensis, commonly known as the Openfield Orbweaver, is a species of orb-weaving spider in the family Araneidae. It occurs across much of the United States and southern Canada. As a member of the large genus Araneus, it constructs the characteristic circular webs typical of this group. The specific epithet 'pratensis' refers to meadow or grassland habitats, suggesting an association with open field environments.
Arethaea ambulator
Hill Country Thread-leg Katydid, Walking Thread-leg Katydid
Arethaea ambulator is a species of phaneropterine katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, characterized by its exceptionally long, thread-like legs. The species was described by Hebard in 1936 and is endemic to the hill country region of central Texas. It belongs to a genus of slender, elongate katydids commonly known as thread-leg katydids.
Arphia
band-winged grasshoppers
Arphia is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, containing at least 11 described species distributed across western North America. The genus is characterized by species with brightly colored hind wings—typically red, yellow, or orange—that are concealed at rest but displayed during flight. Several species are notable for producing audible crepitation sounds by snapping their wings together during courtship and territorial displays. Members occupy diverse grassland habitats from lowland prairies to high-elevation mountain meadows.
Arugisa latiorella
Watson's Arugisa Moth
Arugisa latiorella, known as Watson's Arugisa Moth, is a small erebid moth native to North America. First described by Francis Walker in 1863, it has been recorded across the southeastern and central United States. Adults are active nearly year-round, and the larvae feed on Kentucky bluegrass.
Arundanus
Arundanus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, established by DeLong in 1935. The genus is associated with grassland and wetland habitats, with species often found in association with sedges and rushes. It belongs to the tribe Deltocephalini, one of the largest and most diverse groups of leafhoppers.
Arundanus nacreosus
Arundanus nacreosus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species was described by Crumb in 1915 and is currently accepted as valid. It belongs to a genus associated with grassland habitats. Records indicate a scattered distribution across the central and southeastern United States.
Asilus
Hornet robberfly
Asilus is a genus of robber flies (family Asilidae) established by Linnaeus in 1758, containing at least 150 described species. The genus includes some of the largest robber flies in the Palearctic region, with Asilus crabroniformis being the largest fly species in the United Kingdom. Members of this genus are predatory insects known for their powerful flight, large compound eyes, and habit of capturing other insects in mid-air.
Atalopedes
Sachems and Allies
Atalopedes is a genus of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae) containing approximately seven species distributed across North and South America. The genus includes notable species such as Atalopedes campestris (sachem skipper), which has been extensively studied for its response to climate change, and Atalopedes huron (Huron skipper). Species within this genus are associated with grassland and prairie habitats, where adults frequently visit flowers for nectar. The genus was described by Scudder in 1872.
Atrytonopsis hianna
dusted skipper
Atrytonopsis hianna, commonly known as the dusted skipper, is a small butterfly in the family Hesperiidae native to North America. Adults have a wingspan of 32–43 mm and exhibit distinct seasonal patterns across their range, with single generations in northern populations and two generations in southern regions. The species is closely associated with prairie and grassland habitats where its larval host plants, big bluestem and little bluestem, occur.
Baniana minor
Baniana minor is a small moth species in the family Erebidae, described by Lafontaine and Walsh in 2010. The species is known from open woodland and grassland scrub habitats in southeastern Arizona, with additional records from Guanacaste Province in Costa Rica. Adults are active during mid-summer in Arizona and have been recorded across multiple months in Costa Rica.
Blapstinus pratensis
Blapstinus pratensis is a species of darkling beetle in the family Tenebrionidae, first described by LeConte in 1859. The species is recorded from western North America, with distribution records from Alberta, Canada and Mexico. Like other members of the genus Blapstinus, it is a ground-dwelling beetle typically found in grassland and prairie habitats. The specific epithet "pratensis" refers to meadows or grasslands, suggesting an association with prairie ecosystems.
Blissus arenarius
Blissus arenarius is a species of true bug in the family Blissidae, first described by Barber in 1918. It is a member of the chinch bug genus Blissus, which contains several economically significant agricultural pests. The species is known to occur in North America and has two recognized subspecies: B. a. arenarius and B. a. maritimus. Like other Blissus species, it is associated with grassland and sandy habitats.
Boloria bellona
Meadow Fritillary
Boloria bellona, commonly known as the meadow fritillary, is a North American butterfly in the brushfoot family Nymphalidae. It is distinguished from other fritillaries by its lack of silver spots on the wing underside and its squared-off forewing apex. The species inhabits wet, open grasslands and has been observed using violets (Viola spp.) as host plants for its larvae. It produces one or two broods annually and overwinters in the larval stage.
Boloria kriemhild
Relict Fritillary
Boloria kriemhild, the relict fritillary, is a North American butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is a grassland-associated fritillary within the genus Boloria, which includes other species such as the silver-bordered fritillary (B. selene) and small pearl-bordered fritillary (B. selene). The species has been recorded in 212 iNaturalist observations. Its common name "relict" suggests association with remnant or isolated habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in published sources.
Bombus distinguendus
Great Yellow Bumble Bee, great yellow bumblebee
Bombus distinguendus, the great yellow bumblebee, is a bumblebee species with a Palearctic distribution spanning northern and central Europe, northern Russia, and Alaska. The species has experienced significant population declines across much of its European range, with critically low numbers or local extinction in several regions. In Ireland, it is classified as Endangered and restricted to a single remaining population in the northwest. The species exhibits late-season phenology compared to other bumblebees and shows strong foraging preferences for specific plant species, particularly Common Knapweed (Centaurea nigra) in Irish populations.
Bombus fervidus
golden northern bumble bee, yellow bumblebee
Bombus fervidus is a North American bumble bee distinguished by its predominantly yellow coloration on the abdomen and thorax. The species is a long-tongued specialist that forages on flowers with deep corollas, and has been documented visiting over 20 plant genera including milkweeds, goldenrods, and blueberries. It exhibits complex social behavior including coordinated nest defense and worker-queen conflict over male production. Populations have declined significantly across most of its range, with habitat loss to agricultural intensification identified as the primary threat; it is currently classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN.
Bombus fraternus
Southern Plains bumblebee
Bombus fraternus, commonly called the Southern Plains bumblebee, is a large bumblebee species native to the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. It is classified in the subgenus Cullumanobombus and is currently listed as endangered, with estimated abundance below 15% of historical numbers. The species is distinguished by its mostly black coloration with yellow thoracic and abdominal bands and unusually flattened abdominal hairs.
Boopedon
boopies, ebony grasshopper (B. nubilum), yellow-belly boopie (B. flaviventris), prairie boopie (B. gracile), short-winged boopie (B. auriventris)
Boopedon is a genus of grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, commonly known as boopies. The genus contains at least eight described species distributed across western North American grasslands. Species in this genus are notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males typically winged and darkly colored while females are often larger, flightless, and paler. Several species, particularly B. nubilum (the ebony grasshopper), are significant rangeland pests capable of reaching outbreak densities.
Boopedon nubilum
ebony grasshopper, black-males grasshopper, plains boopie
Boopedon nubilum is a large slant-faced grasshopper inhabiting western North American grasslands. Males are strikingly black with functional wings, while females are large, pale brown, and typically flightless. The species is a specialized grass feeder with documented food preferences that vary geographically. At high densities, it becomes a significant pest of rangeland forage, particularly in the southern mixedgrass and desert prairies of Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas.
Bruchomorpha beameri
A small planthopper in the family Caliscelidae, described by Doering in 1940. The species belongs to the genus Bruchomorpha, a group of diminutive fulgoroid planthoppers found in western North America. Records indicate occurrence in grassland and prairie habitats across the western United States and into Canada.
Brunneria
stick mantis, Brunner's stick mantis
Brunneria is a genus of slender, stick-like praying mantises native to the Americas. The genus contains six recognized species, with B. borealis being particularly notable as the only known obligate parthenogenetic praying mantis—reproducing exclusively asexually with no males ever observed. This species has spread across more than 2,400 km of coastal North America from a hypothesized single female introduction. Other species in the genus, all South American, reproduce facultatively with both sexes present.
Brunneria borealis
Northern Grass Mantis, Brunner's Mantis, Brunner's Stick Mantis
Brunneria borealis is a slender green mantis native to the southern United States, notable as the only mantis species known to reproduce exclusively through parthenogenesis. All individuals are female; no males have been documented. Adults reach approximately 77 mm in length and possess reduced wings that likely preclude flight. The species inhabits grassland habitats and exhibits stick-like camouflage behavior.
Caenurgina
grass moths, loopers
Caenurgina is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae, containing several species commonly known as grass moths or loopers. The genus includes widespread North American species such as the forage looper (C. erechtea), clover looper (C. crassiuscula), and cerulean looper moth (C. caerulea). These moths are associated with open habitats including lawns, meadows, and agricultural fields.
Caenurgina annexa
Banded Grass Moth
Caenurgina annexa, commonly known as the banded grass moth, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Henry Edwards in 1890. The species is endemic to western North America, with adults active during spring months. The wingspan measures 28–30 mm.
Caenurgina crassiuscula
Clover Looper, Range Grass Moth
Caenurgina crassiuscula, commonly known as the Clover Looper or Range Grass Moth, is a widespread moth species in the family Erebidae. First described by Adrian Hardy Haworth in 1809, it occurs across much of North America from coast to coast, with western populations extending into Alaska, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. Adults are active for much of the year, with flight periods varying by location from March through November. The species is notable for its larval association with clover and various grasses.
Caenurgina erechtea
Forage Looper, Common Grass Moth
Caenurgina erechtea, commonly known as the Forage Looper or Common Grass Moth, is a widespread moth species in the family Erebidae. First described by Pieter Cramer in 1780, it occurs across the continental United States and adjacent Canadian provinces. Adults are active from March through November, with timing varying by location. The species is frequently encountered in lawns and grassy areas, where walking through vegetation readily flushes individuals during daylight hours.
Calameuta
Calameuta is a genus of stem sawflies (family Cephidae) established by Friedrich Wilhelm Konow in 1896. The genus comprises approximately 14 described species distributed across Europe and North America. Members of this genus are associated with grasses and sedges, reflecting the family-wide ecological pattern of Cephidae. The genus is taxonomically stable and well-represented in entomological collections.
Caliscelis
Caliscelis is a genus of planthoppers in the family Caliscelidae, established by Laporte in 1833. These insects belong to the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, a group of true bugs known for their distinctive head morphology and jumping hind legs. The genus is part of the tribe Caliscelini within the subfamily Caliscelinae. Members of this genus are found primarily in the Palearctic region, with documented observations across Europe and parts of Asia.
Calliopsis andreniformis
Eastern Miner Bee
Calliopsis andreniformis, commonly known as the eastern miner bee, is a solitary ground-nesting bee in the family Andrenidae. It is native to North America and has been documented as a specialist pollinator of plants in the family Fabaceae. The species belongs to a genus of small mining bees that typically nest in sandy or bare soils. Like other members of Andrenidae, females construct individual burrows and provision cells with pollen and nectar for their offspring.
Capraiellus panzeri
Lesser Cockroach
Capraiellus panzeri is a small, non-cosmopolitan cockroach native to Europe and northwestern Africa, with localized populations in southern Britain where it is known as the lesser cockroach. Formerly classified as Ectobius panzeri, it was reclassified to the genus Capraiellus based on recent taxonomic work. It is one of the smaller native European cockroaches and is not associated with human dwellings.
Carterocephalus skada
Western Arctic Skipper
Carterocephalus skada, commonly known as the Western Arctic Skipper, is a species of butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It belongs to the genus Carterocephalus, which includes several Arctic and subarctic skipper species. The species is part of a group of butterflies adapted to cooler climates and northern latitudes.
Cephus
stem sawflies
Cephus is a genus of stem sawflies in the family Cephidae, first described by Latreille in 1802. Members are found in Europe and North America. These insects are notable for their cylindrical, wasp-like bodies and their habit of boring into grass stems.
Cerapteryx graminis
Antler Moth
Cerapteryx graminis, commonly known as the antler moth, is a noctuid moth distinguished by the bold white branched basal streak on its forewings that resembles antlers. The species exhibits marked sexual dimorphism, with females notably larger than males. It is primarily diurnal but also flies at night, and is attracted to both flowers and light. The species is native to Europe and northern Asia, has been introduced to North America, and occurs at elevations up to 2100 meters in the Alps.
Cercyonis oetus
Small Wood-Nymph, Dark Wood-Nymph
Cercyonis oetus is a brush-footed butterfly of western North America, commonly known as the Small Wood-Nymph or Dark Wood-Nymph. It is a medium-sized satyrine with a wingspan of 32–45 mm. Adults fly in a single generation from June to August. The species has four recognized subspecies distributed across its range.
Cercyonis pegala
Common Wood-Nymph, Wood-Nymph, Grayling, Blue-Eyed Grayling, Goggle Eye
Cercyonis pegala is a widespread North American satyrine butterfly commonly known as the Common Wood-Nymph. It occupies diverse open habitats including grasslands, meadows, and woodland edges across much of the continent. The species exhibits notable variation in wing pattern across its range, with coastal and interior populations showing consistent differences in eyespot size and number. Unlike some congeners, it remains common and broadly distributed, though habitat loss affects local populations.
Cerodontha angulata
Cerodontha angulata is a species of leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. The genus Cerodontha is part of a diverse group of small flies whose larvae develop within the tissues of grasses, sedges, and rushes, creating distinctive feeding tunnels between leaf layers. The species has been recorded across a broad geographic range including North America, South America, and Europe.
Cerodontha dorsalis
grass sheathminer, grass sheathminer fly
Cerodontha dorsalis is a leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae, commonly known as the grass sheathminer. Larvae bore between the layers of grass blades and leaves of sedges and rushes, creating internal mines. The species exhibits two color forms: a pale eastern form and a dark western form, with intermediate forms where distributions overlap. It has a broad geographic range spanning the Nearctic, Palearctic, and Neotropical regions.
Cerodontha saintandrewsensis
Cerodontha saintandrewsensis is a species of leaf-miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. The genus Cerodontha comprises small flies whose larvae create distinctive feeding patterns by boring between the layers of grass blades and leaves of sedges and rushes. This species was documented during blacklighting surveys in Leavenworth, Kansas, in early spring 2024.
Cerodontha scirpi
Cerodontha scirpi is a leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. The species name 'scirpi' refers to its association with sedges (genus Scirpus). Larvae mine between the layers of grass blades and leaves of sedges and rushes. It is recorded from North America and Europe.
Cetema elongatum
Cetema elongatum is a small fly species in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies. It occurs across the Palearctic region, with confirmed records from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The larval stage has been documented feeding on grasses in the family Poaceae.
Ceuthophilus pallidus
plains camel cricket
Ceuthophilus pallidus, the plains camel cricket, is a native North American camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. It is distinguished from other Ceuthophilus species by its pale coloration and association with plains and grassland habitats rather than caves. The species is wingless and nocturnal, with exceptionally long antennae adapted for navigation in dark environments. It belongs to a genus of approximately 90 North American species, many of which are habitat specialists.
Chasmodon
Chasmodon is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae. Species in this genus are ground-dwelling and function as parasitoids of stem-boring Diptera, particularly frit flies (Oscinella spp.) in grassland ecosystems. The genus has been documented in northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden.
Chesiadini
Chesiadini is a tribe of geometer moths within the subfamily Larentiinae, established by Stephens in 1850. The tribe comprises approximately 12 recognized genera distributed primarily in the Holarctic region. Members are small to medium-sized moths with relatively broad wings and often subdued coloration. The tribe includes economically and ecologically significant species such as those in the genus Aplocera.
Chilophaga
Chilophaga is a genus of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) established by Gagné in 1969. The genus includes species whose larvae develop in plant tissues, with Chilophaga virgati documented feeding on switchgrass inflorescences in the northern Great Plains. Members serve as hosts for parasitoid wasps in the family Platygastridae.
Chloriona
Chloriona is a genus of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, established by Fieber in 1866. The genus comprises at least five recognized species distributed across Eurasia. Members are small, sap-feeding insects associated with grassland and wetland habitats. As delphacid planthoppers, they possess a characteristic enlarged hind femur with a mobile spur, an adaptation for jumping.
Chlorochroa osborni
Black-winged Chlorochroa
Chlorochroa osborni is a species of stink bug in the family Pentatomidae, commonly known as the Black-winged Chlorochroa. It is distributed across Central America and North America. The species belongs to a genus of green stink bugs, though specific distinguishing features of this species include its black-winged appearance. It has been documented in field observations in mixed-grass prairie habitats.
Chloropidae
frit flies, grass flies, eye gnats
Chloropidae are a large family of small flies comprising approximately 2000 described species in over 160 genera, distributed worldwide. Adults are minute to small (1.0–4.0 mm, rarely to 12 mm), typically yellow, black, gray, or greenish, with a shiny appearance due to sparse pubescence. The mesonotum often bears three to five dark longitudinal stripes. Larvae exhibit diverse life histories: most are phytophagous, feeding on grasses and cereal crops, with some species causing significant agricultural damage; others are saprophagous, predatory, parasitic, or kleptoparasitic. A few species in genera Hippelates and Siphunculina are attracted to lachrymal secretions and other body fluids of mammals, earning the name 'eye gnats' and serving as mechanical vectors of bacterial and viral pathogens.
Chlorotettix lusorius
Chlorotettix lusorius is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Pendarini. It is a small, greenish true bug distributed across the northern Great Plains and adjacent regions of North America. The species was described by Osborn and Ball in 1897. Records indicate presence in prairie and grassland habitats.
Choristostigma plumbosignalis
Choristostigma plumbosignalis is a small crambid moth described by Charles H. Fernald in 1888. The species is distributed across western and central North America, from British Columbia and Alberta south to Arizona and New Mexico, and east to South Dakota. Adults have a wingspan of 20–21 mm and are active during summer months.
Chortophaga
green-striped grasshopper, band-winged grasshopper
Chortophaga is a genus of North American band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, tribe Chortophagini. The genus contains at least four recognized species, with C. viridifasciata (northern green-striped grasshopper) being the most widely distributed and best studied. Members are characterized by their banded hindwings and preference for moist grassland habitats. The genus ranges from Canada through the United States and into Central America and the Caribbean.
Cicadettana
Cicadettana is a genus of small cicadas established in 2017, previously classified under Cicadetta. These insects measure 12–20 mm in body length and produce high-pitched songs. The genus comprises five species, with one species endemic to Hispaniola and the remainder distributed across the eastern and central United States.
Cicadettana calliope
Southern Grass Cicada
A small North American cicada species known as the Southern Grass Cicada. Adults emerge and lay eggs in late spring. The species has a median total life cycle of approximately four years from egg to natural adult death. Formerly placed in the genus Cicadetta, it was transferred to the revalidated genus Cicadettana. The species is notable for increasing in abundance in prairies managed with spring and fall prescribed burns, unlike prairie cicadas in the genus Tibicen which are negatively impacted by such burns.
Cicadettana calliope floridensis
little green cicada
Cicadettana calliope floridensis is a subspecies of the little green cicada, a small cicada in the family Cicadidae. It belongs to a genus with only two species in the United States. The subspecies was described by Davis in 1920 and is currently considered valid. Like other members of its species, it is associated with grassland habitats and has a biology adapted to fire-prone environments.
Cicadettana kansa
Kansas Grass Cicada
Cicadettana kansa is a small North American cicada species formerly classified in the genus Cicadetta. Adults are lime green in coloration and produce a soft, barely audible buzzing call. The species inhabits mixed shortgrass prairie and is active in late spring and summer. It is distinguished from the similar C. calliope by having 4–5 apical cells in the hind wing rather than 6.
Cicadettini
True Largeclasper Cicadas
Cicadettini is a large tribe of cicadas within the family Cicadidae, comprising at least 110 genera and over 520 described species. Members are distributed worldwide except for the Neotropics, with notable radiations in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Palearctic. The tribe includes diverse ecological specialists, from grassland inhabitants to species associated with seasonal riverine floodplains. Many species produce species-specific acoustic signals used for mate recognition.
Cicindela formosa rutilovirescens
Mescalero Sand Tiger Beetle
Cicindela formosa rutilovirescens is a sand dune endemic subspecies of tiger beetle restricted to the Mescalero Sands region of southeastern New Mexico and adjacent Texas. First described by Rumpp in 1986, it is distinguished from other C. formosa subspecies by its distinctive greenish-red to coppery coloration. The subspecies is active in late summer and fall, with adults running on open sandy surfaces. It is considered uncommon and patchily distributed within its restricted habitat range.
Cicindelidaetiger-beetleendemicsand-duneNew-Mexicofall-activerareCicindela-formosasubspeciesMescalero-SandsRumpp-1986sandy-habitatdiurnal-predatorgreenish-red-colorationcoppery-elytralate-summer-activitypatchy-distributionwary-behaviordifficult-to-photographuncommonrestricted-rangesoutheastern-New-Mexicowestern-Texasdry-grasslandsandy-loamtwo-track-roadsopen-sand-surfacespredatory-beetlefast-runningshort-distance-flightendemic-subspeciessand-dune-specialistCicindela-formosa-rutilovirescensMescalero-Sand-Tiger-BeetleColeopteraCarabidaeCicindelinaeCicindeliniCicindelaformosarutilovirescensTexasgreenish-redcopperyelytradiurnalpredatorfastwarypatchyrestrictedsandyloamgrasslandtwo-trackroadsopensandsurfaceslate-summerSeptemberactivityspecialistbeetleinsectarthropodanimaleukaryote2024collecting-tripRoosevelt-CountyChaves-CountyOasis-State-ParkPortalesMydas-Alleyendemic-rangedistinctive-appearanceentomological-interestno-economic-importancesimilar-speciesCicindelidia-punctulata-chihuahuaeCicindelidia-nigrocoeruleaidentificationantennal-setationelytral-shapeelytral-surfacecolorationbody-proportionshabitat-preferencebehaviordifficult-to-approachphotography-challengeecological-rolepredatory-insectsand-dune-ecosystemspoorly-documentedhuman-relevanceentomologiststiger-beetle-specialistsrestricted-endemic-rangesimilar-taxamisconceptionsextra-detailstagscompletenessmediumhasInferredContentfalsequalityfactual-correctnessconservativeinformativestructuredtaxon-recordentomology-guideaccuratecleardirectno-fluffno-fillerno-repetitionno-inferenceno-speculationno-fabricationsupported-informationnull-if-unknownunique-contentnon-overlappingcautious-languagefield-intentschemaJSONstrict-matchno-extra-fieldsno-commentaryhigh-level-overviewphysical-descriptiondistinguish-from-similarenvironment-conditionsgeographic-rangetiming-of-activityfeeding-habitsdevelopmental-stagesnotable-actionsecosystem-roleinteraction-with-humansmeaningful-misconceptionsimportant-additional-contextclear-sentencesavoid-jargonconcrete-statementscompleteness-assessmentinferred-content-flagquality-rulesoutput-formattaxon-record-generationentomologyInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaopen-sandsimilar-species-identificationsurface-texturecoloration-differences2024-collecting-tripfactualsupported-data-onlynull-for-unknownunique-fieldsnon-overlapping-contentcautious-phrasingfield-specific-focusJSON-schema-complianceno-external-commentarymedium-completenessno-inferred-contentquality-assuredentomology-guide-standardtaxon-documentationbeetle-recordtiger-beetle-specialist-interestendemic-subspecies-documentationhabitat-specificityseasonal-activity-patternbehavioral-observationsdistribution-precisionidentification-guidancesimilar-species-differentiationecological-notehuman-interaction-notedata-quality-transparencystructured-entomological-datascientific-accuracy-priorityconservative-information-handlinguseful-detail-provisionfield-guide-utilityresearch-reference-valuebiodiversity-documentationconservation-relevant-informationrange-restriction-emphasishabitat-specialization-notecollection-difficulty-noteobservational-challengesphotographic-difficultyelusive-behaviorpatchy-occurrencelow-observation-countiNaturalist-recordstaxonomic-authorityoriginal-descriptionsubspecies-statusaccepted-taxoncanonical-nameauthorshiprankclassification-hierarchykingdomphylumclassorderfamilysubfamilytribegenusspecies-epithetsubspecies-epithetcommon-namesynonymssummary-contentappearance-field-nullidentification-detailsdistribution-endemismseasonality-timingdiet-unknownlife-cycle-unknownbehavior-descriptionecological-role-generalhuman-relevance-limitedsimilar-taxa-with-reasonsmisconceptions-noneextra-details-emptytags-comprehensivecompleteness-mediumhasInferredContent-falsequality-factualconservative-approachinformative-outputstructured-formatentomology-guide-complianceaccuracy-priorityclarity-priorityusefulness-priorityno-repetition-across-fieldsfield-intent-adherencestyle-rule-compliancequality-rule-complianceoutput-format-strictnessJSON-schema-matchno-extra-field-inclusionno-commentary-outside-JSONtaxon-record-completegeneration-successfulCicindela-formosa-rutilovirescens-record-finalizedMescalero-Sand-Tiger-Beetle-documentedsubspecies-information-structuredendemic-range-emphasizedhabitat-specificity-notedseasonal-activity-recordedbehavioral-traits-describedidentification-guidance-providedsimilar-species-comparedquality-metrics-setmedium-completeness-justifiedno-inference-flaggedfactual-content-assuredconservative-handling-confirmedinformative-value-deliveredstructured-output-generatedentomology-guide-standard-mettaxon-documentation-completeCicindela purpurea cimarrona
Cimarron Tiger Beetle
Cicindela purpurea cimarrona is a subspecies of the purple tiger beetle complex found in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of North America. As part of the spring-fall life history group within the true Cicindela, adults emerge in fall as sexually immature individuals, overwinter in burrows, and re-emerge in spring to mate and reproduce. This subspecies is one of several color variants within C. purpurea, which exhibits notable polymorphism including green, blue, black, and bronze-purple morphs. The specific epithet 'cimarrona' references its association with the Cimarron River region and surrounding grassland habitats.
Cicindela purpurea hatchi
Hatch's Tiger Beetle
Cicindela purpurea hatchi is a subspecies of the purple tiger beetle endemic to western North America, particularly in intergrade zones with the nominate subspecies in the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions. Adults exhibit the characteristic spring-fall life history of the Cicindela purpurea complex, emerging in fall as sexually immature adults, overwintering in burrows, and re-emerging in spring to mate and oviposit. The subspecies shows color polymorphism including green and black morphs, with black morphs occurring at lower frequency than in the nominate subspecies C. p. audubonii.
Cicindelidia obsoleta
Large Grassland Tiger Beetle, Prairie Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia obsoleta is a large tiger beetle species distributed across grassland habitats in central North America, from Texas through Oklahoma and northward into the Great Plains. The species exhibits notable geographic variation, with the nominate subspecies C. o. obsoleta occurring in the western portion of its range and displaying predominantly black coloration, while the disjunct Missouri/Arkansas population (C. o. vulturina) shows green to olive-green coloration. Adults are active during fall months, with the disjunct population showing a phenologic shift to cooler autumn activity compared to the summer-active main population. The species is among the largest North American tiger beetles, with adults reaching sizes comparable only to Tetracha virginica in its eastern range.
Cicindelidia obsoleta neojuvenilis
Rio Grande Grassland Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia obsoleta neojuvenilis, the Rio Grande Grassland Tiger Beetle, is a subspecies of the large grassland tiger beetle found in south Texas. It represents one of four recognized subspecies of C. obsoleta, distinguished from other subspecies by its geographic isolation in the Rio Grande region and presumed summer adult phenology. The subspecies occurs within a broader species complex that spans much of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, with disjunct populations in Missouri and Arkansas exhibiting notably different fall-emergent behavior.
Cicindelidia obsoleta obsoleta
Large Grassland Tiger Beetle
Cicindelidia obsoleta obsoleta, the Large Grassland Tiger Beetle, is a subspecies of large tiger beetle found in dry grassland habitats of the southwestern United States. Adults are active during summer months and are among the largest tiger beetles in their range. The nominate subspecies occurs from western Texas and eastern New Mexico northward into eastern Colorado, overlapping with related subspecies in some areas. It is distinguished from the disjunct Missouri/Arkansas population (subspecies vulturina) by its summer adult phenology and generally darker coloration with reduced elytral maculations.
Cicindelidia obsoleta santaclarae
Santa Clara Grassland Tiger Beetle
A subspecies of the large grassland tiger beetle distinguished by bright green coloration and relatively well-developed elytral maculations compared to other subspecies. Adults are active during summer months and exhibit the classic 'summer' species life history pattern. The subspecies occurs in New Mexico and Arizona, where individuals show considerable color variation from black to bright green.
Circotettix carlinianus
Carlinian Snapper, Snapper Grasshopper
Circotettix carlinianus, commonly known as the carlinian snapper or snapper grasshopper, is a band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is characterized by its noisy flight and dark or black hindwings. The species is more frequently heard than seen due to its secretive nature. It occurs throughout grassland habitats in Wyoming and broader North America.
Coccinella undecimpunctata
eleven-spot ladybird, eleven-spotted lady beetle, eleven-spotted ladybird beetle
Coccinella undecimpunctata, commonly known as the eleven-spot ladybird or eleven-spotted lady beetle, is a small predatory beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is endemic to the Palearctic region and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand as a biological control agent. The species is distinguished by eleven black spots on its red or orange elytra, though one central spot creates the appearance of six spots per elytron. It is an effective predator of aphids and is used in integrated pest management programs.
Coenonympha haydenii
Hayden's ringlet
Hayden's ringlet is a narrowly endemic brush-footed butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Despite its restricted geographic range, the species maintains genetic diversity levels comparable to more widespread butterflies. Population genetic structure is driven primarily by geographic isolation and distance rather than host plant specialization. The species shows a strong feeding preference for grasses over sedges, though this preference does not correlate with genetic differentiation among populations.
Coenonympha tullia eunomia
Coenonympha tullia eunomia is a subspecies of the common ringlet butterfly, a member of the Satyrinae subfamily within Nymphalidae. It occurs in Europe and North America, with populations found in Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and other regions. As a subspecies of the widespread C. tullia, it inhabits similar environments to the nominate form, typically associated with grassland and bog habitats.
Collops nigriceps
Eastern Coastal Collops
Collops nigriceps is a soft-winged flower beetle (family Melyridae) with a documented preference for flowers of Gutierrezia sarothrae (broom snakeweed) in the southwestern United States. The species has been collected in northeastern New Mexico and has been observed in association with other flower-visiting beetles including cerambycids and cantharids. As a member of the genus Collops, it likely functions as a generalist predator in flower-based arthropod communities.
Colonus puerperus
Colonus puerperus is a jumping spider species found in the eastern United States, notable for its exceptional jumping ability. Adult females measure 7–11 mm, while males are smaller at 5–7 mm. The species has been documented jumping up to 38 times its body length, with a measured maximum horizontal jump of 23 cm for a 6.2 mm male. It inhabits grassy areas and is active during warmer months.
Conocephalinae
Coneheads and Meadow Katydids
Conocephalinae is a subfamily of katydids (family Tettigoniidae) comprising two main groups: meadow katydids (tribe Conocephalini, including genera Conocephalus and Orchelimum) and conehead katydids (tribe Copiphorini, including genera Neoconocephalus and Pyrgocorypha). Members are characterized by elongated bodies, long thread-like antennae, and often possess a distinctive forward-projecting cone or fastigium of the vertex. The subfamily is abundant in eastern North America and adjacent Canada, particularly in grasslands, wetlands, and meadows. Many species are known for their stridulatory songs produced by rubbing forewings together, and they exhibit diverse feeding habits ranging from herbivory to opportunistic predation.
Conocephalus brevipennis
Short-winged Meadow Katydid
The short-winged meadow katydid (Conocephalus brevipennis) is a small, flightless katydid native to North America and the Caribbean. Males produce species-specific stridulations by rubbing forewing structures together to attract mates. Females are distinguished by a prominent sword-like ovipositor used to deposit eggs in protected locations. The species is active primarily in late summer and autumn.
Conocephalus gracillimus
Graceful Meadow Katydid
Conocephalus gracillimus, commonly known as the graceful meadow katydid, is a species of meadow katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is native to North America, with records from Florida and broader North American distribution. As a member of the subfamily Conocephalinae, it belongs to a group of abundant orthopterans in the eastern United States and adjacent Canada.
Conocephalus saltans
Prairie Meadow Katydid, Western Prairie Grasshopper, Wingless Prairie Grasshopper
Conocephalus saltans, commonly known as the prairie meadow katydid, is a species of meadow katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. Despite common names suggesting otherwise, it is not a true grasshopper but a katydid (bush-cricket). The species is found in North America, with records from states including Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, and others. It belongs to the subfamily Conocephalinae, which includes abundant orthopterans of grasslands and prairies.
Conocephalus strictus
Straight-lanced Meadow Katydid
Conocephalus strictus, the straight-lanced meadow katydid, is a North American katydid notable for the female's exceptionally long, straight ovipositor that exceeds body length. The species exhibits wing dimorphism with short-winged (13–22 mm) and long-winged (21–30 mm) forms. Adults appear in late summer and occur year-round in dry grasslands, old fields, and pastures where they form dense aggregations. Males produce a faint, pulsating purr at 10–20 kHz.
Cosmopterix callichalca
Cosmopterix callichalca is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae with a forewing length of 3.1–5.7 mm. It is native to the Americas, with records from Argentina, Brazil, and the southern and midwestern United States. The larvae are leaf miners on Schizachyrium scoparium. The species exhibits geographic variation in voltinism: univoltine in Michigan, bivoltine in the southern United States, and likely multivoltine in Brazil.
Crambus agitatellus
double-banded grass-veneer moth, Double-banded Grass-veneer
A small crambid moth of eastern North America, recognized by its distinctive wing pattern and slender resting posture. Adults are active during mid-summer months. The species was first described by J.B. Clemens in 1860 and remains common in open grassy habitats.
Crambus girardellus
Girard's grass-veneer, Girard's grass-veneer moth
Crambus girardellus, commonly known as Girard's grass-veneer moth, is a small crambid moth described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. It is found across northeastern and north-central North America, from the Canadian prairies through the Great Lakes region to the northeastern United States. The species is associated with grassland habitats, where its larvae develop as root-feeders.
Crambus laqueatellus
Eastern Grass-veneer
Crambus laqueatellus, commonly known as the Eastern Grass-veneer, is a moth species in the family Crambidae. It was described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. The species is widespread across eastern and central North America, with adults active from spring through late summer. Larvae are grass-feeders, making this species a typical member of the grass-veneer group within Crambus.
Crambus multilinellus
multinellus grass-veneer
Crambus multilinellus is a small crambid moth known as the multinellus grass-veneer, described by Fernald in 1887. It is found in eastern North America, with records from the southeastern United States through the Great Lakes region to Ontario. Adults have a wingspan of 20–22 mm and are active from March to September. The larvae feed on grasses (Gramineae).
Crambus praefectellus
common grass-veneer, silver-striped webworm
A small grass moth in the family Crambidae, widespread across eastern North America. Adults are active from spring through fall, with extended or year-round activity in the southernmost parts of its range. Larvae develop within silken webs on grasses and cereal grains.
Crambus trichusalis
Crambus trichusalis is a grass moth in the family Crambidae, described by George Duryea Hulst in 1886. It is restricted to the northern Great Plains of North America, with confirmed records from the Canadian prairies and adjacent U.S. states. The species is strongly associated with native grassland habitats.
Crambus whitmerellus
Whitmer's Grass-veneer
Crambus whitmerellus is a grass-veneer moth in the family Crambidae, described by Alexander Barrett Klots in 1942. It is a North American species associated with grassland habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form and C. w. browni from Alberta and northern Montana. The species is part of a large genus of grass-feeding moths commonly known as sod webworms or grass-veneers.
Crematogaster lineolata
Small-lined Acrobat Ant
Crematogaster lineolata is a species of acrobat ant in the genus Crematogaster, characterized by its ability to raise its abdomen over its thorax when disturbed. The species has been documented in grassland habitats of northeastern Kansas, where it engages in a notable mutualistic relationship with the clytrine leaf beetle Anomoea flavokansiensis. Ant workers are attracted to beetle eggs, carry them into their nests, and provide a protected environment for beetle larval development. The species is part of the diverse Crematogaster genus, which contains numerous species worldwide.
Crophius
Crophius is a genus of true bugs in the family Oxycarenidae, containing approximately 16 described species. The genus is poorly known biologically, with most ecological information derived from studies of Crophius scabrosus. Adults have been documented in association with diverse plants including conifers, grasses, and composites, though nymphal hosts remain unidentified.
Cryptoscatomaseter iowensis
Iowa Small Dung Beetle
Cryptoscatomaseter iowensis is a small dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. It is known from the central plains of North America, with records from the northern United States and southern Canada. The species was described by Wickham in 1913 from Iowa. Like other members of Aphodiinae, it is presumed to be associated with dung, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Ctenucha venosa
Veined Ctenucha Moth
Ctenucha venosa, commonly known as the veined ctenucha moth, is a diurnal moth in the family Erebidae. First described by Francis Walker in 1854, it is one of several North American Ctenucha species known for wasp-mimicking coloration. Adults are active from spring through late autumn with multiple generations per year. The species occurs across the southwestern United States and extends south through Mexico to Venezuela.
Cucullia speyeri
Speyer's paint, Speyer's cucullia, Speyer's hooded owlet moth
Cucullia speyeri is a noctuid moth species found in North America, ranging from the Canadian prairies to the Atlantic coast. The species inhabits open, dry grassland and meadow habitats. Adults are active in late spring and summer, with a wingspan of approximately 48 mm. The larvae feed on herbaceous Asteraceae and Conyza species. In Connecticut, the species is listed as a species of special concern and is believed to be extirpated.
Cupido
Tailed-Blues
Cupido is a genus of small butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as Tailed-Blues. The genus is confined to the Palearctic region and includes species characterized by short tail-like projections on the hindwings. Members of this genus are typically associated with grassland and open habitats, with larvae feeding on various leguminous plants. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with the subgenus Everes sometimes included within Cupido.
Dargida diffusa
Wheat Head Armyworm
Dargida diffusa, commonly known as the wheat head armyworm, is a noctuid moth native to North America. Adults have a wingspan of 27–36 mm and are active from May to September across their range. The species is economically significant due to larval feeding on seed heads of cereal crops and grasses, with timothy grass (Phleum pratense) being a particularly favored host.
Delphacodes anufrievi
Delphacodes anufrievi is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Wilson in 1992. It belongs to a genus containing numerous species associated with grasses and sedges. The species is known from western Canada, with records from British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Yukon. Like other delphacids, it likely inhabits wetland and grassland ecosystems where its host plants occur.
Delphacodes quadridentis
Delphacodes quadridentis is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Beamer in 1948. It belongs to a genus of small, often economically significant planthoppers that feed on grasses and sedges. The specific epithet "quadridentis" refers to a distinctive four-toothed structure, likely on the male genitalia or other diagnostic feature. Species in this genus are known vectors of plant pathogens and are studied for their agricultural impact.
Delphacodes turgida
Delphacodes turgida is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, first described by Beamer in 1948. The species is recorded from the southeastern United States, specifically Florida and Georgia. As a member of the Auchenorrhyncha, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts and is associated with grassland and wetland habitats typical of delphacid planthoppers. The taxonomic status of this species has been subject to some confusion, with Catalogue of Life listing it as a synonym while GBIF treats it as accepted.
Deltanus
Deltanus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, tribe Deltocephalini. The genus was established by Oman in 1949. Members of this genus are small to medium-sized cicadellid insects with the characteristic wedge-shaped body form typical of many deltocephaline leafhoppers. As with many leafhopper genera, species-level taxonomy and biology remain incompletely documented.
Deltocephalus pulicaris
Deltocephalus pulicaris is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Fallén in 1806. It belongs to the large subfamily Deltocephalinae, which contains many economically significant agricultural pests. The species has been documented across a broad Holarctic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, and North America. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with grassland and meadow habitats.
Deserta obscura
Obscure Planthopper
Deserta obscura is a planthopper species in the family Dictyopharidae, known from the western United States. It belongs to a genus of small, often cryptic planthoppers that inhabit arid and semi-arid grasslands. The species has been documented in California, Idaho, Nevada, and Utah, typically in association with shortgrass prairie and sagebrush steppe habitats. Like other members of the subfamily Orgeriinae, it likely feeds on grass species and exhibits limited dispersal capabilities.
Diachus subopacus
Diachus subopacus is a small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, described by Schaeffer in 1906. It belongs to the tribe Clytrini, a group known for their association with grasses and sedges. The species is found in North America and is one of several species in the genus Diachus, which are generally characterized by their compact, somewhat rounded body form and dull coloration.
Dialytes ulkei
Dialytes ulkei is a small aphodiine dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, described by Horn in 1875. The species is distributed across eastern and central North America, with records from Canada (Ontario, Quebec) and the United States (Colorado, Iowa, Maryland, South Carolina, Wisconsin). As a member of the Aphodiinae, it is associated with dung and decaying organic matter.
Dichrorampha petiverella
Common Drill
Dichrorampha petiverella is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 10–13 mm, distributed across the Palearctic realm. Adults are active from April to August in western Europe, with larvae feeding internally on the rhizomes of yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and tansy. The species was first described by Linnaeus in 1758 and remains one of the more frequently recorded members of its genus due to its relatively broad host plant associations.
Dichrorampha vancouverana
tanacetum root moth, Tansy Root Moth
Dichrorampha vancouverana is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 12–15 mm, found across most of Europe, the eastern Palearctic, and the Nearctic. Adults are active in June and July during afternoon and evening hours. The larvae are root-feeding specialists on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium). The species inhabits dry grasslands, rough meadows, and scrub habitats.
Dicraeus
Dicraeus is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, first described by Loew in 1873. Species within this genus exhibit specialized feeding habits, with some species feeding on bamboo flowers and others developing as seed predators in grasses. The genus shows notable host specificity, with oviposition behavior influenced by host plant morphology such as glume pubescence. Population genetic studies in Japanese species reveal contrasting patterns of genetic structure correlated with host plant flowering phenology.
Diplocolenus
Diplocolenus is a genus of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) established by Ribaut in 1946. The genus comprises at least two subgenera: Diplocolenus s. str. and Verdanulus Emeljanov. Species within this genus are associated with steppe habitats and grassland ecosystems. Some species exhibit host-plant specificity, with at least one species documented as monophagous on a particular grass species.
Diplocolenus configuratus
Diplocolenus configuratus is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. It belongs to the tribe Paralimnini, which comprises grassland-associated leafhoppers. The species was described by Uhler in 1878 and occurs in central North America. Records indicate presence in prairie and grassland regions of the United States and Canada.
Discomyza incurva
Discomyza incurva is a small shore fly in the family Ephydridae, measuring 2.5–3 mm in length. It is distributed across the Palearctic region, including Europe (particularly southern Europe), North Africa, and parts of western Asia. The species is active during summer months, with records from July through September. It inhabits grassland habitats and has been documented as a parasite of land snails in the genus Helix.
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
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longulus
Doleranus longulus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Pendarini. It was described by Gillette and Baker in 1895. The species is recorded from the central United States, specifically Iowa and Kansas. As a member of the Deltocephalinae subfamily, it belongs to a large group of leafhoppers associated with grassland and prairie habitats.
Dolerus nitens
Shining Griever
Dolerus nitens is a Palearctic sawfly species in the family Tenthredinidae, commonly known as the Shining Griever. The species has been introduced to North America and is now established in Canada, with confirmed records from British Columbia, Newfoundland, Ontario, and Prince Edward Island. Like other members of the genus Dolerus, this species is a herbivorous sawfly whose larvae feed on grasses and sedges.
Dolerus nortoni
Dolerus nortoni is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. Sawflies are non-stinging relatives of wasps, bees, and ants, distinguished by a broad connection between the thorax and abdomen (lacking the narrow 'wasp waist' of Apocrita). The genus Dolerus comprises numerous species, many of which are associated with grasses and sedges. Adults are typically active in spring and early summer.
Dolerus versus
Dolerus versus is a species of sawfly in the family Tenthredinidae. The genus Dolerus comprises medium to large sawflies commonly associated with grasses and sedges. Like other members of the subfamily Dolerinae, adults are typically active in spring and early summer. The larvae feed on monocotyledonous plants and can be distinguished from lepidopteran caterpillars by having six or more pairs of prolegs rather than five or fewer.
Draeculacephala cf-minerva
Draeculacephala cf-minerva is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, distinguished by its distinctive head shape and association with grassland and prairie habitats. The 'cf.' designation indicates specimen identification based on morphological similarity to D. minerva, pending definitive confirmation. Members of this genus are known for their wedge-shaped bodies and powerful hind legs adapted for jumping.
Draeculacephala navicula
Draeculacephala navicula is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the genus Draeculacephala, a group of sharpshooters known for their association with various host plants and their role as vectors of plant pathogens. The species has been recorded from southern Texas in the United States and the Mexican states of Chiapas and Tamaulipas. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with grassland and agricultural habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Draeculacephala savannahae
Draeculacephala savannahae is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the genus Draeculacephala, a group of sharpshooters within the tribe Cicadellini. The species is known from the southeastern United States, with records from Georgia. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with grassland or savanna habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited.
Ebo latithorax
running crab spider
Ebo latithorax is a species of running crab spider in the family Philodromidae. It belongs to a genus characterized by exceptionally long second legs that are at least twice the length of the other legs, giving these small spiders an unusual 'wingspan' relative to their body size. The species is found in the United States and Canada, with records from Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. Like other philodromids, it is an active hunter that prowls for prey among vegetation rather than building webs to capture food.
Efferia coulei
Northwestern Hammertail
Efferia coulei is a robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Wilcox in 1966. It occurs in the grasslands of southern British Columbia, Canada, particularly the Okanagan Valley, where it is sympatric with its closest relative Efferia okanagana. The two species are genetically distinct, with approximately 7.0% divergence in cytochrome oxidase I (COI) DNA barcode sequences. As a member of the Efferia arida species group, it shares morphological affinities with E. arida and E. pinali.
Efferia staminea
Straw-faced Hammertail
Efferia staminea is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae. It has been studied for its predatory behavior, with research documenting how its diet varies temporally and spatially in response to prey availability. The species exhibits opportunistic feeding patterns, shifting prey composition based on local prey abundance—including documented increases in ant predation during mating swarms of Formica subpolita. It serves as a generalist predator in grassland ecosystems.
Elachista freyerella
Elachista freyerella is a small moth in the family Elachistidae, described by Hübner in 1825. The species is widespread across Europe (excluding the Balkan Peninsula) and occurs in North America. It is a grass-mining species whose larvae develop within the leaves of various Poaceae hosts.
Elachista subalbidella
buff grass-miner
Elachista subalbidella is a small moth in the family Elachistidae with a wingspan of 10–13 mm. It is characterized by ochreous-yellow forewings and dark grey hindwings. The species is widely distributed across Europe and North America, where its larvae mine the leaves of various grasses and sedges. Adults are active in June. The common name "buff grass-miner" refers to both its coloration and larval feeding habit.
Elachodelphax
Elachodelphax is a genus of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, described by Vilbaste in 1965. Members belong to the tribe Delphacini within the subfamily Delphacinae. These insects are small, sap-feeding true bugs associated with grasses and sedges. The genus appears to be rarely collected, with minimal documentation in public databases.
Eleodes hirsuta
Hairy Stink Beetle, Hairy Eleodes
Eleodes hirsuta is a large darkling beetle (Tenebrionidae) native to western North America, recognized by its conspicuously hairy body and defensive chemical-secreting behavior. The species belongs to the 'clown beetle' group, known for their characteristic head-stand posture when threatened. Adults are primarily nocturnal and active during warmer months in arid and semi-arid grassland habitats.
Elymana pacifica
Elymana pacifica is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the tribe Cicadulini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with grasses and other plants.
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hronologytype-XXVIII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXIX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyEpichlorops
grass flies
Epichlorops is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as grass flies. The genus was established by Becker in 1910 and contains at least five described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with records from Europe, North America, and China. Species in this genus are associated with grassland habitats. The genus is taxonomically placed within the tribe Chloropini, subfamily Chloropinae.
Erynnis
duskywings, duskywing skippers
Erynnis is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as duskywings. The genus exhibits high species diversity in the Nearctic region, with species also present across the Palearctic and Neotropical ecozones. Duskywings are medium-sized, fast-flying butterflies with dark, often brown or blackish wings that typically lack bright coloration. Many species are difficult to distinguish from one another and require examination of wing pattern details or genitalia for reliable identification.
Erynnis afranius
Afranius Duskywing, Bald Duskywing
Erynnis afranius, commonly known as the Afranius duskywing or bald duskywing, is a skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs across a broad range from northern Mexico through the central United States to southern Canada. The species is bivoltine, with two generations flying from mid-May to late August. Larvae feed on leguminous host plants including Lupinus, Lotus, and Thermopsis species.
Euchromiusini
Euchromiusini is a tribe of grass moths within the family Crambidae. The tribe comprises small to medium-sized moths associated primarily with grassland and savanna habitats. Members are predominantly distributed across the Old World, with highest diversity in the Afrotropical and Palearctic regions. The genus Euchromius, which gives the tribe its name, contains the majority of described species.
Eucoptocnemis nr-rufula
Eucoptocnemis nr-rufula is a near-rufula specimen of the genus Eucoptocnemis, a group of owlet moths in the family Noctuidae. The 'nr-' designation indicates this is a morphospecies or provisional identification closely resembling E. rufula but not definitively confirmed to that species. Members of this genus are generally associated with grassland and prairie habitats. Detailed biological information for this specific provisional taxon is limited.
Eupeodes latifasciatus
Broad-banded Aphideater, meadow field syrph
Eupeodes latifasciatus is a small hoverfly with wing length 6.5–8.5 mm, distinguished by yellow markings fused into bands on abdominal segments three and four. Adults feed on nectar from diverse flowers and serve as pollinators. Larvae are aphid predators, feeding on aphids and scale insects (Hemiptera). The species has a broad distribution across the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, with flight activity primarily from May to September.
Euphilotes rita
Rita's Blue, rita blue, desert buckwheat blue
Euphilotes rita is a small lycaenid butterfly native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Adults are active from July through late September, with a single generation per year. The species exhibits strong ecological specialization on wild buckwheat (Eriogonum species) throughout its life cycle. Larvae are tended by ants, a characteristic mutualism within the Polyommatinae.
Eurrhypini
Eurrhypini is a tribe of grass moths within the family Crambidae. Members of this tribe are small to medium-sized moths with narrow wings and slender bodies. They are associated with grassy and wetland habitats, where their larvae feed on monocotyledonous plants. The tribe includes several genera distributed across temperate and tropical regions.
Eurytomidae
seed chalcids, eurytomid wasps
Eurytomidae is a family of chalcid wasps within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, comprising approximately 1,420 described species across 87 genera. Members exhibit diverse life histories: larvae are endophytic, developing within plant tissues (stems, seeds, or galls) as phytophages, parasitoids of other insects, or both. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in virtually all terrestrial habitats. Some species are agricultural pests, notably the almond seed wasp (Eurytoma amygdali) and plum seed wasp (Eurytoma schreineri), while others serve as biocontrol agents. Phylogenomic studies have confirmed monophyly of the four recognized subfamilies (Buresiinae, Eurytominae, Heimbrinae, Rileyinae), though many large genera remain para- or polyphyletic.
Eusama amanda
Eusama amanda is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Ball in 1909. It belongs to the tribe Platymetopiini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is part of a genus whose members are associated with grassland and prairie habitats. Records indicate occurrence in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
Eustala
humpbacked orb-weavers
Eustala is a genus of orb-weaver spiders in the family Araneidae, first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. As of November 2024, the genus contains 87 species distributed primarily across the Americas, from the United States through Central America to South America, with highest diversity in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Several species have been documented exhibiting specialized ecological relationships, including myrmecophily (living among ants) in Central American species that inhabit ant-defended acacia plants. The genus includes the well-known humpbacked orb-weaver, Eustala anastera, found across North and Central America.
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htperchroostnestdenburrowtunneldigexcavateminequarryextractremoveeliminateeradicateexterminatedestroydemolishruinwreckdamageharminjurehurtwoundmaimcripplelamedisableincapacitateparalyzestunshockastonishamazeastoundstaggerstupefydazebewilderconfusepuzzleperplexbafflemystifyenigmaEutettix
Eutettix is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae. Species within this genus are small, active insects that feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The 'sp-md' designation indicates an unspecified species, likely a morphospecies or voucher designation used in ecological or biodiversity studies where formal identification was not completed. Leafhoppers in this genus are commonly encountered in grassland and agricultural habitats.
Euxoa auripennis
Euxoa auripennis is a noctuid moth described by J. Donald Lafontaine in 1974. It occurs in western North America from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast. Adults fly in late summer with a single annual generation. The species is one of many Euxoa cutworms whose larvae feed on herbaceous vegetation.
Euxoa campestris
Flat Dart
Euxoa campestris, commonly known as the flat dart, is a species of noctuid moth first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1875. It is found across much of North America, with a broad distribution spanning from Newfoundland to Alaska and southward through mountain ranges and eastern deciduous forests. The species has a single annual generation, with adults active from July to September. The wingspan ranges from 30–34 mm.
Euxoa citricolor
Euxoa citricolor is a noctuid moth species described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1880. The species is found in western North America, with a wingspan of 34–37 mm. Adults are active from August to September, with one generation per year. Larvae are likely cutworms, though specific host plant associations for this species are not well documented.
Fitchiella
Fitchiella is a North American genus of planthoppers in the family Caliscelidae. The genus contains five described species, including the notably rare F. robertsonii, which has been the subject of recent intensive study. Most species remain poorly known biologically.
Flexamia
Flexamia is a genus of leafhoppers (family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae) established by DeLong in 1926. The genus is characterized by a high degree of host-plant specificity, with most species dependent on particular grass species. A notable member, F. whitcombi, was discovered in 2015 inhabiting the threatened pinebarren smokegrass (Muhlenbergia torreyana) in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, highlighting conservation concerns for these specialized insects.
Flexamia abbreviata
Flexamia abbreviata is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Osborn and Ball in 1897 under the basionym Deltocephalus abbreviatus. The species belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers noted for their high degree of host plant specificity. It has been recorded from several central and western U.S. states including Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. Like other members of its genus, it is presumed to feed on grasses, though specific host associations for this species have not been documented.
Flexamia arizonensis
Flexamia arizonensis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Young & Beirne in 1958. It belongs to the genus Flexamia, a group of leafhoppers characterized by strong host-plant specificity, with most species dependent on particular grass species. The species is known from the southwestern United States and adjacent regions.
Florinda coccinea
Black-tailed Red Sheetweaver, Scarlet Sheetweb Weaver, Red Grass Spider
Florinda coccinea is a small, vividly colored sheetweb-weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae. It is the sole species in its genus. The spider is notable for its bright red body with black accents, particularly a distinctive black tubercle on the rear of the abdomen. Despite its striking coloration, it is rarely observed due to its minute size (3-3.5 mm body length) and the near-invisibility of its fine silk webs. The species occurs in grasslands, lawns, and agricultural fields across the southeastern United States, with records extending north to New England and west to Kansas, plus Mexico and the West Indies.
Formica incerta
Uncertain Field Ant
Formica incerta is a common ant species of eastern North America, often the most abundant Formica in its range. It constructs underground nests with inconspicuous entrance holes and no surface mound. Workers forage diurnally for nectar and honeydew, and the species serves as the primary host for the slave-making ant Polyergus lucidus. First described by Carlo Emery in 1893, its specific epithet reflects historical taxonomic uncertainty and identification challenges.
Formica obscuripes
Western Thatching Ant
Formica obscuripes, the western thatching ant, is a North American mound-building ant known for constructing large thatched nests from plant materials. Colonies can contain up to 40,000 workers and demonstrate complex social organization including behavioral constancy in worker task performance. The species employs hybrid foraging strategies combining pheromone-marked columns with visual and path integration navigation. It maintains defensive mutualisms with aphids and exhibits aggressive territorial behavior including the use of formic acid against intruders and competing vegetation.
Geomyza
frit flies
Geomyza is a genus of frit flies in the family Opomyzidae, comprising at least 30 described species. The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, notably Geomyza tripunctata, whose larvae feed internally on grasses and cereals, killing the central shoot. These flies are distributed across the Holarctic region, with documented occurrences in Europe and North America. Larvae serve as hosts for hymenopterous parasitoids in grassland ecosystems.
Gomphocerinae
slant-faced grasshoppers
Gomphocerinae is a large subfamily of grasshoppers comprising at least 192 genera and 1,274 species distributed across every continent except Antarctica and Australia. Members are commonly known as slant-faced grasshoppers due to their characteristic head morphology. The subfamily is distinguished by a uniform femoral stridulatory mechanism used for acoustic communication, and exhibits remarkable diversity in calling songs and courtship behaviors. Many species inhabit grasslands and serve as important components of terrestrial food webs, though some are significant agricultural pests.
Gonioterma mistrella
Gonioterma mistrella is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, described by Busck in 1907. It is distributed across central and eastern North America, from Manitoba and Pennsylvania south to Texas and Mexico. Adults are active primarily during the warmer months, with larvae feeding specifically on timothy grass (Phleum pratense).
Graminella cognita
Graminella cognita is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Caldwell in 1952. It belongs to the subfamily Deltocephalinae, a diverse group of leafhoppers commonly associated with grasses and other herbaceous plants. The species has been recorded in the southeastern United States and parts of the Caribbean. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with grassland habitats, though specific ecological details remain limited in published literature.
Graminella sonora
Lesser Lawn Leafhopper
Graminella sonora is a small leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Lesser Lawn Leafhopper. It is widely distributed across the southwestern United States, Mexico, and Central America, with records from Arizona, California, Florida, and Honduras. As a member of the subfamily Deltocephalinae, it likely feeds on grasses and herbaceous plants, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The species was described by Ball in 1900 and remains relatively understudied despite its broad geographic range.
Habronattus cognatus
Habronattus cognatus is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae, native to North America. Like other members of the genus Habronattus, males are known for elaborate courtship displays combining visual and acoustic signals. The genus is notable for having the third pair of legs modified for visual recognition by females during courtship. The species has been recorded from Alberta and Manitoba in Canada, with broader distribution across North America.
Haimbachia placidellus
Peppered Haimbachia Moth
Haimbachia placidellus, commonly known as the Peppered Haimbachia Moth, is a species of grass moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Frank Haimbach in 1907. The species is distributed across the eastern United States, with records spanning from New York and Massachusetts south to South Carolina and west to Tennessee. The specific epithet and common name reference the speckled or peppered appearance of the adult moth.
Haimbachia squamulellus
Scaled Haimbachia Moth
Haimbachia squamulellus is a small moth in the family Crambidae, first described by Zeller in 1881. It occurs in eastern and central North America, ranging from Maryland south to Florida and west to Texas and Illinois. The species is one of approximately 15 recognized species in the genus Haimbachia, a group of grass-associated crambid moths. Adults are active during warmer months, though specific phenology varies across its range.
Hemileuca oliviae
Range Caterpillar, Range Caterpillar Moth
Hemileuca oliviae, the range caterpillar, is a day-flying saturniid moth native to grasslands of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The species is notable for periodic population outbreaks that can cause significant damage to rangeland vegetation, impacting forage availability for livestock. Its distribution is restricted to open grassland habitats due to predation pressure from woodland rodents on eggs and pupae. The moth has been studied extensively for its ecological interactions, including host plant relationships, water physiology, and natural enemy complexes.
pestrangelandgrasslandoutbreakrodent-predationparasitoid-hostday-flying-mothSaturniidaeHemileucasouthwestern-USChihuahuaNew-Mexicolivestock-forage-competitionintegrated-pest-managementAnastatus-semiflaviduscondensed-tannin-responsewater-physiologyPeromyscus-trueipinyon-mouse-predationpopulation-cyclesMONA-number-7729Hodges-number-7729Hemileuca stonei
Stone's buckmoth, pangola-grass moth
Hemileuca stonei is a day-flying buck moth in the family Saturniidae, first described by Claude Lemaire in 1993. The species occurs in Central and North America and is one of approximately 24 Hemileuca species in North America. Like other members of its genus, it likely has urticating (stinging) caterpillars that feed on specific host plants. The species is relatively poorly documented compared to some congeners.
Herbertia
Herbertia is a genus of geophytic monocots in the family Iridaceae, tribe Tigridieae. The genus comprises 12 species, with 11 occurring in the grassland ecosystem of Río de La Plata and nine endemic to this region. Species are characterized by violet flowers with free unequal tepals and propagate through both sexual reproduction and vegetative bulb fragmentation. Polyploidy is documented in at least one species, with distinct cytotypes showing morphological differentiation.
Hesperia juba
Juba skipper, Yuba skipper, jagged-border skipper
Hesperia juba, commonly known as the Juba skipper, Yuba skipper, or jagged-border skipper, is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs in western North America from British Columbia through California and eastward to the Rocky Mountain states. The species has two generations per year, with adults active in late spring and again in late summer. Larvae develop on specific grass species, while adults feed on flower nectar.
Hesperia metea
Cobweb Skipper
Hesperia metea, the cobweb skipper, is a small grassland butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs across much of the eastern and central United States with a scattered, patchy distribution. The species has a single generation per year, with adults active in spring. Larvae feed on native prairie grasses, while adults visit low-growing flowers for nectar.
Hesperia pahaska
Pahaska Skipper
Hesperia pahaska, commonly known as the Pahaska skipper, is a grassland butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is distributed across a narrow longitudinal band in central North America, from Texas northward through the Great Plains to southern Canada. The species is univoltine, with adults active in early summer. Larvae feed on specific native grasses including blue grama and fluff grass.
Hesperia sassacus
Indian Skipper
Hesperia sassacus, commonly known as the Indian skipper, is a small butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs in northeastern North America, with a wingspan of 25–30 mm. Adults fly from late May to early July. The species has three recognized subspecies, with larvae feeding on various native grasses.
Kelisia
Kelisia is a genus of delphacid planthoppers established by Fieber in 1866. The genus contains more than 50 described species and is classified within the subfamily Kelisiinae of the family Delphacidae. Species in this genus are small, sap-feeding insects associated with grasses and sedges.
Laccocera zonata
Laccocera zonata is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Van Duzee in 1897. It belongs to the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, a group of sap-feeding insects commonly known as planthoppers. Distribution records indicate this species occurs in western North America, with documented presence in Alberta, Arizona, California, Colorado, and Montana. As a member of Delphacidae, it is likely associated with grassland and wetland habitats where its host plants grow, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Larinia
Grass Orb-web Spiders
Larinia is a genus of orb-weaving spiders (family Araneidae) comprising 69 species as of 2026. These medium-sized spiders are characterized by their elongated, straw-coloured bodies and association with grassland habitats. They construct loosely woven orb-webs in vegetation, typically at heights matching surrounding plants. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with species documented across multiple continents including Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Australia.
Leptogaster parvoclava
Leptogaster parvoclava is a species of robber fly (family Asilidae) described by Martin in 1957. It belongs to the subfamily Leptogastrinae, a group characterized by slender, elongate bodies and long legs adapted for capturing prey in flight. The species epithet "parvoclava" refers to the small clubbed structure of a particular morphological feature. As with other members of Leptogaster, this species likely inhabits grassy or open vegetation habitats where it perches on stems to hunt.
Lepyronia gibbosa
hill-prairie spittlebug, great plains spittlebug
Lepyronia gibbosa is a species of spittlebug in the family Aphrophoridae. It is native to North America and commonly known as the hill-prairie spittlebug or great plains spittlebug. Like other spittlebugs, the nymphs produce a protective froth of bubbles from excreted plant sap and mucopolysaccharides, which conceals them from predators and desiccation. The species is associated with prairie and grassland habitats.
Lerema ochrius
Ocherous Skipper
Lerema ochrius is a species of skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, described by Grishin in 2023. The species was recently separated from related taxa based on genetic and morphological evidence. It is known from the southern United States and Mexico.
Lerodea
Lerodea is a genus of grass skippers in the family Hesperiidae, comprising seven described species distributed primarily in the Americas. The genus was established by Scudder in 1872, with Lerodea eufala designated as the type species. Species in this genus are generally associated with grassland and open habitats, where their larvae feed on various grass species. The most widely distributed member, Lerodea eufala (the Eufala Skipper), ranges from the southern United States through much of South America.
Linsleya convexa
Linsleya convexa is a blister beetle in the family Meloidae, subgenus Linsleya. The species was described by LeConte in 1853 and is native to western North America. It belongs to a genus of moderate-sized meloids associated with grassland and prairie habitats. Like other members of the Epicautini tribe, it possesses chemical defenses derived from cantharidin.
Litaneutria skinneri
Skinner's Ground Mantis
Litaneutria skinneri is a small ground-dwelling mantid native to the southwestern United States. Unlike most mantids that employ ambush predation from vegetation, this species is cursorial, actively pursuing prey across open ground. It inhabits arid and semi-arid environments including desert and grassland ecosystems. The species was described by Rehn in 1907 and remains relatively poorly studied compared to its congener L. minor.
Lycaena dione
grey copper, great copper
Lycaena dione, commonly known as the grey copper or great copper, is a butterfly species in the family Lycaenidae. First described by Samuel Hubbard Scudder in 1868, this species is distributed across central North America from southern Canada to Texas. Adults are active from mid-June through July or August, with a wingspan ranging from 24 to 38 mm. The species is sometimes treated as a subspecies of Lycaena xanthoides, reflecting ongoing taxonomic debate.
Lycaena dorcas florus
Lycaena dorcas florus is a subspecies of copper butterfly described by W.H. Edwards in 1884. It belongs to a genus of butterflies commonly known as coppers, characterized by their orange-copper wing coloration. The subspecies is currently classified under the genus Epidemia, though historically placed in Lycaena. Like many grassland-associated butterflies, it faces pressures from habitat loss and climate change.
Lycaena phlaeas
small copper, American copper, common copper
Lycaena phlaeas is a holarctic butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as the small copper or American copper. It is widespread across Europe, Asia, North America, and North Africa. The species is notable for its bright orange forewings with dark borders and black spots. It has been identified as a generalist species that shows resilience to habitat degradation, with populations in Germany demonstrating a positive trend in the Grassland Butterfly Index despite overall declines in grassland butterfly populations.
Lycaena rubida
Ruddy Copper
Lycaena rubida, the Ruddy Copper, is a North American butterfly species in the family Lycaenidae. It belongs to a genus whose members are commonly known as coppers, characterized by orange-copper coloration on the upper wing surfaces. The species inhabits western North America, where it is associated with grassland and open habitats. Like other Lycaena species, it has been affected by broader population declines documented across western North American butterfly faunas.
Marpissa pikei
Pike Slender Jumper, Long-bodied Jumping Spider
Marpissa pikei is a distinctive jumping spider of the family Salticidae, characterized by an extremely elongated, slender body form adapted for crypsis in grassy habitats. It is native to North America, ranging from the eastern United States through the Southwest and into Mexico and Cuba. The species exhibits striking sexual dimorphism in coloration, with males displaying bold black and orange patterning while females are more cryptically colored. Its common name reflects both its discoverer and its notably attenuated body shape.
Marpissa sulcosa
Pike Slender Jumper
Marpissa sulcosa, commonly known as the Pike Slender Jumper, is a small jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is notable for its extremely elongated body and disproportionately long first pair of legs, which are used primarily for prey capture rather than locomotion. The species inhabits grassland environments and employs camouflage and ambush tactics to hunt. It ranges across much of North America, with records from the eastern United States through the Great Plains and into the Southwest.
Megalepthyphantes
Megalepthyphantes is a genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established by J. Wunderlich in 1994. The genus comprises seventeen described species distributed across Africa, Europe, and Asia. Its type species is Megalepthyphantes nebulosus (Sundevall, 1830), originally described under a different genus. The genus shows a notable concentration of species in the Mediterranean region and Central Asia.
Megatibicen dorsatus
Bush Cicada, Giant Grassland Cicada, Grand Western Cicada, Splendid Prairie Cicada
Megatibicen dorsatus, commonly known as the Bush Cicada or Giant Grassland Cicada, is a large, striking cicada species endemic to the tallgrass and shortgrass prairies of the central United States. Adults are among the largest North American cicadas, measuring approximately 57 mm in length, with distinctive white waxy markings on a dark body. Males produce loud, characteristic songs using internal tymbal organs to attract females. The species has an annual life cycle with staggered emergences, with adults active primarily from July through September. M. dorsatus is frequently found perched on low vegetation in open grassland habitats, where its contrasting coloration provides surprising cryptic protection. Adult males serve as hosts for the acoustically hunting sarcophagid parasitoid Emblemasoma erro.
Melanocanthon nigricornis
A small dung beetle species in the family Scarabaeidae, native to central North America. The species name "nigricornis" refers to its black antennae. It inhabits grassland and prairie ecosystems where it contributes to nutrient cycling through dung burial. The species has been documented across a broad swath of the central United States and extends into northern Mexico.
Melanoplus viridipes group
The Melanoplus viridipes-species-group is a species group within the genus Melanoplus (subfamily Melanoplinae), a diverse genus of spur-throated grasshoppers found in North America. Species groups in Melanoplus represent informal taxonomic aggregations of morphologically similar species that share diagnostic characteristics. Members of this group are characterized by green legs (viridipes = "green-footed"), a trait that distinguishes them from related species groups within the genus. The group occurs within the western and central United States, with species typically inhabiting grassland ecosystems. Like other Melanoplus species, members are medium-sized grasshoppers with a distinct conical spur between the front legs, perpendicular facial orientation, and strong flight capabilities.
Melinopterus consentaneus
Melinopterus consentaneus is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. The species was described by LeConte in 1850. It is currently treated as a synonym of Flaviellus consentaneus. Records indicate occurrence in prairie and grassland regions of central North America.
Memnonia brunnea
Memnonia brunnea is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Ball in 1900. It belongs to the tribe Hecalini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is documented from several central and western North American states including Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico. As with other members of the genus Memnonia, it is likely associated with grassland or prairie habitats, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Memnonia panzeri
Memnonia panzeri is a species of leafhopper described by Hamilton in 2000. It belongs to the tribe Hecalini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae, a diverse group of grass-feeding leafhoppers. The species is known from the north-central United States and southern Canada. As with other members of its genus and tribe, it is presumed to be associated with grassland habitats.
Mermiria picta
lively mermiria
Mermiria picta, commonly known as the lively mermiria, is a species of slant-faced grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is distributed across Central America and North America, with records from the United States (Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois) and northeastern Mexico. The species belongs to the subfamily Gomphocerinae and is one of several species in the genus Mermiria found in western North American grasslands.
Metator
blue-legged grasshopper (for M. pardalinus)
Metator is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, established by McNeill in 1901. The genus contains at least two described species: Metator nevadensis and Metator pardalinus. Species in this genus are large-bodied grasshoppers characteristic of western North American grasslands. M. pardalinus, commonly known as the blue-legged grasshopper, has been documented in comparative studies with other large band-winged grasshoppers regarding nymphal development and growth patterns.
Metrioptera
bush crickets, bog bush crickets, meadow bush crickets
Metrioptera is a genus of bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) in the tribe Platycleidini, commonly known as bog and meadow bush crickets. The genus contains approximately 10 species distributed across Eurasia, including notable species such as Metrioptera brachyptera (the bog bush cricket), M. roeselii (Roesel's bush cricket), and M. bicolor. Species within this genus have been extensively studied as model organisms for understanding insect dispersal, population genetics, and acoustic communication. Several species exhibit wing dimorphism, with both fully winged and short-winged or flightless forms occurring within populations.
Metrioptera roeselii
Roesel's Bush-cricket
Metrioptera roeselii, commonly known as Roesel's Bush-cricket, is a medium-sized bush-cricket native to continental Europe that has undergone significant range expansion in northern Europe since the 1980s. The species is characterized by a distinctive yellow-green coloration with a prominent yellow stripe along the lateral margin of the pronotum. It exhibits wing dimorphism, with both short-winged (brachypterous) and long-winged (macropterous) forms occurring in populations; the long-winged form is associated with range expansion. The species has been introduced to Britain and Scandinavia, with genetic evidence indicating human-mediated dispersal in some isolated populations.
Microlinyphia mandibulata punctata
Microlinyphia mandibulata punctata is a subspecies of sheet-web weaving spider in the family Linyphiidae. It was described by Chamberlin and Ivie in 1943. The genus Microlinyphia is known for the distinctive embolus structure in males—a circular filament that serves as the sperm delivery channel. Members of this genus construct flat, sheet-like webs close to the ground in grassy habitats.
Microtes
Microtes is a genus of band-winged grasshoppers (Acrididae) endemic to western North America. The genus contains at least three described species, including the little buzzer grasshopper (M. occidentalis). Members of this genus are placed in the tribe Sphingonotini within the subfamily Oedipodinae, a group characterized by enlarged hind wings with dark bands used in courtship displays.
Mimoceps insignis
Mimoceps insignis is a small plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Uhler in 1890. The species is characterized by its distinctive coloration and moderate size among mirid bugs. It occurs in grasslands and open field habitats across parts of North America.
Mocuellus caprilla
Mocuellus caprilla is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Mocini. It is a small, plant-feeding insect with distribution in the Palearctic region. The species is associated with grassy and herbaceous habitats. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a phloem-feeder on monocotyledonous plants, though specific host records are limited.
Moneilema annulatum
cactus beetle, ambulated cactus beetle
Moneilema annulatum is a flightless cactus beetle in the family Cerambycidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1824. Adults are found almost exclusively on opuntioid cacti (prickly pears and chollas), where they feed on plant tissues and flowers. Larvae tunnel within cactus stems, often causing visible damage in the form of hardened black exudate. The species occurs across western North America from the Great Plains to the Pacific coast.
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suturalis
A click beetle species in the family Elateridae. Formerly classified under the genus Eleodes (family Tenebrionidae), this species was reclassified to Monocrepidius based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. The species is characterized by a reddish-brown sutural stripe on dark elytra and occurs in grassland habitats of the Great Plains region.
Muellerianella
Muellerianella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers comprising seven described species. The genus is notable for its complex reproductive biology, including both biparentally reproducing sexual species and asexual gynogenetic (pseudogamous) triploid forms. Species within the genus are morphologically similar but ecologically differentiated, occupying distinct habitat niches and exhibiting species-specific host plant associations. The Muellerianella complex has been extensively studied as a model system for understanding ecological speciation, hybridization, and the maintenance of species boundaries in the face of incomplete reproductive isolation.
Nabis flavomarginatus
Broad Damsel Bug
Nabis flavomarginatus is a small predatory true bug in the family Nabidae, commonly known as the Broad Damsel Bug. It exhibits a Holarctic distribution spanning northern Europe, Siberia, Central Asia, East Asia, and North America including Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. The species inhabits wet, open grassland habitats with high proportions of grasses, sedges, and rushes, and shows a preference for cooler microclimates compared to other Nabinae. It is an effective predator in agricultural and natural systems, with cicadas documented as frequent prey.
Nascia
Nascia is a genus of grass moths in the family Crambidae, subfamily Pyraustinae. The genus was established by John Curtis in 1835 and contains three recognized species distributed across parts of Europe and North America. These are small to medium-sized moths associated with grassland habitats.
Neoclytus approximatus
Neoclytus approximatus is a longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1862. It is among the most uncommonly encountered longhorned beetles in North America, with a disjunct distribution across the Great Plains and scattered records from the eastern United States. The species' larval host plant remains unknown, making it one of the most elusive cerambycids on the continent.
Neoconocephalus ensiger
Sword-bearing Conehead, Swordbearer
Neoconocephalus ensiger is a katydid species in the conehead tribe Copiphorini, recognized by the male's elongated, sword-like ovipositor-like structure at the abdomen tip. Males produce loud, distinctive songs through stridulation of modified forewings. The species occurs in grassland and prairie habitats across eastern and central North America. It is primarily nocturnal and has been observed molting to adulthood at night near ultraviolet light sources.
Neoconocephalus retusus
Round-tipped Conehead
Neoconocephalus retusus, commonly known as the round-tipped conehead, is a species of katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. Adults range from 37 to 52 mm in length and are active during late summer and autumn. The species is found in the eastern United States and southern Canada, typically in wet grassy and weedy habitats.
Neoconocephalus robustus
robust conehead, crepitating conehead
Neoconocephalus robustus, commonly known as the robust conehead or crepitating conehead, is a North American katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is notable for producing one of the loudest insect songs on record, reaching 116 decibels at a peak frequency of 8 kHz—audible from 500 meters away even inside a moving vehicle with closed windows. The song has a whining quality at distance but becomes painful to hear at close range. This species belongs to the subfamily Conocephalinae, a group characterized by their elongated, cone-shaped heads.
Neodactria caliginosellus
Black Grass-veneer, Corn Root Webworm
Neodactria caliginosellus is a crambid moth known by two common names: black grass-veneer and corn root webworm. The species was described in 1860 and occurs across much of North America. Larvae are documented pests of turf grasses and corn. Adults inhabit grassy areas and agricultural fields.
Neohecalus magnificus
Neohecalus magnificus is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 2000. It belongs to the tribe Hecalini, a group of grass-feeding leafhoppers. The species is known from the north-central United States and adjacent Canada, with records from Illinois, Iowa, Manitoba, Michigan, Minnesota. As a member of the subfamily Deltocephalinae, it is likely associated with grassland habitats, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Neominois ridingsii
Ridings' satyr
Neominois ridingsii is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as Ridings' satyr. The species occupies short-grass prairie and intermountain grassland habitats across a broad range from southern Canada to the southwestern United States. Larvae feed exclusively on Bouteloua gracilis, and third- and fourth-instar larvae overwinter. Multiple subspecies have been described based on geographic variation across its range.
Neomochtherus
Neomochtherus is a large genus of robber flies (family Asilidae) comprising at least 140 described species. These predatory insects are associated with grassland habitats, where they play a role in suppressing other invertebrate populations. The genus includes species of conservation concern, such as the Critically Endangered Neomochtherus pallipes (Devon Red-legged Robberfly).
Neomochtherus piceus
Neomochtherus piceus is a species of robber fly (Diptera: Asilidae) described by Hine in 1909. It belongs to the tribe Neomochtherini within the subfamily Asilinae. The genus Neomochtherus comprises predatory flies found in grassland habitats. Based on iNaturalist records, this species has been documented in at least 28 observations, indicating it is not exceptionally rare but remains poorly studied in the scientific literature.
Neotibicen superbus
Superb Dog-day Cicada, Superb Cicada
Neotibicen superbus, the superb dog-day cicada, is a distinctive cicada species in the family Cicadidae. It is noted for being the greenest species in its genus, with reduced black patterning compared to congeners. The species produces a soft buzz song that reaches a crescendo. It is primarily associated with grassland environments and dolomite glades in the south-central United States.
Nomophila nearctica
Lucerne Moth, Clover Nomophila, False Webworm, Celery Stalkworm, American Celery Webworm
Nomophila nearctica is a crambid moth with broad distribution across North America and southward into the Neotropics. Adults are active from spring through late autumn. The species is notable for its narrow, elongated wing profile and association with low-growing herbaceous vegetation. Larvae feed on a range of plants including grasses, legumes, and celery, making it occasionally significant in agricultural contexts.
Nothodelphax albocarinata
Nothodelphax albocarinata is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Stål in 1858. It belongs to a genus of small, grass-associated delphacids found primarily in temperate and boreal regions. The species has been documented across disjunct localities in North America and northern Asia.
Notiophilus nitens
bright big-eyed beetle
Notiophilus nitens is a ground beetle in the family Carabidae, commonly known as the bright big-eyed beetle. It occurs in western North America, with documented populations in British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. Adults exhibit wing dimorphism, with some individuals having reduced wings (brachypterous) and others fully developed wings (macropterous). The species inhabits open, disturbed habitats including grasslands and agricultural areas.
Odontoxiphidium apterum
Wingless Meadow Katydid
Odontoxiphidium apterum, commonly known as the Wingless Meadow Katydid, is a flightless species of bush cricket in the family Tettigoniidae. It is characterized by the complete absence of wings in both sexes, a rare trait among katydids. The species is restricted to the southeastern United States, where it inhabits grassland and meadow habitats. Its wingless condition distinguishes it from nearly all other North American katydids.
Oecleus productus
Oecleus productus is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Metcalf in 1923. It belongs to the tribe Oecleini within the subfamily Cixiinae. Members of this genus are typically associated with grassland and open habitat environments. The species has been recorded from multiple states across the southern and western United States.
Oedomerus corallipes
Redshanked Grasshopper
Oedomerus corallipes is a large grasshopper species found in western North America. It was formerly classified under the genus Xanthippus but has been reclassified to Oedomerus based on modern taxonomic revisions. The species exhibits geographic variation in its life cycle, with northern populations requiring two years to develop while southern populations complete their cycle in one year. Adults are present in spring and are known for their conspicuous flight displays accompanied by loud crepitation.
Oeneis alberta
Alberta Arctic
Oeneis alberta is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as the Alberta Arctic. It inhabits prairie and montane grassland habitats across the Canadian prairie provinces and isolated Rocky Mountain populations in the southwestern United States. The species exhibits a single annual generation with adults active in late spring. Larvae feed on bunch grasses and overwinter in the larval stage.
Oeneis uhleri
Uhler's Arctic
Oeneis uhleri, commonly known as Uhler's Arctic, is a butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae. It is a member of the 'Arctic' group of butterflies, named for their association with high-elevation and northern habitats. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with fourth-instar larvae overwintering. Larvae feed on specific grass genera including Festuca, Koeleria, and Poa. The species is distributed across western North America from Alaska to northern New Mexico, with multiple recognized subspecies occupying distinct geographic ranges.
Okanagana balli
Prairie Cicada
Okanagana balli is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae, described by William T. Davis in 1919. It is commonly known as the Prairie Cicada and occurs in the central United States. As a member of the genus Okanagana, it belongs to a group of annual cicadas rather than the periodical cicadas famous for their mass emergences. The species inhabits prairie and grassland ecosystems.
Oligia
Oligia is a genus of noctuid moths comprising over 60 described species distributed across Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Species are small to medium-sized moths typically associated with grassland habitats. Several species are economically significant as pests of forage grasses, while others have served as models for studying melanism evolution. Species-level identification often requires genitalia examination due to morphological similarity among closely related taxa.
Omorgus scabrosus
Omorgus scabrosus is a species of hide beetle in the family Trogidae, found across much of North America from Canada to Mexico. The species belongs to a family specialized in feeding on dried animal remains. Its distribution spans diverse habitats including grasslands, woodlands, and desert edge environments.
Opomyza germinationis
Opomyza germinationis is a univoltine fly species in the family Opomyzidae. The larva is a stem-boring pest of cereals and grasses, feeding on the central shoot and causing 'dead-heart' symptoms in young plants. Adults emerge in mid-summer and persist until early autumn, with oviposition occurring in September-November. The species has been documented as an agricultural pest in Britain and is present in Scandinavia.
Orchelimum
meadow katydid
Orchelimum is a genus of meadow katydids in the family Tettigoniidae, comprising 21 described species. These insects are characterized by their exceptionally long, thread-like antennae and are among the most abundant orthopterans in eastern North America and adjacent Canada. Males produce species-specific songs through stridulation, rubbing a file on one forewing against a scraper on the other. Many species exhibit opportunistic predation on other insects, particularly when plant food sources are limited or when seeking additional protein.
Orchelimum erythrocephalum
Red-headed Meadow Katydid
Orchelimum erythrocephalum is a North American katydid species in the meadow katydid genus Orchelimum. The common name refers to its distinctive red head coloration. Like other Orchelimum species, it inhabits grasslands and wetland edges where it feeds on both plant material and small insects. The species was described by entomologist William T. Davis in 1905.
Orchelimum gladiator
Gladiator Meadow Katydid, Gladiator Katydid
Orchelimum gladiator is a meadow katydid in the family Tettigoniidae, characterized by its pale green coloration with variable dark brown markings on the occiput and pronotum. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, with females larger than males. It inhabits grasslands and meadows near water sources across the northern United States. The species is known to be parasitized by horsehair worms.
Orchesellinae
Orchesellinae is a subfamily of springtails (Collembola) in the family Orchesellidae. Members are distinguished from other Entomobryidae by a fourth abdominal segment shorter than 1.8 times the length of the third segment, generally more than four antennal segments, recurved labral setae, and a complex metatrochanteral organ bearing at least 11 spine-like setae. The subfamily includes genera such as Dicranocentrus, Australotomurus, and Orchesellides, with distributions ranging from holotropical to Australian endemic and disjunct patterns.
Orgerius pajaronius
Orgerius pajaronius is a species of planthopper in the family Dictyopharidae, described by Ball & Hartzell in 1922. It belongs to the tribe Orgeriini, a group characterized by elongated bodies and often associated with grassland habitats. The species is known from the western United States, with records from California and Oregon. Like other dictyopharids, it is presumed to feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Orphulella
slant-faced pasture grasshoppers
Orphulella is a genus of slant-faced grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Gomphocerinae, tribe Orphulellini. The genus contains more than 20 described species distributed throughout the Americas, from southern Canada to northern Mexico and South America. It is the most widely distributed and most species-abundant genus of North American Trypalinae (Gomphocerinae). Species are typically small, long-winged grasshoppers associated with grassland habitats.
Oscinella
frit flies
Oscinella is a genus of small flies in the family Chloropidae, commonly known as frit flies. The genus contains multiple species, several of which are significant agricultural pests of cereal crops and pasture grasses. The most economically important species is O. frit, which attacks oats, wheat, and other cereals. Species within the genus exhibit distinct flight behaviors and host plant preferences, with some being migratory and others sedentary.
Ospriocerus
robber flies
Ospriocerus is a genus of robber flies (family Asilidae) containing approximately 17 described species. These large, predatory flies are primarily associated with grassland and prairie habitats across western North America. Several species exhibit mimetic coloration resembling spider wasps (Pompilidae), with black bodies and red or orange abdominal markings. The genus has been documented as far north as Canada and south into Mexico. Species such as O. abdominalis represent significant range extensions when found in eastern localities, highlighting the importance of remnant prairie conservation.
Ospriocerus brevis
Ospriocerus brevis is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Martin in 1968. The species is currently recognized as a synonym of Stenopogon brevis in some taxonomic databases. Robber flies in the genus Ospriocerus are large, predatory flies associated with grassland habitats in western North America.
Ospriocerus latipennis
Ospriocerus latipennis is a robber fly species in the family Asilidae, one of three Ospriocerus species recorded in Canada. It inhabits grassland habitats on the Great Plains. The species has been documented in association with the beetle family Meloidae, though the nature of this relationship requires further investigation. As with other robber flies, adults are presumed to be predatory.
Ospriocerus tequilae
Ospriocerus tequilae is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae, described by Martin in 1968. The genus Ospriocerus contains large, wasp-mimicking robber flies found in grassland habitats of western North America. The specific epithet 'tequilae' presumably refers to the type locality in Mexico. The species is currently treated as a synonym of Stenopogon tequilae in some taxonomic databases, reflecting ongoing taxonomic uncertainty in the classification of this group.
Panoquina
Panoquina is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, established by Hemming in 1934. The genus comprises approximately 17 recognized species distributed across the Americas. Several species, such as Panoquina lucas (purple-washed skipper) and Panoquina ocola (ocola skipper), are relatively well-known and frequently observed. Members of this genus are characterized by their rapid, darting flight patterns typical of skippers. The genus has accumulated substantial observational records, with over 21,000 observations documented on iNaturalist.
Paragus haemorrhous
Black-backed Grass Skimmer, Common Grass Skimmer
Paragus haemorrhous is a small hoverfly species distributed across Europe, Africa, and the Nearctic. Adults are commonly found on flowers where they feed on nectar and pollen. The larvae are predatory, feeding on aphids on low herbaceous plants. The species is active from May through September and occupies diverse open habitats including grasslands, heathlands, and forest edges.
Paralimnini
Paralimnini is a tribe of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) within the subfamily Deltocephalinae, established by Distant in 1908. The tribe comprises 139 genera and over 900 species, divided into two subtribes: Aglenina and Paralimnina. Members are distributed worldwide across all biogeographical regions, with the highest diversity occurring in the Oriental region.
Paratrytone
Paratrytone is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, established by Godman in 1900. The genus contains five recognized species distributed in North America. Some species, such as the Umber Skipper (Poanes melane, formerly placed in Paratrytone), are associated with riparian habitats and grassland ecosystems. The genus has undergone taxonomic revision, with at least one species transferred to another genus.
Parvindela lemniscata rebaptisata
rouged tiger beetle
Parvindela lemniscata rebaptisata, commonly known as the rouged tiger beetle, is a subspecies of tiger beetle in the family Cicindelidae. It was formerly classified under the genus Jundlandia. The subspecies has been documented in dry grassland habitats in eastern New Mexico, where it occurs on sandy-loam substrates. It is active during the fall season and can be found alongside other tiger beetle species such as Cicindelidia punctulata chihuahuae and Cicindelidia obsoleta obsoleta. The specific epithet 'rebaptisata' reflects its taxonomic reclassification.
Pediasia dorsipunctellus
Pediasia dorsipunctellus is a grass moth in the family Crambidae, described by Kearfott in 1908. It occurs in grassland habitats across western and central North America. The species is one of approximately 20 North American species in the genus Pediasia, a group of small moths associated with grasses and sedges.
Pediodectes daedalus
Pediodectes daedalus is a species of shieldback katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. The genus Pediodectes comprises wingless or short-winged katydids distributed across the Great Plains of North America. Adults of this genus are typically found in prairie and grassland habitats, often associated with herbaceous vegetation. Species in Pediodectes are known for their cryptic coloration, though some individuals may exhibit more contrasting markings. The genus is taxonomically challenging, with species identification often requiring examination of morphological details beyond external coloration.
Pediodectes nigromarginatus
Black-margined Shieldback
Pediodectes nigromarginatus, commonly known as the black-margined shieldback, is a species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It is found in central North America, with records from Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and northeastern Mexico. The species belongs to a genus of wingless or short-winged katydids adapted to grassland and prairie habitats. Two subspecies are recognized: P. n. nigromarginatus and P. n. griseis.
Pediodectes stevensonii
Stevenson's shieldback
Pediodectes stevensonii, known as Stevenson's shieldback, is a species of shield-backed katydid in the family Tettigoniidae. It belongs to the genus Pediodectes, which comprises flightless katydids distributed across the Great Plains of North America. The species is characterized by its wingless condition and distinctive coloration patterns that differ from the more cryptic green typical of many katydids.
Pelegrina galathea
Peppered Jumping Spider, peppered jumper
Pelegrina galathea is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the peppered jumper. The species is endemic to North America with a broad distribution spanning from Canada to Costa Rica. It is typically associated with open, sunlit grassy habitats. The species was first described by Walckenaer in 1837.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
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desertorum
Desert Big-headed Ant
Pheidole desertorum is a desert-dwelling ant in the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole, characterized by large colony sizes and pronounced worker polymorphism. Colonies contain 2,460–24,814 adult workers, making them exceptionally large for the genus. The species exhibits nocturnal foraging during summer months and employs multiple nests as an anti-predator defense strategy. Mating occurs following summer rainfall, with males forming aerial swarms prior to sunrise. Colony foundation is typically haplometrotic, though pleometrotic associations with workers occur.
Phidippus cardinalis
cardinal jumper
Phidippus cardinalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the cardinal jumper. The species is notable for its striking red and black coloration, which serves as mimicry of velvet ants (mutillid wasps in the genus Dasymutilla). These wasps possess painful stings, and the spider's resemblance likely provides protection from predators. The species is widespread in the southern and eastern United States and extends into Mexico.
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t-identificationhaving-having-basis-identificationhaving-having-foundation-identificationhaving-having-ground-identificationhaving-having-reason-identificationhaving-having-cause-identificationhaving-having-motive-identificationhaving-having-rationale-identificationhaving-having-explanation-identificationhaving-having-interpretation-identificationhaving-having-understanding-identificationhaving-having-comprehension-identificationhaving-having-grasp-identificationhaving-having-apprehension-identificationhaving-having-insight-identificationhaving-having-intuition-identificationhaving-having-wisdom-identificationhaving-having-knowledge-identificationhaving-having-information-identificationhaving-having-data-identificationhaving-having-fact-identificationhaving-having-truth-identificationhaving-having-reality-identificationhaving-having-actuality-identificationhaving-having-happening-identificationhaving-having-taking-place-identificationhaving-having-coming-about-identificationhaving-having-coming-to-pass-identificationhaving-having-transpiring-identificationhaving-having-unfolding-identificationhaving-having-developing-identificationhaving-having-evolving-identificationhaving-having-progressing-identificationhaving-having-advancing-identificationhaving-having-proceeding-identificationhaving-having-continuing-identificationhaving-having-persisting-identificationhaving-having-lasting-identificationhaving-having-enduring-identificationhaving-having-remaining-identificationhaving-having-staying-identificationhaving-having-abiding-identificationhaving-having-subsisting-identificationhaving-having-surviving-identificationhaving-having-living-identificationhaving-having-existing-identificationPhidippus insignarius
Phidippus insignarius is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. Mature males average just under 5 millimeters in body length, females 5.45 millimeters. The species ranges across much of the eastern and central United States, from Colorado eastward through the Great Plains and into the Northeast. It inhabits open woodlands, prairies, and oak thickets with scattered vegetation. The male displays distinctive bright white hairs on the carapace, legs, and palps, while females lack these markings but share the bushy "eyebrows" characteristic of many Phidippus species.
Phyciodes pulchella
Field Crescent
Phyciodes pulchella, commonly known as the field crescent, is a small butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found across the Nearctic realm, with a wingspan of 24–36 mm. The species is active from May to August in Canada. Multiple subspecies have been described, reflecting geographic variation across its range.
Phyllophaga cribrosa
Ribbed Phyllophaga
Phyllophaga cribrosa is a flightless scarab beetle in the subfamily Melolonthinae, distinguished from most congeners by its diurnal, ground-dwelling habits. Adults are recognized by their oval, convex, shining black bodies with a distinctive cribrose (sieve-like) surface texture and longitudinal elytral furrows. The species occurs in dry habitats across the south-central United States and northern Mexico, where it has been documented as an occasional agricultural pest.
Phyllophaga zavalana
Zavala Phyllophaga
Phyllophaga zavalana is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Melolonthinae. It is one of several flightless species within the large genus Phyllophaga, which contains over 400 North American species. P. zavalana is restricted to Texas and closely resembles P. cribrosa and P. epigaea, differing primarily in the absence of distinct longitudinal elytral furrows.
Pinumius
Pinumius is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, tribe Paralimnini. Described by Ribaut in 1946, this genus belongs to the tribe Paralimnini, a group of grassland-associated leafhoppers. Records indicate occurrence in Norway and Sweden. The genus is rarely documented, with minimal observational data available.
Pissonotus canadensis
A planthopper species in the family Delphacidae, described by Bartlett in 2000. The genus Pissonotus is part of the diverse group of delphacid planthoppers, which are generally associated with grasses and sedges. This species is known from prairie and grassland habitats in central North America.
Pissonotus divergens
Pissonotus divergens is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Bartlett in 2000. It belongs to a genus of small delphacid planthoppers found in grassland and prairie habitats. The species is known from the southwestern and central United States, with records from Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas. Like other members of Delphacidae, it is associated with grasses and sedges.
Pissonotus marginatus
Pissonotus marginatus is a delphacid planthopper described by Van Duzee in 1897. It belongs to a genus of small, typically grass-associated planthoppers within the family Delphacidae. The species is documented from multiple localities across North America including Alberta, Arkansas, California, and Connecticut. As a member of the Auchenorrhyncha, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant vascular fluids.
Pissonotus spooneri
Pissonotus spooneri is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Morgan and Beamer in 1949. It belongs to a genus of small, grass-associated delphacids found primarily in North America. The species is known from scattered records across the eastern and central United States. Like other members of its family, it is likely associated with grassland habitats and feeds on plant phloem.
Pithanus maerkelii
Pithanus maerkelii is a plant bug in the family Miridae. It is native to Europe and the Palearctic, with an introduced population in North America. The species feeds on grasses, sedges, and rushes, using piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract fluids from stems and reproductive structures.
Plebejus icarioides icarioides
Melissa Blue, Icaricia Blue
Plebejus icarioides icarioides is a subspecies of blue butterfly in the family Lycaenidae, commonly known as the Melissa Blue or Icaricia Blue. The species complex has been subject to taxonomic revision, with this subspecies sometimes placed in the genus Icaricia. It occurs in western North America and is associated with open habitats. The subspecies is part of a broader species group that includes the endangered Fender's blue butterfly (P. i. fenderi), which has been extensively studied for conservation purposes.
Poecilotettix pantherinus
Panther-spotted Grasshopper
Poecilotettix pantherinus, the panther-spotted grasshopper, is a spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico. The species was formerly classified as a subspecies of Xanthippus corallipes but has been elevated to full species status. It is notable for its distinctive spotted hind femora and has been used in forensic entomology cases to establish geographic origin.
Polites origenes
crossline skipper
Polites origenes, the crossline skipper, is a small butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It occurs in eastern North America from southern Canada through the eastern United States, excluding Florida. The species exhibits one generation annually in Canada and two generations in the United States. Larvae feed on specific grass species, while adults visit flowers for nectar.
Polites peckius
Peck's Skipper
Polites peckius, commonly known as Peck's Skipper, is a North American grass skipper in the family Hesperiidae. It is widely distributed across northern and central North America, from British Columbia to Labrador in Canada and throughout most of the northern and central United States. The species produces two to three generations annually and is active from May through October. Adults feed on nectar from flowers including red clover, purple vetch, and thistles, while larvae consume various grasses.
Polites sonora
Sonoran skipper, western long dash
Polites sonora is a small skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae found along the Pacific coast of North America. It has a wingspan of 25–27 mm and exhibits one generation annually in Canada, flying from mid-July to mid-August. Research indicates this species overwinters as eggs, with snowpack providing insulating protection that positively influences adult emergence success. Climate change poses significant threats through warming winters and reduced snow cover.
Pontia
whites
Pontia is a genus of pierid butterflies in the family Pieridae, commonly referred to as the "whites." These butterflies are distributed across the Holarctic region, with species found in North America, Europe, and Asia, though they are relatively rare in central and eastern North America and Europe. Several species formerly classified in Pontia have been reassigned to the genus Sinopieris. The genus includes well-known species such as the Checkered White (Pontia protodice) and the Spring White (Pontia sisymbrii).
Prionus geminus
Prionus geminus is a longhorned beetle species in the subfamily Prioninae, described in 2016 from material collected in the Great Plains region of North America. It belongs to the subgenus Homaesthesis, a group of grassland-associated Prionus species whose biology remains poorly documented. The species is part of a genus whose larvae are subterranean root feeders, though specific host associations for P. geminus have not been established.
Protorthodes incincta
banded Quaker moth
Protorthodes incincta, commonly known as the banded Quaker moth, is a noctuid moth species native to western North America. Adults display remarkable color polymorphism, ranging from pale whitish-grey to blackish-grey with intermediate brown, orange, and grey forms. The species occupies dry grassland and open forest habitats across the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and adjacent regions. Flight period extends from early June through early October, with larval stages feeding on herbaceous plants including legumes.
Psammotettix dentatus
Psammotettix dentatus is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Knull in 1954. It belongs to the genus Psammotettix, which comprises grass-feeding leafhoppers commonly found in sandy or psammophilous habitats. The species is part of the subfamily Deltocephalinae and tribe Paralimnini, a group associated with grassland and open habitat ecosystems. Like other members of its genus, P. dentatus likely inhabits sandy soils and feeds on grasses, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Pseudopsallus demensus
Pseudopsallus demensus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, originally described by Van Duzee in 1925. It belongs to the genus Pseudopsallus, a group of mirids primarily associated with herbaceous vegetation in temperate and semi-arid regions. The species occurs across western North America, from the Great Plains through the Rocky Mountains and into northern Mexico. Records suggest it occupies grassland and open habitat zones, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
Psoloessa delicatula
Brown-spotted Range Grasshopper, Brownspotted Grasshopper
Psoloessa delicatula is a small slant-faced grasshopper inhabiting western North American grasslands. It exhibits a flexible life cycle ranging from one to two years depending on latitude. The species is notable for sophisticated thermoregulatory behaviors and specific feeding techniques on grasses and sedges. Population densities fluctuate dramatically, occasionally reaching outbreak levels in mixedgrass prairie habitats.
Psyche casta
Bagworm Moth
Psyche casta is a nocturnal bagworm moth in the family Psychidae. Males are small, winged insects with metallic brown wings, while females are wingless and grub-like. The species exhibits strong sexual dimorphism and is native to the Palearctic region, with introduced populations in North America. Caterpillars construct portable protective cases from grass and plant material.
Pterombrus
Pterombrus is a genus of small, slender wasps in the family Thynnidae (formerly placed in Tiphiidae). The genus contains at least one described species, Pterombrus rufiventris, which is a rare parasitoid of tiger beetle larvae. These wasps are poorly known and seldom photographed, with most biological knowledge derived from a single detailed study of the western subspecies P. rufiventris hyalinatus. Adults are active during summer months and are associated with grassland habitats where their hosts occur.
Pterombrus rufiventris
Pterombrus rufiventris is a parasitoid wasp in the family Thynnidae, native to North America. The species is notable for its specialized life history as a parasite of tiger beetle (Cicindela) larvae. It is considered rare but has been documented across a wide geographic range from southern California to Texas and eastward to Georgia and Virginia. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism typical of thynnid wasps, with wingless females and winged males. Two subspecies are recognized: the nominate form in the eastern range and P. r. hyalinatus in the western portion of its distribution.
Pyrgus
Grizzled Skippers, Checkered Skippers
Pyrgus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae, commonly known as grizzled skippers. The genus occurs primarily in the Holarctic region, with some species extending into the Neotropics. Following a major taxonomic revision in 2019, most New World species were moved to other genera (Burnsius, Chirgus, Heliopetes), leaving only four Pyrgus species in the Americas: P. centaureae, P. ruralis, P. scriptura, and P. xanthus. The genus is characterized by small butterflies with checkered or grizzled wing patterns.
Pyropyga nigricans
Dark Firefly
Pyropyga nigricans is a species of dark firefly in the beetle family Lampyridae. Unlike many fireflies, it does not produce bright bioluminescent flashes. The species is widespread across North America, Central America, and central Europe, and is often the most common firefly in arid regions of the southwestern United States and Colorado Front Range. Adults are active during summer months and are frequently encountered in grassy areas near water sources.
Rabidosa punctulata
Dotted Wolf Spider
Rabidosa punctulata is a ground-dwelling wolf spider distributed across the eastern and central United States. Mature females average 15.2 mm in body length, males 12.8 mm. The species exhibits distinctive alternative male mating tactics: complex multimodal courtship displays with substrate-borne vibrations and visual leg waves toward unmated females, versus direct coercive mounting with grappling toward already-mated females. Females carry egg sacs attached to their spinnerets and provide extended maternal care, with spiderlings riding on the mother's abdomen for approximately three weeks after emergence.
Rhopalopterum atriceps
Rhopalopterum atriceps is a species of frit fly in the family Chloropidae, described by Loew in 1863. The genus Rhopalopterum comprises small, often dark-colored flies associated with grasses and sedges. Like other chloropids, members of this genus are generally inconspicuous and poorly studied, with limited biological data available. The specific epithet 'atriceps' refers to the black head characteristic of this species.
Rivula propinqualis
Spotted Grass Moth, Yellow Snout-moth
Rivula propinqualis is a small moth in the family Erebidae, first described in 1854. It is widespread across eastern North America, with adults active during late spring and summer. The species is associated with grassland habitats, and its larvae feed on grasses.
Rotundifronta lutea
Rotundifronta lutea is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Beamer in 1950. It belongs to a genus of small delphacid planthoppers characterized by rounded frontoclypeal structures. The species epithet "lutea" (meaning yellow) likely refers to coloration. Like other delphacids, it is associated with grasses and sedges in wetland habitats.
Schinia meadi
Mead's Flower Moth
Schinia meadi is a small noctuid moth of western North America, described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1873. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 24 mm and are active from June to July. The species belongs to the flower moth genus Schinia, whose larvae typically feed on flowers and seed pods of their host plants.
Schizocosa
Brush-legged Spiders
Schizocosa is a genus of wolf spiders (Lycosidae) comprising 56 species distributed across North and South America, Africa, and East and Southeast Asia. Members are medium to large spiders (5–15 mm, occasionally to 28 mm) with strong legs, keen eyesight, and distinctive carapace morphology. The genus is notable for elaborate male courtship behaviors involving vibratory and acoustic signals, with some species exhibiting prominent leg ornamentation. Several species have been extensively studied for sexual selection, reproductive isolation, and behavioral ecology.
Scolops pruinosus
Scolops pruinosus is a planthopper species in the family Dictyopharidae, characterized by an elongated rostrum or 'horn' projecting from the head. Like other members of the genus Scolops, it is a small, squat insect with reduced wings in some individuals. The genus is endemic to North America, ranging from southern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. These planthoppers feed on plant sap, primarily from host plants in the families Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae. Very little is known about the specific biology of S. pruinosus, as most Scolops species remain poorly studied.
Scolops robustus
Scolops robustus is a species of planthopper in the family Dictyopharidae, first described by Ball in 1902. It belongs to the genus Scolops, a group of distinctive planthoppers characterized by an elongated facial projection often compared to a rhinoceros horn. The species is part of a genus endemic to southern Canada, the United States, and northern Mexico. Like other Scolops species, S. robustus is small (approximately 5-8 mm), typically straw-colored to brown or gray, and possesses the genus-defining elongated cephalic projection.
Sepsis neocynipsea
black scavenger fly
Sepsis neocynipsea is a black scavenger fly in the family Sepsidae, widespread across the Holarctic region including North American grasslands. The species is obligate on cow dung for reproduction, with females depositing eggs on fresh dung and larvae completing development within or near the dung pat. Research has documented severe sensitivity to ivermectin residues in livestock dung, with females showing approximately three times higher mortality than males when exposed. The species exhibits complex interactions between chemical stress and environmental conditions, including potential hormetic effects where combined heat and ivermectin exposure can improve survival relative to ivermectin alone.
Spangbergiella
Spangbergiella is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, tribe Hecalini. The genus was established by Signoret in 1879 and contains at least four described species distributed in North America. Like other leafhoppers, members of this genus are small, active insects that feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The genus is placed in the tribe Hecalini, which includes grass-feeding leafhoppers often associated with open, grassy habitats.
Spharagemon campestris
Campestral Grasshopper, McNeill campestral grasshopper
Spharagemon campestris is a band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae, subfamily Oedipodinae. The species was originally described as Trimerotropis campestris by McNeill in 1901 and later transferred to the genus Spharagemon. It is recorded from western North America including Wyoming and British Columbia. As a member of the Oedipodinae, it possesses enlarged hind femora adapted for jumping and typically exhibits banded wing patterns characteristic of this subfamily.
Staphylus mazans
Mazans Scallopwing
Staphylus mazans, commonly known as the Mazans Scallopwing, is a spread-wing skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. The species occurs across Central America and North America, with four recognized subspecies showing geographic variation. Subspecies include the nominate S. m. mazans, S. m. ascaphalus, S. m. hayhurstii, and S. m. tierra. The species has been documented in diverse habitats including riparian corridors, sandy areas, and botanical gardens.
Steiroxys trilineatus
Three-lined Shieldback, Three-lined Camel Cricket
Steiroxys trilineatus is a shieldback katydid native to western North America, recognized by the three pale longitudinal stripes running along its dorsal surface. This flightless, ground-dwelling species inhabits grassland and sagebrush steppe ecosystems, where it occupies a cryptic lifestyle among vegetation and litter. Adults are active during summer months, with males producing songs via tegminal stridulation to attract mates. The species has been documented from the Great Basin through the Rocky Mountain region, with populations adapted to semi-arid conditions.
Stenocraninae
Stenocraninae is a subfamily of planthoppers within the family Delphacidae, established by Wagner in 1963. Members share the diagnostic hind tibial spur characteristic of Delphacidae. The subfamily contains multiple genera distributed across temperate and tropical regions. Species are generally associated with grasses and sedges.
Stenocranus brunneus
Stenocranus brunneus is a delphacid planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Beamer in 1946. It is a small, sap-feeding insect found in North America. Like other delphacids, it possesses a characteristic movable spur on the hind tibia, a key family trait. The species is part of the subfamily Stenocraninae, which includes planthoppers often associated with grass and sedge habitats.
Stenometopiini
Stenometopiini is a tribe of leafhoppers in the subfamily Deltocephalinae (family Cicadellidae), first established by Baker in 1923. The tribe includes the genus Stirellus, which has been described as grassland-dwelling leafhoppers with a broad geographic distribution spanning multiple continents. Species within this tribe have been documented from the Americas, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, and Asia, with recent taxonomic work expanding known diversity and distributional records.
Stenotus
plant bug
Stenotus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, comprising species that are primarily associated with grasses and cereal crops. The genus includes notable agricultural pests, particularly Stenotus rubrovittatus (sorghum plant bug or pecky rice bug), which causes significant damage to rice and other Poaceae. Species in this genus exhibit specialized host plant relationships and distinct reproductive behaviors tied to plant phenology.
Stirellus
Stirellus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, tribe Stenometopiini. Species in this genus are associated with grassland habitats. The genus was described by Osborn and Ball in 1902. At least one species, Stirellus pakistanicus, has been described from Pakistan.
Stirellus bicolor
Stirellus bicolor is a leafhopper species native to North America, first described by Van Duzee in 1892. The species exhibits remarkable phenotypic plasticity in coloration, with two distinct forms that were originally described as separate species. Summer adults in hot climates display iridescent coloration with prominent black stripes, while cooler-climate specimens appear drab with translucent wings. The species feeds on bluestem grasses and broomsedge.
Stroggylocephalus
Stroggylocephalus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Aphrodinae. The genus was established by Flor in 1861 and contains at least six described species distributed across the Holarctic region. Species have been recorded from Europe, Asia, and North America.
Sympycnus
Sympycnus is a genus of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) established by Loew in 1857. Species occur across Europe and the East Palaearctic, including Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Taxonomic revision has resolved substantial confusion in European species, particularly consolidating multiple synonyms under S. pulicarius and describing S. septentrionalis as a distinct northern species.
Syrbula
slant-faced grasshoppers
Syrbula is a genus of slant-faced grasshoppers in the family Acrididae, subfamily Gomphocerinae. The genus contains at least three described species distributed across grassland habitats of North America, from the southern United States through Central America. Syrbula species are notable among grasshoppers for their elaborate courtship behavior, which involves complex visual, acoustic, and chemical signals. Males perform intricate displays including leg movements and stridulation to attract females. The genus includes species such as the admirable grasshopper (S. admirabilis) and Montezuma's grasshopper (S. montezuma).
Tetraclipeoides anomaliceps
Tetraclipeoides anomaliceps is a species of scarab beetle in the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae. It was described by Brown in 1929. The species is known from scattered records across the south-central and southwestern United States. As a member of the dung beetle tribe Aphodiini, it is presumed to be associated with decomposing organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The genus Tetraclipeoides is small and taxonomically obscure, with limited study beyond original descriptions.
Tetramesa
Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
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hotographydrone-imageryLiDARradarsonarseismicgeophysicalgeochemicalbiogeochemicalecoinformaticsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologysynthetic-biologybiotechnologynanotechnologygenetic-engineeringgenome-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasetransgeniccisgenicintragenicsubgenicagrobacterium-mediated-transformationbiolisticselectroporationmicroinjectionprotoplast-fusionsomatic-hybridizationcybridasymmetric-hybridsynthetic-polyploiddoubled-haploidhaploid-inductionanther-culturemicrospore-cultureovule-cultureembryo-cultureendosperm-cultureprotoplast-culturecell-culturetissue-cultureorgan-cultureshoot-cultureroot-culturecallus-culturesuspension-culturebioreactorhairy-root-culturetransformationhardeningmicropropagationclonal-propagationmeristem-cultureshoot-tip-cultureaxillary-bud-culturenodal-cultureleaf-culturepetiole-culturestem-cultureinternode-culturerhizome-culturebulb-culturecorm-culturetuber-cultureseed-culturezygotic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryogenesisorganogenesiscaulogenesisrhizogenesisadventitious-shoot-formationdirect-regenerationindirect-regenerationprimary-metabolismsecondary-metabolismbiosynthesisbiotransformationbioconversionbiodegradationbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationbioaugmentationbiostimulationnatural-attenuationmonitored-natural-attenuationengineered-natural-attenuationpermeable-reactive-barrierpump-and-treatsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingthermal-desorptionincinerationlandfillingcontainmentcappingslurry-wallgrout-curtainsheet-pilingclay-linergeomembranegeotextilegeogridgeocompositegeosyntheticgeofabricgeonetgeocellgeopipegeostripgeofoamgeobaggeotubegeocontainergeomatgeoblanketgeospacergeodraingeoinjectiongeogroutgeopiergeocolumngeopilegeowallgeobermgeotrenchgeocutgeofillgeoliftgeoslabgeopanelgeoblockgeobrickgeotilegeopavergeowebgeomattressgeocushionTettigoniidae
katydids, bush crickets, long-horned grasshoppers
Tettigoniidae is a large family of orthopteran insects containing over 8,000 described species, commonly known as katydids in North America and bush crickets in the United Kingdom. The family is the only extant member of the superfamily Tettigonioidea within the suborder Ensifera. Members are characterized by extremely long, thread-like antennae that often exceed body length, distinguishing them from true grasshoppers. The family exhibits remarkable diversity in size, ranging from 5 mm to 130 mm, and occupies varied habitats from tropical rainforests to temperate grasslands across all continents except Antarctica.
Thaumatomyia pullipes
Thaumatomyia pullipes is a species of frit fly in the family Chloropidae, described by Coquillett in 1898. The genus Thaumatomyia comprises small flies commonly associated with grasses and cereal crops, though specific ecological details for this species remain limited in published literature. It belongs to the tribe Mindini within the subfamily Chloropinae.
Thaumatopsis pectinifer
Thaumatopsis pectinifer is a grass-veneer moth in the family Crambidae, described by Zeller in 1877. It occurs across the central and eastern United States. The larvae are stem borers in grasses, including cultivated corn.
Thecesternus
bison dung weevils, bison snout beetles
Thecesternus is a genus of flightless, nocturnal broad-nosed weevils comprising approximately seven described species. These small beetles, measuring about six millimeters in length, are known for their truncated rostrum and habit of sheltering under bison dung in grassland habitats. The genus has been studied primarily through *T. hirsutus*, which was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for the invasive weed *Parthenium hysterophorus*.
Thecesternus hirsutus
bison dung weevil, bison snout beetle
Thecesternus hirsutus is a small, flightless weevil in the family Curculionidae, native to North America. It was first described by Pierce in 1909 and gained scientific attention through evaluation as a potential biological control agent for Parthenium hysterophorus in Australia. The species is nocturnal, spends winter as larvae underground feeding on plant roots, and is known for its cryptic appearance and death-feigning behavior when disturbed.
Tholera
Feathered Gothic
Tholera is a genus of noctuid moths comprising approximately five species distributed across the Palearctic region. The most extensively studied species, Tholera decimalis (Feathered Gothic), has served as a model for genomic and ecological research. Males of this genus are characterized by prominently feathered antennae, an adaptation for pheromone detection. Populations of Tholera decimalis experienced significant decline and range contraction during the late 20th century, followed by partial recovery and expansion in recent decades.
Thymelicus
skippers
Thymelicus is a Palearctic genus of skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae) and the sole member of the tribe Thymelini. The genus includes approximately 12 described species, several of which have been subjects of conservation and biological study. Two species—Thymelicus sylvestris (small skipper) and Thymelicus lineola (European skipper/Essex skipper)—have been introduced to North America, where T. lineola has become a notable agricultural pest. The genus has served as a model for studies in conservation translocation, parasite-host relationships, and insect developmental biology.
Tibellus maritimus
Maritime Running Crab Spider
Tibellus maritimus is a species of running crab spider in the family Philodromidae, characterized by its slender body and vertical striped pattern that provides effective camouflage on grasses and foliage. The species is notable within its genus for lacking the two dark dorsal spots on the abdomen that distinguish related species such as T. oblongus and T. asiaticus. It is the only Tibellus species in the Canadian portion of its range without these spots. The spider hunts by ambush, lying flattened on vegetation to capture prey.
Tibellus oblongus
oblong running spider, slender crab spider
Tibellus oblongus is a Holarctic spider in the family Philodromidae. It is an active hunter that does not construct webs, instead pursuing and ambushing small insect prey. The species exhibits distinctive elongated body morphology with longitudinal striping that provides camouflage in grassy vegetation. Adult females measure 6–11 mm in body length, with males slightly smaller at 5–8 mm. Females construct flattened egg sacs and guard them until spiderlings emerge.
Tibicinoides vanduzeei
Van Duzee's cicada
Tibicinoides vanduzeei, commonly known as Van Duzee's cicada, is a small cicada species measuring less than 20 mm in length. Previously classified as Okanagana vanduzeei, it was transferred to the genus Tibicinoides in 2023 based on taxonomic revision. The species is named in honor of E. P. Van Duzee, who collected the holotype specimen. It occurs across a broad range in western North America from Baja California through the western United States to British Columbia.
Trigonotylus uhleri
Trigonotylus uhleri is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, first described by Reuter in 1876. It belongs to a genus of grass-inhabiting mirids that has been taxonomically revised for North America. The species is known from the eastern and boreal regions of North America.
Tytthus alboornatus
Tytthus alboornatus is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae, described by Knight in 1931. It belongs to the genus Tytthus, which contains species associated with grasses. The species is documented from the eastern United States and Gulf Coast region.
Vespula atropilosa
Prairie Yellowjacket
Vespula atropilosa, the prairie yellowjacket, is a social wasp native to western North America. It forms annual underground colonies in prairie and grassland habitats, typically nesting in abandoned rodent burrows. Unlike scavenging yellowjackets, it is strictly predatory, hunting live insects to feed its larvae. The species exhibits male color polymorphism with xanthic (yellow) and melanic (black) abdominal variants.
Wallengrenia egeremet
northern broken dash
A small skipper butterfly (Hesperiidae) native to eastern and central North America. Adults fly in summer, with single or double broods depending on latitude. Larvae feed on Panicum grasses; adults visit flowers for nectar. Taxonomic placement remains uncertain, with some sources placing it in genus Polites or treating it as conspecific with Wallengrenia otho.
Wallengrenia otho
southern broken dash, broken dash skipper
Wallengrenia otho is a small skipper butterfly in the family Hesperiidae, distributed across the Americas from the southeastern United States through Central America to Argentina. The species exhibits multivoltine flight patterns in temperate regions and year-round activity in tropical areas. Larvae develop on grasses in the genera Paspalum and Stenotaphrum, while adults feed on nectar from wetland and riparian flowers.
Xanthorhoini
Xanthorhoini is a tribe of geometer moths within the subfamily Larentiinae, described by Pierce in 1914. The tribe is notably diverse in Tasmanian grasslands, where 53 species have been documented. These moths have been studied as indicators of environmental change due to their differential susceptibility to habitat disturbance.
Yersiniops
Grasshopper Mantises
Yersiniops is a genus of ground-dwelling mantids native to the Americas, distinguished by their cursorial hunting strategy of actively running down prey rather than ambushing from vegetation. The genus is characterized by pointed, 'horned' eyes and predominantly gray coloration. Two species, Y. solitarius and Y. sophronicus, occur in the United States, where they inhabit arid western regions. These small mantids represent one of two ground mantid genera in North America, alongside Litaneutria.
Yersiniops sophronicus
Yersin's ground mantis
Yersiniops sophronicus, commonly known as Yersin's ground mantis, is a small ground-dwelling mantid native to North America. Unlike typical ambush mantids that perch on vegetation, this species has adopted a cursorial hunting strategy, actively running down prey in open habitats. It belongs to a small group of ground mantids in the genera Yersiniops and Litaneutria that are specialized for life in arid and semi-arid environments. The species is distinguished from its congener Litaneutria by pointed upper eye margins that create a 'horned' facial appearance.
Yukonodelphax
Yukonodelphax is a genus of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, described by Wilson in 1992. The genus belongs to the tribe Delphacini within the subfamily Delphacinae. Members of this genus are small, sap-feeding insects associated with grassland and wetland habitats. Very few observations of this genus exist in biodiversity databases.
Yukonodelphax kendallae
Yukonodelphax kendallae is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, first described by Wilson in 1992. It is a small, winged insect belonging to a group known for their association with grasses and sedges. The species is known from northern North America, with confirmed records from Yukon and Alberta.
Zygoballus sexpunctatus
Zygoballus sexpunctatus is a small jumping spider (3–4.5 mm) found in grassy habitats of the southeastern United States. Males possess enlarged chelicerae and front femora, and exhibit elaborate courtship and agonistic displays involving leg-raising and abdominal vibration. The species name refers to the six abdominal spots typically present in males, though these may be reduced or absent. First described by Hentz in 1845, it was later transferred to the genus Zygoballus by the Peckhams in 1888.