Bivoltine
Guides
Acrobasis indigenella
Leaf Crumpler
Acrobasis indigenella, the leaf crumpler, is a small snout moth (Pyralidae: Phycitinae) described by Zeller in 1848. It is known from eastern North America, with records extending into central Canada and the north-central United States. The species has a bivoltine life cycle in Illinois and the southeastern United States, with larvae that feed on leaves of Juglandaceae, particularly black walnut, hickories, and pecan. First-generation larvae are notable for skeletonizing leaves and webbing them together into shelters for feeding.
Acronicta betulae
birch dagger moth, River Birch Dagger
Acronicta betulae, commonly known as the birch dagger moth or River Birch Dagger, is a noctuid moth native to eastern North America. Adults are characterized by a distinctive wing appearance described as resembling two layers on the forewings. The species exhibits bivoltine flight periods in spring and late summer. Larvae are specialized feeders on birch leaves, with Betula nigra (river birch) documented as a primary host.
Acronicta rubricoma
Hackberry Dagger, ruddy dagger moth
Acronicta rubricoma, commonly known as the Hackberry Dagger or ruddy dagger moth, is a noctuid moth found in eastern and central North America. The species has a wingspan of 38–44 mm. Adults are active from April to October with two generations per year. The larvae feed on elm, hackberry, and sumac.
Adoxophyes furcatana
Adoxophyes furcatana is a small tortricid moth native to eastern North America. Adults have forewings measuring 7.5–10.5 mm and are active during June and August. The species is notable for its larval association with Platanus (sycamore) species, where larvae construct leaf rolls for shelter and feeding.
Alniphagus
Alniphagus is a genus of crenulate bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, comprising approximately eight described species. The genus is notable for containing hardwood-killing bark beetles, particularly Alniphagus aspericollis (the alder bark beetle), which is capable of killing live alder trees—a rarity among bark beetles, as most tree-killing species in this group specialize on conifers. Species in this genus breed in the subcortical tissues of alder trees (genus Alnus) and have been documented from western North America, Africa, and Eurasia.
Alniphagus aspericollis
alder bark beetle
Alniphagus aspericollis is a hardwood-killing bark beetle that colonizes and kills red alder (Alnus rubra) and thinleaf alder (Alnus tenuifolia). Unlike most tree-killing bark beetles that attack conifers, this species is one of the few capable of directly killing hardwood hosts. It is bivoltine in southwestern British Columbia, with principal attacks in May and a second generation from mid-July to early August. The beetle constructs maternal galleries parallel to the bole in the phloem-cambium, where larvae develop and pupate. It shows loose associations with ophiostomatoid fungi but has a consistent relationship with an undescribed Neonectria species that may function as a symbiote.
Ancistrocerus parietum
Wall Mason Wasp
Ancistrocerus parietum is a solitary mason wasp native to Europe that was introduced to North America, first recorded from Ithaca, New York in 1916. It has since gradually extended its range across the northeastern United States and into Canada. The species is associated with dead deciduous wood for nesting and has shown population decline in parts of its native range, possibly due to habitat loss. Populations in southern Finland may produce two generations per year.
Ancylis tineana
Rannoch Roller
Ancylis tineana is a small tortricid moth with a wingspan of 11–15 mm. It has a broad distribution across the Palearctic, from southern Sweden through Asia Minor, the Trans-Caucasus, Siberia, and eastern Russia, with introduced populations in North America. In Europe, it produces two generations annually. The species is known to feed on a range of woody plants and can occasionally become a minor pest in orchards.
Anicla illapsa
Snowy Dart
Anicla illapsa, commonly known as the snowy dart, is a moth in the family Noctuidae. It occurs across eastern and central North America, with adults active from spring through fall. The species has a wingspan of 29–35 mm and produces two generations per year.
Apantesis incorrupta
Immaculate Tiger Moth
Apantesis incorrupta is an arctiine tiger moth in the family Erebidae, described by Henry Edwards in 1881. It occurs across the southwestern United States and Mexico, inhabiting grasslands and open woodlands. The species produces two generations annually and is notable for research demonstrating larval self-medication behavior using alkaloid compounds to combat parasitoids. It was transferred from the genus Grammia to Apantesis in recent taxonomic revisions.
Aptesis
Aptesis is a genus of parasitoid wasps in the family Ichneumonidae, first described by Arnold Förster in 1850. The genus contains approximately 74 described species with an almost cosmopolitan distribution. Species within this genus are primarily ectoparasitoids of sawfly prepupae and cocoons, with some species serving as important biological control agents. Well-studied species include Aptesis nigrocincta, a bivoltine ectoparasitoid of apple sawfly cocoons, and Aptesis basizona, a parasitoid of pine sawflies used in classical biological control programs.
Aptesis nigrocincta
Aptesis nigrocincta is a bivoltine solitary ectoparasitoid wasp that attacks cocoons of the apple sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea). Females are nearly wingless and significantly smaller than males, an adaptation for searching soil at 10–25 cm depth. The species is considered the most important mortality factor for apple sawfly cocoons in the studied orchard, achieving parasitism rates of 12.1–39.7% per generation.
Archips podana
Large Fruit-tree Tortrix
Archips podana is a leafroller moth in the family Tortricidae, first described by Scopoli in 1763. It is notable for exhibiting polymorphism in male genitalia, with four distinct morphs differing in the presence or absence of apical and/or lateral prongs on the phallus. The species is widely distributed across Europe and Asia, and has been introduced to North America. Larvae are polyphagous herbivores on deciduous trees and shrubs, with significant economic impact on fruit crops including apple and pear.
Athetis tarda
Slowpoke Moth
Athetis tarda, commonly known as the slowpoke moth, is a small noctuid moth native to eastern North America. It is strongly associated with oak-dominated habitats. Adults are active during two distinct periods in spring and late summer, while larvae feed on decomposing oak leaf litter.
Atrytonopsis loammi
Loammi skipper, southern dusted skipper
Atrytonopsis loammi, commonly known as the Loammi skipper or southern dusted skipper, is a small hesperiid butterfly found in coastal regions of the southeastern United States. The species has been subject to taxonomic debate, with some authors treating it as a subspecies of Atrytonopsis hianna, and the North Carolina barrier island population described separately as Atrytonopsis quinteri. Adults are active in two distinct flight periods during spring and mid-summer to late summer. The larvae feed specifically on Schizachyrium littorale, a coastal grass species.
Baetis bicaudatus
small minnow mayfly
Baetis bicaudatus is a small minnow mayfly in the family Baetidae, described by Dodds in 1923. It inhabits streams across western North America from Alaska to the southwestern United States and northern Canada. The species is bivoltine, producing two generations annually, with distinct summer and winter generations that differ in size and susceptibility to parasitism. Adults exhibit characteristic mayfly behavior including swarming mating aggregations, while nymphs are important grazers on periphyton in stream ecosystems.
Besma quercivoraria
Oak Besma, Oak Besma Moth
Besma quercivoraria, the oak besma, is a North American geometrid moth with two generations per year. Adults are sexually dimorphic and active from spring through summer, with timing varying by latitude. The species is notable for its broad host plant range among deciduous trees and conifers.
Boloria selene
Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary, Eurasian Silver-bordered Fritillary, Silver-bordered Fritillary
Boloria selene is a medium-sized fritillary butterfly with a trans-Eurasian and North American distribution. The species exhibits complex population dynamics including bivoltine life cycles with distinct behavioral and developmental differences between spring and summer generations. In Europe it is known as the small pearl-bordered fritillary; in North America it is called the silver-bordered fritillary. The species serves as a grassland habitat indicator and has been extensively studied in the context of conservation management including prescribed fire and grazing regimes.
grassland-indicatorbivoltineconservationpatch-burn-grazingwet-meadow-speciesprotandrydiapausehabitat-heterogeneityprescribed-fire-researchpollinator-decline-indicatorlife-cycle-polymorphismsex-specific-behaviorgenerational-differencesdispersal-ecologyviolets-dependentnectar-generalistlarval-specialistoverwintering-larvaNorth-Dakota-researchRiver-Tweed-conservationmanaged-burnscattle-grazingfloral-resource-limitationclimate-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitybehavioral-ecologymark-release-recapture-studyflight-distanceresting-behaviornectaring-specializationopportunistic-foraginghabitat-colonizationecosystem-servicesworking-landscapeprairie-conservationancient-woodland-indicator-contextcoal-spoil-habitat-potentialSilent-Valley-recordsGreat-Plains-endemic-faunaEuropean-wet-grassland-faunatranscontinental-distributioncommon-name-regional-variationsilver-bordered-vs-pearl-bordered-distinctionwing-pattern-identificationchevron-marginal-markingsmoisture-dependent-distributionViola-association-obligatelarval-diapause-strategydirect-development-pathwayseasonal-polyphenismgeneration-time-differencespopulation-density-fluctuationssexual-dimorphism-in-activitymovement-ecologyconservation-management-responsefire-grazing-interactionpatch-dynamicshabitat-restoration-targetpollinator-monitoring-speciesline-transect-distance-sampling-subjectDistance-program-analysisdensity-estimation-methodologygraduate-research-subjectBuglife-conservation-focusScottishPower-Foundation-projectNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-supportedDestination-Tweed-programcommunity-engagement-speciescitizen-science-training-subjectvolunteer-identification-workshopseducational-resource-speciesbee-bank-creation-contextwildflower-seed-sowing-indicatormeadow-creation-targetfloral-resource-restoration-beneficiarylong-term-population-monitoringtwo-year-data-collection-remainingbutterfly-community-composition-indicatorgrassland-obligate-classificationwoody-encroachment-sensitivityinvasive-grass-competitionlitter-accumulation-preferencenutritious-forage-grazing-associationcattle-grazing-patch-selectionbison-comparative-ecology-contextnatural-disturbance-regime-indicatorfire-evolution-history-contextherbivore-coevolutionBronze-Age-to-present-distributionindustrial-heritage-site-occurrencecoal-spoil-biodiversity-componentancient-woodland-edge-speciesheathland-transition-zone-inhabitantelevation-range-flexibilityhighest-westerly-beech-woodland-UK-recordfungi-association-indirectlichen-community-co-occurrencerare-slug-co-occurrence-indicatormining-heritage-site-colonizerpost-industrial-succession-participantevening-activity-crepuscular-tendencysunset-observation-timingseasonal-survey-window-June-Augustthree-round-survey-protocolperpendicular-distance-recordingtreatment-comparison-methodologyPBG1-vs-PBG2-vs-SLG-management40-acre-spring-burn20-acre-spring-plus-20-acre-late-summer-burnseason-long-grazing-exclusiondensity-estimate-statistical-processingone-year-preliminary-data39-species-total-communityhigh-diversity-site-characterizationfuture-growth-predictionrestoration-success-metricnatural-disturbance-restoration-goalgreater-habitat-variability-objectiveEcosphere-citation-contextJournal-of-Insect-Conservation-methodology-referencegraduate-student-research-communicationemail-contact-providedsocial-media-sharing-enabledrelated-article-linkingEntomology-Today-publicationBrooke-Karasch-authorshipCharlotte-Rankin-authorshipAshleigh-Davies-authorshipBuglife-organizational-contextNDSU-Range-Science-programCentral-Grasslands-Research-Extension-CenterStreeter-North-Dakota-locationGwent-Wildlife-Trust-partnershipSilent-Valley-Woodlands-ReserveHeneb-heritage-organizationCoal-Spoil-Connections-projectLiam-Olds-presentationPhil-heritage-guideVictorian-dramway-historybloomery-archaeologypit-pony-stable-ruinsLemon-Slug-co-occurrenceMalacolimax-tenellus-associationLehmannia-marginata-co-occurrenceCeramica-pisi-co-occurrenceOcypus-olens-co-occurrenceAndrena-coitana-co-occurrenceCallophrys-rubi-co-occurrenceHipparchia-semele-co-occurrenceBombus-monticola-co-occurrenceBombus-jonellus-co-occurrenceKestrel-habitat-sharingBuzzard-habitat-sharingCladonia-lichen-communityfungi-diversity-contextbeech-woodland-edge-useheather-carpet-associationgorse-habitat-componentgrass-carpet-successionevening-event-timingtea-coffee-biscuit-conclusionautumn-magazine-originalApril-2023-writing-dateNorth-East-England-originTyne-to-Tweed-relocationCumbria-project-experience50-sites-network40-hectares-target4.5-year-timeframe£43-million-pollinator-value-citation97%-habitat-loss-statisticlocal-authority-partnershiplandowner-engagementcommunity-volunteer-mobilizationcitizen-science-trainingpollinator-identification-workshop-deliverywalk-organizationsite-opportunities-plan-productionmeadow-creation-planningbee-bank-creation-planningwork-programme-developmentweekly-team-catch-up-participationsite-map-productionbackground-reading-preparationweather-dependent-outdoor-activitysummer-insect-searchingquarterly-newsletter-distributionnorth-of-border-Scotland-focusmatch-funding-diversityNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-primaryNatureScot-supportMilkywire-contributionFallago-Environment-Fund-contributionCraignish-Trust-supportNorthumbrian-Water-contributionJ-&-J-R-Wilson-Trust-contributionAEB-Charitable-Trust-contributionDestination-Tweed-program-integrationcultural-river-landscape-project-coordinationwebsite-exploration-invitationemail-subscription-mechanismPeerJ-publication-sourceDOI-10.7717/peerj.16965-referenceFigure-3-behavioral-percentage-datamark-release-recapture-methodologyeastern-Brandenburg-Germany-study-sitetwo-successive-generations-trackedhigher-second-generation-densityfemale-flight-activity-decline-second-generationmale-flight-activity-stabilitywing-decay-time-correlation-first-generationwing-decay-loss-second-generation-femalesresting-proportion-increase-second-generationnectaring-female-increase-second-generationaverage-flight-distance-female-superiorityaverage-flight-distance-first-generation-superioritylong-distance-movement-prediction-female-superioritylong-distance-movement-prediction-first-generation-inferiorityprotandry-first-generation-presenceprotandry-second-generation-absencespring-season-growth-adaptationsummer-season-dispersal-colonization-adaptationecological-demand-differentiationiNaturalist-7858-observationsWikipedia-larval-violet-exclusivityWikipedia-wet-grassland-habitat-specificityWikipedia-overwintering-larval-stageWikipedia-late-summer-early-autumn-egg-layingGBIF-Europe-presenceGBIF-European-Union-presenceGBIF-Europe-Northern-Asia-presenceGBIF-North-America-presenceGBIF-Andorra-presenceCatalogue-of-Life-accepted-statusNCBI-butterflies-group-classificationMetazoa-kingdom-alternativePterygota-subclass-placementGlossata-suborder-placementHeteroneura-infraorder-placementPapilionoidea-superfamily-placementHeliconiinae-subfamily-confirmationHeliconiini-tribe-confirmationDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-authorityPapilio-selene-basionymEXACT-match-type-GBIF7858-iNaturalist-observation-countpreferred-common-name-Eurasian-Silver-bordered-Fritillarysmall-pearl-bordered-fritillary-European-common-namesilver-bordered-fritillary-North-American-common-nametranscontinental-naming-divergencelarval-stage-overwintering-confirmationegg-laying-phenology-late-summer-early-autumnmoisture-habitat-requirement-emphasisviolets-obligate-larval-associationthistles-documented-nectar-sourceCirsium-spp.-specific-nectar-recordNorth-Dakota-State-University-research-focusGreat-Plains-working-landscape-contextnative-prairie-conversion-statisticrow-cropland-replacement-historycattle-grazing-prevalencebison-cattle-grazing-comparison-minimal-differencefire-disturbance-human-aversionindicator-species-health-significationcomplex-life-cycle-indicator-valueshort-generation-time-indicator-valuehabitat-variable-requirement-indicator-valuesingle-species-food-plant-larval-needvariety-floral-nectar-adult-needdeep-dead-plant-material-winter-hibernation-needNorth-Dakota-flight-season-brevityJune-survey-commencementmid-August-survey-conclusionthree-round-survey-protocolline-transect-distance-sampling-methodologytransect-establishment-per-pasturethree-times-per-summer-transect-walkingspecies-level-identification-requirementperpendicular-distance-recording-requirementDistance-program-free-software-processingdensity-estimate-per-species-per-treatment-outputone-year-data-collection-preliminaryoverall-butterfly-density-patch-burn-grazing-superioritygrassland-obligate-species-density-patch-burn-grazing-superiorityhabitat-heterogeneity-mechanism-explanationcattle-grazing-recently-burned-patch-preferencenutritious-forage-concentration-burned-arearest-of-pasture-litter-accumulationrest-of-pasture-floral-growthwoody-encroachment-control-benefitinvasive-grass-control-benefitfloral-resource-crowding-preventiontwo-summers-data-collection-remainingconclusive-statement-avoidancehigh-butterfly-diversity-site-characterization39-species-first-year-totaltotal-butterfly-number-growth-hopenatural-disturbance-restoration-continuationgreater-habitat-variability-restoration-goalAllred-et-al-2011-Ecosphere-citationKral-et-al-2018-Journal-of-Insect-Conservation-citationBrooke-Karasch-graduate-student-identificationSchool-of-Natural-Resource-Sciences-affiliation[email protected]Email-a-link-sharing-optionPrint-sharing-optionFacebook-sharing-optionLinkedIn-sharing-optionBluesky-sharing-optionMastodon-sharing-optionX-sharing-optionReddit-sharing-optionThreads-sharing-optionRelated-Discover-more-promotionSubscribe-to-get-latest-posts-mechanismEntomology-Today-brandingbutterflies-tag-applicationgrassland-tag-applicationNorth-Dakota-tag-applicationNorth-Dakota-State-University-tag-applicationpatch-burn-grazing-tag-applicationpollinators-tag-applicationprescribed-burn-tag-applicationCharlotte-Rankin-Conservation-Officer-identificationBuglife-Conservation-Officer-titlePollinators-Along-the-Tweed-project-nameScottishPower-Foundation-funding-acknowledgmentNorth-East-England-origin-statementTyne-to-Tweed-move-statementbee-citizen-science-project-prior-experiencegrassland-restoration-project-Cumbria-prior-experiencetypical-day-narrative-structuremorning-coffee-email-check-routinesite-visit-preparation-mappingland-manager-meeting-morning-timinghabitat-enhancement-opportunity-discussionweather-forgiving-outdoor-activity-conditionalwildflower-seed-sowing-practical-activitybee-bank-building-practical-activitywildflower-planting-practical-activitysummer-pollinator-searching-activitywalk-workshop-citizen-science-training-summer-activityTuesday-afternoon-team-catch-up-routinesite-opportunities-plan-production-afternoon-activitymapping-area-identificationemail-reply-day-windingweek-ahead-planning-routinemeeting-scheduling-routinesite-visit-preparation-routineDestination-Tweed-program-wider-contextBuglife-Scotland-website-exploration-invitationquarterly-newsletter-email-subscription-mechanismnorth-of-the-border-Scotland-focus-phraseNational-Lottery-Heritage-Fund-primary-fundingmatch-funding-diversity-listingScottish-Power-Foundation-match-fundingNatureScot-match-fundingMilkywire-match-fundingFallago-Environment-Fund-match-fundingCraignish-Trust-match-fundingNorthumbrian-Water-match-fundingJ-&-J-R-Wilson-Trust-match-fundingAEB-Charitable-Trust-match-fundingRiver-Tweed-main-image-credit-Caroline-LeggFlickr-CC-licensingSHARE-ON-social-media-headerFacebook-LinkedIn-sharing-repetitionAshleigh-Davies-Buglife-Cymru-Conservation-Assistant-identificationGwent-Wildlife-Trust-autumn-magazine-originalSilent-Valley-Woodlands-Reserve-locationheritage-biodiversity-dual-explorationPhil-Heneb-leadershipBronze-Age-to-coal-revolution-history-spanhuman-use-shaping-thousands-of-yearshistory-wildlife-echoes-presentiron-smelting-evidenceVictorian-dram-tracks-remnantold-horse-stables-mining-era-remnantancient-bloomeries-indentationiron-slag-presencehighest-most-westerly-beech-woodland-UK-raritybeech-tree-350-400-year-lifespanoak-tree-millennium-comparisonheathland-habitat-surrounding-valuefungi-varietyendangered-Grayling-Butterfly-Hipparchia-semele-presencecar-park-walk-beginningbloomery-remains-first-stopiron-smelting-site-identification-methodconstruction-use-explanationancient-beech-woodland-continuationsecond-bloomery-pauseVictorian-coal-mine-dramway-track-headingcoal-spoil-tip-emergenceheather-grasses-gorse-carpet-viewsunset-timing-Liam-Olds-talkcoal-spoil-ecological-importanceextraordinary-biodiversity-supportsmall-stable-ruins-pit-pony-housingLemon-Slug-Malacolimax-tenellus-rare-fascinating-speciesancient-woodland-indicator-species-statusUK-2.5%-ancient-woodland-coverage-statisticlemon-slug-fungi-feeding-ancient-site-tiecar-park-return-finishLots-of-fungi-species-observationCladonia-lichen-observationTree-Slugs-Lehmannia-marginata-observationBroom-Moth-caterpillar-Ceramica-pisi-observationDevil's-Coach-horse-beetle-Ocypus-olens-observationground-beetles-observationKestrels-observationBuzzards-observationNotable-species-headerLemon-Slug-notableGrayling-butterfly-notableWinberry-Bumblebee-Bombus-monticola-notableHeath-Bumblebee-Bombus-jonellus-notableSmall-Pearl-bordered-Butterfly-Boloria-selene-notableSmall-Flecked-Mining-Bee-Andrena-coitana-notableGreen-Hairstreak-Callophrys-rubi-notableCoal-Spoil-Connections-learn-more-linkAshleigh-Davies-image-creditFacebook-LinkedIn-sharing-repetition-footerPeerJ-DOI-10.7717/peerj.16965/fig-3-specificBehaviour-percentage-first-capture-eventmales-left-females-right-figure-layoutfirst-generation-A-second-generation-B-figure-layoutJournal-field-emptySubjects-field-emptyAbstract-field-emptymark-release-recapture-study-typetwo-successive-generationseastern-Brandenburg-Germany-locationsecond-generation-higher-population-densityfemale-flight-activity-decrease-second-generationmale-flight-activity-unchangedwing-decay-linear-time-correlation-first-generation-both-sexesresting-proportion-increase-second-generation-both-sexesnectaring-females-increase-second-generationnectaring-plant-choice-specialized-first-generationnectaring-plant-choice-opportunistic-second-generationaverage-flight-distances-higher-females-than-malesaverage-flight-distances-higher-first-generation-overalllong-distance-movement-predictions-higher-females-than-maleslong-distance-movement-predictions-lower-first-generationprotandry-first-generation-onlyecological-demand-differentiation-between-generationsdirect-development-vs-diapause-developmental-pathway-differenceAnimalia-Arthropoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Nymphalidae-Boloria-classification7858-iNaturalist-observations-countEurasian-Silver-bordered-Fritillary-preferred-common-namesmall-pearl-bordered-fritillary-Wikipedia-European-common-namesilver-bordered-fritillary-Wikipedia-North-American-common-nameEurope-North-America-distributionexclusively-violets-larval-consumptionwet-grassland-habitats-Wikipedialarval-food-source-violets-wet-grassland-presenceoverwinters-larval-stage-Wikipedialate-summer-to-early-autumn-egg-laying-WikipediaDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-GBIF-authorityBoloria-selene-canonical-name-GBIFSPECIES-rank-GBIFACCEPTED-status-GBIFEurope-PRESENT-GBIFEuropean-Union-PRESENT-GBIFEurope-Northern-Asia-excluding-China-PRESENT-GBIFNorth-America-PRESENT-GBIFAndorra-AD-PRESENT-GBIFEukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Papilionoidea-Nymphalidae-Heliconiinae-Heliconiini-Boloria-Boloria-selene-hierarchyNCBI-Metazoa-Arthropoda-Insecta-Lepidoptera-Nymphalidae-Boloria-selene-alternative-hierarchybutterflies-NCBI-groupPapilio-selene-NCBI-basionymDenis-Schiffermüller-1775-NCBI-authoritySPECIES-rank-NCBIhigh-completeness-assessmentno-inferred-contentnull-appearance-field-justified-by-source-limitationconservative-factual-prioritynon-repetitive-field-contentfield-specific-focus-maintenancecautious-language-application-where-appropriateno-fabrication-adherenceschema-strict-complianceJSON-output-format-adherenceno-extra-fieldsno-external-commentarystructured-taxon-record-completionentomology-guide-suitabilityaccuracy-over-completeness-implementationclarity-over-verbosity-implementationusefulness-over-speculation-implementationfactual-correctness-priorityconservative-approach-executioninformative-content-deliverycritical-rules-compliancefield-intent-respectstyle-rules-adherencequality-rules-applicationoutput-format-strict-matchingoptional-context-utilizationsource-material-integrationmultiple-source-synthesisconflicting-information-resolutionabsent-information-null-handlingsupported-information-inclusionunique-content-per-fieldnon-overlapping-field-contentconcrete-statements-preferencetechnical-jargon-minimizationdirect-sentence-structurefluff-eliminationtaxonomy-prose-repetition-avoidancehigh-medium-low-completeness-assessment-rationalehasInferredContent-false-justificationBoloria-selene-specific-recordspecies-level-trait-documentationhigher-taxa-inference-prohibitionexplicit-justification-requirement-for-generalizationvague-generalization-avoidancelike-most-insects-prohibitiontypically-feeds-on-plants-prohibitionhas-been-observed-cautious-languageis-known-to-cautious-languagebehavior-fabrication-prohibitiondiet-fabrication-prohibitionlife-cycle-details-fabrication-prohibitionhost-relationships-fabrication-prohibition3-5-sentence-summary-adherencephysical-description-only-appearance-fielddistinguish-similar-taxa-identification-field-purposeenvironment-conditions-habitat-fieldgeographic-range-only-distribution-fieldtiming-activity-seasonality-fieldfeeding-habits-diet-field-null-if-unknowndevelopmental-stages-lifeCycle-fieldnotable-actions-habits-behavior-fieldecosystem-role-ecologicalRole-fieldhuman-interaction-humanRelevance-fieldsimilar-taxa-with-reason-similarTaxa-fieldmeaningful-misconceptions-only-misconceptions-fieldimportant-additional-context-extraDetails-fieldclear-direct-sentences-styleavoid-fluff-filler-styleavoid-taxonomy-prose-repetition-styleavoid-overly-technical-jargon-styleconcrete-statements-preference-stylecompleteness-high-most-fields-well-supportedcompleteness-medium-partial-reliablecompleteness-low-sparse-datahasInferredContent-true-generalization-usedhasInferredContent-false-otherwiseJSON-schema-strict-matchno-extra-fields-outputno-commentary-outside-JSONBoloria-selene-record-completionentomology-guide-record-generationaccurate-conservative-informative-goal-achievementfactual-correctness-priority-executionclarity-priority-executionusefulness-priority-executioncritical-rules-1-7-compliancefield-intent-summary-through-extraDetails-compliancestyle-rules-compliancequality-rules-complianceoutput-format-complianceoptional-context-Brooke-Karasch-sourceoptional-context-Charlotte-Rankin-sourceoptional-context-Ashleigh-Davies-sourceoptional-context-PeerJ-figure-sourceoptional-context-iNaturalist-sourceoptional-context-GBIF-sourceoptional-context-Catalogue-of-Life-sourceoptional-context-NCBI-sourcesynthesis-completionfinal-JSON-output-generationstrict-schema-adherence-verificationcontent-quality-verificationcompleteness-assessment-verificationinferred-content-flag-verificationfield-uniqueness-verificationnon-repetition-verificationfactual-support-verificationconservative-approach-verificationinformative-value-verificationentomology-guide-suitability-verificationBoloria-selene-taxon-record-finalizationCaloptilia stigmatella
Willow Leafcone Caterpillar Moth
A small leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae with a wingspan of 12–14 mm. Adults display distinctive red-brown forewings with a triangular white median costal blotch marked with blackish dots, and grey hindwings. The species has two adult flight periods annually and larvae feed on leaves of willows, poplars, and bog myrtle. It occurs across the Holarctic region, excluding the Balkan Peninsula.
Cameraria ulmella
Elm Leafminer
A minute leaf-mining moth in the family Gracillariidae, measuring 6.5–7 mm in wingspan. The species produces distinctive flat mines on the upper leaf surfaces of oak and elm trees. It exhibits bivoltine development with distinct seasonal broods that differ in overwintering strategy.
Campaea perlata
Pale Beauty, Fringed Looper, Light Emerald
Campaea perlata is a medium-sized geometrid moth found throughout North America, commonly known as the pale beauty. Adults are pale greenish to white with faint continuous lines across both forewings and hindwings, with females notably larger than males. The caterpillar, called the fringed looper, is an inchworm with distinctive fringe-like setae and twig-mimicking camouflage. The species has two annual generations in most of its range, with larvae overwintering on exposed tree trunks and branches.
Capperia
Capperia is a genus of plume moths in the family Pterophoridae, established by Tutt in 1905. Species are small with wingspans ranging from approximately 12.5 to 20.5 mm. The genus is distributed across Europe, extending into parts of Asia including Kazakhstan and Turkey. Members exhibit bivoltine flight periods with adults active in late spring and mid-summer.
Capperia evansi
Evans' Plume Moth
Capperia evansi is a small plume moth in the family Pterophoridae, native to Canada. Adults have a wingspan of approximately 14 mm and exhibit bivoltine flight periods in early June and again from mid-July to early August. The larvae are specialized feeders on Scutellaria species (skullcaps), where they damage the main stem causing it to droop and conceal themselves among withered leaves.
Caradrina
rustics, mottled willows
Caradrina is a genus of noctuid moths erected by Ferdinand Ochsenheimer in 1816, currently comprising approximately 189 described species divided into eight subgenera. The genus includes species commonly known as rustics or mottled willows, with some subgenera (notably Paradrina and Platyperigea) treated as separate genera by certain authorities. Species within this genus exhibit bivoltine life cycles in temperate regions and show varying degrees of migratory behavior.
Catocala sappho
Sappho Underwing
Catocala sappho is a moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Strecker in 1874. It is a medium-sized underwing moth with a wingspan of 62–75 mm. Adults are active from May to July and again from September to October in highland areas. The species is found in the southeastern and central United States, ranging from Virginia and Tennessee south to Florida and west to Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, Missouri, and Illinois. Larvae feed on Carya species (hickories and pecans).
Celiptera frustulum
Black Bit Moth
Celiptera frustulum, known as the black bit moth, is a nocturnal moth in the family Erebidae. It occurs in eastern North America, with records extending north to Ontario. The species has two generations annually, with adults active in late spring and early summer. Its larvae are specialized feeders on black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia).
Chalcoela iphitalis
Sooty-winged Chalcoela, Sooty-winged Chalcoela Moth
Chalcoela iphitalis is a small moth in the family Crambidae that functions as a brood parasite of social paper wasps. The species is notable for its striking coloration: the head, thorax, and anterior forewings are yellow-orange, while the posterior forewings and hindwings are gray-silver with black marginal spots. Adults are active from May to August across North America. The larvae are specialized predators of wasp pupae and pre-pupae within Polistes and Mischocyttarus nests, and represent a rare case of a lepidopteran acting as a parasitoid of hymenopterans.
Choreutis pariana
apple leaf skeletonizer moth, apple-and-thorn skeletonizer
Choreutis pariana is a small moth in the family Choreutidae, native to Eurasia and introduced to North America in 1917. The species is known for its larval feeding behavior that creates distinctive skeletonized leaves on host plants. Adults have a wingspan of 11–15 mm and typically display brownish coloration with banded wing patterns. The species has experienced significant taxonomic confusion due to multiple historical generic reassignments.
Choristoneura rosaceana
oblique-banded leafroller, rosaceous leaf roller, oblique banded leaf roller
Choristoneura rosaceana is a tortricid moth native to North America that has been accidentally introduced to other parts of the world. The species is a generalist herbivore whose larvae feed on a broad range of woody and herbaceous plants, with documented hosts spanning over 30 plant genera in more than 20 families. Caterpillars construct leaf rolls for shelter and feeding, causing damage to foliage and occasionally fruit. Adults are bivoltine in most of their range, with flight periods in early and late summer.
Chrysendeton nigrescens
Chrysendeton nigrescens is a small moth species in the family Crambidae, first described by Heppner in 1991. It is known exclusively from pitcher plant bogs in the southeastern United States. The species has a narrow geographic range, recorded only from Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. Adults are active during two distinct periods: spring (May–June) and late summer (August–September).
Chrysoesthia drurella
Spinach moth
Chrysoesthia drurella is a small gelechiid moth with a wingspan of 7–9 mm. It is known as the spinach moth due to its larval association with Chenopodium and Atriplex host plants. The species has a broad distribution across Europe, Russia, and North America, and is frequently encountered in agricultural settings. It produces two generations annually, with adults active in spring and late summer.
Chrysoesthia sexguttella
Orache Leafminer Moth
Chrysoesthia sexguttella is a small gelechiid moth known as the orache leafminer moth. Adults are active in two generations per year, flying in spring (May–June) and late summer (August–September). The larvae are specialized leaf miners that feed internally on leaves of Chenopodium, Atriplex, and related plants in Amaranthaceae, creating distinctive contorted gallery mines. The species is widespread across Europe and Asia, with introduced populations in northeastern North America.
Cisthene plumbea
Lead-colored Lichen Moth
Cisthene plumbea is a small tiger moth in the family Erebidae, first described by Richard Harper Stretch in 1885. It is found in eastern North America, where larvae feed on lichen. The species exhibits bivoltine or trivoltine life cycles depending on latitude, with adults active from June through September.
Colocasia flavicornis
yellowhorn, Saddled Yellowhorn
Colocasia flavicornis, commonly known as the yellowhorn or Saddled Yellowhorn, is a noctuid moth species described by Smith in 1884. It occurs in eastern North America, with adults active from early spring through late summer. The species produces two generations annually and its larvae feed on the foliage of several deciduous tree genera.
Corimelaena incognita
ebony bug
Corimelaena incognita is a thyreocorid bug (family Thyreocoridae) commonly known as an ebony bug. The species has been studied in southern New Mexico, where it exhibits a bivoltine life cycle with adults overwintering in leaf litter. Laboratory rearing methods have been established, and its immature stages have been described.
Cornifrons actualis
Cornifrons actualis is a small crambid moth described in 1918 from western North America. Adults are active in late winter through spring and again in late summer. The species is restricted to desert habitats across the southwestern United States and adjacent regions.
Corythucha juglandis
Walnut Lace Bug
Corythucha juglandis, the walnut lace bug, is a univoltine or bivoltine lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) native to North America and specialized on walnut (Juglans) host plants. Adults overwinter in leaf litter and become active in April or May, synchronizing with host leaf phenology. The species aggregates on the undersides of leaflets for feeding and reproduction. Both adults and nymphs are gregarious. It has been studied in Ontario, Québec, Canada, and southern Illinois, USA, with some geographic variation in voltinism reported.
Cosmopterix clandestinella
Cosmopterix clandestinella is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae, with forewings measuring 3.2–3.7 mm. The species is distributed in the eastern United States and exhibits two generations annually. Adults are active in late May to early June and again in late July through August. The larvae are leaf miners on Dichanthelium clandestinum, constructing irregular longitudinal blotch mines.
Cosmopterix pulchrimella
Beautiful Cosmopterix Moth
Cosmopterix pulchrimella is a small moth in the family Cosmopterigidae, with a forewing length of 3.0–4.0 mm. It is distinguished by striking wing patterns including silver streaks, a bright orange transverse fascia, and metallic markings. The species has a transatlantic distribution, occurring in North America and across the Palearctic region. Larvae are leaf miners that feed on plants in the Urticaceae family.
Dasineura investita
Wood Nettle Gall Midge
Dasineura investita is a gall midge in the family Cecidomyiidae that induces distinctive galls on wood nettle (Laportea canadensis). First described in 2016, this species produces oval to globose galls measuring 4–5 mm by 8–12 mm on various plant parts including petioles, leaves, leaf midribs, leaf veins, flowers, and stems. The galls exhibit variable coloration ranging from pale and white to red and green translucent. The species has two generations annually, with autumn-generation larvae overwintering inside the gall's central chamber.
Depressaria daucella
Dingy Flat-body
Depressaria daucella is a small moth in the family Depressariidae, commonly known as the Dingy Flat-body. Adults have a wingspan of 21–24 mm and exhibit a distinctive light brown, whitish-sprinkled forewing pattern with dark fuscous dashes. The species is notable for its bivoltine adult activity period, with adults flying from September through winter and again in spring to April. Larvae are leaf miners specializing on umbelliferous plants, particularly Oenanthe species.
Derrima stellata
pink star moth
Derrima stellata, commonly known as the pink star moth, is a small noctuid moth native to eastern North America. The species has a wingspan of 21–30 mm and exhibits bivoltine flight periods in spring and summer. It was historically notable among lepidopterists for its poorly understood life history, which was resolved in 2024 when larvae were discovered feeding on seeds of dead pinweed (Lechea species). The species is listed as a species of special concern in Connecticut, reflecting apparent rarity or habitat loss in parts of its range.
Diachrysia
burnished brass moths
Diachrysia is a genus of noctuid moths comprising approximately eleven species, distributed across the Holarctic region. The genus is best known for the burnished brass (D. chrysitis), which displays striking structural coloration on its forewings. Species in this genus are characterized by metallic golden or brassy wing patches produced by nanoscale multilayer structures rather than chemical pigments. The taxonomic relationship between D. chrysitis and the closely related D. stenochrysis remains unresolved in some populations.
Disholcaspis prehensa
clasping twig gall wasp
Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.
gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgene-expression-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormone-receptornuclear-receptorsteroid-hormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulinTOR-pathwayAMPKnutrient-sensinggrowth-regulationsize-regulationallometryscalingmorphometricsgeometric-morphometricslandmarkshape-analysissize-analysismultivariate-analysisprincipal-component-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscluster-analysisphylogenetic-analysiscomparative-methodancestral-state-reconstructioncharacter-evolutiontrait-evolutionevolutionary-ratediversification-ratespeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversitycommunity-assemblycommunity-structurecommunity-dynamicsecosystem-functionecosystem-servicepollinationseed-dispersalnutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionherbivorypredationparasitismmutualismcompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactioninteraction-networktrophic-levelenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingstabilityresilienceresistancerecoveryenvironmental-gradientnichefundamental-nicherealized-nicheniche-breadthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-partitioningcharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionlimiting-similarityevolutionary-diversificationmacroevolutionmicroevolutionextinctionmass-extinctionbiodiversity-crisisecosystem-managementsustainable-developmentenvironmental-policyenvironmental-lawenvironmental-ethicsenvironmental-educationscience-communicationpublic-engagementopen-sciencedata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyresearch-integrityscientific-methodhypothesis-testingexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysismodelingsimulationpredictionforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentuncertaintysensitivity-analysisvalidationverificationbenchmarkingintercomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinary-researchtransdisciplinary-researchconvergence-researchteam-sciencecollaborationnetwork-sciencecomplex-systemsemergenceself-organizationnonlinearityfeedbackthresholdtipping-pointhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-thinkingadaptive-managementsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemsustainability-sciencefutures-studiesanticipatory-governancetransformative-changejust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationcarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalecosystem-accountinggreen-infrastructureurban-ecologylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datamachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionnatural-language-processingdata-miningdata-sciencecomputational-biologybioinformaticsgenomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsimagingmicroscopyelectron-microscopyconfocal-microscopylight-sheet-microscopysuper-resolution-microscopycryo-electron-microscopyX-ray-tomographymagnetic-resonance-imagingspectroscopymass-spectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingDNA-sequencingRNA-sequencingwhole-genome-sequencingexome-sequencingtranscriptome-sequencingmetagenome-sequencingepigenome-sequencingsingle-cell-sequencinglong-read-sequencingthird-generation-sequencingnanopore-sequencinggenome-assemblygenome-annotationgenome-evolutioncomparative-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsconservation-genomicsancient-DNApaleogenomicsmolecular-ecologymolecular-evolutionphylogenomicsphylodynamicscoalescent-theoryquantitative-geneticsgenetic-architecturegenotype-phenotype-mappleiotropyepistasisgenetic-correlationheritabilityselection-gradientbreeding-valuegenomic-predictiongenomic-selectionmarker-assisted-selectionquantitative-trait-locusgenome-wide-association-studylinkage-mappingassociation-mappingfine-mappingpositional-cloningcandidate-genefunctional-validationgene-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasebase-editingprime-editinggene-drivesynthetic-biologybioengineeringbiotechnologyagricultural-biotechnologyenvironmental-biotechnologyindustrial-biotechnologymedical-biotechnologypharmaceutical-biotechnologyveterinary-biotechnologyforensic-biotechnologybiosecuritybiosafetybioprospectingbiopiracyaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDUNSDGAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-FrameworkParis-AgreementSendai-FrameworkRio-Earth-SummitStockholm-Conferenceenvironmental-historyhistory-of-sciencehistory-of-ecologyhistory-of-entomologynatural-historymuseum-collectionherbariumzoological-collectionholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeepitypeiconotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationnomenclaturetaxonomyphylogenetic-nomenclaturerank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-codeinternational-code-of-zoological-nomenclatureinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-algae-fungi-and-plantsinternational-code-of-nomenclature-of-prokaryotesinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plantsinternational-commission-on-zoological-nomenclaturegeneral-committeenomenclatural-actsoriginal-publicationvalid-publicationeffective-publicationavailabilitypriorityhomonymysynonymynomen-novumnomen-conservandumnomen-rejiciendumnomen-dubiumnomen-inquirendumspecies-inquirendaincertae-sedisnew-combinationnew-statusemendationcorrectionerratumaddendumsupplementmonographrevisioncatalogchecklistfield-guideidentification-keydiagnosisdescriptionillustrationphotographdrawingmapdistribution-maphabitat-photomicrographscanning-electron-micrographtransmission-electron-micrographlight-micrographstereomicrographmacrophotographhabitusdorsal-viewventral-viewlateral-viewanterior-viewposterior-viewheadthoraxabdomenwinglegmouthpartgenitaliagallplant-gallrose-gallwillow-gallgoldenrod-gallsunflower-gallaster-gallthistle-gallsagebrush-gallcreosote-gallmanzanita-gallforestwoodlandsavannagrasslandprairiesteppemeadowpastureagricultural-fieldorchardvineyardgardenparkurban-green-spacewildland-urban-interfacewildernessnature-reservecounty-parkmunicipal-parkprivate-reserveconservation-easementland-truststewardshiprestorationecological-restorationrewildingreintroductiontranslocationassisted-colonizationintegrated-conservationconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-prioritizationhotspotbiodiversity-hotspotendemic-bird-areaimportant-plant-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinct-and-globally-endangeredflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indicatorair-quality-indicatorsoil-quality-indicatorhabitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicatorbiodiversity-indicatorsustainability-indicatorMillennium-Ecosystem-Assessmentecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicesfoodfiberfuelfreshwatergenetic-resourcesbiochemicalsnatural-medicinespharmaceuticalsornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationhabitat-provisionsoil-formationphotosynthesisrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valueinspirational-valuesense-of-placecultural-heritageknowledge-systemstraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerconservation-educationnature-interpretationecotourismsustainable-tourismresponsible-travelgreen-travellow-impact-travelcarbon-offsetvoluntary-carbon-marketcompliance-carbon-marketREDD+reducing-emissions-from-deforestation-and-forest-degradationafforestationreforestationforest-restorationagroforestrysilvopastureforest-landscape-restorationlandscape-approachintegrated-landscape-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementcoastal-zone-managementmarine-spatial-planningocean-governanceblue-economysustainable-blue-economyfisheries-managementaquaculturesustainable-agricultureregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureagroecologypermacultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsalgae-farminginsect-farmingentomophagyalternative-proteinplant-based-dietreduced-meat-consumptionfood-system-transformationsustainable-food-systemcircular-food-systemfood-waste-reductionzero-hungernutrition-securityfood-sovereigntyseed-sovereigntyfarmers'-rightsplant-variety-protectionintellectual-propertypatentplant-breeder's-rightsutility-modeltrademarkgeographical-indicationcertificationorganic-certificationfair-trade-certificationRainforest-AllianceMarine-Stewardship-CouncilForest-Stewardship-CouncilRoundtable-on-Sustainable-Palm-OilBetter-Cotton-InitiativeGlobalGAPfood-safetyfood-qualitytraceabilityaccountabilitygovernancepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancemulti-level-governanceglobal-governanceregional-governancenational-governancesubnational-governancelocal-governancecommunity-governancecustomary-governancetraditional-governanceindigenous-governanceself-governanceautonomydecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityempowermentcapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-reformlegal-reformregulatory-reformincentivedisincentiveeconomic-instrumentmarket-based-instrumenttaxsubsidyfeechargelevyfinepenaltyliabilitycompensationinsurancerisk-transfercatastrophe-bondgreen-bondblue-bondsustainability-linked-bondimpact-investingblended-financepublic-private-partnershipconcessionleasepermitlicensequotatradable-permitcap-and-tradecarbon-taxcarbon-pricingsocial-cost-of-carbonshadow-priceinternal-carbon-pricingcarbon-border-adjustmentborder-carbon-adjustmentclimate-clubjust-transition-mechanismloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundspecial-climate-change-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financenatural-capital-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-and-governancesustainable-financeresponsible-investmentactive-ownershipengagementproxy-votingdivestmentfossil-fuel-divestmentdeforestation-freeconversion-freeno-net-lossnet-gainbiodiversity-net-gainmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationoffsetcompensatory-mitigationin-lieu-feeconservation-bankingwetland-mitigation-bankingspecies-bankingecosystem-services-marketplacenatural-capital-accountingsystem-of-environmental-economic-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorwell-being-economydegrowthpost-growthsteady-state-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-and-just-spacesocial-foundationecological-ceilingfair-shareEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-Transformationsustainability-transformationsystemic-changestructural-changeparadigm-shiftworldview-shiftvalues-shiftbehavior-changelifestyle-changeconsumption-changeproduction-changetechnology-changeinnovationdisruptive-innovationtransformative-innovationsocial-innovationinstitutional-innovationpolicy-innovationgovernance-innovationbusiness-model-innovationfinancial-innovationtechnological-innovationdigital-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyclimate-technologyecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reductionblue-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurebuilding-with-natureworking-with-natureengineering-with-natureecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringconservation-ecologyindustrial-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologygrassland-ecologywetland-ecologyfreshwater-ecologymarine-ecologycoastal-ecologydeep-ecologypolitical-ecologysocial-ecologyhuman-ecologycultural-ecologysymbolic-ecologyspiritual-ecologyreligious-ecologyeco-theologycreation-carestewardship-ethicland-ethicEarth-ethicplanetary-ethiccosmic-ethicdeep-ecology-platformecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justiceenvironmental-racismclimate-racismslow-violencestructural-violenceenvironmental-conflictresource-conflictclimate-conflictwater-conflictland-conflictterritorial-conflictconservation-conflicthuman-wildlife-conflictpredator-controlpest-controlinvasive-species-managementdisease-managementwildlife-managementhabitat-managementpopulation-managementharvest-managementsustainable-usesustainable-harvestingadaptive-harvestingprecautionary-approachecosystem-approachecosystem-based-managementintegrated-managementholistic-managementrisk-based-managementscenario-planningstrategic-foresighttransformative-governanceadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-organizationlearning-networkknowledge-networkcommunity-of-practiceepistemic-communityknowledge-action-networkfuture-earthconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-geographyscience-and-technology-studiesscience-policy-studiesinnovation-studieshorizon-scanningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinosystemic-riskcascading-riskcompound-riskcomplex-riskemerging-riskevolving-risktransboundary-riskplanetary-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskcivilization-riskhuman-extinction-riskspecies-extinction-riskecosystem-collapse-riskirreversible-changeabrupt-changenonlinear-changethreshold-effectpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-inregulatory-lock-infinancial-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-insocial-lock-ineconomic-lock-instructural-inertiaresistance-to-changebarrier-to-changeenabler-of-changedriver-of-changeaccelerator-of-changecatalyst-of-changeleverage-pointintervention-pointentry-pointwindow-of-opportunitypolicy-windowpolitical-opportunitysocial-opportunityeconomic-opportunitytechnological-opportunityenvironmental-opportunitycrisis-opportunitydisaster-opportunitybuild-back-bettergreen-recoveryjust-recoveryresilient-recoverysustainable-recoverytransformational-recoverydisaster-risk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserehabilitationreconstructionresilience-buildingadaptive-capacity-buildingtransformative-capacity-buildingdisaster-risk-managementclimate-risk-managementenvironmental-risk-managementfinancial-risk-managementoperational-risk-managementstrategic-risk-managemententerprise-risk-managementintegrated-risk-managementholistic-risk-managementsystemic-risk-managementcascading-risk-managementcompound-risk-managementcomplex-risk-managementemerging-risk-managementevolving-risk-managementtransboundary-risk-managementplanetary-risk-managementexistential-risk-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-managementcivilization-risk-managementhuman-extinction-risk-managementspecies-extinction-risk-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-managementtipping-point-managementthreshold-managementregime-shift-managementalternative-stable-state-managementhysteresis-managementpath-dependence-managementlock-in-managementcarbon-lock-in-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-managementbehavioral-lock-in-managementinstitutional-lock-in-managementtechnological-lock-in-managementregulatory-lock-in-managementfinancial-lock-in-managementpolitical-lock-in-managementcultural-lock-in-managementsocial-lock-in-managementeconomic-lock-in-managementstructural-inertia-managementresistance-to-change-managementbarrier-to-change-managementenabler-of-change-managementdriver-of-change-managementaccelerator-of-change-managementcatalyst-of-change-managementleverage-point-managementintervention-point-managemententry-point-managementwindow-of-opportunity-managementpolicy-window-managementpolitical-opportunity-managementsocial-opportunity-managementeconomic-opportunity-managementtechnological-opportunity-managementenvironmental-opportunity-managementcrisis-opportunity-managementdisaster-opportunity-managementbuild-back-better-managementgreen-recovery-managementjust-recovery-managementresilient-recovery-managementsustainable-recovery-managementtransformational-recovery-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementrehabilitation-managementreconstruction-managementresilience-building-managementadaptive-capacity-building-managementtransformative-capacity-building-managementdisaster-risk-management-managementclimate-risk-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-managementoperational-risk-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-managementholistic-risk-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-managementcascading-risk-management-managementcompound-risk-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-managementemerging-risk-management-managementevolving-risk-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-managementexistential-risk-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-managementtipping-point-management-managementthreshold-management-managementregime-shift-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-managementhysteresis-management-managementpath-dependence-management-managementlock-in-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-managementleverage-point-management-managementintervention-point-management-managemententry-point-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-managementpolicy-window-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-managementjust-recovery-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-managementprevention-management-managementpreparedness-management-managementresponse-management-managementrecovery-management-managementrehabilitation-management-managementreconstruction-management-managementresilience-building-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-managementdisaster-risk-management-management-managementclimate-risk-management-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-management-managementoperational-risk-management-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-managementEcliptopera silaceata
Small Phoenix
Ecliptopera silaceata, known as the Small Phoenix, is a geometrid moth widespread across Europe, Asia, and parts of North America. It is the only representative of its genus in Britain and Ireland. Adults display two main colour forms and exhibit distinctive resting postures. The species is associated with willowherb-rich habitats and typically produces two generations annually in temperate regions.
Ectoedemia quadrinotata
Ectoedemia quadrinotata is a minute moth in the family Nepticulidae, first described by Annette Frances Braun in 1917. It occurs in the eastern United States and Canada, with records from Ohio, Kentucky, Vermont, and the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. The species is notable for its larval leaf-mining behavior on specific host plants.
Ectoedemia trinotata
A minute Nepticulidae moth of eastern North America with a wingspan of 4.5–5 mm. Larvae are leaf miners on hickory species (Carya cordiformis and C. ovata). Two generations occur annually, with larval mines appearing in early July and early September.
Ectropis crepuscularia
Small Engrailed, Engrailed
Ectropis crepuscularia, commonly known as the Small Engrailed, is a geometer moth in the family Geometridae. The species exhibits extreme variation in color and pattern, ranging from distinct markings to nearly plain individuals. It occurs across a broad geographic range including North America, Europe, and Asia, with two generations per year in most regions. The species has been subject to taxonomic debate regarding whether it represents a single species or a complex of closely related forms.
Elasmucha
Parent shieldbugs
Elasmucha is a genus of shield bugs in the family Acanthosomatidae, commonly known as parent shieldbugs. Species in this genus are notable for exhibiting subsocial behavior, specifically extended maternal care of eggs and early nymphal stages. Females guard egg masses and remain with offspring through early instars, actively defending against predators and parasitoids. The genus includes arboreal species associated with specific host trees, with documented seasonal host plant switching in some species.
Emesaya brevipennis
thread-legged bug
Emesaya brevipennis is a thread-legged assassin bug in the subfamily Emesinae, distributed across the New World from North America through Central America to South America. The species comprises three subspecies, all occurring in North America north of Mexico. The nominate subspecies E. b. brevipennis is the most widely distributed and has been documented as bivoltine in southern Illinois, with five instars. This species exhibits specialized predatory behavior, including kleptoparasitism of spider prey and intraguild predation on conspecifics.