Stress-tolerance

Guides

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgen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• Lygus hesperus

  Western Tarnished Plant Bug

  Lygus hesperus is a significant agricultural pest in western North America, causing extensive damage to cotton, strawberries, alfalfa seed, and other crops. In California alone, annual losses exceed $30 million in cotton and $40 million in strawberries. Adults overwinter in reproductive diapause triggered by short day lengths, resuming activity when conditions improve. The species has been the subject of extensive research on sampling methods, biological control, and insecticide resistance.

  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• Pacifastacus leniusculus

  Signal Crayfish

  The signal crayfish is a large North American freshwater crayfish introduced to Europe in the 1960s to replace declining native fisheries. It has become one of the most ecologically impactful invasive decapods in Europe, outcompeting native crayfish and serving as a carrier of crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci). The species establishes self-sustaining populations rapidly, with six age cohorts documented within a few years of introduction. It shows sex- and size-specific coloration patterns, with males displaying more saturated and brighter ventral claw surfaces than females, suggesting a role in intraspecific communication.

  invasive-speciescrayfish-plague-carrierdecapodfreshwater-crustaceanconservation-concernspecies-of-Union-concernearly-detection-rapid-responseark-sitesecosystem-engineerbioaccumulationsexual-dimorphismnocturnal-activityinvasion-gradienttrappingelectrofishingeradicationMediterranean-invasionheadwater-threatnative-crayfish-displacementfisheries-introduction1960s-introductionEuropeJapanCalifornia-nativePacifastacusAstacidaeDecapodaMalacostracaArthropodaAphanomyces-astaciwhite-clawed-crayfishsignal-crayfishcontrol-planningremoval-actionscatch-per-unit-effortcolor-variationcarotenoidscamouflageconspicuousnessintraspecific-communicationelemental-accumulationcontaminanttrophic-levelmacroinvertebrateplant-detritusrifflestreamriverlaketributaryinvasion-frontcore-populationexploratory-behaviormigration-patternsontogenetic-color-changekick-samplingdetection-protocolfalse-negativeCataloniaItalyPortugalSpainPolandScandinaviaBritish-IslesSegura-RiverClitunno-RiverValla-streamRabaçal-RiverFosso-VecchioUnion-concernLIFE-IMAGINEeradication-attemptbiosecuritypathway-action-plansINNS-inspectorateenvironmental-DNAeDNAhost-pathogen-dynamicsconservation-translocationark-siteaggregates-levyenvironment-agencyBBC-wildlife-funddefrahabitats-directivefavourable-conservation-statusunfavourable-badextinction-riskfunding-cutsecosystem-serviceskeystone-specieswoodlandpollinationdecompositionnutrient-cyclingpredationwater-purificationcitizen-scienceex-situ-conservation-rearingzoosaquariaFen-Raft-SpiderPond-Mud-SnailLarge-Marsh-GrasshopperFreshwater-Pearl-MusselMarbled-White-ButterflySmall-Skipperclimate-changeassisted-colonizationrange-marginbiotic-responseabiotic-driverwarmingpollutioneutrophicationfunctional-traitthermal-limitembryogenesiscompetitive-advantagealien-aquatic-speciesartificial-light-at-nightnutrient-enrichmentbrown-troutbiological-controlclearance-rateparasite-loadsympatryglobal-invaderpredatory-interactionexperimental-approachepiphytic-algaesubmerged-plant-communitymolecular-toolsinformaticssocial-mediapooled-samplingintegrative-taxonomyhybridbryozoancost-efficient-methodologypolicy-effectivenesslegislative-toolsLIFE-INVASAQUAnetworkingpreventionawarenessmarine-protected-areacitizen-science-datanon-native-freshwater-fishknowledge-gapsinvasive-alien-freshwater-plantsnaturalised-plantsaquatic-habitatspot-plantshorticultureNew-Guinea-flatwormPartula-tree-snailsLob-wormLumbricus-terrestrisHarlequin-ladybirdOak-processionary-mothNew-Zealand-flatwormAustralian-flatwormLily-beetleRosemary-leaf-beetleSpanish-slugGirdled-snailAustralian-landhopperLight-brown-apple-mothAsian-hornetArgentine-antLinepithema-humileVespa-velutinaash-diebackHymenoscyphus-fraxineusFloating-PennywortGiant-HogweedChinese-Mitten-CrabEriocheir-sinensisBallast-Water-ConventionOffice-for-Environmental-ProtectionEnvironmental-Improvement-PlanGlobal-Biodiversity-Frameworkdelistinglistingrapid-responseGreat-Britain-Non-native-Species-StrategyNature-2030Wildlife-and-Countryside-LinkBuglifeinvertebrateconservationreintroductionreinforcementassisted-colonisationhabitat-managementgenetic-diversitydonor-stockstakeholder-collaborationNatural-EnglandeNGOlandownerpublic-engagementmedia-attentiontabloidsensationalismspidersize-of-ratsMarvellous-Mud-Snails-CornwallCitizen-ZooHop-of-Hopevolunteerex-situ-rearinglong-life-cycleglochidiasalmonid-fish-hostFreshwater-Biology-Associationjuvenile-musselhabitat-restorationmicro-habitatField-CricketWart-biter-Bush-cricketBarberry-Carpet-MothMarsh-Fritillary-ButterflyFisher's-Estuarine-MothSouthern-DamselflyWhite-faced-Darter-DragonflyPine-HoverflyDark-bordered-Beauty-MothMedicinal-LeechTadpole-ShrimpNetted-Carpet-MothLadybird-SpiderNarrow-headed-AntCumbriaDorsetDevonmicrohabitatlow-mobilitynatural-colonizationshort-haired-bumblebeeBombus-subterraneussub-optimal-managementBarberry-bushPaul-WaringBenoit-Guénardconservation-fundingvertebrate-biasinvertebrate-neglectbeaverCastor-fiberpine-martenMartes-martesbird-of-preyLarge-Blue-ButterflyPhengaris-arionChequered-SkipperCarterocephalus-palaemonmainland-Europenational-reintroductionlocal-reintroductiondonor-populationreceptor-sitecounty400-misolated-habitatEngland-Species-Reintroduction-Task-ForceKarim-Vahedhalf-a-centurydiverse-specieslogistically-easierguidelinescodegovernmenthabitat-conditionssite-conditionstargeted-habitat-managementmobilityrecoveryunsuccessful-caselack-of-genetic-diversityoptimal-managementestablishment-failurecareknowledgefunding-allocationPNASthreatened-species80%6%species-numbersimbalancelegislationwild-releasehigh-profilemain-imageDecticus-verrucivorusDr-Sarah-HenshallshareFacebookLinkedInTrinity-AudiotweetNEOBIOTA-2024Lisbon421-participants47-countriesinvasion-scienceaquatic-studiesmarinefreshwateroral-sessionposterworkshopNeoBiota-Special-IssueeditorialPedro-AnastácioFilipe-RibeiroPaula-Chainho23-papersfive-themes100th-issueZooKeysdigital-taxonomyenvironmental-stressorinvasion-successsalinitysea-level-riseAlternanthera-philoxeroidesstress-toleranceavoidanceescapeGonçalvesphysiological-performanceCallinectes-sapidusclimate-warmingPhymactis-papillosaenvironmental-toleranceecological-impactPortuguese-intertidalsynergistic-effectZhangecological-interactioninvasion-impactpopulation-dynamicsSalmo-truttaMatosbivalvecapture-efficiencynatural-sestonCabralEupercariaTkachenkoglobal-aquatic-invaderReshetnikovPontederia-crassipesPistia-stratiotesShendetectionmonitoringsurveillanceearly-detectionDiasXenopus-laevispooled-eDNAEvertsSqualiusGkenasChilean-SE-PacificRechmanagementpolicylegislative-toolEU-policysectoral-impactMagliozzifreshwater-turtleRatoCarosihabitat-usetrapping-efficiencyhypersaline-lagoonHerrero-ReyesIberian-PeninsulaLópez-CañizaresAfrican-marine-protected-areaglobal-databaseAcklandIndian-freshwater-fishevidence-gapKumarEuropean-freshwater-plantecosystem-impactDi-Lerniaglobal-synthesisnaturalised-plantaquatic-habitatKortzinterdisciplinaritytranslational-relevanceissue-4930Blueskyscholarly-publishingecologyinvasion-ecologyaquatic-ecosystemflatwormsnailgang-attackextinctionpot-plantsoil-sterilizationfumigationhot-water-immersionbiosecurity-measureinternational-tradeHirudo-medicinalisNeil-PhillipsSteven-FalkSarah-Henshallomphiscola-glabraCornwallScotlandBlera-fallaxEpione-vespertariaTriops-cancriformisEustroma-reticulatumEresus-sandaliatusFormica-exsectaGryllus-campestrisDecticus-verrucivorousPareulype-berberataEuphydryas-auriniaMargaritifera-margaritiferaGortyna-borelii-lunataDolomedes-plantariusCoenagrion-mercurialeLeucorrhinia-dubiaStethophyma-grossumMelanargia-galatheaThymelicus-sylvestrisFormica-rufaKielder-ForestNorthumberlandLiz-OldringStephen-WillsDurham-Universityclimate-suitabilitylimited-fundingbiased-fundingvertebratenature-positive-trade2024-General-ElectionManifesto-for-Bugsseven-actionscommitmentshalting-nature-lossreversing-invertebrate-declineAndrew-WhitehouseSouth-West-ManagerLord-De-Mauleywildlife-ministermineral-extractionTreasuryGeorge-Entwistle50%-cutbadger-cullriver-dredging£100K£12.75£420£1,6162012201421-projects2-projectsreportingBedstraw-hawk-mothnational-prideleadershipDavid-SmithSocial-Change-and-Advocacy-OfficerLisa-ManningPolicy-and-Engagement-OfficerFebruary-2024GB-Non-Native-Species-Strategyone-year-anniversarymeasurabilitytimelineoff-track2030time-lagestablishmentRed-Imported-Fire-AntSolenopsis-invictaworld's-worst-invasive-speciesPaPsdraft-formconsultation-delay2023-State-of-Nature-ReportEnvironmental-Audit-Committee£6-millionanimal-healthplant-healthresourcinglong-term-futureslipped-timelinesinefficient-processfully-resourced-implementation-plansgeneral-electionmanifestosmallest-creaturesfoundationshealthy-environmentecosystem-functionnature's-declineactioncommitmentEngland-Managerdeliberate-movementreleasewildconservation-purposefeatheredfurredmultitudelarge-scale1980s1990s2018Englandsmall-sizesmall-scaleregion2005200720082010-201520092010201920222023isolatedhigh-reproductive-potentialcost-effectivezooaquariumcollaborationten-different-zoosthousandsspiderlingsfour-new-populationsNorfolkSuffolkmedia-response2024headlinehomeownerurgent-warningrelatively-easy-to-rearlocal-schoolscollegesvolunteerssmall-aquaria500-snailsfour-new-sites6,00047-volunteerslong-complex-life-cyclelong-livedmany-years50,000specialised-facilitieshundredsjuvenile-musselsageing-populationsNorthern-Englandnatural-rangeconservation-status2000climatically-suitablenine-yearspest-speciesForestry-EnglandWood-Antkeystone-woodland-speciesrescueimmediate-dangerAustropotamobius-pallipesNorth-American-Signal-CrayfishPacifastacus-leniusculusoutcompetesfungalCrayfish-Plaguesusceptiblesuccessful-reintroductionrigorous-planningappropriate-guidelinesreintroduction-codenatural-habitatrestorationmicro-habitat-requirementslife-cycle-stageconservation-tool-kittargeted-habitat-restorationmobile-speciesspecies-specialistpublic2010s2004thousands-of-caterpillarsmultiple-attemptspublic-attentionvertebrate-relative2025opposite-patterncelebration

• Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus

  Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.

  harvester-antseed-collecting-antarid-adapted-antPogonomyrmexMyrmicinaeFormicidaeHymenopteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaForel-1914speciesacceptedPogonomyrmex-tenuispinusPogonomyrmeciniAculeataApocritaHexapodaEukaryotaMetazoaVespoideainsectantseed-harvesterdesert-antnative-specieskeystone-species-candidateecosystem-engineermyrmecochorynest-diskisland-of-fertilitystinging-antvenomous-insectarthropodhymenopteranformicidmyrmicine-antpogonomyrmecine-antharvester-ant-speciesPogonomyrmex-speciesNorth-American-antwestern-North-America-antarid-region-antxeric-habitat-antgranivorous-antseed-predatorseed-dispersersoil-engineervegetation-engineernest-rim-vegetationbiodiversity-hotspot-creatorfood-web-participantpredatorpreyinsectivore-food-sourcerodent-defensemammal-defensepainful-stingSchmidt-sting-pain-indexJustin-SchmidtDerek-UheyRichard-Hofstetterkeystone-speciespest-perceptionrange-managementrangeland-ecologyrestoration-ecologyinvasion-ecologynative-plant-restorationdrought-refugegrazing-refugedisturbance-recoveryfire-recoverysoil-nutrient-enhancementtrash-dump-ecosystemhouse-guest-habitatmite-associatesilverfish-associatebeetle-associatespringtail-associatebacteria-associatemycorrhizae-associateprotist-associatefungi-associatearthropod-associatebird-food-sourcelizard-food-sourcemammal-food-sourcesage-grouse-food-sourcehorned-lizard-food-sourceendangered-species-food-sourcetraditional-medicineindigenous-knowledgeShoshoneanritual-usevision-questdream-helpertherapeutic-useanaphylaxis-riskallergic-reactionsting-avoidancenon-flying-insectnon-domestic-pestcrop-pest-perceptionweed-seed-preferencerestoration-seed-lossbroadcast-seeding-interferenceseed-selectionseed-preferencefilareeErodium-cicutariummustardBrassica-tournefortiibrittlebushbuckwheatexotic-plantinvasive-plantnative-plantcoastal-sage-scrubColorado-PlateauArizonaUtahNevadaCaliforniaNew-MexicoTexasMexicoChihuahuan-DesertSonoran-DesertMojave-DesertGreat-BasinColorado-Desertarid-grasslandshrublandpinyon-juniperponderosa-pinenest-rimnest-clearingnest-moundsubterranean-granarytrunk-trailforaging-patchpatroller-antforager-antseed-transportseed-storageseed-consumptionseed-germinationseedling-establishmentplant-recruitmentplant-community-compositionvegetation-patternlandscape-patternpolka-dot-landscapebare-soilvegetation-clearingvegetation-enhancementnutrient-depositiondetritus-accumulationsoil-biota-enhancementmicrohabitat-creationrefugiastress-tolerancedrought-tolerancegrazing-tolerancefire-toleranceecosystem-stabilityecosystem-resilienceecosystem-servicesconservation-valuemanagement-considerationresearch-subjecteducational-subjectant-farm-subjectchildren's-scienceoutreachpublic-educationentomologymyrmecologyecologyethnobiologyethnoentomologyvenom-biochemistrypeptide-venomsodium-ion-channelmammalian-nervous-systemtoxicologyLD50Maricopa-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-maricopawestern-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-occidentalisCalifornian-harvester-antPogonomyrmex-californicusPogonomyrmex-rugosusPogonomyrmex-subdentatusred-harvester-antblack-harvester-antMessorVeromessorseed-harvesting-ant-generaant-generaant-speciesant-taxonomyant-biodiversityant-conservationant-managementant-controlant-baitant-sting-treatmentant-allergyant-venom-evolutionant-plant-interactionant-seed-interactionant-rodent-interactionant-vertebrate-interactionant-arthropod-interactionant-microbe-interactionant-soil-interactionant-vegetation-interactionant-landscape-interactionmutualismcommensalismpredationscavenginggranivorymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyformicivoryecological-engineeringecosystem-engineeringkeystone-engineeringfoundation-speciesdominant-speciesabundant-speciesconspicuous-speciesvisible-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesresearch-modelecological-modelbehavioral-modelsocial-insecteusocial-insectcolonial-insectcolony-lifecaste-systemworker-antqueen-antmale-antreproductive-antpatrollerforagernest-maintenancebrood-carefood-storageterritorial-defensesting-defensemandible-defensechemical-defensealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitmenttandem-runningmass-foragingcentral-place-foragingoptimal-foragingseed-size-selectionseed-chemistry-selectionseed-morphology-selectionawned-seedelaiosomeseed-appendageseed-dispersal-distanceseed-fateseed-bankseed-predationseed-survivalseedling-survivalplant-population-dynamicsplant-community-dynamicsvegetation-recoveryvegetation-restorationhabitat-restorationecological-restorationrangeland-managementgrazing-managementfire-managementdrought-managementclimate-change-adaptationconservation-biologyapplied-ecologylandscape-ecologycommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyecosystem-ecologysoil-ecologymicrobial-ecologyinvasion-biologybiological-invasionexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesinvasive-species-managementnative-species-conservationbiodiversity-conservationspecies-interactionfood-webtrophic-levelenergy-flownutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionsecondary-productionherbivorycarnivoryomnivorydetritivoryscavengeropportunistic-feedergeneralist-feederselective-feederspecialist-feederseed-specialistarthropod-predatorarthropod-preyvertebrate-preyvertebrate-predatorinsect-predatorinsect-preyecological-functionecological-impactecological-significancescientific-nametaxonomic-authorityoriginal-descriptiontype-specimentype-localityspecies-validityaccepted-speciesvalid-speciesnomenclaturetaxonomysystematicsphylogenybiogeographydistribution-rangegeographic-rangeendemicnative-rangenaturalized-rangeintroduced-rangerange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shifthabitat-specificityhabitat-breadthniche-breadthenvironmental-toleranceabiotic-factorbiotic-factordisturbance-regimestress-factorlimiting-factorpopulation-densitycolony-densitynest-densityabundancefrequencyoccurrenceobservationspecimencollectionmuseum-recordliterature-recordcitizen-scienceiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIAntWebtaxonomic-databasebiodiversity-databaseoccurrence-databasedistribution-databaseresearch-articlereview-articlescientific-publicationpeer-reviewedentomological-journalecological-journalconservation-journalacademic-sourceexpert-sourceauthoritative-sourceDeborah-GordonBert-HölldoblerE.O.-WilsonPhil-WardMeredith-Swett-WalkerChristopher-BriggsRichard-RedakNorthern-Arizona-UniversityUniversity-of-CaliforniaUniversity-of-California-RiversideFlagstaffbee-gardenHäagen-Dazs-Honey-Bee-HavenBohart-MuseumUC-Davisentomology-departmentforestry-schoolresearchergraduate-studentPhD-candidateassistant-professorteaching-professorforest-entomologistant-specialistmyrmecologistecologistconservationistnaturalistethnobiologisttoxicologistbehavioral-ecologist20212023November-2021December-2023July-2015July-17July-18Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-AmericaEnvironmental-EntomologyBug-of-the-WeekBug-SquadEntomology-TodayNational-Moth-Weekphotophotographimagevisual-recorddocumentationfield-observationfield-studyfield-experimentlaboratory-studycontrolled-experimentobservational-studycomparative-studylong-term-studyshort-term-studycross-sectional-studyexperimental-manipulationexclosuregrazing-exclosuredrought-eventclimate-eventweather-eventdisturbance-eventfire-eventgrazing-eventseasonal-variationtemporal-variationspatial-variationnest-patternplant-compositionplant-coverplant-biomassplant-growthplant-recoveryseed-bank-dynamicssoil-propertysoil-nutrientsoil-moisturesoil-temperaturesoil-biotamicrobial-communityfungal-communitybacterial-communitydetritusrefuse-piletrash-dumpnest-chamberbrood-chamberfood-chambergranary-chambertunnel-systemnest-architecturenest-structurenest-entrancenest-vegetationnest-microclimatenest-microhabitatassociate-communityinquilinemyrmecophilenest-guesthouse-guestcommensalsymbiontparasitedetritivoredecomposernutrient-cyclerenergy-transformertrophic-intermediaryecosystem-service-providerhabitat-creatorhabitat-modifierhabitat-enhancerrestoration-toolmanagement-toolconservation-tooleducation-toolresearch-toolmodel-organismstudy-systemfield-sitefield-stationnatural-areaprotected-areanational-parkstate-parkwildlife-refugenature-reserveconservation-arearesearch-areastudy-areasampling-locationobservation-locationoccurrence-locationdistribution-pointrange-pointrange-limitrange-boundaryrange-centerrange-peripherycore-populationperipheral-populationsource-populationsink-populationmetapopulationpopulation-structurepopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscolony-structurecolony-dynamicscolony-geneticssocial-structuresocial-organizationsocial-behaviorcollective-behaviorgroup-behaviorcolony-defenseterritorialityaggressionsting-responsealarm-responserecruitment-responseforaging-behaviorfood-collectionfood-processingfood-sharingtrophallaxisterritory-maintenancemate-findingmating-behaviorreproductive-behaviordispersal-behaviorfounding-behaviorcolony-foundingnest-foundingqueen-behaviorworker-behaviormale-behaviorsoldier-behaviorpolymorphismworker-sizeworker-castetask-allocationdivision-of-laborage-polyethismsize-polyethismtemporal-polyethismbehavioral-plasticitybehavioral-flexibilitylearningmemorynavigationorientationtrail-followingpath-integrationvisual-cuechemical-cuetactile-cuethermal-cuehumidity-cuelight-cuepolarized-lightsun-compasslandmarkodor-trailpheromone-trailrecruitment-pheromonemarking-behaviorterritorial-markingnestmate-recognitioncolony-recognitionenemy-recognitionprey-recognitionfood-recognitionseed-recognitionhabitat-recognitionenvironmental-assessmentrisk-assessmentdecision-makingbehavioral-economicsforaging-theorymarginal-value-theoremprey-choicepatch-choicediet-choicefood-preferenceseed-acceptanceseed-rejectionhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeharvest-timeprocessing-timeconsumption-timeenergy-intakeenergy-expenditurenet-energy-gainforaging-efficiencyforaging-successforaging-ratecollection-ratetransport-ratereturn-rateload-sizetrip-durationtrip-distanceforaging-distanceforaging-rangeforaging-territoryhome-rangeactivity-rangedaily-activityseasonal-activityannual-activitydiurnal-activitynocturnal-activitycrepuscular-activityactivity-patternacti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orlived-by-factorexisted-by-factorbeen-by-factoroccurred-to-factorhappened-to-factortaken-place-with-factortranspired-with-factorresulted-from-factorensued-from-factorfollowed-from-factorsucceeded-to-factorpreceded-by-factoranteceded-by-factorled-to-by-factorcaused-by-factorproduced-by-factoreffected-by-factorbrought-about-by-factorgiven-rise-to-by-factorstemmed-from-factorarisen-from-factorderived-from-factororiginated-from-factorcome-from-factoremerged-from-factorsprung-from-factorflowed-from-factoraccorded-to-factordepended-on-by-factorrelied-on-by-factorrested-on-by-factorbased-on-by-factorgrounded-on-by-factorfounded-on-by-factorbuilt-on-by-factorconstructed-on-by-factorerected-on-by-factorestablished-on-by-factorset-up-on-by-factorinstalled-on-by-factorplaced-on-by-factorput-on-by-factorlaid-on-by-factorsettled-on-by-factorlocated-on-by-factorsituated-on-by-factorpositioned-on-by-factorstationed-on-by-factorposted-on-by-factorassigned-to-by-factorallotted-to-by-factorapportioned-to-by-factordistributed-to-by-factorgiven-to-by-factorgranted-to-by-factorawarded-to-by-factorconferred-on-by-factorbestowed-on-by-factorpresented-to-by-factoroffered-to-by-factorproposed-to-by-factorsuggested-to-by-factorrecommended-to-by-factoradvised-to-by-factorcounseled-to-by-factorconsulted-with-by-factorconferred-with-by-factordiscussed-with-by-factortalked-with-by-factorspoken-with-by-factorsaid-to-by-factortold-to-by-factorinformed-of-by-factornotified-of-by-factorreported-to-by-factorannounced-to-by-factorproclaimed-to-by-factorpublished-to-by-factorissued-to-by-factorreleased-to-by-factorcirculated-to-by-factorbroadcast-to-by-factortransmitted-to-by-factorsent-to-by-factordispatched-to-by-factorposted-to-by-factormailed-to-by-factorshipped-to-by-factortransported-to-by-factorconveyed-to-by-factordelivered-to-by-factorreceived-at-factoraccepted-at-factortaken-at-factorgotten-at-factorobtained-at-factoracquired-at-factorgained-at-factorearned-at-factorwon-at-factorachieved-at-factorattained-at-factorreached-at-factorarrived-at-factorcome-at-factorapproached-at-factorneared-at-factorclosed-at-factorended-at-factorfinished-at-factorcompleted-at-factorconcluded-at-factorterminated-at-factorstopped-at-factorceased-at-factorhalted-at-factorpaused-at-factorwaited-at-factorstayed-at-factorremained-at-factorcontinued-at-factorpersisted-at-factorlasted-at-factorendured-at-factorsurvived-at-factorlived-at-factorexisted-at-factorbeen-at-factoroccurred-at-factorhappened-at-factortaken-place-at-factortranspired-at-factorresulted-at-factorensued-at-factorfollowed-at-factorsucceeded-at-factorpreceded-at-factoranteceded-at-factorled-to-at-factorcaused-at-factorproduced-at-factoreffected-at-factorbrought-about-at-factorgiven-rise-to-at-factorstemmed-at-factorarisen-at-factorderived-at-factororiginated-at-factoremerged-at-factorsprung-at-factorflowed-at-factoraccorded-at-factordepended-at-factorrelied-at-factorrested-at-factorbased-at-factorgrounded-at-factorfounded-at-factorbuilt-at-factorconstructed-at-factorerected-at-factorestablished-at-factorset-up-at-factorinstalled-at-factorplaced-at-factorput-at-factorlaid-at-factorsettled-at-factorlocated-at-factorsituated-at-factorpositioned-at-factorstationed-at-factorposted-at-factorassigned-at-factorallotted-at-factorapportioned-at-factordistributed-at-factorgiven-at-factorgranted-at-factorawarded-at-factorconferred-at-factorbestowed-at-factorpresented-at-factoroffered-at-factorproposed-at-factorsuggested-at-factorrecommended-at-factoradvised-at-factorcounseled-at-factorconsulted-at-factordiscussed-at-factortalked-at-factorspoken-at-factorsaid-at-factortold-at-factorinformed-at-factornotified-at-factorreported-at-factorannounced-at-factorproclaimed-at-factorpublished-at-factorissued-at-factorreleased-at-factorcirculated-at-factorbroadcast-at-factortransmitted-at-factorsent-at-factordispatched-at-factormailed-at-factorshipped-at-factortransported-at-factorconveyed-at-factordelivered-at-factor

• Tetramesa

  Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.

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