Intrasexual-selection

Guides

• Rothschildia lebeau

  Lebeau's Silk Moth, Forbes Moth

  Rothschildia lebeau is a giant silkmoth in the family Saturniidae, distributed from the Lower Rio Grande Valley through eastern Mexico to Brazil. Adults are short-lived and do not feed, relying on fat reserves accumulated during larval development. The species exhibits a life history tradeoff between larval survival and adult body size based on host plant quality, with larger males showing higher mating success.

  giant-silkmothSaturniidaehost-plant-tradeoffsexual-selectiontropical-dry-forestBarro-Colorado-Islandpheromone-communicationnon-feeding-adultcomplete-metamorphosiscultural-significanceindigenous-usecocoon-harvestingmating-successbody-size-dimorphismseasonal-variationmicrobial-associationsprotistan-diversitycaterpillar-microbiomeherbivoreforest-ecologyNeotropicalMexicoCentral-AmericaSouth-AmericaPanamaCosta-RicaBrazilTexasRio-Grande-Valleyexhibit-speciesbutterfly-houseeducationconservationlight-pollutionsuburban-sprawlintroduced-parasitesrearingcottage-industryvestigial-mouthpartsfat-reservesshort-lived-adultfemale-sedentary-behaviormale-dispersaloviposition-site-selectionfitness-consequenceslife-history-evolutionquantitative-genetic-variationwet-season-phenologydevelopmental-plasticitysurvival-size-tradeoffherbivore-performanceplant-animal-interactionsmicrobial-observatorymolecular-characterizationeukaryotic-microbiomesaturniid-caterpillarLepidopteraBombycoideaRothschildiaGuérin-Méneville-1868Attacus-lebeauLebeau's-Silk-MothForbes-MothRothschildia-lebeau-forbesiwindowstransparent-wing-patchesscale-less-wing-areasantennaesexual-dimorphismmate-choicesperm-competitionreproductive-successlarval-performancecaterpillar-growthpupal-developmentadult-emergencelongevitypredationbat-predationnocturnalcrepuscularmothsilkmothsilkwormgiant-mothforest-mothtropical-mothNeotropical-faunabiodiversityinsect-collectionmuseum-specimenBohart-MuseumAmerican-Museum-of-Natural-Historyentomologylepidopterologysystematicstaxonomynatural-historyfield-studyobservational-studyexperimental-ecologyevolutionary-ecologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-functionfood-webtrophic-interactionherbivoryfolivorytree-insect-interactionphenologyclimate-effectsseasonalityenvironmental-variationhabitat-heterogeneityhost-raceecotypelocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationquantitative-traittrade-offallocationreproductive-allocationparental-investmentoffspring-sizeoffspring-numberoptimal-clutch-sizemate-competitionintrasexual-selectionintersexual-selectionornamentsignalchemical-communicationolfactionsensory-ecologyforagingmovement-ecologydispersalmigrationhome-rangeactivity-patterndiel-cyclecircadian-rhythmphotoperiodtemperaturehumidityrainfallprecipitationdry-seasonwet-seasontropical-seasonalityEl-Niñoclimate-changeglobal-warminghabitat-disturbanceforest-fragmentationdeforestationagricultural-expansionurbanizationconservation-biologythreatened-speciescommon-speciespopulation-declineextinction-riskprotected-areanational-parkbiological-reserveresearch-stationSmithsonian-Tropical-Research-InstituteBarro-Colorado-Island-Nature-MonumentGatun-LakePanama-CanalIsthmus-of-PanamaCentral-American-isthmusland-bridgebiogeographyvicariancedispersal-limitationspecies-rangerange-expansionrange-contractionrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientthermal-tolerancedesiccation-resistancewater-balancephysiological-ecologymetabolic-rateenergeticsnutritional-ecologystoichiometrynitrogenphosphoruscarbonplant-secondary-metabolitetanninalkaloidterpenoiddefenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defenseherbivore-offensecounter-adaptationcoevolutionevolutionary-arms-racephylogenetic-constraintphylogenetic-signalcomparative-methodphylogenetic-comparative-analysistrait-evolutionreproductive-strategyiteroparitysemelparitybig-bang-reproductionsuicidal-reproductioncapital-breederincome-breederresource-acquisitionresource-allocationstoragefat-bodylipidglycogenproteinamino-acidvitaminmicronutrientdigestiongut-microbiomegut-floraintestinal-microorganismsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogendiseaseimmunityimmune-responsedefense-mechanismresistancetolerancerecoverysurvivalmortalityfecundityfertilitysterilityhybridizationintrogressiongene-flowpopulation-structuregenetic-differentiationFSTisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentlandscape-geneticslandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imageryhabitat-suitabilityspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelMaxEntBIOMODensemble-forecastclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effecttrophic-cascadekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciesrare-speciesfunctional-diversityfunctional-traittrait-based-ecologycommunity-assemblyfilteringsortingneutral-theoryniche-theoryunified-theorymetacommunitymetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsrescue-effectmass-effectpatch-dynamicslandscape-mosaicconnectivitycorridorstepping-stonematrix-qualityedge-effectinterior-forestcore-areabuffer-zonefragment-sizeisolationperimeter-area-ratioshape-indexfractal-dimensionhabitat-amountthreshold-effectextinction-debtrelaxation-timelag-effecttime-delayhistorical-legacyfounder-effectbottleneckgenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionheterosishybrid-vigorgenetic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationtranslocationreintroductionrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationecological-restorationrewildingde-extinctionsynthetic-biologyconservation-geneticsconservation-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsenvironmental-DNAeDNAmetabarcodingmetagenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsimagingcomputer-visionmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkconvolutional-neural-networkrecurrent-neural-networkgenerative-adversarial-networktransfer-learningdata-augmentationtraining-setvalidation-settest-setcross-validationbootstrapjackknifepermutationrandomizationMonte-CarloMarkov-chainBayesian-inferenceposterior-probabilityprior-probabilitylikelihoodmodel-selectioninformation-criterionAICBICDICWAICLOOmodel-averagingmultimodel-inferencestructural-equation-modelpath-analysiscausal-inferencedirected-acyclic-graphpotential-outcomespropensity-scoreinstrumental-variableregression-discontinuitydifference-in-differencessynthetic-controlpanel-datalongitudinal-datatime-seriescross-sectional-dataspatial-dataspatiotemporal-datapoint-patternareal-datageostatisticskrigingvariogramspatial-autocorrelationMoran's-IGeary's-cGetis-Ord-GiLISAhot-spotcold-spotcluster-detectionscan-statisticnetwork-analysisgraph-theorysmall-worldscale-free-networkcentralitybetweennessclosenesseigenvectorPageRankcommunity-detectionmodularityclustering-coefficientpath-lengthdiameterradiuspercolationrobustnessresiliencevulnerabilityadaptive-capacitytransformabilitysocial-ecological-systemcomplex-adaptive-systememergent-propertyself-organizationnonlinearitythresholdtipping-pointhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-indicatorpanarchyadaptive-cycleexploitationreleasereorganizationfast-variableslow-variablecontrolling-variabledriverpressurestateimpactresponseDPSIRecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicecultural-servicesupporting-servicenatural-capitalgreen-infrastructurenature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationpayment-for-ecosystem-serviceREDD+biodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationrestorationcompensationno-net-lossnet-gainbiodiversity-metriccondition-metriclandscape-metricconnectivity-metricgenetic-metricfunctional-metricirreplaceabilitythreatopportunityconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationprioritizationefficiencyeffectivenessequitystakeholdergovernanceinstitutionpolicylawregulationincentivemarket-based-instrumentcommand-and-controlvoluntary-agreementcertificationeco-labelsustainable-usesustainable-managementadaptive-managementlearning-by-doingmonitoringevaluationindicatortargetgoalvisionscenarioprojectionforecastuncertaintyriskprecautionary-principlesafe-minimum-standardenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintecological-footprintmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisinput-output-analysisenvironmentally-extended-input-output-analysismulti-regional-input-output-analysiscomputable-general-equilibriumintegrated-assessment-modelearth-system-modelglobal-circulation-modelregional-climate-modeldownscalingbias-correctionensemble-simulationperturbed-physicsemulatorsurrogate-modelreduced-complexity-modelsimple-climate-modelintegrated-earth-system-modelsocioeconomic-scenarioshared-socioeconomic-pathwayrepresentative-concentration-pathwayclimate-scenarioemission-scenariomitigation-scenarioadaptation-scenarioimpact-scenariovulnerability-scenariorisk-scenarioresilience-scenariotransformation-scenariosustainability-scenarionarrativestorylinepathwaytrajectorytransitiontransformationdecarbonizationelectrificationrenewable-energyenergy-efficiencycircular-economygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynature-economynatural-capital-accountingecosystem-accountingenvironmental-accountinggreen-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorhappy-planet-indexhuman-development-indexsustainable-development-goalsAgenda-2030Paris-AgreementConvention-on-Biological-DiversityAichi-targetspost-2020-global-biodiversity-frameworkKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30-by-30half-earthnature-needs-halfrewilding-Europerewilding-Britainrewilding-North-AmericaPleistocene-rewildingtrophic-rewildingecological-replacementtaxon-substitutionrevival-biologymolecular-de-extinctionproxy-speciesgene-driveCRISPRgenome-editinggenetic-modificationbiotechnologynanotechnologyinformation-technologyglobal-positioning-systemunmanned-aerial-vehicledronesatellitesensorcamera-trapacoustic-monitoringcitizen-sciencecommunity-scienceparticipatory-monitoringtraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgefarmer-knowledgefishers-knowledgeco-production-of-knowledgetransdisciplinarityinterdisciplinaritymultidisciplinaritypost-normal-sciencemode-2-sciencetriple-helixquadruple-helixquintuple-helixopen-scienceopen-dataopen-accessopen-sourceFAIR-datafindableaccessibleinteroperablereusabledata-management-planmetadataprovenancequality-assurancequality-controlvalidationverificationuncertainty-quantificationerror-propagationsensitivity-analysisscenario-analysisMonte-Carlo-simulationBayesian-belief-networkinfluence-diagramdecision-treemulti-criteria-decision-analysiscost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-attribute-utility-theorygame-theorymechanism-designincentive-compatibilityrevelation-principlesocial-choice-theoryvoting-theoryfair-divisioninstitutional-designpolicy-designgovernance-designarchitecturepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancehierarchical-governancemarket-governancecommunity-governancehybrid-governancemeta-governancesteeringrowingregulatory-stateenabling-statepartner-stateentrepreneurial-stateinnovation-statestrategic-statedevelopmental-statewelfare-stategreen-statesustainable-stateresilient-statesmart-statedigital-stateplatform-statealgorithmic-statesurveillance-stateauthoritarian-statedemocratic-statedeliberative-democracyparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyrepresentative-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracygreen-democracyecological-democracybiocracyecofascismdeep-ecologysocial-ecologyecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justiceterritorial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justicereparative-justicetransitional-justiceecological-justicespecies-justicemultispecies-justicemore-than-human-justiceanthropocenecapitaloceneplantationocenechthulucenesymbiocenegood-anthropocenebad-anthropocenegreat-accelerationgreat-divergencegreat-convergencegreat-transformationgreat-decouplinggreat-disruptiongreat-moderationgreat-recessiongreat-depressiongreat-wargreat-faminegreat-migrationgreat-replacementgreat-resetgreat-refusalgreat-enrichmentgreat-levelinggreat-compression

• Tetramesa

  Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.

  biological-controlgall-waspgrasslandinvasive-species-managementhost-specificitycryptic-speciesphylogenomicsEurytomidaeChalcidoideaHymenopteraphytophagyPoaceaestem-gallinflorescence-gallintegrated-pest-managementriparian-restorationmolecular-systematicsspecies-delimitationGMYCCOI28Sbiocontrol-agentArundo-donaxgiant-reedmedusaheadAfrican-lovegrassEragrostisSporobolusbarley-jointwormintegrated-taxonomySouthern-Hemisphere-diversitygrassland-expansionMiocene-diversificationmonophagyhost-range-testingnon-target-effectstick-habitatcattle-fever-tickRio-GrandeBig-Bend-National-Parkgreenhouse-rearingoviposition-behaviorwater-deficit-stressgeneration-timeparasitoidEurytoma-amicophagaEurytominaeWalker-1848TerebrantesApocritamicrohymenopteraminute-waspreduced-wing-venationantennal-segmentationmesosoma-sculptureovipositormolecular-operational-taxonomic-unitsMOTUspecies-boundariescryptic-diversitysampling-effectsSPEDE-samplerhost-genetic-proxiesfield-host-rangeno-choice-testingnative-Australian-speciesnon-target-riskhost-phylogenytarget-weedsuppressiontoppingmechanical-controlintegrated-weed-managementnative-vegetation-recoverylight-penetrationcanopy-structuredispersalestablishmentpost-release-evaluationadventive-populationAustin-TexasIdahoEnglandWalesOrissaCanary-IslandsCanary-Is.MediterraneanSouth-Africasouthern-AfricaNorthern-HemisphereAustraliaNorth-AmericaTexasCaliforniaGreececentral-AsiaIranUkraineMoldovaRussiaIsraelTajikistanJapanEragrostis-curvulaSporobolus-pyramidalisSporobolus-natalensisSporobolus-africanusHyparrhenia-hirtaAndropogon-gayanusEragrostis-planaEragrostis-planiculmisEragrostis-bifloraEragrostis-capensisEragrostis-trichophoraDeschampsia-caespitosaDeschampsia-setaceaTaeniatherum-caput-medusaeHordeumbarleyPhragmitescommon-reedDactylis-glomerataorchardgrassPoalesgrassgraminoidcereal-croppasturerangelandinvasive-weednoxious-weedhabitat-structureecosystem-functioningnaturalised-speciesalien-grassdonor-countryreceiver-countrybiocontrol-practitionerhost-plant-resistanceinternode-infestationoviposition-preferencebehavioral-categoriesantennae-attitudelaboratory-artifactpolyphagyspecialistgeneralistclimate-fluctuationmolecular-clockdated-analysisphylogenetic-cladeintrapopulation-variationgeographic-sub-structuringsingleton-effectoverestimationconsensus-delimitationoperational-taxonomic-unitintegrative-taxonomyevidence-linecaveatputative-speciesnovel-taxonundescribed-speciesbiodiversity-assessmentfaunal-surveyfield-collectiongenetic-sequencemitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAcytochrome-c-oxidase-Iribosomal-DNAinternal-transcribed-spacerchloroplast-DNArps16rpl32trnKtrnLITSplant-insect-interactionherbivorephytophageprimary-consumertrophic-levelfood-webcommunity-ecologyrestoration-ecologyconservation-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinundative-releaseestablishment-ratepopulation-increasedownstream-dispersalriver-milebiomass-reductionplant-communitytick-feeding-anttick-feeding-beetlehabitat-modificationlaw-enforcementinternational-borderflood-controlirrigation-channelstream-cloggingriver-bank-weakeningnative-vegetation-stiflingwildlife-habitat-reductioncattle-inspectiondeer-inspectionRhipicephalusBoophilustick-populationvegetation-transitionshading-effectlong-term-suppressionhigh-suppressioncane-thinningmechanical-cuttinggrowth-suppressionsusceptibility-to-attackcombination-treatmentsynergistic-effectresearch-demonstrationUSDAAgricultural-Research-Serviceentomologistfield-measurementpost-release-monitoringimpact-assessmentagent-efficacynon-target-damagecrop-safetyagricultural-importancehost-specific-herbivoresustainable-methodcost-effective-methodweed-controlinvasive-plant-managementhabitat-restorationecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicesupporting-servicecultural-servicebiodiversity-conservationthreatened-speciesendangered-specieshabitat-lossclimate-changeland-use-changeanthropogenic-disturbanceurbanizationagricultural-intensificationgrazing-pressurefire-regimenitrogen-depositioncarbon-sequestrationsoil-stabilizationwater-qualityair-qualitypollinatornectar-feedingadult-dietlarval-diettissue-feedinggall-inductionplant-manipulationphytohormonecytokininauxincell-proliferationtissue-differentiationnutrient-sinksink-strengthsource-sink-dynamicsplant-physiologyreproductive-outputseed-productionseed-weightflowering-headinflorescencestem-elongationtiller-productionbiomass-allocationgrowth-raterelative-growth-ratenet-primary-productivityecosystem-productivitycarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingdecompositionlitter-qualityherbivory-impacttop-down-controlbottom-up-controltrophic-cascadeindirect-effectdirect-effectdensity-dependencedensity-independencepopulation-regulationpopulation-dynamicslife-tablesurvivorshipfecundityreproductive-rateintrinsic-rate-of-increasedoubling-timecarrying-capacitypopulation-growthexponential-growthlogistic-growthAllee-effectstochasticityenvironmental-variationdemographic-variationgenetic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylocal-adaptationevolutionary-responsecoevolutionarms-raceescape-and-radiatediversification-ratespeciationextinctionphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundance-distributionrank-abundance-curvediversity-indexShannon-indexSimpson-indexevenness-indexdominance-indexsimilarity-indexdissimilarity-indexcluster-analysisordinationprincipal-component-analysisprincipal-coordinate-analysisnon-metric-multidimensional-scalingcanonical-correspondence-analysisredundancy-analysisvariation-partitioningstructural-equation-modelingpath-analysismeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisresearch-priorityknowledge-gapdata-deficiencyIUCN-Red-Listconservation-statusprotected-areamanagement-planmonitoring-protocoladaptive-managementstakeholder-engagementpolicy-recommendationlegislationregulationincentivemarket-based-instrumentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicescarbon-creditbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingconservation-easementland-truststewardshipsustainable-agricultureorganic-farmingagroecologyprecision-agricultureconservation-tillagecover-croppingcrop-rotationintercroppingagroforestrysilvopastureriparian-bufferfilter-stripgrassed-waterwaywetland-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationforest-restorationdegraded-landabandoned-landmarginal-landset-asidewildlife-corridorhabitat-connectivitylandscape-matrixpatch-dynamicsedge-effectinterior-habitatcore-areabuffer-zonepermeabilityresistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancegene-flowgenetic-driftinbreedingoutbreedinghybridizationintrogressionadmixturepopulation-structuregenetic-differentiationFSTGSTDallele-frequencyhaplotypegenotypephenotypequantitative-traitmorphological-traitbehavioral-traitlife-history-traitreproductive-traitsurvival-traitdevelopmental-traitphysiological-traitmetabolic-traitstress-responseimmune-responsedefense-traitresistance-traittolerance-traitavoidance-traitantipredator-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defensecrypsismimicryaposematismstartle-displaythanatosisautotomyregenerationcompensatory-growthinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundextrafloral-nectardomatiamutualismant-plant-mutualismpollination-mutualismseed-dispersal-mutualismprotection-mutualismnutrition-mutualismtransport-mutualismcleaning-mutualismagricultural-mutualismdomesticationcrop-wild-relativelandracecultivarvarietybreedingselectiongenetic-improvementyieldqualitystress-tolerancenutrient-use-efficiencywater-use-efficiencyphotosynthetic-efficiencyharvest-indexgrain-fillingsource-limitationsink-limitationassimilate-transportphloem-loadingphloem-unloadingremobilizationsenescencestay-greenantioxidantreactive-oxygen-speciesoxidative-stressheat-stresscold-stressdrought-stresssalinity-stressmetal-stressnutrient-deficiencynutrient-toxicitysoil-pHsoil-texturesoil-structuresoil-organic-mattersoil-microbial-communityrhizospheremycorrhizanitrogen-fixationphosphorus-solubilizationpotassium-mobilizationmicronutrient-uptakeallelopathycompetitionfacilitationniche-differentiationresource-partitioningtemporal-partitioningspatial-partitioningmorphological-partitioningphysiological-partitioningphenological-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncompetitive-displacementpriority-effectfounder-effectmass-effectspecies-sortingneutral-theoryecological-driftdispersal-limitationenvironmental-filteringbiotic-filteringabiotic-filteringtrait-based-approachfunctional-traitresponse-traiteffect-traitcommunity-assemblycommunity-disassemblycommunity-reassemblysuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionpioneer-speciesclimax-specieskeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciesresident-speciesmigrant-speciesnomadic-speciesirruptive-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesestablished-speciesspreading-specieswidespread-speciesrestricted-speciesendemic-speciescosmopolitan-speciesdisjunct-distributionrelict-distributionrefugiumglacial-refugiuminterglacial-refugiumpostglacial-colonizationrange-shiftrange-expansionrange-contractionrange-fragmentationsource-populationsink-populationmetapopulationpopulation-viabilityminimum-viable-populationeffective-population-sizegenetic-rescuedemographic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationcryopreservationseed-bankgene-bankbotanic-gardenarboretumzooaquariummicrobial-culture-collectionDNA-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankreintroductiontranslocationreinforcementsupplementationheadstartingcaptive-breedingpropagationnucleus-populationrelease-programsoft-releasehard-releaseacclimatizationhabitat-preparationpredator-controlcompetitor-controldisease-controlparasite-controlhealth-screeningquarantineveterinary-carenutrition-managementenvironmental-enrichmentbehavioral-trainingimprintingfosteringcross-fosteringhand-rearingparent-rearingsemi-natural-enclosurepre-release-conditioningsurvival-ratereproduction-ratedispersal-ratesite-fidelityhomeward-orientationmigrationnavigationorientationmagnetic-senseolfactory-sensevisual-senseauditory-sensemechanosensory-sensethermosensory-sensehygrosensory-senseelectrosensory-sensepolarized-lightcelestial-cueslandmark-cuesodor-plumewind-directionsun-compassstar-compassmoon-compassmagnetic-compassinertial-navigationpath-integrationcognitive-mapspatial-memorytemporal-memoryepisodic-memoryprocedural-memoryassociative-learningoperant-conditioningclassical-conditioninghabituationsensitizationsong-learningtool-useproblem-solvinginnovationsocial-learningcultural-transmissionteachingcooperationaltruismkin-selectionreciprocal-altruismgroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionselfish-geneinclusive-fitnessreproductive-skewdominance-hierarchyterritorialityhome-rangeactivity-centerden-sitenest-siteroost-sitesinging-postdisplay-sitelekarenascrapeburrowcavitycreviceholetunnelgallerychambercellcombpaper-nestmud-nestsilk-nestspun-cocoonpupal-caseoothecaegg-massclutchbroodlittercoveypackherdflockcolonysocietysuperorganismeusocialitycooperative-breedingcommunal-breedingpolygynypolyandrypromiscuitymonogamyserial-monogamygenetic-monogamysocial-monogamyextra-pair-copulationsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicesexual-selectionintersexual-selectionintrasexual-selectionmate-choicemate-guardingmate-switchingdivorcewidowhoodmate-replacementbreeding-seasonbreeding-cyclebreeding-attemptbreeding-successfledging-successrecruitmentjuvenile-survivaladult-survivallongevitylife-expectancymaximum-lifespanagingtelomereoxidative-damagemitochondrial-dysfunctioncellular-senescenceapoptosisnecrosisautophagyproteostasisDNA-repairepigenetic-modificationtransgenerational-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectparental-carematernal-carepaternal-carebiparental-carealloparental-carebrood-careegg-carelarval-carepupal-carefood-provisioningnest-defenseterritory-defensepredator-defensedisease-defenseparasite-defensehygiene-behaviorgroomingnest-cleaningcannibalismsiblicideinfanticidefilial-cannibalismsexual-cannibalismcannibalistic-oophagytrophic-eggregurgitationtrophallaxisfood-sharinginformation-sharingalarm-callmobbingdistraction-displaybroken-wing-displaytailingpersecutionattackescapeflightfightfreezefaintdeath-feigningtonic-immobilitystartle-responsewithdrawalavoidancedishabituationlatent-inhibitionblockingovershadowingrelative-validityconditioned-inhibitionspontaneous-recoveryrenewalreinstatementrapid-reacquisitionlatent-learninginsight-learningobservational-learningvicarious-learningemulationimitationsocial-facilitationsocial-inhibitionaudience-effectbystander-effectconformityobediencecompliancecommitmentconsistencyfoot-in-the-doordoor-in-the-facelow-ballthat's-not-allsunk-costendowment-effectloss-aversionrisk-aversionrisk-seekingprobability-weightinghyperbolic-discountingtemporal-discountingintertemporal-choiceoptimal-foragingmarginal-value-theoremprey-choicepatch-choicediet-breadthcentral-place-foragingload-sizetravel-timehandling-timesearch-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-handlingprey-detectionprey-pursuitprey-captureprey-consumptionprey-rejectioningestion-ratedigestion-rateassimilation-efficiencyproduction-efficiencyecological-efficiencytrophic-transfer-efficiencyLindeman-efficiencyten-percent-rulepyramid-of-numberspyramid-of-biomasspyramid-of-energyfood-chaintrophic-networkenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cyclehydrological-cycleatmospheric-circulationocean-circulationthermohaline-circulationEl-NiñoLa-NiñaENSONAOAOPDOAMOclimate-oscillationclimate-anomalyweather-extremedroughtfloodheat-wavecold-snapstormhurricanetyphooncyclonetornadothunderstormlightningwildfirevolcanic-eruptionearthquaketsunamilandslideavalanchemeteor-impactmass-extinctionbackground-extinctionspeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationturnoverstanding-diversityfossil-recordtaphonomypreservation-biassampling-biascollection-biaspublication-biascitation-biaslanguage-biasgeographic-biastemporal-biastaxonomic-biassize-biasabundance-biashabitat-biasfacies-biasLagerstätteKonservat-LagerstätteKonzentrat-Lagerstättetrace-fossilbody-fossilchemical-fossilmolecular-fossilbiomarkerisotope-signaturepaleoclimate-proxypaleoecologypaleobiogeographypaleoecosystempaleocommunitypaleoenvironmentpaleogeographypaleolatitudepaleolongitudecontinental-driftplate-tectonicsseafloor-spreadingsubductionorogenymountain-buildingbasin-formationsedimentationerosionweatheringsoil-formationpedogenesishorizon-developmentprofile-developmentchronosequencetoposequencebiosequenceclimosequencelandformgeomorphologytopographyreliefelevationslopeaspectcurvatureroughnessdrainagewatershedcatchmentbasinsubbasinreachsegmentzonerifflepoolrunglidecascadewaterfallwetlandmarshswampbogfenmirepeatlandtundrataigaboreal-foresttemperate-foresttemperate-rainforesttemperate-grasslandtropical-foresttropical-rainforesttropical-dry-foresttropical-savannatropical-grasslanddeserthot-desertcold-desertsemiaridsteppeprairiepampasveldsavannawoodlandshrublandchaparralmaquisgariguefynboskwonganmalleemulgamogotekarstcavesinkholedolinepoljeuvalaponorspringseepoasiswadiarroyogullyravinecanyongorgevalleydaleglenstrathriftgrabenhorstfaultfoldanticlinesynclinemonoclinedomeplateaumesabutteescarpmentbluffcliffcragtorinselbergbornhardtkopjehillknollmoundridgespursaddlepasscolgapnotchcleftfissurejointbedding-planefoliationlineationcleavageschistositygneissic-bandingmagmalavaigneous-rocksedimentary-rockmetamorphic-rockmineralcrystalgraintexturestructurefabriccompositionchemistrymineralogypetrologygeochemistrygeophysicsgeochronologyradiometric-datingisotopic-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologylichenometryarchaeomagnetismpaleomagnetismthermoluminescenceoptically-stimulated-luminescenceelectron-spin-resonancecosmogenic-nuclideexposure-datingburial-datingterrestrial-cosmogenic-nuclidein-situ-cosmogenic-nuclidemeteoric-cosmogenic-nuclidefallout-radionuclidelead-210cesium-137plutoniumamericiumradiocarboncarbon-14calibration-curveintcalmarine-reservoir-effectterrestrial-reservoir-effecthard-water-effectcontaminationpretreatmentcombustiongraphitizationaccelerator-mass-spectrometryliquid-scintillation-countinggas-proportional-countingbeta-countinggamma-spectrometryalpha-spectrometrymass-spectrometryinductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometrythermal-ionization-mass-spectrometrysecondary-ion-mass-spectrometrylaser-ablation-inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometryelectron-microprobescanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopylight-microscopyconfocal-microscopyfluorescence-microscopypolarizing-microscopyphase-contrast-microscopydifferential-interference-contrast-microscopydark-field-microscopybright-field-microscopystereomicroscopydissecting-microscopymicrotomysectioningstainingmountingembeddingfixationpreservationcollectioncurationvoucheringrepositoryherbariummuseumarchivedatabaseregistrycataloguechecklistinventorysurveymonitoringassessmentevaluationappraisalauditreviewsynthesisrapid-reviewscoping-reviewnarrative-reviewcritical-reviewstate-of-the-art-reviewliterature-reviewbibliometric-analysiscitation-analysisco-citation-analysisbibliographic-couplingco-authorship-analysiscollaboration-networkknowledge-mapconcept-mapontologytaxonomyclassificationnomenclaturetypificationdesignationdescriptiondiagnosisillustrationmeasurementmorphometrymeristicscountratioindexscorerankgradescalelevelcategoryclassgroupsetsubsetclustercladelineagebranchstemcrownrootnodetipterminalinternalbasalderivedancestralplesiomorphicapomorphicsynapomorphicautapomorphichomologoushomoplasticconvergentparallelreversalgainlossduplicationdeletioninsertioninversionfusionfissionpolyploidyaneuploidychromosome-numbergenome-sizegene-numbertranscriptomeproteomemetabolomelipidomeglycomeinteractomephenomeconnectomeepigenomemicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomephytobiomerhizobiomeendobiomeectobiomeparasitomepathobiomediseasometoxomeexposomefoodomenutriomepharmacometoxicomeadverse-outcome-pathwaymode-of-actionmechanism-of-actiontarget-sitereceptor-bindingenzyme-inhibitionion-channel-blockademembrane-disruptionDNA-intercalationinflammationcell-differentiationcell-migrationcell-adhesioncell-signalingsignal-transductiongene-expressiontranscriptiontranslationpost-translational-modificationprotein-foldingprotein-degradationprotein-traffickingvesicle-transportexocytosisendocytosisphagocytosispinocytosismitophagypexophagyribophagyER-phagylysophagylipophagyglycophagyferritinophagyaggrephagyxenophagyentosiscytosissyncytiumplasmodesmatagap-junctiontight-junctionadherens-junctiondesmosomehemidesmosomefocal-adhesioncell-polaritycell-asymmetrycell-divisionmitosismeiosiscytokinesiskaryokinesischromosome-segregationspindle-assemblycheckpointDNA-replicationDNA-recombinationtranspositionretrotranspositionhorizontal-gene-transfervertical-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-phenotypeniche-constructionecosystem-engineeringkeystone-processecological-functionecosystem-functionecosystem-goodnatural-capitalnatural-resourcerenewable-resourcenon-renewable-resourcecommon-pool-resourcepublic-goodprivate-goodclub-goodexternalitymarket-failuregovernment-failurepolicy-failureinstitutional-failuretragedy-of-the-commonsfree-ridercollective-actionsocial-dilemmaprisoner's-dilemmachicken-gameassurance-gamecoordination-gamezero-sum-gamepositive-sum-gamenegative-sum-gamewin-winlose-losewin-losePareto-optimalPareto-improvementKaldor-Hicks-improvementcost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisdecision-support-systemexpert-systemknowledge-based-systemrule-based-systemcase-based-reasoningmachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinedecision-treeregression-treeclassification-treeclustering-algorithmdimensionality-reductionfeature-selectionfeature-extractionpattern-recognitionimage-analysissignal-processingtime-series-analysisspatial-analysisgeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imageryaerial-photographydrone-imageryLiDARradarsonarseismicgeophysicalgeochemicalbiogeochemicalecoinformaticsbioinformaticscomputational-biologysystems-biologysynthetic-biologybiotechnologynanotechnologygenetic-engineeringgenome-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasetransgeniccisgenicintragenicsubgenicagrobacterium-mediated-transformationbiolisticselectroporationmicroinjectionprotoplast-fusionsomatic-hybridizationcybridasymmetric-hybridsynthetic-polyploiddoubled-haploidhaploid-inductionanther-culturemicrospore-cultureovule-cultureembryo-cultureendosperm-cultureprotoplast-culturecell-culturetissue-cultureorgan-cultureshoot-cultureroot-culturecallus-culturesuspension-culturebioreactorhairy-root-culturetransformationhardeningmicropropagationclonal-propagationmeristem-cultureshoot-tip-cultureaxillary-bud-culturenodal-cultureleaf-culturepetiole-culturestem-cultureinternode-culturerhizome-culturebulb-culturecorm-culturetuber-cultureseed-culturezygotic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryo-culturesomatic-embryogenesisorganogenesiscaulogenesisrhizogenesisadventitious-shoot-formationdirect-regenerationindirect-regenerationprimary-metabolismsecondary-metabolismbiosynthesisbiotransformationbioconversionbiodegradationbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationbioaugmentationbiostimulationnatural-attenuationmonitored-natural-attenuationengineered-natural-attenuationpermeable-reactive-barrierpump-and-treatsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingthermal-desorptionincinerationlandfillingcontainmentcappingslurry-wallgrout-curtainsheet-pilingclay-linergeomembranegeotextilegeogridgeocompositegeosyntheticgeofabricgeonetgeocellgeopipegeostripgeofoamgeobaggeotubegeocontainergeomatgeoblanketgeospacergeodraingeoinjectiongeogroutgeopiergeocolumngeopilegeowallgeobermgeotrenchgeocutgeofillgeoliftgeoslabgeopanelgeoblockgeobrickgeotilegeopavergeowebgeomattressgeocushion