Cave
Guides
Aselloidea
Waterslaters and allies
Aselloidea is a superfamily of freshwater and subterranean isopods within the suborder Asellota. Members are primarily aquatic, with many lineages adapted to life in groundwater, caves, and karst systems. The superfamily includes families such as Asellidae (common freshwater isopods), Stenasellidae, and Atlantasellidae. Some representatives exhibit remarkable morphological specializations for subterranean existence, including reduced eyes and elongated appendages.
Caecidotea racovitzai australis
Caecidotea racovitzai australis is a subspecies of freshwater isopod in the family Asellidae. It was originally described as Asellus racovitzai australis by Williams in 1970. The subspecies belongs to a genus of aquatic isopods commonly found in groundwater and cave habitats.
Ceuthophilus guttulosus angulosus
Camel cricket, Cave cricket
Ceuthophilus guttulosus angulosus is a subspecies of camel cricket in the family Rhaphidophoridae. As a member of the genus Ceuthophilus, it shares traits with other American camel crickets: wingless adults, humpbacked appearance, and elongated antennae adapted for navigation in dark environments. This subspecies has been documented in several eastern and midwestern U.S. states. Like other camel crickets, it is primarily associated with cool, damp, dark habitats and is nocturnal in activity.
Crangonyctidae
Crangonyctidae is a family of freshwater amphipod crustaceans containing both surface-dwelling and subterranean species. The family includes notable genera such as Crangonyx, Stygobromus, Bactrurus, and Synurella. Many species are obligate groundwater inhabitants adapted to cave and aquifer environments, while others occupy springs, streams, and lakes. The family has a broad geographic distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, with significant diversity in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Crangonyx
cave amphipods, spring amphipods
Crangonyx is a genus of freshwater amphipod crustaceans in the family Crangonyctidae. Species inhabit diverse aquatic environments including surface waters (marshes, swamps, lakes, rivers) and subterranean habitats (caves, springs, groundwater systems). The genus includes both native and highly invasive species, with some taxa exhibiting troglobitic adaptations such as reduced eyes and elongated appendages. Several species have been introduced outside their native ranges, notably Crangonyx pseudogracilis and C. floridanus in Europe and Asia, where they interact competitively and predatorily with native amphipods.
Geophilidae
soil centipedes, earth-loving centipedes
Geophilidae is a family of geophilomorph centipedes, commonly known as soil centipedes, with over 650 species in more than 120 genera. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution with species found worldwide. In 2014, phylogenetic analysis revealed the family to be polyphyletic, leading to taxonomic revisions that synonymized several families (Aphilodontidae, Dignathodontidae, Linotaeniidae, Macronicophilidae) under Geophilidae and established the new family Zelanophildae for some transferred genera. Members are characterized by mandibles with a single pectinate lamella, sternal pores with variable arrangements, and usually present coxal organs.
Grylloblattodea
ice crawlers, rock crawlers
Grylloblattodea is a small order of extremophile insects commonly known as ice crawlers or rock crawlers. These wingless insects are adapted to cold environments and are found in montane habitats, caves, and subalpine forests across western North America and northeastern Asia. The order comprises approximately 25-30 described species in five extant genera, though significant undescribed diversity is suspected. Grylloblattids are predatory, feeding on other arthropods, and show remarkable cold tolerance. They are considered a relict lineage with ancient origins, closely related to Mantophasmatodea within the clade Xenonomia (order Notoptera).
Hymenaphorura
Hymenaphorura is a genus of springtails (Collembola) in the family Onychiuridae, established by Bagnall in 1948. Members of this genus are eyeless, euedaphic (soil-dwelling) or troglobitic (cave-dwelling) species with reduced pigmentation. The genus has been recorded from caves and subterranean habitats across Europe, with some species showing narrow endemic distributions restricted to single cave systems.
Limonia nubeculosa
short-palped cranefly, Sixspot Cranefly
Limonia nubeculosa is a small crane fly species in the family Limoniidae, commonly known as the short-palped cranefly or Sixspot Cranefly. Adults measure 9–11 mm in body length and are recognized by their distinctive wing patterning and banded legs. The species is widespread across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions, with documented populations from Europe through Asia to North America. It is primarily associated with forest habitats and exhibits an extended flight period from spring through late autumn.
Meta
Cave Orbweavers
Meta is a genus of long-jawed orb-weaver spiders (family Tetragnathidae) distributed worldwide. These spiders are strongly associated with subterranean and dimly lit environments, including caves, abandoned mines, old wells, basements, and densely shaded ravines. Unlike most tetragnathids, Meta species construct vertical orb webs rather than horizontal ones. The genus includes notable species such as Meta ovalis in North America and Meta menardi in Europe and Asia.
Meta ovalis
Cave Orbweaver, Eastern Cave Long-jawed Spider
Meta ovalis is a long-jawed orb weaver spider in the family Tetragnathidae, commonly known as the cave orbweaver. Unlike most other tetragnathids, it lacks the exaggerated jaws, elongated body, and long legs typical of the family, and it spins a vertical orb web rather than the horizontal webs of its relatives. It is a troglophile species found in cave entrances, abandoned mines, old wells, basements, and densely shaded ravines across eastern North America, ranging from southeast Canada to Georgia and west to the Mississippi River.
Microcina
Microcina is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones) in the family Phalangodidae, described by Briggs and Ubick in 1989. It belongs to the infraorder Grassatores, a group of Laniatores characterized by relatively long legs and often cryptic habits. Species in this genus are found in western North America, particularly in California. The genus is part of the diverse phalangodid radiation in the region.
Molytinae
Molytinae is a large and diverse subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) described by Carl Johan Schönherr in 1823. The subfamily contains numerous tribes and genera distributed worldwide, with particularly high diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Many Molytinae species are associated with specific host plants, including conifers, oaks, and various flowering plants. Some species are economically important as pests of forestry and agricultural crops, while others are restricted to specialized habitats such as leaf litter, caves, or high-elevation ecosystems. The subfamily has undergone significant taxonomic revision in recent decades, with many new species described particularly from Central America, Africa, and Asia.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
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Tetramesa is a genus of minute phytophagous wasps in the family Eurytomidae comprising over 200 described species. Members are exclusively associated with grasses (Poaceae), where they typically induce stem or inflorescence galls. The genus exhibits pronounced host specificity, with most species restricted to a single grass species or closely related congeners. Several species have been deployed as biological control agents against invasive grasses, including T. romana for giant reed (Arundo donax) and candidate agents for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and African lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula). Adults feed on nectar. Recent phylogenomic studies have synonymized the genera Aiolomorphus and Cathilaria within Tetramesa.
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