Opiliones
Guides
Acropsopilio
harvestman
A genus of tiny harvestmen (Opiliones: Acropsopilionidae) established by Silvestri in 1904. The genus includes several species, with *Acropsopilio neozealandiae* being endemic to New Zealand where extensive collecting has yielded only female specimens, suggesting possible parthenogenetic reproduction. Members are found in forest habitats and are among the smallest harvestmen.
Acuclavella shoshone
Acuclavella shoshone is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Ischyropsalididae. It was described by Shear in 1986 and is known from North America. The specific epithet "shoshone" likely refers to the Shoshone region or peoples, reflecting its geographic association. As a member of the suborder Dyspnoi, it belongs to a group of harvestmen characterized by particular respiratory and morphological features. Very little detailed biological information has been published for this species.
Bishopella
Bishopella is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Phalangodidae, established by Roewer in 1927 and named in honor of arachnologist S. C. Bishop. The genus contains two described species: B. jonesi, endemic to Alabama, and B. laciniosa, distributed more broadly across the southeastern United States. Both species belong to the diverse Laniatores suborder, characterized by relatively short legs and raptorial pedipalps adapted for predation.
Buemarinoidae
Buemarinoid Harvestmen
Buemarinoidae is a small family of harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) comprising approximately six genera and six described species. The family belongs to the superfamily Triaenonychoidea, which contains over 440 species across four families. Buemarinoidae is considered an ancient, relictual lineage with a disjunct global distribution and a high prevalence of monotypic genera, suggesting significant historical extinction events.
Caddo agilis
Caddo agilis is a species of harvestman (Opiliones) in the family Caddidae, first described by Nathan Banks in 1892. It exhibits a disjunct distribution spanning North America and Japan, a pattern shared with its congener Caddo pepperella. Phylogenetic evidence indicates these two species diverged before acquiring their current geographic ranges, suggesting the disjunction resulted from vicariance rather than recent dispersal. The species belongs to a small family of harvestmen characterized by distinctive morphological features.
Caddo pepperella
Caddo pepperella is a species of harvestman (Opiliones: Caddidae) described by Shear in 1975. It occurs in North America and is sympatric with the closely related Caddo agilis. Phylogenetic studies indicate that C. pepperella and C. agilis diverged before acquiring their current disjunct distributions in North America and Japan. Like other members of the family Caddidae, it belongs to the suborder Eupnoi and possesses the characteristic elongated body form and reduced eyes typical of this harvestman family.
Caddoidea
Caddoidea is a small superfamily of harvestmen (Opiliones) within the suborder Eupnoi, established by Nathan Banks in 1893. It contains two families: Caddidae and Acropsopilionidae. Members are characterized by distinctive morphological features including relatively long legs and compact bodies. The group has a disjunct distribution with representatives in North America, eastern Asia, and Australia. Caddoidea represents one of the more specialized lineages within the Dyspnoi-Eupnoi clade of long-legged harvestmen.
Calicina galena
armoured harvestman
Calicina galena is a species of armoured harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Phalangodidae. It was described by Ubick and Briggs in 1989 and is known from North America. As a member of the Laniatores suborder, it possesses the characteristic armoured body form typical of this diverse group of arachnids.
Calicina mariposa
Calicina mariposa is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae. It was originally described as Sitalcina mariposa by Briggs in 1968 before being transferred to the genus Calicina. The species is known from North America. Very little published information exists regarding its biology or ecology.
Calicina sequoia
Calicina sequoia is an armoured harvestman species in the family Phalangodidae, first described by Briggs and Hom in 1966. It was originally placed in the genus Sitalcina before being transferred to Calicina. The species epithet 'sequoia' suggests an association with giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) habitat. Like other phalangodid harvestmen, it possesses a heavily sclerotized body with distinctive armoured plates.
Cosmetidae
Pied Harvestmen
Cosmetidae is one of the largest families of harvestmen (Opiliones), comprising over 700 species across 125+ genera. The family is endemic to the New World with a Nearctic-Neotropical distribution, reaching its greatest diversity in Mexico, Central America, and northern South America, particularly the Andean regions. The northern range extends into the southern United States. The family name derives from the Greek 'kosmetós' meaning 'ornate,' referring to the elaborate white, yellow, or occasionally green, orange, or red markings on the dorsal body. The family has undergone substantial taxonomic revision, with seven subfamilies currently recognized following phylogenetic analyses.
Crosbycus dasycnemus
Crosbycus dasycnemus is a species of harvestman in the family Taracidae, described by Crosby in 1911. It belongs to the suborder Dyspnoi, a group of long-legged harvestmen. Records indicate occurrence in scattered localities across the eastern and central United States. The species is poorly documented, with minimal published information on its biology.
Crosbyella distincta
armoured harvestman
Crosbyella distincta is a species of armoured harvestman described by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. It belongs to the family Phalangodidae, a group of small to medium-sized harvestmen characterized by their heavily armored bodies. The species is known from North America. Armoured harvestmen in this family are typically found in leaf litter and soil habitats where they function as predators and scavengers.
Crosbyella montana
Crosbyella montana is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae. It was described by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. The species is found in North America. As a member of the suborder Laniatores, it possesses the characteristic armoured body form of this group of harvestmen.
Crosbyella roeweri
Crosbyella roeweri is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae, described by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. It belongs to the suborder Laniatores, a group of short-legged, heavily sclerotized harvestmen commonly found in soil and leaf litter habitats. The species is recorded from North America, though specific locality details remain limited.
Crosbyella spinturnix
Crosbyella spinturnix is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae, described by Crosby and Bishop in 1924. Originally placed in the genus Phalangodes, it was later transferred to Crosbyella. As a member of the suborder Laniatores, it possesses hardened body armour characteristic of this group. The species is documented from North America, though detailed ecological and behavioral studies appear limited.
Crosbyella tuberculata
Crosbyella tuberculata is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae, described by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. It belongs to the suborder Laniatores, a diverse group of harvestmen characterized by relatively short legs and often heavily armoured bodies. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology and ecology remain limited in the available literature.
Cynorta
Cynorta is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Cosmetidae, subfamily Cynortinae. It was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839. The type species is Cynorta conspersa. The genus is currently considered poorly defined, with species from disparate regions included without demonstrated shared ancestry.
Cynortoides
Cynortoides is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones, family Cosmetidae) described by Roewer in 1912. It belongs to the subfamily Cynortinae within the diverse neotropical harvestman fauna. Species in this genus are characterized by features typical of cosmetid harvestmen, including relatively compact bodies and often ornate dorsal armature. The genus occurs in Central and South American regions.
Cynortoides quadrispinosa
Cynortoides quadrispinosa is a species of harvestman (Opiliones: Cosmetidae) described by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. It belongs to the family Cosmetidae, a diverse group of neotropical harvestmen characterized by often ornate body armature. The specific epithet 'quadrispinosa' suggests the presence of four spines, likely on the dorsal scutum or abdomen. The species has been documented in citizen science observations, indicating it is not exceptionally rare in suitable habitat.
Cyphophthalmi
Mite Harvestmen
Cyphophthalmi is a suborder of harvestmen (Opiliones) comprising six families grouped into three infraorders: Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi. Adults range from 1 to 7 mm in length with relatively short legs compared to other harvestmen. The suborder is characterized by unique morphological features including elevated cone-shaped ozophores, a spermatopositor instead of a true penis in males, and a completely open gonopore lacking a genital operculum. Many species are eyeless and inhabit leaf litter or caves. Cyphophthalmi represents one of two major lineages of harvestmen, with the other lineage (Phalangida) containing Laniatores, Dyspnoi, and Eupnoi.
Enigmina
Enigmina is a genus of armored harvestmen in the family Phalangodidae, established by Ubick & Briggs in 2008. The genus contains at least two described species: Enigmina granita and Enigmina warrenorum. Members of this genus belong to the suborder Laniatores, a diverse group of short-legged harvestmen characterized by robust bodies and often elaborate defensive armor. The genus name reflects the enigmatic nature of these cryptic arachnids, which are poorly known in terms of their biology and ecology.
Erebomaster
armoured harvestmen
Erebomaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen established by Cope in 1872. The genus contains at least three described species and is classified in the family Cladonychiidae (formerly placed in Travuniidae). These harvestmen are part of the suborder Laniatores, a diverse group of long-legged arachnids commonly found in moist forest habitats. The genus has accumulated over 200 observations on iNaturalist, indicating moderate documentation of its occurrence.
Erebomaster acanthinus
armoured harvestman
Erebomaster acanthinus is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Cladonychiidae (sometimes listed as Travuniidae in older sources). It belongs to the suborder Laniatores, a group of harvestmen characterized by relatively short legs and often elaborate body armature. The species was described by Crosby and Bishop in 1924. It is known from scattered records in the eastern United States.
Erginulus subserialis
Erginulus subserialis is a harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Cosmetidae, originally described by Pickard-Cambridge in 1905. The species belongs to the subfamily Metergininae, a group of tropical harvestmen characterized by often ornate dorsal ornamentation. It is one of several species in the genus Erginulus, which is distributed across Central and South America. The species has been documented through iNaturalist observations, indicating ongoing contemporary study.
Eumesosoma
Eumesosoma is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Sclerosomatidae, established by Cokendolpher in 1980. The genus contains six extant species distributed across the United States, plus one fossil species from the Eocene. One species, Eumesosoma roeweri, has been studied for its antipredator freezing behavior.
Eumesosoma nigrum
Eumesosoma nigrum is a species of harvestman (Opiliones) in the family Sclerosomatidae, first described by Thomas Say in 1821. The species is known from very few observations, with only three records documented in iNaturalist. As a member of the Leiobuninae subfamily, it belongs to a group of long-legged harvestmen commonly found in North America.
Eurybunus
Eurybunus is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Globipedidae, established by Nathan Banks in 1893. The genus contains four described species: E. brunneus, E. pallidus, E. riversi, and E. spinosus. All species are endemic to the Western United States. Taxonomic placement has been disputed, with some sources historically placing the genus in Sclerosomatidae, though current consensus recognizes Globipedidae.
Globipes
Globipes is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Globipedidae, established by Nathan Banks in 1893 with Globipes spinulatus as the type species. The genus contains three described species, two of which occur in coastal California and one in Guerrero, Mexico. It is among the relatively small-bodied sclerosomatoid harvestmen of western North America.
Globipes simplex
Globipes simplex is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Globipedidae. It was originally described as Eurybunus simplex by Schenkel in 1951 and later transferred to the genus Globipes. The species is known from limited records in California, specifically Alameda and Fresno counties. As with many harvestmen, detailed biological information is sparse in published literature.
Globipes spinulatus
Globipes spinulatus is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Globipedidae, described by Nathan Banks in 1893. It is one of few documented species in the genus Globipes, a small family of long-legged arachnids. The species is known from limited records in the Los Angeles area of southern California.
Hadrobunus
Hadrobunus is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones) in the family Sclerosomatidae, established by Banks in 1900. The genus contains approximately six described species distributed primarily in the eastern United States and Mexico. Species in this genus are characterized by their elongated body form and relatively large size compared to many other sclerosomatid harvestmen.
Hadrobunus grandis
Hadrobunus grandis is a harvestman (Opiliones) species found in the eastern and central United States. Adults are active in early summer. The species was first described by Thomas Say in 1821. It belongs to the family Sclerosomatidae, a diverse group of long-legged arachnids commonly encountered in temperate North American forests and woodlands.
Hadrobunus maculosus
Speckled Harvestman
Hadrobunus maculosus is a harvestman (Opiliones) commonly known as the Speckled Harvestman. It belongs to the family Sclerosomatidae and occurs in North America, with confirmed records from Vermont and surrounding regions. As with other harvestmen, it is often mistaken for a spider but possesses key anatomical differences.
Hesperonemastoma
Hesperonemastoma is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Taracidae, established by Gruber in 1970. The genus contains five described species distributed in North America. These harvestmen are classified in the suborder Dyspnoi and superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea.
Hesperonemastoma modestum
Hesperonemastoma modestum is a species of harvestman (Opiliones) in the family Taracidae. It was described by Nathan Banks in 1894 and occurs in western North America. The species has been recorded from British Columbia and several locations in California and Oregon. Like other taracids, it belongs to the suborder Dyspnoi.
Ischyropsalididae
Ischyropsalidid Harvestmen
Ischyropsalididae is a family of harvestmen (Opiliones) comprising 35 described species across three genera: Acuclavella (thorn harvestmen of North America), Ceratolasma, and Ischyropsalis (predominantly European). The family exhibits a disjunct distribution spanning Europe and western North America. Several species are troglophilic, inhabiting cave systems with documented adaptations to subterranean environments including seasonal activity patterns and microhabitat specialization.
Isolachus spinosus
Isolachus spinosus is a species of harvestman (Opiliones) in the family Cladonychiidae, described by Briggs in 1971. It belongs to the suborder Laniatores, a diverse group of short-legged harvestmen often associated with moist microhabitats. The species is known from limited records in the Pacific Northwest of North America.
Leiobunum calcar
Leiobunum calcar is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Sclerosomatidae. It is found in North America, with confirmed records from Vermont. The species was first described by Wood in 1868. Like other members of the genus Leiobunum, it is a long-legged arachnid commonly encountered in wooded habitats.
Leiobunum crassipalpe
Leiobunum crassipalpe is a harvestman species in the family Sclerosomatidae, first described by Nathan Banks in 1900. It belongs to a genus characterized by exceptionally long legs and elongated body forms. The species occurs in the south-central United States, where it inhabits wooded habitats. Males possess distinctive enlarged pedipalps that extend dorsally above the ocularium.
Leiobunum relictum
Leiobunum relictum is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Sclerosomatidae, described by Davis in 1934. The species name 'relictum' (meaning 'left behind' or 'relict') suggests a population isolated from formerly more widespread distribution. It is recorded from North America, though specific locality details and ecological data remain sparse in published sources.
Leiobunum serratipalpe
Leiobunum serratipalpe is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones, family Sclerosomatidae) described by Roewer in 1910. The species is currently considered a synonym of Leiobunum calcar in some taxonomic databases, though this status may reflect ongoing taxonomic revision in this notoriously difficult genus. Like other members of Leiobunum, it possesses the characteristic long, slender legs and ocularium typical of the family. Species in this genus are common inhabitants of wooded habitats across eastern North America.
Leiobunum townsendi
Leiobunum townsendi is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Sclerosomatidae, native to North America. Like other members of the genus Leiobunum, it possesses the characteristic long, slender legs and compact body typical of long-legged harvestmen. The species was described by Weed in 1893.
Leiobunum ventricosum
Early-Season Group
Leiobunum ventricosum is a species of harvestman in the family Sclerosomatidae, first described by Wood in 1868. It belongs to the genus Leiobunum, a group of long-legged harvestmen that are notoriously difficult to identify to species level. The species is found in North America, with confirmed records from Vermont and other regions. Like other members of its genus, it possesses distinctive morphological features including an ocularium—a raised structure bearing the eyes—and elongated legs, with the second pair often held aloft and waved as sensory appendages.
Leiobunum verrucosum
Warty Harvestman
Leiobunum verrucosum is a species of harvestman in the family Sclerosomatidae, commonly known as the Warty Harvestman. It is native to North America. The species belongs to a genus whose members are known for their exceptionally long legs and are common inhabitants of wooded habitats.
Leptobunus aureus
Leptobunus aureus is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Phalangiidae, first described by Cokendolpher in 1985. It belongs to the subgenus Slimlepto within Leptobunus. The species is known from North America. Like other phalangiid harvestmen, it is a long-legged arachnid with a fused body structure, though specific morphological details distinguishing it from congeners remain poorly documented in accessible literature.
Leptobunus californicus
Leptobunus californicus is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Phalangiidae, first described by Banks in 1893. It is found in North America. Harvestmen are arachnids characterized by a fused body structure and long, slender legs, though specific morphological details for this species are limited in available sources.
Leptobunus parvulus
Leptobunus parvulus is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Phalangiidae. It is native to North America. The species was first described by Banks in 1894. As a harvestman, it is an arachnid but not a spider, lacking venom and silk glands.
Libitioides sayi
Say's Armored Harvestman
Libitioides sayi is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Cosmetidae, commonly known as Say's Armored Harvestman. It was described by Simon in 1879. As a member of the Laniatores suborder, it possesses raptorial pedipalps adapted for predation. The genus Libitioides belongs to the diverse Neotropical harvestman fauna.
Megacina cockerelli
armoured harvestman
Megacina cockerelli is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae. It was originally described as Sitalcina cockerelli by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. The species belongs to a group of harvestmen characterized by hardened body armor and is found in North America.
Microcina
Microcina is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones) in the family Phalangodidae, described by Briggs and Ubick in 1989. It belongs to the infraorder Grassatores, a group of Laniatores characterized by relatively long legs and often cryptic habits. Species in this genus are found in western North America, particularly in California. The genus is part of the diverse phalangodid radiation in the region.
Mitopus
Mitopus is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Phalangiidae, established by Thorell in 1876. The genus contains nine described species distributed across northern regions including Europe, Asia, and North America. Mitopus morio, the type species, has been subject to detailed anatomical studies including ultrastructural analysis of its photoreceptors.
Nemastomatidae
Nemastomatid Harvestmen
The Nemastomatidae are a family of harvestmen (Opiliones: Dyspnoi) comprising approximately 170 described species in 16 extant genera. The family is divided into two subfamilies with disjunct distributions: Nemastomatinae in Europe, North Africa, and western Asia, and Ortholasmatinae in western North America and eastern Asia. Members are characterized by variable body size (1–6 mm) and often possess elongated, thread-like pedipalps. The family is monophyletic and likely sister to the Dicranolasmatidae and Trogulidae.
Odiellus pictus
Painted Harvestman
Odiellus pictus is a species of harvestman in the family Phalangiidae, commonly known as the Painted Harvestman. It is native to North America, with documented occurrences in the northeastern United States including Vermont and Maine. The species was first described by Wood in 1868. As a member of the Phalangiidae family, it belongs to a group of long-legged arachnids that are often mistaken for spiders but are distinct in their fused body structure and single pair of eyes.
Ortholasma
Ortholasma is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Nemastomatidae, containing five described species. The genus was established by Banks in 1894 and has been revised by Shear (2010). It is the type genus of the subfamily Ortholasmatinae. Species in this genus are small-bodied, short-legged dyspnoan harvestmen found in western North America.
Ortholasma rugosum
Ortholasma rugosum is a species of harvestman (Opiliones) in the family Nemastomatidae, first described by Banks in 1894. It is found in North America and is one of approximately 163 observed records according to iNaturalist data. The genus Ortholasma belongs to the subfamily Ortholasmatinae, a group of small-bodied harvestmen characterized by distinctive morphological features.
Oskoron
A genus of harvestmen in the family Taracidae, established by Shear in 2016. It was erected to accommodate O. spinosus, transferred from Taracus where it had been placed by Banks in 1894, along with two newly described species from the Pacific Northwest. The genus is distinguished from Taracus by cheliceral morphology.
Oskoron spinosus
Oskoron spinosus is a harvestman (order Opiliones) and the type species of the genus Oskoron, established to accommodate this species and two close relatives distinct from the genus Taracus. Originally described as Taracus spinosus by Banks in 1894, it was later treated as Taracus malkini before being synonymized and transferred to the new genus Oskoron. It belongs to the family Taracidae within the superfamily Ischyropsalidoidea.
Paranonychidae
Paranonychid Harvestmen
Paranonychidae is a family of armored harvestmen (Opiliones) containing 9 genera and at least 28 described species. The family was established by Briggs in 1971 and is classified within the superfamily Travunioidea. Members are characterized by heavily sclerotized body armor, an adaptation that distinguishes them from many other harvestman families. The family has a predominantly Pacific Rim distribution, with genera found in Japan, western North America, and other regions.
Paranonychus
Paranonychus is a genus of harvestmen (order Opiliones) established by Briggs in 1971. The genus contains three described species with a disjunct distribution: two species occur in the Pacific Northwest of North America, while one species is found in northern Japan. The genus is the namesake of the family Paranonychidae, which belongs to the superfamily Travunioidea. The Japanese species, P. fuscus, was originally described in a separate genus as Mutsunonychus fuscus before being transferred to Paranonychus.
Paranonychus brunneus
armoured harvestman
Paranonychus brunneus is an armoured harvestman (Order Opiliones) in the family Paranonychidae. The species was originally described as Sclerobunus brunneus by Banks in 1893 and later transferred to Paranonychus. It is found in western North America, with records from Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. The species belongs to the suborder Laniatores, characterized by relatively short legs and heavily sclerotized body armor.
Paroligolophus agrestis
harvestman, harvester
Paroligolophus agrestis is a small harvestman species native to Europe, including the United Kingdom. It has been introduced to North America, where established populations occur in the Pacific Northwest and Nova Scotia. The species exhibits notable sexual dimorphism in body size and possesses distinctive morphological features useful for identification.
Phalangiidae
Phalangiid Harvestmen, Harvestmen
A family of harvestmen (Opiliones: Eupnoi) containing approximately 380 described species. The family includes the widespread and well-studied Phalangium opilio, one of the most recognizable harvestmen in temperate regions. Members are characterized by long, slender legs and a fused body lacking the narrow waist seen in spiders. The family has a primarily Holarctic distribution with some representation in Africa and other regions.
Phalangodes armata
Phalangodes armata is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones, suborder Laniatores) in the family Phalangodidae, described by Tellkampf in 1844. It belongs to the infraorder Grassatores, a diverse group of short-legged harvestmen characterized by their compact body form and often cryptic habits. As a member of the superfamily Phalangodoidea, this species represents one of the more derived lineages within the harvestmen, though specific natural history details remain poorly documented in available literature.
Phalangodidae
Phalangodid Harvestmen
Phalangodidae is a family of small harvestmen in the suborder Laniatores, containing approximately 30 genera and more than 100 described species. Members are characterized by pedipalps armed with prominent spines and body lengths generally under 3 mm. The family is primarily distributed in the Holarctic region, with exceptional diversity in the western Nearctic, particularly California. Several species, especially in the genus Texella, are obligate cave-dwellers exhibiting troglomorphic traits such as depigmentation and reduced eyes.
Protolophidae
Protolophid Harvestmen
Protolophidae is a family of harvestmen (order Opiliones) containing approximately six described species within the single genus Protolophus. The family is restricted to Western North America. Its taxonomic status remains unsettled; while traditionally recognized as a distinct family, some recent treatments have subsumed it within Sclerosomatidae.
Protolophus
Protolophus is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Protolophidae, distributed in the western United States. The genus was established by Banks in 1893 and contains eight extant species plus one fossil species from Baltic amber. The family's taxonomic status remains contested, with some treatments recognizing Protolophidae as distinct and others subsuming it within Sclerosomatidae.
Protolophus tuberculatus
Protolophus tuberculatus is a species of harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Protolophidae, first described by Banks in 1893. It is found in the western United States and broader North America. As a member of the Protolophidae, it represents one of the relatively small families within the suborder Eupnoi. The specific epithet "tuberculatus" refers to tuberculate (bumpy or knobby) features, likely on the body surface.
Rilaena
Rilaena is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Phalangiidae, established by Šilhavý in 1965. The genus includes approximately 13 described species distributed across Europe and western Asia. The most common and widespread species is Rilaena triangularis, which has been subject to taxonomic debate regarding its placement in the genus Paraplatybunus. The genus is characterized by morphological features typical of the subfamily Phalangiinae.
Sabaconidae
sabaconid harvestmen
Sabaconidae is a family of harvestmen (Opiliones: Dyspnoi) comprising approximately 50 described species. The family exhibits a disjunct distribution spanning eastern North America and temperate Eurasia, with notable diversity in the southern Appalachian Mountains and the Altai Mountains of Russia. Species-level taxonomy within the family has been complicated by cryptic diversification, particularly in widespread species such as Sabacon cavicolens, which shows evidence of multiple allopatric lineages separated by vicariance and rare long-distance dispersal events.
Sclerobunus idahoensis
Sclerobunus idahoensis is a species of armoured harvestman (order Opiliones) described by Briggs in 1971. Originally described as a subspecies of Sclerobunus robustus, it has since been elevated to full species status. The species belongs to the family Paranonychidae within the suborder Laniatores, a group characterized by heavily sclerotized body armor. It is known from North America, with the specific epithet suggesting an association with Idaho.
Sclerobunus robustus
Sclerobunus robustus is a montane-restricted harvestman species occurring in the southwestern United States. A 2014 taxonomic revision elevated two former subspecies (S. glorietus and S. idahoensis) to full species status. Population genomic research has identified multiple Pliocene-era refugia in the Southern Rocky Mountains and Intermontane Plateau, with genetically distinct clades showing patterns of isolation by distance in continuous mountain habitats and isolation by environment in isolated sky island populations.
Sclerosomatidae
Sclerosomatid Harvestmen
Sclerosomatidae is a large family of harvestmen (Opiliones) comprising approximately 1,300 described species. The family is characterized by a hardened body structure, reflected in its name derived from Greek skleros ('hard') and soma ('body'). Members exhibit the classic 'daddy long legs' morphology with small, rounded bodies and long, slender legs. The family includes several subfamilies—Gagrellinae, Gyantinae, Leiobuninae, and Sclerosomatinae—distributed across diverse habitats worldwide. Some species display iridescent metallic coloration, particularly in tropical lineages. A former subfamily has been removed to form the separate family Globipedidae.
Siro
harvestmen
Siro is a genus of cyphophthalmid harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Sironidae. These small arachnids are characterized by their eyeless condition, elongated bodies, and association with moist microhabitats. The genus was established by Latreille in 1795 and represents one of the early-recognized lineages of the suborder Cyphophthalmi, which diverged from other harvestmen early in the evolutionary history of the order. Species in this genus are distributed primarily in the Mediterranean region and parts of Europe.
Siro kamiakensis
Siro kamiakensis is a species of mite harvestman, a small arachnid in the family Sironidae. It was described by Newell in 1943 and is currently classified under the genus Neosiro, though it was historically placed in Siro. The species is found in North America, with records from the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
Siro sonoma
Siro sonoma is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae. It was originally described by Shear in 1980 and placed in the genus Siro. In 2022, the genus Arhesiro was erected to accommodate this species and Siro clousi, with S. sonoma becoming Arhesiro sonoma. As of 2023, taxonomic sources vary in their treatment, with some recognizing Arhesiro sonoma as the accepted name while others retain Siro sonoma. The species is known only from Sonoma County, California.
Sironidae
Sironid Harvestmen
Sironidae is a family of Cyphophthalmi harvestmen comprising more than 60 described species. It was the first described family of the suborder Cyphophthalmi and remains among the least understood phylogenetically. The family exhibits a predominantly Laurasian distribution, with species concentrated in temperate Europe and the west coast of North America. Monophyly of the family is poorly supported with traditional molecular markers; the Mediterranean genus Parasiro and Japanese genus Suzukielus sometimes branch basally relative to other sironids.
Sitalcina californica
Sitalcina californica is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae, first described by Banks in 1893. Originally placed in the genus Sitalces, it was later transferred to Sitalcina. The species is found in North America, though specific details about its ecology and biology remain poorly documented in published literature.
Sitalcina seca
Sitalcina seca is a species of armoured harvestman described by Ubick & Briggs in 2008. It belongs to the family Phalangodidae, a group of small, often cave-dwelling or soil-associated harvestmen characterized by compact bodies and reduced eyes. The species is known from North America. As with many phalangodid harvestmen, detailed biological information remains limited.
Sitalcina sura
armoured harvestman
Sitalcina sura is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Phalangodidae, described by Briggs in 1968. It belongs to the suborder Laniatores, a diverse group of harvestmen characterized by relatively short legs and often heavily armoured bodies. The species is known to occur in North America. As with many phalangodid harvestmen, detailed ecological and behavioral information remains limited in published literature.
Speleonychia
Speleonychia is a genus of armoured harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) in the family Cladonychiidae, established by Briggs in 1974. The genus contains at least one described species, S. sengeri, which is endemic to Washington state in the northwestern United States. As a member of the Travunioidea superfamily, it belongs to a group of small, often cryptic harvestmen associated with moist microhabitats. The genus name suggests a cave-associated or subterranean lifestyle, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Stygnomma spiniferum
armoured harvestman
Stygnomma spiniferum is an armoured harvestman in the family Stygnommatidae, first described by Packard in 1888. The species is endemic to North America. Three subspecies have been recognized: S. s. spiniferum, S. s. bolivari, and S. s. tancahense, though the taxonomic status of these subspecies varies across sources. As a member of the Laniatores, it possesses raptorial pedipalps adapted for predation.
Taracidae
Taracid Harvestmen
Taracidae is a family of harvestmen (Opiliones) established by Schönhofer in 2013, containing four genera and 23 described species. The family includes the genera Taracus, Oskoron, Hesperonemastoma, and Crosbycus, though the placement of the latter two remains taxonomically disputed. Members are primarily distributed in western North America, with some species exhibiting troglomorphic adaptations suggesting cave-dwelling habits.
Taracus carmanah
Taracus carmanah is a species of harvestman (Opiliones: Ischyropsalidoidea: Taracidae) described in 2016 from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The species name refers to Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park, a protected old-growth forest area on southwestern Vancouver Island. It was described as part of a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the genus Taracus, which included redescription of all previously named species and description of eight new species across western North America.
Taracus packardi
Taracus packardi is a species of harvestman (Opiliones) in the family Taracidae. First described by Simon in 1879, this species occurs in North America. The taxon was revised in 2016, with Taracus nigripes Goodnight & Goodnight, 1943 synonymized with T. packardi.
Taracus silvestrii
Taracus silvestrii is a species of harvestman in the family Taracidae, described by Roewer in 1929. It belongs to the suborder Dyspnoi, a group of long-legged arachnids commonly known as harvestmen or daddy longlegs. Members of the genus Taracus are characterized by their elongated body form and exceptionally long, slender legs relative to body size. The species is known from limited collection records in North America.
Taracus spesavius
Taracus spesavius is a harvestman species described in 2016 from Nevada, United States. It belongs to the family Taracidae, a group of small to medium-sized ischyropsalidoid harvestmen found in western North America. The species was established during a comprehensive revision of the genus Taracus that expanded the known distribution of the genus to include Nevada and several other western states and Canadian provinces.
Taracus taylori
Taracus taylori is a species of harvestman (Opiliones: Taracidae) described from Nevada in 2016. It belongs to the genus Taracus, a group of ischyropsalidoid harvestmen found in western North America. The species was established during a comprehensive revision of the genus that redescribed all previously named species and described multiple new species.
Taracus ubicki
A small harvestman species in the family Taracidae, described from California in 2016 as part of a major revision of the genus Taracus. The species is one of eight new Taracus species described in that work, expanding known diversity in western North American ischyropsalidoid harvestmen.
Texella bifurcata
Texella bifurcata is an armoured harvestman (order Opiliones) in the family Phalangodidae, described by Briggs in 1968. The species is known from North America. Like other members of the genus Texella, it belongs to the suborder Laniatores, characterized by relatively short legs and often cryptic habits. Very few specific details about its biology have been documented in accessible literature.
Theromaster
armoured harvestmen
Theromaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen (Opiliones) established by Briggs in 1969. The genus contains at least two described species: Theromaster archeri and Theromaster brunneus. Members of this genus are found in the eastern United States. Theromaster belongs to the family Cladonychiidae, though some sources historically placed it in Travuniidae.
Trachyrhinus marmoratus
A species of harvestman in the family Sclerosomatidae, described by Banks in 1894. As with other harvestmen in the genus Trachyrhinus, it belongs to the order Opiliones—arachnids distinct from spiders that lack fangs, venom glands, and silk production. Members of this genus are known to employ chemical defenses through repugnatorial glands.
Travunioidea
travunioid harvestmen, armoured harvestmen
Travunioidea is a superfamily of armoured harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) comprising four families and approximately 75-77 described species. It represents an early-diverging lineage within the suborder Laniatores, characterized by a Laurasian distribution spanning eastern Asia, eastern and western North America, and south-central Europe. Recent phylogenomic studies using ultraconserved elements (UCEs) have revised the classification, establishing the families Travuniidae, Cladonychiidae, Paranonychidae, and Cryptomastridae, while rejecting traditional tarsal claw-based taxonomy due to widespread homoplasy.
Trogulus
harvestmen
Trogulus is a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones) in the family Trogulidae, characterized by large, elongated and flattened bodies with relatively short legs. The genus contains the largest known harvestman by body length, Trogulus torosus. Species-level identification is difficult due to highly uniform external morphology across the genus, necessitating molecular and morphometric approaches for taxonomy. The genus exhibits unexpectedly high cryptic diversity, with molecular estimates suggesting three times more species than currently described.
Undulus
Undulus is a genus of armoured harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores) in the family Phalangodidae. The genus contains one described species, Undulus formosus, which was described from Limestone County, Alabama. The body length of the described species is 1.9 mm. The genus is characterized by armoured body morphology typical of the Phalangodidae family.
Wespus
Wespus is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Phalangodidae, established by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. It contains one described species, Wespus arkansasensis, known from Hot Springs, Arkansas. The genus belongs to the suborder Laniatores, a group of harvestmen characterized by robust bodies and raptorial pedipalps. Members are small, with the described species measuring approximately 2.2 mm in body length.
Zuma
harvestman
Zuma is a genus of harvestmen (arachnids in the order Opiliones) established by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942. It belongs to the family Paranonychidae, a group of small, cryptic harvestmen often found in moist microhabitats. The genus is part of the diverse Laniatores suborder, characterized by relatively short legs and compact bodies compared to other harvestman groups.
Zuma acuta
Zuma acuta is a species of armoured harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. It is known from North America, with a specific record from Feramni Town, Michigan. As an armoured harvestman, it belongs to a group of Opiliones characterized by hardened body structures. The species was described by Goodnight & Goodnight in 1942.
Zuma tioga
Zuma tioga is an armoured harvestman (order Opiliones) described by Briggs in 1971. It belongs to the family Paranonychidae within the infraorder Insidiatores. The species is known from North America, though specific locality details beyond this broad region are not well documented. Like other members of its family, it is a small, soil-dwelling arachnid with a heavily sclerotized body.