Forest-floor
Guides
Acaricoris ignotus
flat bug
Acaricoris ignotus is a species of flat bug in the family Aradidae, described by Harris and Drake in 1944. It inhabits forest floor environments in the eastern United States, where it occupies decaying wood and leaf litter. As a member of the Aradidae, it exhibits the family's characteristic flattened body form and cryptic lifestyle in decomposing organic substrates.
Acruliopsis tumidula
Acruliopsis tumidula is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae: Omaliinae) described from the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is one of few species in the genus Acruliopsis, a group of omaliine rove beetles characterized by compact body form and association with forest floor habitats. The species has been recorded from coastal and montane regions of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska.
Acylophorus caseyi
Casey's Rove Beetle
Acylophorus caseyi is a species of rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) described by Leng in 1920. It belongs to the genus Acylophorus, a group of relatively large rove beetles within the tribe Staphylinini. The species is known from eastern North America, with records spanning from Canada to the southeastern United States. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with forest floor habitats and decaying organic matter.
Allonemobius tinnulus
Tinkling Ground Cricket
Allonemobius tinnulus, commonly known as the tinkling ground cricket, is a small cricket species in the family Trigonidiidae. It is native to eastern North America and produces a distinctive high-pitched, tinkling song. The species was originally described as a subspecies of Nemobius fasciatus before being elevated to full species status. It inhabits forest floor environments and leaf litter.
Aloconota neocambrica
Variable Minute Rove Beetle
Aloconota neocambrica is a minute rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Aleocharinae, described from eastern Canada in 2011. It belongs to the tribe Geostibini, a group of small aleocharines associated with forest floor habitats. The species epithet "neocambrica" references New Brunswick, indicating the type locality region. As a recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.
Aniulus
Aniulus is a genus of North American millipedes in the family Parajulidae, comprising at least 20 described species. The genus belongs to the order Julida, characterized by cylindrical bodies and typically inhabiting forest floor habitats. Detailed behavioral studies exist for at least one species, Aniulus bollmani, documenting complex courtship and mating behaviors.
Apheloria
cherry millipedes, flat-backed millipedes
Apheloria is a genus of large, chemically defended millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae, distributed across eastern North America. These millipedes are notable for producing hydrogen cyanide and benzaldehyde as defensive secretions, which imparts a characteristic cherry or almond odor. The genus participates in Müllerian mimicry rings in the Appalachian Mountains, with species displaying highly variable aposematic coloration involving black backgrounds with contrasting yellow, orange, red, or white markings. Species-level identification requires examination of male gonopod morphology due to extensive color polymorphism and convergent color patterns among co-occurring species.
Apheloria virginiensis corrugata
Aromatic Cherry Millipede
Apheloria virginiensis corrugata is a subspecies of flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, commonly known as the Aromatic Cherry Millipede. Like other members of the genus Apheloria, it produces hydrogen cyanide (HCN) as a chemical defense and displays bright aposematic coloration warning predators of its toxicity. The species exhibits the characteristic flattened body shape of Polydesmida, with lateral expansions of the dorsal segments called paranota. It belongs to a group of xystodesmid millipedes that share warning coloration patterns across related genera including Apheloria, Boraria, and Cherokia.
Apheloria virginiensis reducta
Yellow-and-black millipede, Cyanide millipede
A large, colorful millipede in the family Xystodesmidae, distinguished by its black body with bright yellow or orange wedge-shaped posterolateral markings. Like other members of its genus, it produces hydrogen cyanide as a chemical defense, advertised by its conspicuous aposematic coloration. The subspecies represents a western population of A. virginiensis, with records extending from the Appalachian region through the Ozark Plateau to the Arkansas Delta.
Arenobius manegitus
Arenobius manegitus is a species of lithobiomorph centipede described by Chamberlin in 1911, originally placed in the genus Lithobius before being transferred to Arenobius. It belongs to the family Lithobiidae, a group of stone centipedes characterized by 15 pairs of legs in adults. The species is known from a limited number of records in the eastern United States. Available documentation suggests it is a small to medium-sized centipede inhabiting forest floor environments.
Arthmius bulbifer
Arthmius bulbifer is a species of ant-loving beetle in the rove beetle family Staphylinidae, described by Thomas L. Casey in 1893. The species belongs to the subfamily Pselaphinae, a group of small beetles commonly associated with ant colonies. It is known from scattered records across the south-central United States.
Brachycybe petasata
Brachycybe petasata is a small millipede in the order Platydesmida, endemic to the southern Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern United States. It inhabits moist forest floor habitats, particularly leaf litter and decaying wood in beech, birch, maple, and hemlock forests. The species is distinguished by its production of four unique monoterpene alkaloids as chemical defenses: gosodesmine, hydrogosodesmine, homogosodesmine, and hydrohomogosodesmine. As a member of the subterclass Colobognatha, it represents one of the few millipede lineages known to synthesize terpenoid alkaloids.
Cainosternum imbricatum
Cainosternum imbricatum is a small beetle species in the family Leiodidae, first described by Notman in 1921. It belongs to a genus of beetles associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats. The species is known from limited collection records in the eastern United States. As with many Leiodidae, it likely inhabits moist, decomposing substrates, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Cambala annulata
Violet Ridged Millipede
Cambala annulata is a species of millipede in the family Cambalidae, commonly known as the Violet Ridged Millipede. It is native to North America and was first described by Thomas Say in 1821. The species belongs to the order Spirostreptida, a group of large cylindrical millipedes.
Cambala minor
Amber Ridged Millipede
Cambala minor is a species of millipede in the family Cambalidae, described by Bollman in 1888. It is known from North America, where it inhabits forest floor environments. As a member of the order Spirostreptida, it belongs to a group of large-bodied millipedes characterized by cylindrical bodies and numerous segments.
Ceratocombidae
minute litter bugs
Ceratocombidae is a family of minute litter bugs in the order Hemiptera, classified within the infraorder Dipsocoromorpha and superfamily Dipsocoroidea. The family comprises at least three genera—Astemma, Ceratocombus, and Leptonannus—with approximately 20 described species. Members are small, cryptic insects associated with decomposing organic matter in forest habitats. Their diversity is greatest in the Indo-Pacific region, though species occur across North America, Europe, Madagascar, and the Oriental region.
Chonaphini
Chonaphini is a tribe of flat-backed millipedes (Polydesmida) within the family Xystodesmidae, established by Verhoeff in 1941. The tribe comprises approximately 6 genera and 19 described species distributed across western North America. Members exhibit the characteristic dorsoventrally flattened body form typical of xystodesmid millipedes.
Cicurina brevis
Cicurina brevis is a small araneomorph spider species distributed across northern North America. A 2024 study identified this species as a potential subnivium specialist, exhibiting higher population densities beneath seasonal snowpack in winter than during summer months. This seasonal activity pattern suggests adaptation to cold-weather environments, distinguishing it from typical summer-active forest floor spiders.
Corticaria impressa
minute brown scavenger beetle
Corticaria impressa is a species of minute brown scavenger beetle in the family Latridiidae. It is native to Europe and has been recorded in parts of North America including New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, Canada. The species belongs to a group of small beetles commonly known as "plaster beetles" or "minute brown scavenger beetles" due to their association with damp, decaying organic matter and their diminutive size.
Crematogaster minutissima
Forest Floor Yellow Acrobat Ant
Crematogaster minutissima is a small ant species in the genus Crematogaster, commonly known as the Forest Floor Yellow Acrobat Ant. The species is characterized by its diminutive size and yellowish coloration. It belongs to a genus notable for its heart-shaped gaster and defensive 'acrobatic' stinging posture, though specific behavioral documentation for this species is limited.
Custotychus
Custotychus is a genus of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) in the subfamily Pselaphinae, tribe Tychini. The genus was established by Park and Wagner in 1962. Members of this genus are small beetles associated with forest floor habitats. The genus is rarely encountered, with only four observations recorded on iNaturalist as of the source data.
Cyclotrachelus fucatus
Cyclotrachelus fucatus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It belongs to a genus of woodland ground beetles native to North America. The species was described by Freitag in 1969. Available records indicate it occurs in the United States, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Cyclotrachelus furtivus
Cyclotrachelus furtivus is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is native to North America, with records from the United States. As a member of the genus Cyclotrachelus, it belongs to a group of ground beetles associated with forest floor habitats.
Cyclotrachelus seximpressus
woodland ground beetle
Cyclotrachelus seximpressus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is classified as a woodland ground beetle and occurs in North America. The species was described by LeConte in 1846. Like other members of the genus Cyclotrachelus, it is likely associated with forest floor habitats.
Cyclotrachelus sigillatus
woodland ground beetle
Cyclotrachelus sigillatus is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae, described by Thomas Say in 1823. It is found in North America, with records from the United States. As a ground beetle, it likely inhabits forest floor habitats where it functions as a predatory insect.
Cyclotrachelus spoliatus
woodland ground beetle
Cyclotrachelus spoliatus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, first described by Newman in 1838. It is classified within the genus Cyclotrachelus, a group of woodland ground beetles distributed across North America. The species is recorded from the United States, though specific ecological details remain limited in published sources.
Cylindroiulus
Cylindroiulus is a genus of cylindrical millipedes in the family Julidae, established by Verhoeff in 1894. Species in this genus are characterized by their smooth, rounded bodies and are primarily distributed across Europe. The genus includes notable species such as Cylindroiulus punctatus, which has been sequenced for genomic studies, and Cylindroiulus nitidus, which has been studied for its life-history dynamics in woodland habitats. Members are typically found in forest floor environments, including decaying wood and soil.
Drapetes cylindricus
Drapetes cylindricus is a species of click beetle in the family Elateridae. It belongs to the tribe Drapetini, a group of small to minute elaterids often associated with forest floor habitats. The genus Drapetes contains numerous species, many of which are poorly known and difficult to distinguish without detailed examination. Like other members of its family, it possesses the characteristic clicking mechanism for righting itself when overturned.
Drymus brunneus
brown groundbug
Drymus brunneus is a dirt-colored seed bug in the family Rhyparochromidae. It inhabits damp, shaded forest environments across the Palearctic region, where it lives concealed in soil litter and feeds on seeds of herbaceous plants and trees. The species shows flexible life cycle timing, with overwintering occurring as either adults or eggs depending on geographic location.
Ephelinus notatus
A small rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, Ephelinus notatus is a rarely encountered species with limited documented ecological information. The genus Ephelinus belongs to the subfamily Omaliinae, a group of rove beetles often associated with decaying organic matter and forest floor habitats. Based on its taxonomic placement and the distribution records from eastern and central United States, this species likely inhabits moist woodland environments where other Omaliinae species are commonly found.
Euryurus evides
Euryurus evides is a North American millipede species in the family Xystodesmidae, order Polydesmida. It belongs to a genus of flat-backed millipedes characterized by their broad, flattened bodies and distinctive color patterns. The species was described by Bollman in 1887 and is part of the tribe Euryurini within the subfamily Rhysodesminae. It is among the more frequently observed millipedes in its range, with substantial occurrence records on community science platforms.
Eusphalerum convexum
Eusphalerum convexum is a small rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Omaliinae. The species is known from eastern North America, with records spanning Canada and the northeastern and midwestern United States. Like other members of the genus, it is associated with decaying organic matter and fungal habitats.
Euvira micmac
Euvira micmac is a species of rove beetle in the subfamily Aleocharinae, described in 2007 from specimens collected in northeastern North America. It belongs to the tribe Placusini, a group of small aleocharines associated with forest floor habitats. The species is known from a limited number of records in Canada and the United States, suggesting a relatively restricted distribution or cryptic habits. The specific epithet references the Mi'kmaq people, indigenous to parts of its known range.
Geodromicus brunneus
Geodromicus brunneus is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Omaliinae. It is native to eastern North America, with documented records from Canada and the United States. The species was originally described by Thomas Say in 1823. Like other members of the genus Geodromicus, it is a ground-dwelling beetle typically found in forest floor habitats.
Glandulariini
Glandulariini is a tribe of minute rove beetles within the subfamily Pselaphinae. Members are characterized by complex glandular structures on the abdomen, from which the tribe derives its name. These beetles are among the smallest staphylinids, often measuring less than 2 mm in length. The tribe contains numerous genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions.
Gosodesmus claremontus
Pink Feather Boa Millipede
A small, brightly colored millipede endemic to California, notable for its pink to coral coloration and flattened body form. Body length ranges from 17 to 27 mm with up to 81 segments. Described by Ralph V. Chamberlin in 1922, it is among the most frequently observed millipedes in California on citizen science platforms.
Hadromorphus inflatus
Hadromorphus inflatus is a species of click beetle (Elateridae) native to northeastern North America. The species was previously classified under the genus Porrhodites and has been identified as a potential subnivium specialist—an arthropod adapted to the air pocket beneath winter snowpack. Research suggests it dominates subnivium communities during winter months and is rare or inactive during summer, indicating a specialized cold-season life history.
Hapalaraea
Hapalaraea is a genus of rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae, subfamily Omaliinae. The genus was established by C.G. Thomson in 1858 and contains at least two described species: Hapalaraea alutacea and Hapalaraea hamata. These beetles are distributed across Europe and North America. As members of the Omaliinae, they are associated with forest floor habitats and decomposing organic matter.
Hapalaraea megarthroides
Hapalaraea megarthroides is a rove beetle in the subfamily Omaliinae, first described from the Pacific Northwest region. The species belongs to a genus characterized by compact body form and association with forest floor habitats. Records indicate it occurs in western North America from British Columbia to California.
Idia forbesii
Forbes' Idia Moth
Idia forbesii is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, first described by George Hazen French in 1894. The species is widely distributed across eastern North America, with populations exhibiting univoltine life cycles in northern regions and multivoltine cycles in southern regions. Adults are active from late spring through fall depending on latitude.
Idia lubricalis
Glossy Black Idia Moth, Glossy Black Idia
Idia lubricalis, commonly known as the Glossy Black Idia Moth, is a litter moth in the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Geyer in 1832. It is a small to medium-sized moth with a wingspan of 24–36 mm, found in deciduous forests across eastern North America from Canada to Florida and Texas. Adults are active from May through September, with multiple generations occurring annually in southern portions of its range.
Idia majoralis
Greater Idia Moth
Idia majoralis, commonly known as the Greater Idia Moth, is a species of litter moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. First described by J. B. Smith in 1895, it is distributed across eastern North America from Ontario and Quebec southward through the midwestern United States. The species is associated with forest floor habitats where decaying organic matter accumulates.
Idia rotundalis
Rotund Idia Moth, Chocolate Idia
Idia rotundalis is a small litter moth in the family Erebidae, subfamily Herminiinae. First described by Francis Walker in 1866, it is widespread across eastern North America. The species exhibits latitudinal variation in voltinism, with one generation annually in northern populations and two or more generations in southern populations. Larvae are detritivores that feed on dead leaves and other organic debris.
Ixodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
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anderisus
Kepolydesmus anderisus is a small, flat-backed millipede species first described by Chamberlin in 1910. It belongs to the family Nearctodesmidae, a group of polydesmidan millipedes characterized by relatively simple gonopod structures and North American distribution. The species was originally described as Polydesmus anderisus before being transferred to Kepolydesmus. Like other members of its family, it likely inhabits moist forest floor habitats where it contributes to decomposition processes.
Leptusa elegans
Leptusa elegans is a species of rove beetle in the family Staphylinidae, first described by Blatchley in 1910. It belongs to the subfamily Aleocharinae, a large and diverse group of small rove beetles. The species has been recorded from multiple localities in eastern North America. Like other members of its genus, it is likely associated with forest floor habitats and decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.
Lesteva cribratula
Lesteva cribratula is a small rove beetle (Staphylinidae) native to eastern North America. It has been identified as a likely subnivium specialist, active beneath winter snowpack and rare or inactive during summer months. The species inhabits the air gap between soil and snow, where it likely functions as a predator in cold, stable conditions. Climate change poses a threat to this species through declining snowpack, which exposes subnivium habitats to temperature extremes.
Lithobiidae
stone centipedes
Lithobiidae is a family of centipedes in the order Lithobiomorpha, commonly known as stone centipedes. Members are characterized by anamorphic development, adding leg pairs with each molt until reaching 15 pairs in adulthood. The family exhibits K-selected life history traits including slow development, long lifespans, and low reproductive output. Lithobiidae has a cosmopolitan distribution with highest diversity in temperate regions.
Lucifotychus testaceus
Lucifotychus testaceus is a minute rove beetle (family Staphylinidae) in the subfamily Pselaphinae, commonly referred to as an ant-loving beetle. It is a myrmecophilous species associated with ant colonies. The species is documented from eastern and midwestern North America, with records spanning Canada and the United States.
Lypoglossa
Lypoglossa is a genus of rove beetles in the subfamily Aleocharinae, family Staphylinidae. The genus was described by Fenyes in 1918 and contains four recognized species with a disjunct distribution across the Nearctic region and Europe. Species are small, typically found in association with forest floor habitats. The genus is classified within the tribe Athetini, a diverse group of small to minute staphylinids.