Afrotropical
Guides
Acalypta parvula
moss lacebug
Acalypta parvula is a species of lace bug in the family Tingidae, commonly known as the moss lacebug. It is a small true bug with a widespread distribution spanning Africa, Europe, Northern Asia (excluding China), and North America. The species was originally described as Tingis parvula by Fallén in 1807. Records from the Azores (Faial, Flores, Pico, São Miguel, Terceira) indicate established populations on Atlantic islands.
Acrocercopinae
Acrocercopinae is a subfamily of leaf-mining moths in the family Gracillariidae, established by Kawahara & Ohshima in 2016. The subfamily contains approximately 30 genera including Acrocercops, Cryptolectica, Dialectica, and Spulerina. Species in this subfamily are known from Australia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and other regions. Recent taxonomic revisions using museomics and mitogenomics have clarified species boundaries and reclassified some Australian species previously placed in Ornixolinae.
Agonoscelidini
Agonoscelidini is a monotypic tribe of shield bugs (family Pentatomidae) containing the single genus Agonoscelis. Members are native to the Afrotropics and Australia, with at least one species introduced to the New World. Some species are recognized as agricultural pests.
Agonoscelis
Agonoscelis is a genus of shield bugs (Pentatomidae) in the monotypic tribe Agonoscelidini. The genus contains approximately 19–22 species native to the Afrotropics and Australia, with one species, A. puberula, established in the New World. Several species are agricultural pests of sorghum, sunflower, and other crops. Adults range from 8 to 12 mm in length and possess five nymphal stages.
Alloblackburneus
Alloblackburneus is a genus of scarab beetles (family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Aphodiinae) described by Bordat in 2009. It belongs to the tribe Aphodiini, a group commonly known as small dung beetles. The genus is endemic to the Afrotropical region. Species in this genus are part of the diverse Aphodiinae fauna associated with decomposition and nutrient cycling in African ecosystems.
Ancylosis
snout moths
Ancylosis is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae, established by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1839. The genus exhibits broad geographic distribution across multiple continents, with species recorded from Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. Taxonomic revision work in recent years has clarified species boundaries, established new synonyms, and reinstated several previously synonymized species. The genus contains multiple subgenera including Ancylosis, Heterographis, Cabotia, and Syria, though some species remain unassigned.
Anthaxia
Anthaxia is a large genus of jewel beetles (family Buprestidae, tribe Anthaxiini) containing numerous species distributed across the Palearctic, Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Indomalayan regions. The genus is divided into seven subgenera: Anthaxia (Anthaxia), Haplanthaxia, Melanthaxia, Cratomerus, Merocratus, Thailandia, and Richteraxia. Species are primarily associated with woody host plants, with larvae developing in dead branches or living stems of various trees and shrubs. Adults are frequently observed visiting flowers, where they feed on pollen and nectar.
Apicotermitinae
Typical Soldierless Termites and Allies
Apicotermitinae is a highly diverse subfamily of termites within Termitidae, comprising 64 genera and 236 species distributed across the Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Indomalayan realms. The subfamily is predominantly soil-feeding, with most species inhabiting diffuse subterranean nests. A defining feature of most Apicotermitinae is the evolutionary loss of the soldier caste, which occurred independently in at least two separate lineages. In the absence of soldiers, workers have evolved alternative defense mechanisms including increased aggression and autothysis.
soldierless-termitessoil-feedingautothysisdehiscent-organtermite-defensehumus-feedingNeotropicalAfrotropicalIndomalayansubterranean-nestsgut-morphologyenteric-valvemolecular-systematicsCOICOII16Sgregarine-parasitesRuptitermesSpeculitermesTriclavitermesDissimulitermesGrigiotermesAnoplotermes-groupCaatingaAtlantic-ForestWestern-GhatsAtholus confinis
Atholus confinis is a small histerid beetle with a broad geographic distribution spanning the Caribbean, Afrotropical region, Middle East, and introduced populations in the southeastern United States. The species has been recorded from numerous island and mainland localities, suggesting either natural dispersal capabilities or human-mediated spread. As a member of the Histeridae, it likely occupies microhabitats associated with decaying organic matter. The scattered distribution pattern indicates potential for synanthropic association or long-distance dispersal.
Athrips
Athrips is a genus of small moths in the family Gelechiidae containing approximately 60 described species distributed across the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Species are organized into species-groups based on morphological and presumably phylogenetic relationships, with the largest diversity centered in arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia. The genus was revised taxonomically in 2005 for the Palaearctic region, with subsequent revisions for China (2009) and Africa (2010). One species, A. mouffetella, has been genome-sequenced as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Bembidiina
A large subtribe of ground beetles (Carabidae) comprising over 120 genera and more than 3,100 described species. Members are generally small to minute beetles with diverse morphologies across numerous subgenera. The subtribe has a cosmopolitan distribution with major centers of diversity in the Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions. Taxonomic revisions continue to refine species boundaries, synonymies, and subgeneric placements based on male genitalia and elytral microsculpture.
Cabera
wave moths, cream moths
Cabera is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae, established by Georg Friedrich Treitschke in 1825. The genus comprises approximately 30 species distributed across the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical, and Afrotropical regions, with limited representation in the Indo-Australian region and absence from Australia. Several species were previously classified under the genera Petelia and Gyalomia due to morphological similarities. The genus name derives from Cabeiro, daughter of the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology.
Carcharodini
Carcharodini is a tribe of skipper butterflies within the subfamily Pyrginae, comprising approximately 35 genera distributed throughout tropical regions worldwide. The group is considered plesiomorphic and morphologically inconspicuous compared to other Pyrginae tribes. Taxonomic boundaries have been revised based on phylogenetic studies to maintain monophyly, with Carcharodini now treated as distinct from the historically broader Pyrgini. Members occur in both New World and Afrotropical regions, with most genera restricted to the Americas.
Celaenorrhinini
spread-winged skippers
Celaenorrhinini is a tribe of spread-winged skippers in the subfamily Tagiadinae. The tribe is predominantly Afrotropical, with most species found in tropical Africa and a smaller number in Asia. Some species currently placed in the paraphyletic genus Celaenorrhinus occur in the Neotropics. The tribe includes genera such as Celaenorrhinus, Eretis, Sarangesa, and the recently described Triskelionia.
Cephenniini
Cephenniini is a tribe of minute rove beetles within the subfamily Scydmaeninae (Staphylinidae). The tribe was first described by Reitter in 1882 and contains the genera Cephennodes and Cephennomicrus. These beetles are distributed across the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australasian regions, with records from Africa, Madagascar, Indian Ocean islands, Southeast Asia, China, Taiwan, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and Pacific islands. Recent taxonomic work has documented first records in South Africa, Christmas Island, and the Philippines.
Cephennodes
Cephennodes is a genus of minute rove beetles in the subfamily Scydmaeninae, tribe Cephenniini. First recorded in South Africa in 2013 with four new species described from KwaZulu-Natal Province. The genus has a broader distribution across the continental Afrotropical region. Members of this genus are small, compact beetles adapted to microhabitats such as leaf litter and soil.
Ceratophaga
Ceratophaga is a genus of moths in the family Tineidae containing 16 described species. The genus is notable for its highly specialized larval diet: keratin from solid animal tissues, primarily horns and hooves of ungulates. Twelve species occur in Africa, three in Asia, and one species, C. vicinella, is found in the southeastern United States where it feeds on gopher tortoise shells. The genus name derives from Greek words for 'horn' (kéras) and 'eater' (phágos).
Ceutorhynchini
Ceutorhynchini is a tribe of true weevils within the subfamily Baridinae of the family Curculionidae. Members of this tribe are small to medium-sized weevils with characteristic rostrate heads. The tribe contains numerous genera distributed across multiple continents, with documented diversity in North America, the Palearctic region, tropical Africa, and Asia. Several subtribes have been recognized within Ceutorhynchini, including Oxyonychina.
Chilocoris
burrower bugs
Chilocoris is a genus of burrower bugs (family Cydnidae) in the order Hemiptera. The genus has an Afrotropical distribution, with species recorded in South Africa, Gabon, and Guinea-Bissau. Some species exhibit trogloxenic behavior, occurring in caves but not restricted to them. At least one species, Chilocoris capensis, has been collected in association with fallen figs of Ficus sur.
Choroterpes
Choroterpes is a genus of mayflies in the family Leptophlebiidae, distributed across the Americas, Europe (excluding the British Isles), Africa, and Asia. The genus contains multiple subgenera, including the nominate subgenus Choroterpes and Neochoroterpes (North America). Nymphs are typically found in streams and rivers, often associated with leaf litter. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some species reassigned to new genera such as Tikuna.
Cionus
Target Weevils
Cionus is a genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae, tribe Cionini, established by Clairville in 1798. The genus is distributed across the Palaearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions, with over 100 recognized species including 61 Palaearctic and 52 Afrotropical species. Several species are associated with plants in the family Scrophulariaceae, particularly genera Scrophularia and Verbascum.
Coelioxys coturnix
Coelioxys coturnix is a cleptoparasitic bee in the family Megachilidae, commonly known as sharp-tailed bees or cuckoo leafcutting bees. As a cleptoparasite, females do not construct their own nests or provision cells with pollen. Instead, they exploit nests of host bees in the genus Megachile, laying eggs in host cells where their larvae kill the host offspring and consume the stored provisions. The species has been documented exhibiting hospicidal behavior, where the parasitic larva actively kills the host egg or larva.
cleptoparasitecuckoo-beeMegachilidaesolitary-beehospicidal-behaviorsharp-tailed-beecuckoo-leafcutting-beenest-parasiteMegachile-parasitenative-beepollinator-communitybee-hotel-inhabitantlarval-instars-describedPérez-1884PalaearcticNearcticAfrotropicalOrientalmultiple-continentschemical-cue-trackingpopulation-regulationnon-stingingno-nest-constructionpollen-transport-absentabdominal-spinehost-egg-killinglarval-development-on-host-provisionsseasonal-emergence-synchronized-with-hostmale-patrolling-behaviornest-tunnel-entry-during-host-absenceartificial-nesting-block-use-indicatorbee-conservation-indicator-speciesspecialized-parasitenative-bee-diversity-componentno-direct-agricultural-roleobserver-interest-speciesbee-monitoring-targetmorphological-identification-required-for-species-levelgenus-level-traits-well-documentedspecies-specific-details-limited-in-sourcesCollaria
grass bugs
Collaria is a genus of grass-feeding plant bugs (Miridae: Mirinae: Stenodemini) established by Provancher in 1872. The genus comprises 14 recognized species distributed across the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions, with several species documented as agricultural pests of forage grasses and wheat. Species such as C. scenica and C. columbiensis have been studied extensively in Colombia, where they impact dairy production in the Bogotá plateau region. The genus is characterized by its association with Poaceae (grasses) and its potential for significant population increases under favorable climatic conditions, particularly during El Niño events.
Miridaegrass-bugpasture-pestagricultural-pestNeotropicalAfrotropicalColombiaclimate-sensitivityEl-NiñoEPGelectrical-penetration-graphspatial-distributionaggregated-distributionPoaceaewheat-pestdairy-productionintegrated-pest-managementStenodeminiProvancher-1872taxonomygenitalic-morphologyheat-unitsthermal-amplitudeprecipitation-dependentBogotá-plateauAltiplano-CundiboyacenseC.-scenicaC.-columbiensisC.-schwartziC.-oleosaC.-bolivianaC.-villiersiC.-improvisaC.-obscuricornisCryptopimpla
Cryptopimpla is a genus of ichneumonid wasps in the subfamily Banchinae, tribe Atrophini. The genus is known from the Afrotropical region and parts of Europe (Denmark, Norway, Sweden). Recent taxonomic work has revised the Afrotropical fauna, describing two new South African species and providing identification keys for 11 Afrotropical species. The genus has undergone taxonomic reassessment, with at least one species transferred to Lissonota based on female morphological characters.
Dendroleontinae
antlions
Dendroleontinae is a subfamily of antlions (Myrmeleontidae) established by Banks in 1899. The subfamily contains multiple tribes including Acanthoplectrini, Bandidini, Dendroleontini, Nuglerini, Periclystini, and Voltorini, with diverse genera distributed across Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. Recent systematic revisions have clarified complex taxonomic histories, particularly for genera such as Epacanthaclisis and Gatzara, using combined morphological and molecular approaches. Species within this subfamily exhibit specialized morphological characters and have been subjects of biogeographic studies related to Himalayan uplift and island formation in East Asia.
Derelomini
Palm Flower Weevils
Derelomini is a tribe of flower weevils (Curculionidae: Curculioninae) commonly known as palm flower weevils. Members are associated with reproductive structures of plants, particularly inflorescences. The tribe includes genera with specialized brood pollination mutualisms with palms (Arecaceae) and other monocots, as well as genera associated with dicotyledonous plants. Genera include Derelomus, Elaeidobius, Hypoleschus, Notolomus, Phyllotrox, and several recently described genera including Ebenacobius, Cyclanthura, Ganglionus, and Staminodeus.
Derelomus
Derelomus is a genus of weevils (Curculionidae: Derelomini) distributed across the Afrotropical and Mediterranean regions. The genus comprises 32 recognized species, organized into four main species groups based on morphological and molecular data. Species exhibit specialized brood site pollination mutualisms with host plants, with different species groups associated with distinct plant families: Fabaceae (Vachellia), Achariaceae/Ebenaceae, Strelitziaceae/Arecaceae (Strelitzia and Phoenix reclinata), and Arecaceae palms (Chamaerops, Cocos, Phoenix). Adults are small weevils with rostrate heads typical of the family.
Digitonthophagus
Digitonthophagus is a genus of scarab beetles in the family Scarabaeidae, tribe Onthophagini. The genus was established by Balthasar in 1959 and was historically treated as a subgenus of Onthophagus by some authorities. A comprehensive taxonomic review was published in 2017, resulting in the description of numerous new species. The genus currently comprises 16 recognized species distributed across the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Palaearctic regions. Members are dung beetles that exhibit the typical scarabaeine behavior of dung burial for larval provisioning.
Diopsidae
Stalk-eyed Flies
Stalk-eyed flies are a family of true flies distinguished by their most conspicuous feature: eyes mounted at the ends of long lateral projections called eyestalks. This unique morphology is directly linked to their mating behavior, with males typically possessing longer eyestalks than females and using them in visual displays during courtship. The family occurs primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia, with some species extending into the Arabian Peninsula and other areas. Several species are known agricultural pests, particularly as stem-borers in rice and other Poaceae.
Elaeidobius subvittatus
Elaeidobius subvittatus is a palm-pollinating weevil species in the tribe Derelomini, formally included in the genus Elaeidobius as part of a 2020 taxonomic revision. The species is associated with the oil palm Elaeis guineensis and contributes to pollen transportation. It was originally described by Faust in 1898.
Entedoninae
Entedoninae is a subfamily of chalcid wasps in the family Eulophidae comprising over 90 genera. Members are primarily parasitoids with documented associations across diverse host groups including gall-inducing insects, leafminers, sawflies, thrips, and ants. The subfamily exhibits considerable morphological and ecological diversity, with species found in tropical to temperate habitats worldwide.
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Esagonatopus is a genus of dryinid wasps (Family Dryinidae) established by Olmi in 1984. It belongs to the subfamily Anteoninae, a group of small parasitoid wasps that target Hemiptera, particularly planthoppers and leafhoppers. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological features in the forewing venation and chela structure. It is among the less commonly encountered dryinid genera, with limited published biological data.
Euaesthetinae
A subfamily of rove beetles (Staphylinidae) containing six tribes. Members are distinguished by slender antennae with two or three apical antennomeres forming a loose club, and tarsal segmentation of 4-4-4 or 5-5-5 (5-5-4 in some exotic genera). Five genera and 22 species are recorded from North America. The genus Octavius, primarily distributed in the Afrotropical region, has been subject to recent taxonomic revision in South Africa.
Halocoryza arenaria
Halocoryza arenaria is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae, subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Philip Darlington in 1939. The species is brown in coloration and has a broad geographic distribution spanning the Neotropics, Africa, and the Caribbean. It belongs to the tribe Clivinini within the scaritine ground beetles.
Haplostethini
metallic wood-boring beetles
Haplostethini is a tribe of jewel beetles (family Buprestidae) within the subfamily Polycestinae. The tribe comprises at least 10 genera and more than 60 described species. Members are small to moderately sized metallic wood-boring beetles distributed across multiple continents. The genus Mastogenius is the most well-known in North America, with species occurring in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The tribe was established by LeConte in 1861.
Heliophanus
Sun Jumping Spiders
Heliophanus is a genus of jumping spiders (Salticidae) comprising approximately 90–170 described species, with significant taxonomic revision in 2024 when many African species were transferred to other genera. The genus has a Palearctic and Afrotropical distribution, with core diversity in Europe extending into Asia and Africa. Several species are agrobionts in Central European cereal systems, where they function as dominant predators. At least one species, Heliophanus dampfi, is a bog specialist with highly restricted distribution.
Heteropterinae
Skipperlings
Heteropterinae is a subfamily of Hesperiidae (skippers) containing approximately 150 described species, commonly known as skipperlings. The subfamily is distinguished by specific morphological traits and includes genera such as Metisella in the Afrotropical region. Larvae of studied species feed exclusively on grasses (Poaceae). The subfamily occurs worldwide but is particularly documented from African and Malagasy regions.
Histerini
clown beetles
Histerini is a tribe of clown beetles (Histeridae) comprising at least 540 described species. Members are primarily associated with decomposing organic matter, particularly dung, where they function as predators. The tribe includes genera such as Hister, Margarinotus, and Atholus. Several species have experienced population declines in parts of their range due to agricultural intensification.
Hoplosphyrum
scaly crickets
Hoplosphyrum is a genus of scaly crickets comprising approximately six described species. Members of this genus are distributed across Africa and the Americas, with records from Mexico, the southwestern United States, and southern South America. The genus was established by Rehn & Hebard in 1912 and belongs to the family Mogoplistidae, a group characterized by minute crickets with distinctive scale-like body covering.
Hypargyria
snout moths
Hypargyria is a genus of snout moths in the family Pyralidae, subfamily Phycitinae. It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1888. The genus contains four described species with a wide geographic distribution spanning Africa, southern Asia, Australia, the Americas, and the Caribbean.
Hypoborini
Hypoborini is a tribe of small bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) established by Nüsslin in 1912. Recent molecular and morphological revision of the Afrotropical fauna revealed substantial undescribed diversity, including three new genera and seven new species. The tribe comprises two subtribes in the Afrotropical region: Xerasiborina (Xerasiborus, Nisiborus, tentatively Glochiphorus) and Hypoborina (Dacryostactus, Styracoptinus, Afrotrypetus, Corditarsus). Related Palearctic genera Hypoborus and Liparthrum occur in Mediterranean and Macaronesian regions. Phylogenetic analyses indicate an early Palaeocene origin with ancestral area split between Asia/Africa and Madagascar, followed by single colonization of Madagascar and subsequent recolonization of the African mainland.
Ixodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
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Liatongus is a genus of dung beetles in the subfamily Scarabaeinae, family Scarabaeidae. The genus contains 38–46 species, with 17 species occurring in Africa. Members are small to medium-sized beetles, ranging from 7.4 to 10.9 mm in length. The genus is distributed across three major biogeographic regions: Afrotropical, Oriental to eastern Palearctic, and western Nearctic.
Macrostemum
Glossy Wing Sedges
Macrostemum is a cosmopolitan genus of net-spinning caddisflies in the family Hydropsychidae, comprising at least 90 described species. Adults are recognized by distinctive dark and light contrasting wing patterns. Larvae construct silken retreats with capture nets to filter fine particulate organic matter from flowing water. The genus is particularly diverse in the Neotropical region, with species documented across Africa, Asia, Madagascar, and the Americas.
Macrotylus
Macrotylus is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, subfamily Phylinae, first described by Fieber in 1858. The genus comprises at least 60 described species distributed across multiple continents, with documented occurrences in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Species within this genus exhibit considerable morphological variation, particularly in coloration and male genitalia structure. Some species are host-plant specialists with documented associations to specific plant families.
Mansonia
Mansonia mosquito
Mansonia is a genus of mosquitoes in the family Culicidae. Adults are large, dark-colored mosquitoes with distinctive iridescent scaling on wings and legs. The genus is notable for its unique larval and pupal biology: immature stages attach to submerged rootlets of aquatic plants using modified siphons to obtain oxygen, rather than surfacing to breathe. Several species serve as vectors of human and animal pathogens, including filarial worms and arboviruses. The genus has a global distribution, with particular abundance in tropical and subtropical regions associated with permanent freshwater habitats.
Marathyssa
Beautiful Marathyssa Moth (for M. pulcherrimus)
Marathyssa is a genus of moths in the family Euteliidae, established by Francis Walker in 1865. The genus contains approximately 20 described species distributed across the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Several species occur in North America, including the type species M. basalis. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some sources historically placing it in Noctuidae.
Micracidini
Micracidini is a tribe of Afrotropical bark beetles within Scolytinae. The tribe comprises 11 valid genera following a 2021 taxonomic revision that erected five new genera (Neomicracis, Leiomicracis, Diplotrichus, Pseudolanurgus, Microlanurgus) and synonymized one genus. Phylogenetic analyses based on five molecular markers and morphological characters support this classification. The tribe originated in the late Cretaceous and exhibits a biogeographic pattern centered on Madagascar, which was colonized once from East Africa followed by multiple re-colonizations to the mainland.
Monoceromyia
Monoceromyia is a genus of hoverflies (Syrphidae) in the tribe Cerioidini. Species occur across the Afrotropical, Australasian, Neotropical and Oriental biogeographic regions. The genus is characterized by wasp-mimicking appearance and distinctive morphological traits including widely separated metapleura and modified antennal and abdominal structures.
Mycetaeidae
Mycetaeidae is a small family of beetles in the superfamily Coccinelloidea, established as distinct from Endomychidae based on morphological and molecular evidence. The family contains three genera: Agaricophilus (one species, Europe), Mycetaea (two species, North America, Europe, South Africa, and Canary Islands), and Afromycetaea (seven species, sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar). The family is confirmed as monophyletic and sister to Cerasommatidiidae. Members of the genus Mycetaea are known to be mycophagous, feeding on molds.