Lotic

Guides

Agapetus
Agapetus caddisflies
Agapetus is a genus of caddisflies in the family Glossosomatidae, commonly known as saddle-case makers. Larvae construct portable, dome-shaped cases from sand grains and are found in lotic freshwater habitats. The genus has a global distribution with species documented across Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America. Life cycles vary among species, ranging from univoltine to trivoltine patterns depending on geographic location and environmental conditions.
caddisfly freshwater grazer case-builder lotic
Allocapnia rickeri
Midwest Snowfly
Allocapnia rickeri is a small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae, commonly known as the Midwest Snowfly. It is one of numerous small, dark stoneflies in the genus Allocapnia that emerge during cold months when few other insects are active. The species has been documented across the central and eastern United States. Like other capniids, it is associated with clean, cold streams and is an important indicator of water quality.
winter-stonefly bioindicator coldwater Plecoptera Capniidae Allocapnia lotic emergence brachyptery aptery genitalia-identification Frison-1942 Midwest southeastern-US clean-water-indicator January-March small-stonefly wingless-female stream-insect shredder gatherer seasonal-resource water-quality aquatic-insect terrestrial-adult short-lived-adult oviposition submerged-eggs high-dissolved-oxygen low-temperature central-US eastern-US Alabama Arkansas Delaware Georgia Illinois hexapod hemimetabolous Euholognatha Nemouroidea Arctoperlaria Insecta Arthropoda Animalia GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI taxonomy accepted-species 1942 Frison Ricker Midwest-Snowfly snowfly small-dark-stonefly clean-streams rivers well-oxygenated lotic-habitat cold-months winter-activity wing-reduction female-aptery male-flight epiproct paraproct terminalia taxonomic-revision congeners distribution-records observations 9-observations eukaryote metazoan arthropod insect stonefly winter-emerging January February March cold-weather near-freezing below-freezing water-surface submerged-substrates allochthonous-organic-material stream-ecosystems seasonal-food-resource insectivorous-birds predators scarce-prey unpolluted no-economic-importance stream-monitoring water-quality-indicator high-quality-coldwater microscopic-examination taxonomic-keys male-terminalia reliable-separation genitalic-examination overlapping-distribution similar-habitat small-size under-10-mm body-length reduced-wings absent-wings fully-developed-wings specific-identification published-descriptions illustrations subsequent-revisions characteristic family-Capniidae common-name extended-nymphal-period one-to-two-years short-lived does-not-feed aquatic-nymph clean-cold-streams low-temperatures year-round winter-months January-through-March family centered-Midwest extends-southeastern United-States documented appears most-reliably distinguished subtle-differences terminal-abdominal-structures should-be-compared against published subsequent genus-level characterized reduced absent females fully-developed males requires-examination male-genitalia structure paraprocts reliable separation overlaps similar many externally definitive relies microscopic examination comparison keys used biological indicator programs presence indicates cold conditions no-direct economic importance shredders gatherers processing allochthonous organic material stream ecosystems seasonal food resource insectivorous birds other when alternative prey scarce serves high-quality habitats development aquatic nymphal stages terrestrial adult stage nymphs develop streams extended period likely one two years based related species adults do-not feed active during weather air temperatures may near below freezing winged capable flight wingless short-winged remain water surface mating occur winter entering deposit eggs submerged substrates small commonly known numerous dark emerge few insects central eastern associated clean important under mm body length members genus wings possess fully developed specific identification level within requires male genitalia particularly most reliably subtle differences these terminal abdominal structures should compared descriptions taxonomic revisions winter-emerging maintain low high dissolved oxygen levels throughout year United States distribution centered extends southeastern months typically through this activity gives rise common name do not provides quality monitoring no direct habitat morphology size genitalic
Alloperla
Alloperla is a genus of stoneflies in the family Chloroperlidae. Species within this genus inhabit running water environments, including the hyporheic zones of gravel-bed rivers. Some species exhibit extended larval development periods and specialized feeding habits. The genus has a broad distribution across the Holarctic region.
Plecoptera Chloroperlidae stonefly hyporheic lotic Holarctic
Ambrysus
creeping water bugs, saucer bugs
Ambrysus is a genus of creeping water bugs (family Naucoridae) containing more than 90 described species. These aquatic insects are found primarily in running streams across the New World, from northern North America to Argentina, with greatest diversity in Mexico. They possess flattened, rounded bodies and powerful claws for clinging to rocks in turbulent water. The genus includes two subgenera: Ambrysus (Syncollus) and Ambrysus (Ambrysus).
aquatic predator lotic Neotropical Nearctic hemimetabolous benthic
Ameletidae
combmouthed minnow mayflies
Ameletidae is a family of mayflies commonly known as combmouthed minnow mayflies. The family includes the speciose genus Ameletus, which reaches its greatest diversity in southwestern North America with up to 12 species co-occurring at single sites. The genus Metreletus has a trans-Palaearctic distribution with three recognized species. Ameletidae larvae are aquatic and occur in lotic habitats from small headwater streams to larger rivers.
mayfly Ephemeroptera aquatic-insect lotic Nearctic Palearctic
Amphiagrion abbreviatum
Western Red Damsel
Amphiagrion abbreviatum, the western red damsel, is a narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It exhibits unusual habitat plasticity, occurring in both lentic and lotic freshwater systems. The species shows distinct perching and roosting behaviors that differ from sympatric congeners. It is widely distributed across western North America with stable populations.
damselfly Odonata Coenagrionidae western-North-America geothermal-springs habitat-plasticity lotic lentic
Amphizoa lecontei
Trout-stream beetle
Amphizoa lecontei is an aquatic beetle species in the family Amphizoidae, commonly known as the trout-stream beetle. Adults measure 11.5–16 mm in body length and possess a diagnostic carina on the fifth interval of the elytron. The species is restricted to western North America, with concentrations in the Rocky Mountains. It is one of few beetles in its family and represents a distinctive lineage of stream-dwelling coleopterans.
aquatic lotic montane indicator-species
Ancyronyx
spider water beetles, spider riffle beetles
Ancyronyx is a genus of aquatic riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, commonly known as spider water beetles or spider riffle beetles. The genus comprises 21 described species distributed across North America, South Asia, China, and Southeast Asia, with the Philippines recognized as a center of diversity containing 11 endemic species. Members are obligate inhabitants of lotic freshwater environments, where both adults and larvae cling to submerged substrates using their elongated legs and strong claws. The genus is notable for its potential use as a bioindicator of water quality due to its sensitivity to pollution and oxygen levels.
aquatic riffle-beetle Elmidae spider-water-beetle bioindicator Philippines-endemic plastron-respiration lotic
Ancyronyx variegata
Spider Water Beetle
Ancyronyx variegata is a riffle beetle (Elmidae) commonly known as a Spider Water Beetle, characterized by extremely long legs and often a cross-like elytral color pattern that gives it a spider-like appearance. It inhabits clean, pristine running waters in lotic environments and has been studied for its life history and energetics in Northwest Arkansas and Southeast Texas. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with adults present year-round.
riffle-beetle aquatic-insect bioindicator lotic plastron-respiration Spider-Water-Beetle
Anisocentropus
Anisocentropus is a cosmopolitan genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) comprising over 60 described species distributed across Oriental, Australasian, Afrotropical, Neotropical, Nearctic, and East Palearctic regions. Larvae are case-building detritivores that construct portable shelters from leaf pieces or wood fragments, inhabiting both lotic and lentic freshwater environments depending on species. The genus exhibits notable variation in habitat preference, with some species strictly adapted to standing water while others occupy running water or both environments.
caddisfly Trichoptera Calamoceratidae case-building detritivore shredder freshwater lentic lotic leaf-case
Arctopsyche
Great Gray Spotted Sedges
Arctopsyche is a genus of netspinning caddisflies in the family Hydropsychidae, comprising more than 20 described species. Larvae construct and maintain capture nets throughout the year to filter food from flowing water. The genus exhibits life cycle flexibility, with documented univoltine and semivoltine patterns depending on environmental conditions. Species occur in lotic habitats across the Holarctic region.
netspinning-caddisfly filter-feeder lotic Holarctic Trichoptera
Arthroplea bipunctata
flatheaded mayfly
Arthroplea bipunctata is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae (sometimes historically placed in Arthropleidae). It is known from North America, with records from the Nearctic region. The species was described by McDunnough in 1924, originally as Cinygma bipunctata. Like other flatheaded mayflies, it belongs to a group adapted to clinging in fast-flowing waters.
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae flatheaded-mayfly North-America Nearctic aquatic-insect lotic
Atractelmis wawona
Wawona Riffle Beetle
Atractelmis wawona is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, described by Chandler in 1954. The common name 'Wawona Riffle Beetle' references Wawona, a location in California's Sierra Nevada. Like other elmids, it inhabits aquatic environments with flowing water. Very few observations or detailed studies of this species have been published.
aquatic lotic Coleoptera Elmidae riffle-beetle North-America California Sierra-Nevada
Baetisca berneri
Baetisca berneri is an armored mayfly species described from West Virginia streams. The species has been the subject of ecological life history research examining nymphal development and emergence patterns. It belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive armored nymphal forms adapted to lotic environments.
mayfly armored-mayfly Ephemeroptera Baetiscidae lotic West-Virginia North-America
Bibiocephala
net-winged midges
Bibiocephala is a genus of net-winged midges in the family Blephariceridae, established by Osten Sacken in 1874. The genus contains five described species distributed across the Holarctic region. These midges are members of a specialized family whose larvae inhabit fast-flowing streams and rivers. Adult Bibiocephala are characterized by their distinctive wing venation with dense, net-like crossveins that give the family its common name.
Blephariceridae net-winged-midges aquatic-insects lotic Holarctic torrenticolous
Blephariceridae
Net-winged Midges
Blephariceridae, or net-winged midges, are a family of nematoceran flies distinguished by wings with a distinctive network of fissures and folds resembling cracked glass. Adults superficially resemble crane flies but differ in wing shape, head structure, and leg posture. Larvae are specialized inhabitants of torrential streams, possessing six ventral suckers that enable attachment to rocks in flows exceeding 2 m/s. The family contains over 200 species across dozens of genera worldwide, with highest diversity in mountainous regions. Larvae are ecologically significant as diatom grazers in lotic ecosystems.
aquatic lotic scraper torrenticolous diatom-feeder mountain-streams Gondwanan-distribution
Boreoheptagyia
Boreoheptagyia is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Diamesinae of the family Chironomidae. The genus was established by Brundin in 1966 and currently comprises approximately 19 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, with particular concentration in mountainous areas of Europe and Asia. Species in this genus are associated with cold, well-oxygenated lotic habitats and exhibit limited dispersal capacity, resulting in restricted, often isolated geographic ranges.
Chironomidae Diamesinae non-biting-midges cold-stenotherm lotic mountain-streams Holarctic Boreoheptagyiini
Boyeria vinosa
fawn darner
Boyeria vinosa, the fawn darner, is a dragonfly species in the family Aeshnidae. It inhabits rivers and streams in eastern North America, from southeastern Canada through the eastern United States. Adults are crepuscular, being most active at dusk. The species has a univoltine life cycle with egg diapause and approximately 10 months of larval development.
dragonfly Aeshnidae crepuscular univoltine lotic predator North-America stream-inhabitant
Brychius hornii
Horn's Crawling Water Beetle
Brychius hornii is a species of crawling water beetle in the family Haliplidae, first described by George Robert Crotch in 1873. It is native to western North America, where adults inhabit small streams and irrigation ditches, primarily on gravel substrates. The species belongs to a small genus of aquatic beetles adapted to life in running water environments.
aquatic lotic gravel-dwelling western-North-America
Camelobaetidius
minnow mayflies
Camelobaetidius is a genus of small minnow mayflies in the family Baetidae, comprising at least 40 described species distributed across the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. The genus is one of the most studied within Baetidae, with nymphs commonly inhabiting lotic (flowing water) environments. Species are distinguished by specific morphological characters, particularly the spatulate (flattened, spoon-shaped) tarsal claws present in nymphs. The genus exhibits considerable diversity in Central and North America, with additional species described from Costa Rica and southeastern Brazil.
Ephemeroptera Baetidae minnow-mayflies lotic Neotropical Nearctic multivoltine thermoregulation
Ceraclea enodis
Ceraclea enodis is a species of caddisfly in the family Leptoceridae. Members of this genus are characterized by elongated, slender bodies and long antennae. The species is part of a diverse group of aquatic insects whose larvae construct protective cases from environmental materials.
caddisfly Leptoceridae Trichoptera aquatic-insect lotic
Cheumatopsyche ela
Cheumatopsyche ela is a species of net-spinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae, first described by Denning in 1942. The species occurs in North America and is part of a genus known for constructing silk capture nets in flowing water habitats. Larvae exhibit density-dependent dispersion patterns in laboratory settings, with aggressive behavior and cannibalism observed at high population densities. As with other hydropsychids, adults are short-lived and primarily focused on reproduction.
Trichoptera Hydropsychidae net-spinning-caddisfly aquatic-insect lotic North-America Denning-1942 density-dependent-behavior suspension-feeder cannibalism interference-competition
Chimarra
Little Black Caddisflies
Chimarra is a large genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) containing more than 630 described species. Adults are commonly known as "little black caddisflies" due to their characteristic dark coloration. The genus has undergone extensive radiation, with species distributed across multiple continents including North America, South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Molecular studies have investigated the evolutionary history and biogeographic patterns of diversification within this genus.
Trichoptera Philopotamidae caddisfly freshwater lotic Madagascar-endemism molecular-phylogenetics genus-level-identification
Claassenia sabulosa
Shortwing Stonefly, short-wing stone
Claassenia sabulosa, commonly known as the shortwing stonefly, is a species of common stonefly in the family Perlidae. It is found in North America, with documented populations in the western United States including Colorado, as well as Canada. The species has been studied for its life cycle dynamics in Colorado streams and its adult mate-finding behaviors.
Plecoptera Perlidae stonefly North-America western-North-America lotic freshwater aquatic-insect
Clarkhydrus
Clarkhydrus is a genus of diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, established in 2018 by Fery & Ribera. The genus was erected to accommodate species previously placed in related genera within the subtribe Deronectina. As a member of the subfamily Hydroporinae, these beetles are small to medium-sized aquatic predators. The genus is relatively recently described, and research on its species-level diversity and ecology is ongoing.
freshwater predatory Palaearctic lotic recently-described
Cleptelmis
Cleptelmis is a genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, established by Sanderson in 1954. The genus contains at least two described species: Cleptelmis addenda and Cleptelmis ornata. Riffle beetles in this family are aquatic insects associated with flowing water habitats.
riffle-beetle aquatic-beetle Elmidae lotic
Clinocerinae
aquatic dance flies
Clinocerinae is a subfamily of dance flies (Empididae) comprising 16 recognized genera including Clinocera, Wiedemannia, Dolichocephala, Trichoclinocera, and Kowarzia. Members are commonly known as aquatic dance flies due to their strong association with freshwater habitats. The subfamily has a global distribution with particularly diverse faunas in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Multiple generic revisions and species-level revisions have been published for Nearctic, Palaearctic, and Oriental faunas.
aquatic lotic dance-flies Empididae freshwater univoltine global-distribution
Copelatinae
copelatine diving beetles
Copelatinae is a subfamily of predaceous diving beetles (Dytiscidae) comprising seven genera: Agaporomorphus, Aglymbus, Copelatus, Exocelina, Lacconectus, Liopterus, and Madaglymbus. The genus Copelatus is the largest with approximately 470 described species worldwide, showing greatest diversity in tropical South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Members are predominantly aquatic, though some species have colonized highly ephemeral habitats including forest floor depressions. The subfamily exhibits remarkable morphological diversity and includes phylogenetically isolated lineages such as the South African genus Capelatus.
Dytiscidae diving-beetles aquatic-beetles Coleoptera Adephaga freshwater tropical-biodiversity Madagascar New-Guinea South-Africa Australia phylogenetic-relicts endemism conservation light-attraction ephemeral-habitats lentic lotic
Coptotomus loticus
Coptotomus loticus is a predaceous diving beetle described by Hilsenhoff in 1980. It belongs to the subfamily Coptotominae within Dytiscidae, a family of aquatic beetles. The species is known from eastern Canada, with records from Ontario and Québec. As a member of Coptotomus, it represents one of the less commonly encountered genera in North American dytiscid fauna.
aquatic predator lotic stream Canada
Cordulegastridae
Spiketails, biddie, flying adder
Cordulegastridae, commonly known as spiketails, is a family of dragonflies (Anisoptera) distributed across the Holarctic region. The family contains approximately 51 species in three to four genera, including Cordulegaster, Anotogaster, Neallogaster, and the recently restored Thecagaster and Zoraena. Adults are characterized by large black or brown bodies with yellow markings, blue-green eyes that meet at a single point, and a slow flight pattern 30–70 cm above water. Nymphs are specialized ambush predators that conceal themselves in sand or silt substrates of clean, flowing streams.
dragonfly Odonata Anisoptera lotic stream Holarctic conservation-concern ambush-predator gleaning-predator
Crangonyx gracilis
Northern Lake Crangonyctid
Crangonyx gracilis is a small freshwater amphipod in the family Crangonyctidae, commonly known as the northern lake crangonyctid. It inhabits diverse aquatic environments across North America, including flowing water, standing water, and temporary habitats. The species was described by S.I. Smith in 1871.
amphipod freshwater North-America Crangonyctidae lotic lentic temporary-habitat
Cylloepus
riffle beetles
Cylloepus is a genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, first described by Erichson in 1847. The genus contains approximately six described species distributed across the Americas. Members are aquatic beetles associated with flowing water habitats. Species have been documented from North America, the Caribbean, and South America.
riffle-beetle aquatic-insect Elmidae lotic freshwater
Dicosmoecus atripes
northern caddisfly
Dicosmoecus atripes is a limnephilid caddisfly native to North America. The species has been documented in Rocky Mountain streams of Alberta, Canada, where it exhibits a two-year life cycle with distinct seasonal emergence and larval diapause. Larval microhabitat and dietary preferences shift between early and late instars.
Trichoptera Limnephilidae caddisfly lotic Rocky-Mountains diapause ontogenetic-shift periphyton-grazer
Diura
Diura is a genus of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the family Perlodidae, comprising approximately seven described species distributed across Europe and North America. Species such as Diura nanseni are univoltine, completing their life cycle in one year with nymphal growth primarily during spring months. Nymphs are typically associated with lotic environments and exhibit predatory or grazing feeding habits depending on species.
Plecoptera Perlodidae stonefly aquatic-insect lotic univoltine Europe North-America
Dixella californica
Dixella californica is a species of meniscus midge in the family Dixidae (Order: Diptera). These small, delicate flies are associated with aquatic habitats where their larvae develop. The species was described by Johannsen in 1923 and is known from California. Dixidae larvae are recognized by their distinctive habit of hanging upside down from the water surface film, feeding on microorganisms and organic matter.
Diptera Dixidae meniscus-midge aquatic-insect California-endemic Johannsen-1923 freshwater lotic lentic
Drunella coloradensis
Small Western Green Drake
Drunella coloradensis is a species of spiny crawler mayfly in the family Ephemerellidae, commonly known to anglers as the Small Western Green Drake. The species is found in freshwater streams across western North America, with a range extending from Alaska and northern Canada through the western United States to northern Mexico and Central America. Nymphs are known to alter their behavior in response to short-term pH reductions, becoming more active under acidic conditions. The species is of particular importance to fly fishermen, who imitate its various life stages with artificial flies.
mayfly Ephemeroptera western-North-America fly-fishing acidification-sensitivity spiny-crawler lotic aquatic-insect
Dubiraphia harleyi
Dubiraphia harleyi is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, described by Barr in 1984. Riffle beetles are aquatic beetles that inhabit flowing water environments. The species is known from North America.
aquatic lotic riffle-beetle North-America
Elmidae
Riffle beetles
Elmidae, commonly known as riffle beetles, is a family of aquatic beetles in the superfamily Byrrhoidea containing over 150 genera and 1,500 described species. Both adults and larvae are primarily aquatic, inhabiting fast-flowing shallow areas of streams and rivers such as riffles. Adults breathe underwater using a plastron—a microfilm of air held by microscopic hairs on their body surface that enables oxygen diffusion from the water. The family has significant value in freshwater biomonitoring due to their sensitivity to water pollution.
aquatic lotic bioindicator plastron-respiration riffle Coleoptera freshwater endangered-species biomonitoring
Elmini
riffle beetles
Elmini is a tribe of riffle beetles within the family Elmidae, comprising over 90 genera and approximately 1,200 described species in North America. These beetles are strictly aquatic as adults and larvae, inhabiting flowing water systems. The tribe represents a major radiation within the Elmidae, with species diversity concentrated in freshwater habitats.
aquatic lotic bioindicator plastron-respiration North-America Coleoptera Elmidae
Epeorus
Epeorus is a genus of mayflies in the family Heptageniidae. The genus contains multiple subgenera including Caucasiron and Siniron, with species distributed across the Palearctic and Nearctic regions. Larvae are primarily lotic, inhabiting running waters where many species serve as bioindicators for water quality assessments. Several species are dominant components of macroinvertebrate assemblages in upper and midstream river areas.
mayfly lotic bioindicator stenotopic flattened-larvae
Ephemerella
Hendricksons, Sulphurs, Pale Duns
Ephemerella is a genus of spiny crawler mayflies comprising approximately 19 described species. Nymphs are characterized by their distinctive defensive posture, curling the abdomen upward in a scorpion-like manner when disturbed. The genus has a widespread distribution across North America and Europe, with species occupying diverse lotic freshwater habitats. Several species, including E. subvaria and E. ignita, have been subjects of detailed life history studies.
mayfly ephemerellid spiny-crawler benthic lotic bioindicator fly-fishing
Ephemerellidae
Spiny Crawler Mayflies
Ephemerellidae, commonly known as spiny crawler mayflies, is a family of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) comprising approximately 90 species across 8-14 genera. The family is distributed throughout North America and the UK, with additional records from Europe and Asia. Nymphs inhabit lotic-erosional environments including flowing streams of all sizes, lake shores, and beaches with wave action. They are primarily collector-gatherers and serve as important indicators of water quality due to their sensitivity to pollution.
mayfly spiny-crawler lotic bioindicator collector-gatherer univoltine Ephemeroptera freshwater stream fly-fishing
Eubriinae
Eubriinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily of water penny beetles (Psephenidae) comprising approximately 15 genera and 144 species, with greatest diversity in Asia. Adults are distinguished by a convex dorsal body form, truncate or emarginate anterior pronotum with exposed head, non-tapering maxillary palpus apex, and five abdominal ventrites. Larvae are aquatic and exhibit a metapneustic respiratory system with spiracles positioned near the bases of paratergites VIII. The subfamily exhibits nearly worldwide distribution except Antarctica and some oceanic islands including New Zealand.
aquatic lotic lentic metapneustic riparian sexual-dimorphism terrestrial-pupation non-feeding-adults
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus
Northern Spring Amphipod
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus is a freshwater amphipod crustacean inhabiting lotic (flowing water) environments in North America. The species exhibits complex behavioral ecology, including size-selective predation vulnerability to fish predators such as brook trout and sculpins, and chemically-mediated responses to predation risk that influence reproductive behavior. Population dynamics are characterized by univoltine (single annual) generation cycles with high mortality during early life stages and winter periods. The species serves as an important prey item in stream food webs and has been extensively studied as a model organism for freshwater invertebrate ecology, toxicology, and predator-prey interactions.
freshwater lotic amphipod predator-prey behavioral-ecology toxicology univoltine North-America model-organism stream-ecology size-selective-predation chemical-ecology parasitism acanthocephala copper-toxicity mate-guarding calceoli microhabitat-selection thigmotaxis diel-activity seasonal-dynamics production-ecology drift brook-trout sculpin Ontario Virginia Gammaridae crustacean invertebrate senticaudata Bousfield-1958 Northern-Spring-Amphipod
Glossosoma
little black caddisflies
Glossosoma is a genus of small caddisflies comprising over 110 described species, commonly known as little black caddisflies. Larvae construct portable dome-shaped cases from mineral particles and occupy the upper surfaces of stones in flowing waters. The genus exhibits multivoltine life histories with varying generation times among species.
Trichoptera Glossosomatidae caddisfly grazer bioindicator multivoltine case-building self-sharpening-mandibles lotic riffle-habitat
Goeridae
Armour-ballast Caddisflies
Goeridae is a family of caddisflies (Trichoptera) comprising approximately 12 genera and at least 160 described species. Larvae are primarily lotic, inhabiting streams and rivers, with some species occupying madicolous habitats such as wet cliff faces. The family is distinguished by larval case construction incorporating ballast stones for weight and stability. Adults exhibit highly modified male genitalia and maxillary palps in some species. Goeridae has a Holarctic distribution with records from North America, Europe, and Asia.
Trichoptera caddisfly aquatic-insects lotic case-building ballast-stones Holarctic bioindicator stream-ecology madicolous
Greniera
Greniera is a genus of black flies in the family Simuliidae, established by Doby and David in 1959. The genus belongs to the tribe Prosimuliini and includes at least two described species: Greniera abdita and Greniera abditoides. Species are known from Europe and North America.
black-flies Simuliidae Prosimuliini aquatic-insects lotic
Hemerodromia
dance flies
Hemerodromia is a genus of dance flies (family Empididae) comprising at least 170 described species. Species are primarily associated with lotic freshwater habitats, particularly streams and rivers. Several species show obligate associations with calcareous water systems and tufa formations in limestone karst regions. The genus exhibits high diversity in tropical Southeast Asia, with significant undescribed species richness anticipated.
aquatic karst tufa lotic Southeast-Asia DNA-barcoding Simuliidae-association
Heptagenia adaequata
Heptagenia adaequata is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae. Described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1924, it is a Nearctic species found in North America. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with running water habitats. The species is represented by relatively few observations in biodiversity databases.
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae Nearctic lotic
Heptagenia marginalis
Margined Flat-headed Mayfly
Heptagenia marginalis is a species of flatheaded mayfly in the family Heptageniidae, first described by Banks in 1910. It belongs to a family characterized by dorsoventrally flattened body forms adapted to clinging in fast-flowing water. The species is known from North America, though detailed biological information remains limited in available literature.
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae mayfly North-America aquatic-insect lotic
Heptagenioidea
Heptagenioidea is a superfamily of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) distributed across most global regions except the Arctic and Antarctic. The superfamily likely originated in the Jurassic period, coinciding with a shift from still-water to flowing-water breeding habitats. This ecological transition drove rapid radiation and morphological adaptations, including modifications to mouthparts and forelegs for passive feeding in current. Heptageniidae represents the most widely distributed family within this group.
mayflies Ephemeroptera lotic Jurassic-origin passive-feeding
Hesperoperla hoguei
Banded Stone
Hesperoperla hoguei is a species of stonefly in the family Perlidae, commonly known as the banded stone. It is a member of the subfamily Acroneuriinae, a group of predatory stoneflies often associated with flowing freshwater habitats. The species was described by Baumann and Stark in 1980 and is known from western North America, particularly California. As with other perlid stoneflies, it likely inhabits cool, well-oxygenated streams.
stonefly plecoptera perlidae acroneuriinae nearctic california freshwater lotic predatory
Hydropsyche betteni
Common Netspinner
Hydropsyche betteni is a species of netspinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae, described by Ross in 1938. It is one of the most widespread and commonly encountered members of its genus in North America. Like other hydropsychids, the larvae construct fixed capture nets to filter food from flowing water. The species is well-documented in freshwater biomonitoring studies due to its abundance and sensitivity to water quality.
Trichoptera caddisfly netspinning aquatic-insect bioindicator freshwater North-America lotic filter-feeder Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche
Hydropsyche incommoda
Hydropsyche incommoda is a species of net-spinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae. Described by Hermann Hagen in 1861, this species is part of a large genus of aquatic insects whose larvae construct fixed capture nets in flowing water. Adults are nocturnal and attracted to light. The species is documented from North America.
caddisfly net-spinning aquatic-insect lotic Nearctic
Hydropsyche occidentalis
Hydropsyche occidentalis is a filter-feeding caddisfly species in the family Hydropsychidae, found in lotic (flowing water) streams of North America. It constructs fixed capture nets to filter organic particles from the water column, playing a significant role in stream ecosystem function. The species has been studied for its bioenergetics and contribution to controlling organic transport in streams, where it can comprise a substantial portion of invertebrate biomass in suitable habitats.
filter-feeder caddisfly lotic stream-ecology bioenergetics North-America
Hydropsyche scalaris
Hydropsyche scalaris is a species of net-spinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae, first described by Hagen in 1861. It belongs to one of the largest genera of caddisflies, with larvae that construct fixed retreats and capture nets in flowing water to filter food particles. The species is documented from North America within the Nearctic region.
Trichoptera Hydropsychidae caddisfly net-spinning-caddisfly aquatic-insect filter-feeder lotic North-America Nearctic Hagen-1861
Hydropsyche slossonae
Hydropsyche slossonae is a caddisfly species in the family Hydropsychidae, known from freshwater lotic habitats in eastern and midwestern North America. The species is univoltine, with adults emerging synchronously from late May through early July. Larvae construct silk capture nets to filter suspended organic matter from flowing water and overwinter as fifth-instar larvae.
Trichoptera Hydropsychidae caddisfly filter-feeder univoltine bioindicator lotic North-America
Hydropsychinae
net-spinning caddisflies
Hydropsychinae is a subfamily of caddisflies (Trichoptera) within the family Hydropsychidae, commonly known as net-spinning caddisflies. Larvae construct fixed capture nets in flowing water to filter food particles. The subfamily is taxonomically diverse, with generic revisions documented in multiple regions including New Zealand and the Americas.
Trichoptera caddisfly aquatic-insect filter-feeder lotic net-spinner
Isogenoides
springflies
Isogenoides is a genus of springflies (family Perlodidae) comprising eight described species distributed across North America. These stoneflies inhabit cool, lotic freshwater systems and exhibit species-specific vibrational communication through drumming. The genus demonstrates considerable life history diversity, including extended diapause periods and semivoltine development in some populations.
Plecoptera Perlodidae springflies drumming vibrational-communication diapause lotic North-America
Isonychia campestris
Isonychia campestris is a filter-feeding mayfly species described by McDunnough in 1931. The immature nymphs inhabit lotic aquatic systems where they employ specialized morphological structures to capture suspended particulate matter from the water column. This species has been studied specifically for its filter feeding mechanisms, which involve interception and diffusive deposition of particles smaller than the pore spaces between filtering structures. The species occurs in the Nearctic region of North America.
Ephemeroptera mayfly filter-feeder aquatic-insect lotic Nearctic
Isonychia rufa
Isonychia rufa is a brushlegged mayfly species in the family Isonychiidae, first described by McDunnough in 1931. It belongs to the bicolor group within its genus. The species is found in larger rivers and streams of the Mississippi drainage system in central North America.
Ephemeroptera mayfly brushlegged-mayfly freshwater lotic North-America bicolor-group
Isoperla sobria
Colorado Stripetail
Isoperla sobria is a species of stonefly in the family Perlodidae, commonly known as the Colorado Stripetail. It is a member of the genus Isoperla, which comprises numerous small to medium-sized predatory stoneflies found in running waters of the Northern Hemisphere. The species has been documented across western North America from Alaska to California. Like other perlodids, its larvae develop in freshwater streams and are indicators of good water quality.
stonefly Plecoptera Perlodidae western-North-America lotic bioindicator
Isoperlinae
Stripetail Stoneflies, Springflies
Isoperlinae is a subfamily of stoneflies in the family Perlodidae, distributed across the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Members are commonly known as stripetails or springflies. The subfamily includes approximately 12 genera, with Isoperla being the most speciose and well-known. These stoneflies are aquatic insects whose nymphs inhabit running waters.
stonefly aquatic-insect bioindicator predator lotic Plecoptera Perlodidae stripetail springfly Palaearctic Nearctic stream-ecology fisheries-food-web drumming-communication hemimetabolous montane rheophilic
Lacunicambarus diogenes
devil crayfish, devil crawfish
Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.
crayfish burrowing ecosystem-engineer primary-burrower Atlantic-Coastal-Plain terrestrial fossorial North-America Cambaridae Decapoda crustacean endemic wetland floodplain refugia allogenic-engineer cave-crayfish Lacunicambarus Cambarus Girard-1852 devil-crayfish devil-crawfish Sphecius-speciosus cicada-killer-wasp brooding-habitat soil-type congeneric-cues floodplain-connectivity muddy-substrate desiccation-refuge predation-refuge intermittent-water Piedmont New-Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North-Carolina South-Carolina Georgia Louisiana roadside-ditch terrestrial-habitat burrow-construction burrow-maintenance wetland-engineer crustacean-ecology decapod astacidea freshwater-invertebrate invertebrate-engineer habitat-modification species-interactions commensalism facilitation ecosystem-services biodiversity-support habitat-provision microhabitat-creation soil-bioturbation sediment-mixing water-infiltration groundwater-connection ephemeral-water seasonal-wetland palustrine lotic lentic riparian hyporheic bioturbation soil-structure nutrient-cycling detritivore omnivore scavenger predator prey trophic-interaction food-web community-ecology population-ecology conservation habitat-loss urbanization agriculture land-use-change climate-change drought hydrology geomorphology sedimentology ichnology trace-fossil burrow-architecture burrow-morphology tunnel-system chimney mud-pellet cast excavation sediment-ejection maintenance-behavior occupancy site-fidelity home-range territoriality intraspecific-interaction interspecific-interaction competition predation-risk desiccation-risk physiological-stress behavioral-adaptation morphological-adaptation fossorial-adaptation gill-function air-breathing cutaneous-respiration ion-regulation osmoregulation excretion metabolism energetics life-history growth molting reproduction mating egg-care juvenile-development recruitment population-dynamics demography genetics phylogeography biogeography dispersal colonization extinction rare-species common-species indicator-species keystone-species umbrella-species flagship-species natural-capital environmental-economics environmental-policy environmental-management restoration-ecology habitat-restoration species-reintroduction ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area wildlife-refuge nature-reserve national-park state-park conservation-easement stewardship citizen-science iNaturalist observation specimen voucher museum-collection type-specimen holotype taxonomy systematics nomenclature synonymy homonymy priority valid-name accepted-name species-concept morphological-species biological-species evolutionary-species phylogenetic-species integrative-taxonomy DNA-barcoding molecular-systematics phylogenetics phylogeny evolution adaptation natural-selection speciation diversification radiation endemism vicariance dispersal-limitation habitat-specificity niche-breadth niche-conservatism ecological-release character-displacement competitive-exclusion resource-partitioning habitat-filtering environmental-gradient elevation latitude longitude climate temperature precipitation hydroperiod soil-texture soil-moisture soil-chemistry pH organic-matter nutrient-availability productivity disturbance succession metacommunity landscape-ecology spatial-ecology movement-ecology dispersal-kernel connectivity corridor barrier fragmentation matrix edge-effect core-area patch-dynamics source-sink metapopulation population-viability minimum-viable-population effective-population-size inbreeding genetic-drift gene-flow local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity genotype-environment-interaction epigenetics developmental-biology embryology larval-development post-larval-development juvenile-stage adult-stage senescence longevity survivorship fecundity reproductive-output reproductive-success fitness selection-coefficient heritability quantitative-genetics population-genetics molecular-ecology conservation-genetics genomic-resources transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics bioinformatics data-science machine-learning artificial-intelligence remote-sensing geographic-information-system spatial-analysis statistical-modeling experimental-design sampling-design field-methods laboratory-methods specimen-preparation curation data-management data-sharing open-science reproducibility replicability transparency ethics animal-welfare animal-use permit regulation policy legislation environmental-law natural-resource-law water-law land-use-planning environmental-impact-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment adaptive-management monitoring evaluation learning stakeholder-engagement public-participation environmental-education science-communication outreach extension capacity-building professional-development career-development mentorship collaboration interdisciplinary transdisciplinary team-science open-innovation knowledge-exchange technology-transfer societal-impact sustainability sustainable-development green-economy blue-economy circular-economy nature-based-solution ecosystem-based-management integrated-water-resource-management watershed-management river-basin-management flood-risk-management drought-management climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation resilience vulnerability risk-assessment scenario-planning forecasting prediction early-warning decision-support evidence-based-policy science-policy-interface boundary-organization knowledge-broker research-network professional-society academic-society scientific-journal peer-review publication citation impact-factor altmetrics research-evaluation research-funding grant fellowship scholarship award recognition career-award early-career mid-career senior-career emeritus retirement legacy historical-ecology paleoecology archaeology anthropology indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge community-science participatory-research action-research transformational-research transformative-change system-change paradigm-shift future-thinking foresight horizon-scanning trend-analysis emerging-issue research-priority grand-challenge societal-challenge sustainable-development-goal biodiversity-target conservation-target protected-area-target restoration-target climate-target emission-reduction carbon-sequestration blue-carbon green-carbon nature-conservation wildlife-conservation species-conservation habitat-conservation ecosystem-conservation landscape-conservation seascape-conservation connectivity-conservation corridor-conservation transboundary-conservation international-cooperation global-governance environmental-governance multilateral-environmental-agreement convention treaty protocol Cartagena-Protocol Nagoya-Protocol Aichi-Target Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework 30x30 half-earth nature-needs-half rewilding reintroduction de-extinction synthetic-biology gene-drive biotechnology nanotechnology geoengineering solar-radiation-management carbon-capture direct-air-capture bioenergy-with-carbon-capture negative-emission climate-intervention earth-system planetary-boundary safe-operating-space tipping-point hysteresis irreversibility committed-change sea-level-rise ocean-acidification deoxygenation warming extreme-event compound-risk cascading-risk systemic-risk existential-risk global-catastrophic-risk risk-management disaster-risk-reduction emergency-response humanitarian-action relief recovery reconstruction build-back-better resilient-infrastructure nature-based-infrastructure green-infrastructure sponge-city cooling-city urban-heat-island urban-ecology urban-biodiversity urban-conservation urban-planning urban-design architecture landscape-architecture green-building sustainable-building energy-efficiency renewable-energy clean-energy energy-transition just-transition energy-justice climate-justice environmental-justice social-justice equity fairness inclusion diversity gender youth intergenerational-equity future-generation rights-of-nature personhood legal-standing guardianship care ethics-of-care environmental-ethics conservation-ethics animal-ethics bioethics research-ethics integrity responsible-conduct misconduct fraud plagiarism retraction correction erratum expression-of-concern data-fabrication data-falsification data-manipulation image-manipulation duplicate-publication salami-slicing guest-authorship gift-authorship ghost-authorship author-contribution credit attribution acknowledgment funding-disclosure conflict-of-interest competing-interest institutional-review animal-care biosafety biosecurity dual-use export-control sanction embargo boycott divestment activism advocacy campaign movement social-movement environmental-movement conservation-movement climate-movement youth-movement student-movement indigenous-movement feminist-movement labor-movement peace-movement health-movement food-movement agriculture-movement water-movement energy-movement transport-movement housing-movement urban-movement rural-movement local-movement global-movement network coalition alliance partnership cooperation solidarity mutual-aid community-organizing grassroots bottom-up top-down hybrid-governance polycentric-governance self-organization emergence complexity system-dynamics agent-based-model network-analysis social-network ecological-network mutualistic-network antagonistic-network multiplex-network multilayer-network temporal-network spatial-network network-metric centrality modularity nestedness connectance robustness stability persistence coexistence biodiversity-ecosystem-function invasibility invasiveness impact risk pathway vector introduction establishment spread eradication containment control management phytosanitary veterinary human-health One-Health EcoHealth Planetary-Health One-Welfare sustainability-science conservation-science restoration-science resilience-science adaptation-science transformation-science futures-studies backcasting projection simulation modeling numerical-model conceptual-model statistical-model mechanistic-model process-based-model individual-based-model system-dynamics-model machine-learning-model deep-learning neural-network random-forest support-vector-machine gradient-boosting ensemble-method model-selection model-validation model-calibration sensitivity-analysis uncertainty-analysis risk-analysis decision-analysis optimization multi-objective-optimization Pareto-frontier trade-off synergy co-benefit win-win lose-lose win-lose zero-sum positive-sum negative-sum game-theory cooperative-game non-cooperative-game Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality social-dilemma tragedy-of-the-commons prisoner's-dilemma collective-action free-rider public-good common-pool-resource institution rule norm custom law governance administration implementation enforcement compliance accountability participation inclusiveness responsiveness effectiveness efficiency legitimacy adaptability transformability innovation experimentation adaptive-governance evidence-based science-based knowledge-based information-based data-driven model-driven theory-driven hypothesis-driven question-driven problem-driven solution-driven impact-driven outcome-driven output-driven input-driven process-driven value-driven mission-driven vision-driven stakeholder-driven user-driven citizen-driven community-driven place-based ecosystem-based landscape-based seascape-based watershed-based river-basin-based bioregion-based ecoregion-based biome-based realm-based planetary-based global regional national subnational local municipal community household individual scale cross-scale multi-scale trans-scale upscaling downscaling scaling-out scaling-up scaling-deep mainstreaming integration maintenance durability permanence reversibility additionality leakage spillover externality market-failure government-failure institutional-failure system-failure surprise novelty critical-transition regime-shift alternative-stable-state basin-of-attraction engineering-resilience ecological-resilience socio-ecological-resilience evolutionary-resilience transformative-resilience specified-resilience general-resilience resistance transformation transition trajectory scenario narrative storyline vision future utopia dystopia protopia heterotopia archipelago mosaic patchwork collage assemblage bricolage montage palimpsest layer stratum sediment memory heritage tradition culture identity belonging home place space territory land soil water air fire element matter energy information code signal sign symbol meaning significance value worth price cost benefit utility preference choice decision behavior action practice habit ritual ceremony celebration festival performance art aesthetics beauty sublime wonder awe curiosity inquiry discovery exploration adventure expedition voyage journey pilgrimage quest odyssey epic saga story history paleontology geology climatology meteorology oceanography limnology ecology biology zoology botany microbiology development physiology anatomy morphology ethology sociobiology ecological-psychology environmental-psychology conservation-psychology science-education informal-education non-formal-education lifelong-learning adult-learning skill-building competency expertise mastery craft artisan maker creator innovator entrepreneur leader manager administrator policymaker practitioner researcher scholar academic scientist naturalist explorer observer recorder documenter storyteller communicator educator mentor coach facilitator mediator negotiator diplomat advocate activist campaigner organizer mobilizer networker connector bridge-builder boundary-spanner translator interpreter ambassador representative delegate spokesperson champion hero role-model inspiration motivation aspiration hope optimism pessimism realism idealism pragmatism practicality feasibility viability desirability acceptability credibility trust confidence reliability validity rigor quality excellence best-practice good-practice lesson-learned success-factor failure-factor risk-factor protective-factor determinant driver pressure state response DPSIR STEEP SWOT PESTLE scenario-matrix morphological-analysis Delphi-method expert-elicitation structured-expert-judgment citizen-deliberation participatory-modeling companion-modeling serious-game role-play virtual-reality augmented-reality mixed-reality immersive-experience sensory-experience embodied-experience affective-experience cognitive-experience social-experience cultural-experience spiritual-experience transcendent-experience transformative-experience learning-experience educational-experience research-experience professional-experience personal-experience lived-experience embodied-knowledge tacit-knowledge explicit-knowledge codified-knowledge procedural-knowledge declarative-knowledge conceptual-knowledge factual-knowledge theoretical-knowledge practical-knowledge applied-knowledge transdisciplinary-knowledge interdisciplinary-knowledge multidisciplinary-knowledge cross-disciplinary-knowledge disciplinary-knowledge subdisciplinary-knowledge specialist-knowledge generalist-knowledge holistic-knowledge systemic-knowledge reductionist-knowledge analytical-knowledge synthetic-knowledge integrative-knowledge creative-knowledge innovative-knowledge adaptive-knowledge resilient-knowledge sustainable-knowledge ethical-knowledge responsible-knowledge trustworthy-knowledge reliable-knowledge valid-knowledge sound-knowledge robust-knowledge antifragile-knowledge living-knowledge dynamic-knowledge evolving-knowledge emergent-knowledge generative-knowledge productive-knowledge reproductive-knowledge replicative-knowledge imitative-knowledge emulative-knowledge competitive-knowledge collaborative-knowledge cooperative-knowledge shared-knowledge common-knowledge public-knowledge open-knowledge free-knowledge accessible-knowledge inclusive-knowledge diverse-knowledge equitable-knowledge just-knowledge fair-knowledge democratic-knowledge participatory-knowledge citizen-knowledge community-knowledge traditional-knowledge ecological-knowledge place-based-knowledge experiential-knowledge intuitive-knowledge implicit-knowledge unconscious-knowledge subconscious-knowledge conscious-knowledge self-aware-knowledge reflexive-knowledge critical-knowledge emancipatory-knowledge transformative-knowledge transformational-knowledge revolutionary-knowledge evolutionary-knowledge developmental-knowledge growth-knowledge maturation-knowledge aging-knowledge senescence-knowledge death-knowledge extinction-knowledge persistence-knowledge resilience-knowledge recovery-knowledge restoration-knowledge renewal-knowledge regeneration-knowledge revitalization-knowledge rejuvenation-knowledge rebirth-knowledge renaissance-knowledge awakening-knowledge enlightenment-knowledge illumination-knowledge inspiration-knowledge aspiration-knowledge hope-knowledge optimism-knowledge pessimism-knowledge realism-knowledge idealism-knowledge pragmatism-knowledge practicality-knowledge feasibility-knowledge viability-knowledge desirability-knowledge acceptability-knowledge legitimacy-knowledge credibility-knowledge trust-knowledge confidence-knowledge reliability-knowledge validity-knowledge rigor-knowledge quality-knowledge excellence-knowledge best-practice-knowledge good-practice-knowledge lesson-learned-knowledge success-factor-knowledge failure-factor-knowledge risk-factor-knowledge protective-factor-knowledge determinant-knowledge driver-knowledge pressure-knowledge state-knowledge impact-knowledge response-knowledge DPSIR-knowledge STEEP-knowledge SWOT-knowledge PESTLE-knowledge scenario-matrix-knowledge morphological-analysis-knowledge Delphi-method-knowledge expert-elicitation-knowledge structured-expert-judgment-knowledge citizen-deliberation-knowledge participatory-modeling-knowledge companion-modeling-knowledge serious-game-knowledge role-play-knowledge simulation-knowledge virtual-reality-knowledge augmented-reality-knowledge mixed-reality-knowledge immersive-experience-knowledge sensory-experience-knowledge embodied-experience-knowledge affective-experience-knowledge cognitive-experience-knowledge social-experience-knowledge cultural-experience-knowledge spiritual-experience-knowledge transcendent-experience-knowledge transformative-experience-knowledge learning-experience-knowledge educational-experience-knowledge research-experience-knowledge professional-experience-knowledge personal-experience-knowledge lived-experience-knowledge
Leptophlebia cupida
Early Brown Spinner, Black Quill
Leptophlebia cupida is a pronggilled mayfly species native to North America, commonly known as the early brown spinner or black quill. The species exhibits a univoltine life cycle with egg diapause during summer months. Nymphs develop through approximately 20-34 instars over 10 months, with emergence occurring from late April to mid-May. Adults are short-lived, non-feeding, and mate in swarms near streams.
Ephemeroptera mayfly detritivore univoltine spring-emergence lotic North-America pronggilled-mayfly Leptophlebiidae stream-insect bioindicator
Leuctrinae
Leuctrinae is a subfamily of stoneflies (order Plecoptera) within the family Leuctridae. Members of this group are small to medium-sized stoneflies commonly known as 'rolled-winged stoneflies' due to their distinctive wing posture at rest. The subfamily was established by Klapálek in 1905 and represents one of the major lineages within the Nemouroidea superfamily. Leuctrinae species are primarily associated with cool, clean running waters and are widely distributed across the Holarctic region.
stonefly rolled-winged-stonefly lotic bioindicator Plecoptera Leuctridae aquatic-insect drumming-communication
Liodessus
Liodessus is a genus of small diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae, tribe Bidessini. Species occur across the Americas from North America through the Andes to southern South America, with notable diversity in high-altitude wetlands and páramo ecosystems. Many species inhabit shallow, exposed pools and temporary water bodies, showing phenotypic plasticity in body form correlated with habitat permanence. The genus contains numerous species, with several new species described from the high Andes of Peru and Colombia in recent years. Taxonomic resolution relies heavily on male genital morphology.
diving-beetle aquatic-insect high-altitude páramo Andes phenotypic-plasticity Bidessini Hydroporinae Dytiscidae Coleoptera wetland temporary-pool peatland subantarctic taxonomy male-genitalia COI-barcode cryptic-species incipient-speciation hybridization geometric-morphometrics environmental-sentinel drought-indicator South-America North-America Fiji Navarino-Island Magallanes Peru Colombia Chile Argentina Bolivia Bogotá Junín Cusco Huánuco Cundinamarca Sumapaz Puna steppe peat-bog shallow-pool puddle altitude-3400-4900m L.-affinis-complex L.-bogotensis-complex L.-chilensis L.-affinis L.-obscurellus L.-noviaffinis L.-saratogae L.-picinus L.-santarosita L.-alpinus L.-hauthi L.-rhigos L.-thespesios Guignot-1939 Zimmermann Sharp LeConte Say Steinheil Régimbart Biström Miller Balke Franciscolo Sanfilippo Pederzani Nilsson Young Clark Hatch Mannerheim Casey Aubé Balfour-Browne Brinck Peschet Solier White Zootaxa ZooKeys Insect-Systematics-&-Evolution Anales-del-Instituto-de-la-Patagonia PLoS-ONE GBIF iNaturalist Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy BOLD Barcode-of-Life-Data-System COI mitochondrial-DNA phylogeography population-structure range-expansion lineage genetic-structure subspecies lectotype neotype synonymy new-species new-subspecies revision morphometrics allometry body-size body-shape elytra pronotum striae coloration punctation habitus occipital-line genital-morphology aedeagus paramere diagnosis identification-key type-locality type-specimen etymology bionomics natural-history geographic-distribution distribution-map Nearctic Neotropical Patagonia Cape-Horn-Biosphere-Reserve drought climate-change environmental-change sentinel-species plasticity adaptation phenotypic-variation hydrological-landscape water-permanence pool bog Altiplano Andean high-elevation montane alpine aquatic freshwater lentic lotic insect beetle Adephaga Liodessus
Lype
net tube caddisfly
Lype is a genus of net tube caddisflies in the family Psychomyiidae, containing more than 20 described species. Adults are small to medium-sized caddisflies with reduced mouthparts. Larvae construct fixed, silken retreat nets on submerged surfaces in flowing water. The genus has been studied for female identification and reproductive biology in Denmark.
caddisfly net-tube-caddisfly Trichoptera Psychomyiidae aquatic-insect lotic
Macronematinae
net-spinning caddisflies
Macronematinae is a subfamily of net-spinning caddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) established by Ulmer in 1905. Larvae construct silk webs to capture prey drifting in flowing water. The subfamily includes genera such as Macronema, Macrostemum, Leptonema, Leptopsyche, and the Neotropical endemic Centromacronema. Members occupy diverse freshwater habitats across multiple continents.
Trichoptera caddisfly net-spinning aquatic-insect lotic predator silk-web freshwater Ulmer-1905
Macronychus
riffle beetles
Macronychus is a genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, comprising approximately 11 described species. Members of this genus inhabit flowing water environments, particularly riffle zones of streams. The genus was established by Müller in 1806 and includes species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia.
riffle-beetle aquatic-insect lotic Elmidae stream-inhabitant
Macronychus glabratus
riffle beetle
Macronychus glabratus is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae, described by Say in 1825. It inhabits lotic freshwater environments, specifically stream riffles in North America. Research has documented its life cycle, growth, survival, and production in streams of northwest Arkansas and southeast Texas.
riffle-beetle Elmidae freshwater lotic North-America stream-insect
Macrostemum
Glossy Wing Sedges
Macrostemum is a cosmopolitan genus of net-spinning caddisflies in the family Hydropsychidae, comprising at least 90 described species. Adults are recognized by distinctive dark and light contrasting wing patterns. Larvae construct silken retreats with capture nets to filter fine particulate organic matter from flowing water. The genus is particularly diverse in the Neotropical region, with species documented across Africa, Asia, Madagascar, and the Americas.
Trichoptera Hydropsychidae net-spinning-caddisfly filter-feeder lotic cosmopolitan retreat-polymorphism Neotropical Afrotropical Oriental
Megarcys subtruncata
Truncate Springfly
Megarcys subtruncata, commonly known as the truncate springfly, is a stonefly species in the family Perlodidae. It was described by Hanson in 1942. The species occurs in western North America, with documented records from British Columbia, California, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada. It belongs to a genus of predatory stoneflies typically associated with cold, well-oxygenated streams.
stonefly springfly aquatic-insect western-North-America lotic
Metrobates artus
Metrobates artus is a water strider species in the family Gerridae, first described by Anderson in 1932. It belongs to the subfamily Trepobatinae, a group of gerrids adapted to life on flowing water surfaces. The genus Metrobates is primarily Nearctic in distribution. This species has been recorded from both Middle America and North America.
Gerridae Trepobatinae water-strider lotic Nearctic
Metrobates hesperius
Metrobates hesperius is a water strider (family Gerridae) distributed across eastern North America and the Caribbean. It belongs to the subfamily Trepobatinae, a group of semiaquatic bugs that inhabit flowing water habitats. The species was described by Uhler in 1871 and includes three recognized subspecies with distinct geographic distributions.
water-strider Gerridae Hemiptera aquatic-insect lotic stream river North-America Caribbean
Nebrioporus macronychus
Nebrioporus macronychus is a predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. The species was described by Shirt & Angus in 1992. It belongs to the genus Nebrioporus, a group of small to medium-sized diving beetles primarily associated with running waters. The specific epithet 'macronychus' refers to enlarged claws, a distinctive morphological feature of this species.
predaceous-diving-beetle Dytiscidae North-America lotic macronychus enlarged-claws
Neophylax aniqua
Neophylax aniqua is a species of caddisfly (order Trichoptera) first described by Ross in 1947. The species occurs in North America, with documented populations in southern Ontario and Vermont. Larvae inhabit cool headwater sections of streams and construct protective cases using silk and gathered materials. Adults emerge in September and October following a summer prepupal diapause.
caddisfly Trichoptera lotic case-builder univoltine
Neureclipsis
tube maker caddisflies
Neureclipsis is a genus of net-spinning caddisflies in the family Polycentropodidae, containing at least eight described species distributed across the Northern Hemisphere and Australia. Larvae construct elaborate silken catchnets to capture drifting invertebrate prey in lotic freshwater habitats. The genus includes the well-studied species N. bimaculata, whose life history and feeding ecology have been investigated in North American and European populations.
Trichoptera Polycentropodidae net-spinning-caddisfly predatory freshwater lotic bivoltine capture-net silk-production Holarctic Australia
Neurocordulia alabamensis
Alabama Shadowdragon
Neurocordulia alabamensis, the Alabama Shadowdragon, is a dragonfly species in the family Corduliidae described in 1955. It belongs to a genus of shadowdragons known for crepuscular flight activity. The species is endemic to the southeastern United States, with documented populations in Alabama and adjacent regions. Like other Neurocordulia species, it is associated with riverine habitats and exhibits distinctive flight behavior during low-light conditions.
Odonata Anisoptera Corduliidae shadowdragon crepuscular riverine endemic southeastern-United-States lotic
Octogomphus specularis
Grappletail, Club-tailed dragonfly
Octogomphus specularis, commonly known as the grappletail or club-tailed dragonfly, is the sole species in its genus. It is a North American dragonfly distinguished by a club-like widening at the end of its abdomen. Larvae are specialized to lake outlet streams, where warmer thermal conditions support development at the northern range limit. The species has a three-year life cycle and reaches its northernmost distribution in British Columbia, Canada.
dragonfly clubtail lotic thermal-specialist monotypic-genus
Oplonaeschna
Riffle Darners
Oplonaeschna is a genus of dragonflies in the family Aeshnidae, commonly known as riffle darners. The genus comprises approximately five described species, including both extant and fossil taxa. The type species, Oplonaeschna armata, has been the subject of limited ecological study. The genus was established by Selys in 1883.
dragonfly riffle lotic Aeshnidae Odonata
Oreodytes snoqualmie
Oreodytes snoqualmie is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It was described by Hatch in 1933 and was originally placed in the genus Hydroporus. The species is known from western North America, with records from Alberta and British Columbia in Canada. As a member of the genus Oreodytes, it belongs to a group of small diving beetles typically associated with lotic (flowing water) habitats.
Dytiscidae diving-beetle western-North-America lotic Hydroporinae Pacific-Northwest 1933-description
Ostrocerca prolongata
Bent Forestfly
Ostrocerca prolongata, commonly known as the bent forestfly, is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae. It was described by Claassen in 1923. The species is found in eastern North America, with records from the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Like other members of Nemouridae, it is associated with forested stream habitats.
spring-stonefly Nemouridae North-America lotic forest-stream
Oulimnius
Oulimnius is a genus of riffle beetles in the family Elmidae, containing approximately 15 described species. These beetles are aquatic and inhabit running water environments. The genus has been the subject of molecular phylogenetic studies, particularly for the O. tuberculatus species group, which revealed cryptic diversity and supported the re-validation of O. perezi as a distinct species.
riffle-beetle aquatic-beetle lotic Palaearctic molecular-phylogenetics
Parachaetocladius
non-biting midges
Parachaetocladius is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Orthocladiinae of the family Chironomidae, established by Wolfgang Wülker in 1959 and revised in 2020. The genus contains approximately 10 described species distributed across the Holarctic region, including both Palaearctic and Nearctic representatives. Species are typically associated with lotic freshwater habitats, particularly sandy substrates in springs and groundwater-fed streams. The genus is distinguished from related orthocladiine genera primarily through adult male genitalic characters, particularly features of the hypopygium.
Chironomidae Orthocladiinae non-biting-midges Holarctic lotic groundwater springs sandy-substrates adult-male-morphology hypopygium genus-revision-2020
Parapsyche apicalis
Parapsyche apicalis is a species of net-spinning caddisfly in the family Hydropsychidae, originally described as Arctopsyche apicalis by Banks in 1908. The species belongs to the subfamily Arctopsychinae and is found in North America. As a member of Hydropsychidae, larvae construct fixed retreats and capture nets to filter food particles from flowing water.
Trichoptera Hydropsychidae net-spinning-caddisfly aquatic-insect North-America filter-feeder lotic
Petrophila confusalis
confusing petrophila moth
Petrophila confusalis is a semi-aquatic moth in the family Crambidae, commonly known as the confusing petrophila moth. Adults are small, with forewing lengths of 5–11 mm, and are active from April to September. The species is notable for its specialized aquatic larval stage, during which caterpillars feed on algae and diatoms in fast-moving streams. The moth serves as a host for the parasitic aquatic wasp Tanychela pilosa and has been observed in large grazing zones that contribute to epilithic spatial patchiness. In 2021, it was listed on the Nevada Division of Natural Heritage watch list due to population decline.
semi-aquatic lotic algae-feeder parasitized conservation-concern Nevada-watch-list
Podmosta
spring stoneflies
Podmosta is a genus of spring stoneflies in the family Nemouridae, comprising approximately six described species distributed across northern North America and the Russian Far East. The genus is notable for its adaptation to cold climates, including documented embryonic diapause in at least one species. Adults are active in spring, with nymphal development occurring primarily during winter months.
Plecoptera Nemouridae spring-stoneflies embryonic-diapause boreal univoltine lotic
Polycentropus
tube maker caddisflies
Polycentropus is a large genus of caddisflies (Trichoptera) in the family Polycentropodidae, containing more than 190 described species. The genus is commonly referred to as 'tube maker caddisflies' due to the silken retreat structures constructed by larvae. Species occur across multiple continents including Europe, Asia, and South America. Larvae are predatory and inhabit running waters, where they build silken retreats with capture nets to trap prey.
caddisfly Trichoptera aquatic-insect predator lotic tube-maker
Potamanthidae
Hackle-gilled Burrower Mayflies
Potamanthidae is a family of burrowing mayflies comprising approximately 23 species across three to four genera (Anthopotamus, Potamanthus, Rhoenanthus, and Stygifloris). Larvae are fossorial, inhabiting interstitial spaces in gravel and pebble substrates of streams and rivers, and possess distinctive mandibular tusks used for excavation and defense. Adults are aerial and short-lived. The family has a disjunct distribution spanning North America and East Asia.
Ephemeroptera burrowing-mayflies hyporheic-zone interstitial mandibular-tusks lotic detritivore univoltine bioindicator
Prosimulium mixtum
Mixed-up Black Fly
Prosimulium mixtum is a species of black fly in the family Simuliidae, commonly known as the mixed-up black fly. It is native to North America and has been studied in the context of spring snowmelt environments and physiological responses to environmental stressors. The species is part of the Prosimulium fuscum/mixtum complex, which has historically caused taxonomic confusion. Adults are small blood-feeding flies, with females requiring blood meals for egg development.
black-fly Simuliidae blood-feeding filter-feeder lotic spring-snowmelt parasite-host mermithid-nematode Prosimulium-fuscum/mixtum-complex North-America Algonquin-Park medical-entomology nuisance-pest aquatic-insect Diptera
Psephenus herricki
Herrick's Water Penny Beetle
Psephenus herricki is a water penny beetle found in eastern North America. Larvae are highly flattened and inhabit stream riffles, where they occupy interstitial crevices and undersides of stones. The species exhibits specific behavioral and morphological adaptations to flowing water environments, including thigmokinesis that inhibits movement when wedged in substrate. Adults are associated with wave-splashed rocks that serve as mating sites and oviposition substrates.
aquatic lotic rheophilic flattened-larvae thigmokinesis
Pseudiron centralis
White Sand-river Mayfly
Pseudiron centralis is a predaceous mayfly species endemic to sandy freshwater river habitats in North America. It exhibits a univoltine summer life cycle with an extended egg stage lasting 9–10 months. Larvae are active epibenthic predators specialized for feeding on psammophilous chironomid larvae, with distinct microhabitat shifts during development: early instars occupy marginal sands, while later instars inhabit shifting sand dunes in main channel areas. The species shows low population density but also low mortality, with random dispersion patterns in mature larvae.
Ephemeroptera Heptageniidae psammophilous predator freshwater lotic univoltine Nearctic chironomid-predator sand-dwelling ontogenetic-habitat-shift
Pteronarcys
Giant Stoneflies, Salmonflies
Pteronarcys is a genus of giant stoneflies in the family Pteronarcyidae, commonly known as salmonflies. The genus comprises approximately 8 described species distributed across North America and Far Eastern Russia. These are among the largest stoneflies, with nymphs reaching substantial sizes in lotic freshwater habitats. Life cycles are notably long, ranging from 1 to 5 years depending on species and thermal conditions, with multiple larval diapause stages and temperature-dependent egg development documented in several species.
stonefly aquatic-insect lotic detritivore bioindicator salmonfly long-life-cycle diapause phoresy thermal-tolerance
Rhagovelia becki
Rhagovelia becki is a species of small water strider in the family Veliidae, described by Drake and Harris in 1936. Like other members of the genus Rhagovelia, this species is adapted to life on the water surface, utilizing the middle and hind legs for propulsion. The species has been recorded from Middle America and North America, though detailed ecological studies remain limited. It belongs to a diverse genus containing over 100 described species, many of which occupy specialized microhabitats along streams and rivers.
Hemiptera Gerromorpha Veliidae water-strider lotic
Rhagovelia choreutes
Rhagovelia choreutes is a species of small water strider in the family Veliidae. It belongs to the infraorder Gerromorpha, a group of semiaquatic true bugs adapted to life on the water surface. The species was described by Hussey in 1925. It occurs in running water habitats in parts of North and Central America.
semiaquatic water-strider lotic Gerromorpha Veliidae
Rhagovelia obesa
riffle bug
Rhagovelia obesa is a small aquatic true bug in the family Veliidae, commonly known as a riffle bug or smaller water strider. It inhabits flowing water environments where it uses a unique swimming plume to move underwater. The species has an unusual life history among aquatic Hemiptera, with four nymphal instars rather than five and eggs as the overwintering stage. It has been successfully reared in laboratory conditions from first instar to adult.
aquatic lotic riffle swimming-plume Veliidae Hemiptera life-history
Rheopelopia
Rheopelopia is a genus of non-biting midges in the family Chironomidae, subfamily Tanypodinae. Members are aquatic in their larval stage and belong to the tribe Pentaneurini. The genus was established by Fittkau in 1962. Larvae are generally found in running water habitats.
Chironomidae Tanypodinae Pentaneurini non-biting-midges aquatic-insects lotic
Rhyacophila acutiloba
Rhyacophila acutiloba is a species of free-living caddisfly in the family Rhyacophilidae, first described by Morse & Ross in 1971. As a member of the genus Rhyacophila, it belongs to a group commonly known as "caseless caddis" or "free-living caddisflies" whose larvae do not construct portable cases. The species is known from North America, with records from Vermont and other parts of the Nearctic region. Like other rhyacophilids, it is associated with lotic (flowing water) habitats.
caddisfly Trichoptera Rhyacophilidae caseless-caddis free-living-caddisfly lotic North-America Nearctic freshwater aquatic-insect
Sericostomatoidea
Sericostomatoidea is a superfamily of caddisflies (Trichoptera) containing approximately 13 families. The superfamily includes diverse case-making caddisflies, notably the Helicopsychidae (snail-case caddisflies) and the Australasian endemic family Conoesucidae. Molecular and morphological studies have confirmed the monophyly of at least some constituent families, though relationships among families remain under investigation.
caddisfly Trichoptera freshwater case-making lotic endemic-families
Setodes
long-horned caddisfly
Setodes is a genus of long-horned caddisflies in the family Leptoceridae, established by Rambur in 1842. The genus contains at least 230 described species, making it one of the largest genera within the family. Species occur across multiple continents including Africa, Asia, and Madagascar, with colonization patterns suggesting potential dispersal from India to Madagascar. Larval stages are aquatic and inhabit freshwater lotic environments.
Trichoptera Leptoceridae caddisfly aquatic-insects freshwater lotic
Siphlonurus alternatus
Northern Summer Mayfly
Siphlonurus alternatus is a primitive minnow mayfly with a Holarctic distribution spanning North America and Europe. The species is univoltine, overwintering as eggs and emerging as adults between May and August. Larvae inhabit deep pools in rivers, streams, and calcareous lakes, where they feed on fine particulate organic detritus. Adults emerge during daylight hours, with males forming swarms at dawn and dusk.
Ephemeroptera Siphlonuridae mayfly gray-drake Holarctic univoltine detritivore fly-fishing freshwater lotic lentic
Stenocolus
Stenocolus is a monotypic genus of beetles in the family Eulichadidae. The sole described species, S. scutellaris, is a forest stream beetle found in western North America. The genus belongs to a small family of aquatic or semi-aquatic beetles associated with running water habitats.
monotypic aquatic lotic western-north-america stream-beetle
Tortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
Ephemeroptera Polymitarcyidae burrowing-mayflies Neotropical clay-bank-habitat U-shaped-tunnels mandibular-tusks Tortopsis Campsurinae Panamerican-distribution cladistic-revision synapomorphy parastyli-receptors flattened-penes furcasternal-protuberances subapical-tubercles limnological-sampling-bias nymph-morphology adult-morphology type-species-T.-igaranus new-species-T.-arenales Ecuador Colombia Argentina Molineri-2008 Needham-&-Murphy-1924 Zootaxa Arthropod-Systematics-&-Phylogeny Florida-Entomologist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI-Taxonomy embryonic-development early-instar-behavior T.-harrisi T.-bellus T.-circumfluus T.-zottai T.-igaranus T.-incertus T.-coreguaje Tortopsis-toro Tortopsis-andaki Tortopsis-limoncocha Tortopsis-spatula aquatic-insects freshwater riverine lotic ephemeropteran-systematics taxonomic-revision phylogenetic-analysis morphological-characters egg-morphology male-imago-description female-adult-description keys-to-species SEM-photography line-drawings type-material-examination redescription comparative-diagnosis burrowing-behavior clay-substrate tunnel-construction sampling-methodology surber-sampler-limitations drift-net-avoidance Panama South-America Central-America mayfly-diversity highest-diversity-Neotropics Asthenopodinae Ephemeroidea Hexapoda Metazoa Eukaryota accepted-genus higher-rank-match observation-count-2 no-Wikipedia-summary DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1 DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4 DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735 DOI-10.2307/3493493 Scott-et-al.-1959 Navás Ulmer Traver Lugo-Ortiz-&-McCafferty Domínguez Banks McDunnough Pictet Needham-&-Murphy freshwater-ecology aquatic-entomology insect-development nymphal-stages imago-description alate-adults wing-venation R-sector gonopore-structure parastyli-length pedestal-morphology lateral-view-curvature mandibular-morphology tusk-tubercles mesosternal-structure abdominal-sternum-notch furcasternum protuberance-configuration receptor-socket-orientation IR-vein R2-vein claw-like-structure gonopore-association penis-base-separation female-fore-wing additional-veins comparative-morphology type-specimen holotype allotype paratype neotropical-species new-species-description species-key identification-key male-adult-key female-adult-key nymph-key generic-key Polymitarcyidae-genera systematics phylogeny cladistics monophyly sister-group character-state transformation-series parsimony-analysis morphological-data-set external-morphology egg-chorion micropyle egg-burster hatching emergence behavioral-study early-instar embryology oviposition substrate-preference habitat-specificity endemic regional-diversity conservation biomonitoring water-quality-indicator macroinvertebrate benthic infaunal interstitial hyporheic river-bank stream-bank erosion sediment particle-size clay-content bank-stability root-mat vegetation-association flow-regime current-velocity depth width stream-order catchment basin ecoregion biogeography dispersal colonization vicariance speciation adaptive-radiation morphological-divergence convergent-evolution homoplasy character-conflict bootstrap-support Bremer-support consensus-tree strict-consensus majority-rule taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-act original-description subsequent-designation type-locality type-depository museum-collection specimen-preservation alcohol-preservation slide-mounting SEM-preparation imaging-techniques scientific-illustration photography measurement morphometrics ratios proportions allometry sexual-dimorphism geographic-variation intraspecific-variation interspecific-variation diagnostic-characters identification-confidence taxonomic-expertise literature-review bibliographic-search database-query online-repository open-access paywall abstract-only full-text-unavailable citation-analysis reference-list source-quality evidence-strength knowledge-gap research-need future-study collaboration field-work collection-trip sampling-effort specimen-availability type-examination revision-scope taxonomic-concept circumscription inclusion exclusion species-group species-complex cryptic-species morphospecies phylogenetic-species evolutionary-significant-unit operational-taxonomic-unit DNA-barcoding molecular-systematics integrative-taxonomy traditional-taxonomy alpha-taxonomy beta-taxonomy gamma-taxonomy classification-hierarchy Linnaean-system rank-based-nomenclature phylogenetic-nomenclature clade-name crown-group stem-group total-evidence congruence incongruence data-partition character-weighting implied-weighting equal-weighting ordered-characters unordered-characters multistate-characters binary-characters continuous-characters meristic-characters qualitative-characters quantitative-characters morphological-matrix data-matrix character-matrix taxon-sampling character-sampling missing-data inapplicable-data polymorphism intraspecific-polymorphism fixed-difference diagnostic-difference unique-derived-character autapomorphy shared-derived-character symplesiomorphy convergent-character parallel-evolution reversal character-optimization ACCTRAN DELTRAN unambiguous-optimization ambiguous-optimization most-parsimonious-tree tree-length consistency-index retention-index rescaled-consistency-index homoplasy-index character-fit character-congruence character-support branch-support node-support clade-stability taxonomic-stability-index phylogenetic-signal noise saturation substitution-model rate-heterogeneity among-site-rate-variation gamma-distribution invariant-sites model-selection Akaike-information-criterion Bayesian-information-criterion likelihood-ratio-test Bayesian-inference Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo posterior-probability prior-probability hyperprior convergence effective-sample-size burn-in stationarity trace-plot parameter-estimate credible-interval highest-posterior-density tree-topology tree-shape lineage-through-time diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification birth-death-model Yule-model coalescent-model population-size effective-population-size gene-flow migration-rate isolation-by-distance phylogeography historical-biogeography ancestral-area-reconstruction dispersal-vicariance-analysis decisive-weighting event-based-method taxon-area-cladogram area-cladogram biogeographic-homology track-analysis panbiogeography phylogenetic-biogeography ecological-biogeography dispersal-biogeography vicariance-biogeography center-of-origin area-of-endemism refugium Pleistocene glaciation climate-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss anthropogenic-impact pollution eutrophication sedimentation dam-construction water-abstraction flow-modification thermal-pollution toxic-substances heavy-metals pesticides urbanization agriculture deforestation land-use-change riparian-degradation channelization dredging mining invasive-species biological-invasion competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism amensalism facilitation ecosystem-engineer keystone-species flagship-species umbrella-species indicator-species sentinel-species bioindicator ecological-indicator environmental-indicator water-quality-index biotic-index multimetric-index rapid-bioassessment protocol standardization quality-assurance quality-control reference-condition least-disturbed minimally-disturbed best-available type-specific region-specific stream-type river-type functional-feeding-group collector-gatherer collector-filterer scraper shredder predator parasite engulfer piercer burrower sprawler clinger swimmer skater diver surface-dweller benthic-dweller interstitial-dweller hyporheic-dweller phreatic-dweller troglobite stygobite cave-inhabitant spring-inhabitant headwater mid-order high-order lowland montane alpine subtropical tropical temperate boreal arctic antarctic palearctic nearctic afrotropical oriental australian oceanic cosmopolitan widespread restricted relict disjunct-distribution range-extension new-record first-record country-record state-record province-record locality-record elevation-record altitudinal-range latitudinal-range longitudinal-range distribution-pattern range-size range-fill extent-of-occurrence area-of-occupancy IUCN-category threat-status data-deficient not-evaluated least-concern near-threatened vulnerable endangered critically-endangered extinct-in-wild extinct population-trend population-density population-structure age-structure size-structure sex-ratio reproductive-output fecundity fertility mortality survivorship life-table cohort-analysis generation-time doubling-time intrinsic-rate-of-increase finite-rate-of-increase net-reproductive-rate stable-age-distribution stationary-population expanding-population declining-population source-sink-dynamics metapopulation population-viability-analysis minimum-viable-population genetic-diversity heterozygosity allelic-richness private-allele founder-effect bottleneck genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression hybridization introgression gene-flow-barrier reproductive-isolation prezygotic-isolation postzygotic-isolation mechanical-isolation temporal-isolation habitat-isolation behavioral-isolation gametic-isolation zygotic-mortality hybrid-inviability hybrid-sterility hybrid-breakdown reinforcement character-displacement ecological-speciation allopatric-speciation sympatric-speciation parapatric-speciation peripatric-speciation centrifugal-speciation divergence-with-gene-flow speciation-continuum anagenesis cladogenesis budding-speciation branching-speciation phyletic-gradualism punctuated-equilibrium stasis trend progression orthogenesis aristogenesis mosaic-evolution co-evolution arms-race Red-Queen-hypothesis evolutionary-stable-strategy frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection r-selection K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity ploidy-level chromosome-number karyotype genome-size transposable-element gene-duplication neofunctionalization subfunctionalization pseudogene regulatory-evolution cis-regulatory trans-regulatory enhancer promoter silencer insulator transcription-factor signaling-pathway developmental-pathway gene-network epigenetic-modification DNA-methylation histone-modification chromatin-remodeling genomic-imprinting parental-effect maternal-effect paternal-effect cytoplasmic-inheritance mitochondrial-DNA chloroplast-DNA endosymbiont Wolbachia Rickettsia Spiroplasma Cardinium Arsenophonus Hamiltonella Regiella Serratia Buchnera Carsonella Portiera primary-endosymbiont secondary-endosymbiont facultative-symbiont obligate-symbiont mutualistic-symbiont parasitic-symbiont commensal-symbiont pathogen vector disease-transmission zoonosis emerging-infectious-disease biosecurity quarantine eradication control management conservation-biology restoration-ecology habitat-restoration river-restoration stream-restoration floodplain-restoration riparian-restoration wetland-restoration ecosystem-restoration passive-restoration active-restoration assisted-recovery managed-relocation assisted-colonization ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation protected-area national-park nature-reserve wildlife-refuge biosphere-reserve world-heritage-site ramsar-site important-bird-area key-biodiversity-area Alliance-for-Zero-Extinction EDGE-species evolutionarily-distinct globally-endangered conservation-prioritization systematic-conservation-planning Marxan Zonation conservation-opportunity conservation-cost conservation-benefit trade-off socioeconomic-factor stakeholder-engagement community-based-conservation adaptive-management monitoring-program long-term-study citizen-science public-participation environmental-education outreach science-communication knowledge-transfer capacity-building institutional-strengthening policy-development legislation regulation enforcement compliance incentive payment-for-ecosystem-services carbon-credit biodiversity-offset mitigation-banking conservation-easement land-trust private-land-conservation conservation-covenant stewardship sustainable-use sustainable-management ecosystem-based-management integrated-water-resources-management basin-management catchment-management landscape-management seascape-management connectivity-conservation corridor stepping-stone buffer-zone matrix-management countryside-biogeography reconciliation-ecology novel-ecosystem designer-ecosystem ecosystem-service provisioning-service regulating-service supporting-service cultural-service food-production water-supply raw-materials genetic-resources medicinal-resources ornamental-resources air-quality-regulation climate-regulation water-regulation erosion-regulation water-purification waste-treatment disease-regulation pest-regulation pollination seed-dispersal habitat-provision nutrient-cycling soil-formation primary-production recreation tourism aesthetic-value spiritual-value educational-value scientific-value inspiration sense-of-place cultural-heritage traditional-knowledge indigenous-knowledge local-knowledge ecosystem-service-valuation economic-valuation contingent-valuation choice-experiment benefit-transfer total-economic-value use-value non-use-value direct-use indirect-use option-value bequest-value existence-value willingness-to-pay willingness-to-accept cost-benefit-analysis cost-effectiveness-analysis multi-criteria-analysis decision-support uncertainty risk-assessment scenario-analysis sensitivity-analysis robustness-analysis adaptive-capacity resilience vulnerability exposure sensitivity coping-capacity transformation social-ecological-system complex-adaptive-system tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state hysteresis path-dependence legacy-effect slow-variable fast-variable panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization foresight anticipatory-governance transformative-change sustainability-science future-earth interdisciplinary transdisciplinary problem-oriented solution-oriented action-oriented knowledge-co-production boundary-work boundary-object boundary-organization science-policy-interface science-society-interface knowledge-brokerage knowledge-exchange knowledge-integration mode-1-science mode-2-science triple-helix quadruple-helix responsible-innovation reflexive-governance adaptive-governance collaborative-governance polycentric-governance network-governance self-organization collective-action common-pool-resource tragedy-of-the-commons social-dilemma institutional-analysis institutional-design Ostrom-design-principles monitoring sanctioning conflict-resolution nested-enterprises proportionality collective-choice constitutional-choice operational-choice collective-action-theory game-theory prisoner's-dilemma chicken-game assurance-game coordination-game evolutionary-game-theory replicator-dynamics ESS Nash-equilibrium Pareto-optimality social-optimum market-failure government-failure voluntary-failure non-market-value public-good common-good club-good private-good rivalry excludability free-rider hold-up-problem moral-hazard adverse-selection information-asymmetry transaction-cost property-right common-property state-property private-property hybrid-property bundle-of-rights usufruct access withdrawal alienation tenure-security land-tenure water-tenure resource-tenure customary-tenure statutory-tenure legal-pluralism de-facto de-jure formal informal legality legitimacy recognition deviance corruption elite-capture social-capital bonding-capital bridging-capital linking-capital trust reciprocity reputation social-network social-embeddedness structural-hole brokerage closure cohesion density centrality betweenness degree eigenvector PageRank small-world scale-free random-network regular-network hierarchical-network modularity community-structure clustering assortativity homophily heterophily preferential-attachment fitness-model network-evolution network-dynamics temporal-network multilayer-network multiplex-network bipartite-network affiliation-network one-mode-network two-mode-network adjacency-matrix edge-list graph-theory vertex edge node link tie connection path cycle tree forest component giant-component percolation phase-transition criticality self-organized-criticality power-law heavy-tail Pareto-distribution lognormal-distribution exponential-distribution Poisson-distribution binomial-distribution normal-distribution Gaussian-distribution statistical-distribution probability-distribution cumulative-distribution probability-density-function cumulative-distribution-function survival-function hazard-function moment mean median mode variance standard-deviation coefficient-of-variation skewness kurtosis quantile percentile decile quartile interquartile-range range minimum maximum outlier robust-statistic parametric-test non-parametric-test hypothesis-testing null-hypothesis alternative-hypothesis significance-level p-value confidence-interval type-I-error type-II-error statistical-power effect-size sample-size sampling-design experimental-design observational-study quasi-experiment natural-experiment randomized-controlled-trial before-after-control-impact BACI impact-assessment environmental-impact-assessment strategic-environmental-assessment cumulative-impact-assessment social-impact-assessment health-impact-assessment life-cycle-assessment carbon-footprint water-footprint ecological-footprint material-flow-analysis substance-flow-analysis energy-analysis exergy-analysis emergy-analysis input-output-analysis environmentally-extended-input-output social-accounting-matrix computable-general-equilibrium agent-based-model system-dynamics-model Bayesian-network structural-equation-model path-analysis factor-analysis principal-component-analysis cluster-analysis discriminant-analysis canonical-correspondence-analysis redundancy-analysis non-metric-multidimensional-scaling ordination classification regression-analysis linear-regression nonlinear-regression generalized-linear-model generalized-additive-model mixed-effects-model multilevel-model hierarchical-model Bayesian-hierarchical-model state-space-model hidden-Markov-model time-series-analysis spatial-analysis geostatistics kriging variogram spatial-autocorrelation Moran's-I Geary's-c Getis-Ord-Gi local-indicator-of-spatial-association LISA hot-spot cold-spot spatial-cluster spatial-outlier edge-effect boundary-effect modifiable-areal-unit-problem MAUP ecological-fallacy atomistic-fallacy cross-scale-inference upscaling downscaling scaling-law allometric-scaling fractal fractal-dimension self-similarity multi-fractal lacunarity roughness texture pattern process pattern-process-relationship neutral-model null-model randomization-test permutation-test bootstrap jackknife cross-validation model-averaging model-comparison information-criterion Bayesian-model-averaging ensemble-modeling consensus-model prediction forecast projection scenario narrative-scenario quantitative-scenario storyline shared-socioeconomic-pathway representative-concentration-pathway emission-scenario climate-scenario impact-scenario adaptation-scenario mitigation-scenario transformation-scenario backcasting forecasting trend-extrapolation expert-judgment Delphi-method participatory-modeling stakeholder-analysis influence-diagram conceptual-model mental-model system-archetype leverage-point intervention-point policy-instrument economic-instrument regulatory-instrument voluntary-instrument information-instrument market-based-instrument command-and-control-instrument subsidy tax charge fee levy deposit-refund tradable-permit emission-trading carbon-tax biodiversity-banking conditional-cash-transfer community-based-natural-resource-management joint-forest-management co-management adaptive-co-management transboundary-management international-regime global-governance multilateral-environmental-agreement convention treaty cartagena-protocol nagoya-protocol Aichi-target sustainable-development-goal SDG post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework 30-by-30-target nature-based-solution NbS ecosystem-based-adaptation ecosystem-based-mitigation green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure natural-infrastructure hybrid-infrastructure climate-smart-agriculture climate-smart-landscape climate-smart-development low-carbon-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy blue-economy sustainable-consumption sustainable-production life-cycle-thinking cradle-to-cradle industrial-ecology industrial-symbiosis urban-metabolism socio-ecological-metabolism material-intensity energy-intensity carbon-intensity decoupling absolute-decoupling relative-decoupling resource-efficiency eco-efficiency eco-innovation green-technology clean-technology environmental-technology appropriate-technology participatory-technology technology-transfer technology-diffusion innovation-system national-innovation-system sectoral-innovation-system technological-innovation-system socio-technical-system socio-technical-transition multi-level-perspective niche-innovation regime landscape transition-management strategic-niche-management transition-experiment living-lab real-world-laboratory urban-living-lab rural-living-lab sustainability-transition fundamental-change system-innovation directionality reflexivity responsiveness anticipation learning-by-doing doing-by-learning social-learning organizational-learning policy-learning transformative-capacity capacity-development institutional-learning evolutionary-governance institutional-change path-dependency lock-in carbon-lock-in technological-lock-in institutional-lock-in behavioral-lock-in cultural-lock-in unlocking destabilization phase-out divestment stranded-asset just-transition transition-pathway transition-scenario deep-decarbonization net-zero carbon-neutral climate-neutral nature-positive biodiversity-positive restoration-positive regenerative circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundary safe-operating-space environmental-ceiling social-foundation intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity distributive-justice procedural-justice recognition-justice environmental-justice climate-justice energy-justice water-justice food-justice spatial-justice territorial-justice ecological-justice species-justice intersectionality adaptation mitigation sustainability sustainable-development well-being human-development capability-approach human-security environmental-security climate-security water-security food-security energy-security livelihood-security disaster-risk-reduction climate-change-adaptation climate-change-mitigation loss-and-damage climate-finance green-climate-fund adaptation-fund global-environment-facility biodiversity-finance nature-finance blended-finance impact-investment ESG environmental-social-governance sustainable-finance green-bond social-bond sustainability-bond blue-bond nature-bond biodiversity-credit offset inset nature-based-credit ecosystem-service-credit payment-for-results results-based-payment conditional-payment performance-based-payment outcome-based-payment environmental-service-payment PSA PES REDD REDD+AFOLU LULUCF NAMA NAMC NDC NAP NBSAP national-adaptation-plan national-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plan nationally-determined-contribution nationally-appropriate-mitigation-action intended-nationally-determined-contribution long-term-low-emission-development-strategy net-zero-target carbon-budget remaining-carbon-budget emission-gap adaptation-gap finance-gap implementation-gap ambition-loop ratchet-mechanism global-stocktake transparency-framework enhanced-transparency-framework common-but-differentiated-responsibilities respective-capabilities climate-equity climate-litigation climate-governance climate-diplomacy climate-negotiation UNFCCC COP CMP CMA SBSTA SBI IPCC IPBES UNCCD CBD CITES Ramsar World-Heritage Man-and-the-Biosphere MAB UNESCO FAO WHO ILO UNDP UNEP UN-Habitat World-Bank IMF WTO OECD GEF GCF AF multilateral-development-bank regional-development-bank national-development-bank development-finance-institution export-credit-agency sovereign-wealth-fund pension-fund insurance-company asset-manager asset-owner corporate-investor retail-investor impact-investor philanthropic-investor development-partner bilateral-donor multilateral-donor private-donor foundation NGO CSO civil-society-organization non-governmental-organization community-based-organization indigenous-peoples-organization women's-organization youth-organization faith-based-organization research-organization think-tank university academic-institution knowledge-institution capacity-building-institution training-institution extension-service advisory-service consulting-firm engineering-firm technology-provider equipment-supplier service-provider contractor operator maintainer utility municipality local-government provincial-government national-government federal-government ministry department agency authority commission board council committee parliament congress legislature executive judiciary media journalist reporter editor publisher broadcaster platform social-media influencer celebrity activist advocate campaigner mobilizer organizer networker connector bridge-builder boundary-spanner knowledge-broker science-communicator extension-agent development-practitioner policy-maker decision-maker planner manager administrator leader champion entrepreneur innovator intrapreneur social-entrepreneur systems-entrepreneur institutional-entrepreneur policy-entrepreneur political-entrepreneur business-model business-model-innovation social-business inclusive-business base-of-pyramid fortune-at-bottom-of-pyramid shared-value creating-shared-value stakeholder-capitalism purpose-driven-business B-Corp benefit-corporation social-enterprise cooperative mutual association collective commons commoning peer-production open-source creative-commons knowledge-commons digital-commons data-commons genetic-commons seed-commons water-commons fisheries-commons forest-commons pasture-commons land-commons urban-commons atmospheric-commons global-commons common-heritage-of-mankind common-concern-of-humankind restorative-justice multispecies-justice more-than-human anthropocene capitalocene plantationocene chthulucene symbiocene good-anthropocene great-acceleration great-transformation great-decoupling great-convergence great-divergence great-fragmentation great-integration great-transition great-work long-now deep-time futures-thinking future-studies strategic-foresight scenario-planning trend-analysis weak-signal wild-card black-swan grey-rhino blue-sky green-swan systemic-change structural-change cultural-change behavioral-change individual-change collective-change social-change organizational-change technological-change economic-change political-change ecological-change planetary-change earth-system-change biodiversity-change ocean-change cryosphere-change atmospheric-change biogeochemical-change nitrogen-cycle-change phosphorus-cycle-change carbon-cycle-change water-cycle-change hydrological-change soil-change vegetation-change ecosystem-change landscape-change seascape-change biosphere-change noosphere-change technosphere-change anthroposphere-change sociosphere-change econosphere-change politosphere-change culturosphere-change semiosphere-change infosphere-change digisphere-change cybersphere-change urban-sphere-change agricultural-sphere-change industrial-sphere-change extractive-sphere-change manufacturing-sphere-change service-sphere-change financial-sphere-change knowledge-sphere-change innovation-sphere-change creativity-sphere-change culture-sphere-change identity-sphere-change meaning-sphere-change value-sphere-change purpose-sphere-change vision-sphere-change mission-sphere-change strategy-sphere-change tactic-sphere-change operation-sphere-change action-sphere-change practice-sphere-change habit-sphere-change routine-sphere-change ritual-sphere-change tradition-sphere-change custom-sphere-change convention-sphere-change norm-sphere-change rule-sphere-change law-sphere-change regulation-sphere-change standard-sphere-change protocol-sphere-change procedure-sphere-change process-sphere-change system-sphere-change structure-sphere-change function-sphere-change pattern-sphere-change dynamic-sphere-change state-sphere-change phase-sphere-change regime-sphere-change equilibrium-sphere-change stability-sphere-change instability-sphere-change chaos-sphere-change order-sphere-change complexity-sphere-change simplicity-sphere-change diversity-sphere-change uniformity-sphere-change heterogeneity-sphere-change homogeneity-sphere-change variation-sphere-change invariance-sphere-change change-sphere-change continuity-sphere-change discontinuity-sphere-change emergence-sphere-change submergence-sphere-change evolution-sphere-change devolution-sphere-change revolution-sphere-change involution-sphere-change convolution-sphere-change resolution-sphere-change dissolution-sphere-change absolution-sphere-change solution-sphere-change
Triaenodes tardus
long-horned caddisfly
Triaenodes tardus is a North American long-horned caddisfly in the family Leptoceridae. Larvae construct portable cases and are capable swimmers, using setae on their extended metathoracic legs to move between aquatic macrophytes. Swimming speed averages 1.47 cm/s even while carrying cases nearly double their body mass. The species exhibits reduced swimming activity when vegetation is available, indicating swimming functions primarily for habitat relocation rather than escape.
caddisfly aquatic-insect case-building swimming-behavior North-America Leptoceridae Trichoptera macrophyte-associated lotic lentic
Trichoclinocera
Trichoclinocera is a genus of aquatic dance flies in the family Empididae, subfamily Clinocerinae. The genus contains approximately 30 described species distributed across the Holarctic and eastern Asia, with 16 species recognized from the Nearctic region and nine from Japan. Species are organized into six species-groups based on morphological characteristics, primarily of the male terminalia. The genus was established by Collin in 1941 and has undergone significant taxonomic revision, with Seguyella and Acanthoclinocera recently synonymized under Trichoclinocera.
aquatic dance-flies Empididae Clinocerinae lotic riffle stream-insects Holarctic Japan Nearctic bioindicator
Tricorythodes explicatus
Tricorythodes explicatus is a species of small mayfly in the family Leptohyphidae, first described by Eaton in 1892. It belongs to a genus commonly known as stout crawler mayflies, characterized by reduced wing venation and robust body proportions. The species has been documented in Middle America and North America, though detailed biological studies remain limited.
mayfly Ephemeroptera Leptohyphidae stout-crawler-mayfly aquatic-insect lotic Nearctic
Utacapnia logana
Logan Snowfly
Utacapnia logana is a small winter-emerging stonefly in the family Capniidae, commonly known as the Logan Snowfly. It is native to the Rocky Mountain region of the western United States, where it inhabits cold, clean mountain streams. Adults emerge during winter months, a trait characteristic of the Capniidae family. The species was originally described as Capnia logana in 1965 before being transferred to the genus Utacapnia.
Plecoptera Capniidae winter-stonefly Rocky-Mountains Utah Colorado Wyoming New-Mexico cold-water montane lotic
Wormaldia
Wormaldia is a diverse genus of fingernet caddisflies (family Philopotamidae), comprising approximately 175 extant species globally. It is the second-largest genus in Philopotamidae after Chimarra. Species occur across all biogeographic regions except Australasia, with notable diversification in the Neotropics and Nearctic. The genus includes fossil species from Late Cretaceous Burmese amber, indicating an ancient evolutionary history. Taxonomic revisions have focused heavily on male genitalia morphology for species identification.
caddisfly Trichoptera Philopotamidae fingernet lotic aquatic-insect filter-feeder cryptic-species Alps-biogeography
Zapada columbiana
Columbian forestfly
Zapada columbiana is a species of spring stonefly in the family Nemouridae, commonly known as the Columbian forestfly. It is a small stonefly with a life cycle spanning 2-3 years in Rocky Mountain streams. The species is notable for retaining cervical gills into adulthood, a diagnostic feature of the genus. Nymphs are shredders that feed on moss and detritus, playing a significant role in stream ecosystem nutrient cycling.
stonefly spring-stonefly forestfly aquatic-insect shredder indicator-species lotic Rocky-Mountains