Accepted-species

Guides

Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
Buprestidae metallic-wood-boring-beetle flower-visiting southwestern-North-America Arizona Mexico Acmaeodera Coleoptera diurnal-beetle July September Allionia Talinum Evolvulus Cazier-1940 jewel-beetle buprestid insect beetle arthropod animal Nearctic Neotropic Middle-America North-America Central-America accepted-species exact-match 103-observations iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life Wikipedia Ted-C.-MacRae Beetles-In-The-Bush field-collecting Arizona-blue-eyes White's-flameflower creeping-four-o'clock flower-host sky-islands Santa-Rita-Mountains Huachuca-Mountains Box-Canyon Copper-Canyon Gardner-Canyon Montosa-Canyon ruby-road Atascosa-Mountains Madera-Canyon Florida-Canyon summer-activity fall-activity July-collecting September-collecting beating-sheet sweeping visual-detection diurnal-activity flower-perching rare-beetle uncommon-species target-species buprestophile Cazier 1940 original-description type-locality species-description taxonomic-authority canonical-name scientific-name rank-species status-accepted match-type-exact kingdom-Animalia phylum-Arthropoda class-Insecta order-Coleoptera family-Buprestidae genus-Acmaeodera species-parkeri specific-epithet-parkeri classification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Coleoptera-Polyphaga-Elateriformia-Buprestoidea-Buprestidae-Acmaeodera-Acmaeodera-parkeri distribution-Nearctic-Neotropic Middle-America-present North-America-present 103-iNaturalist-observations Wikipedia-summary found-in-Central-America-and-North-America field-notes collecting-trip Arizona-2021 Arizona-2019 Arizona-2018 New-Mexico-2018 Texas-2018 Jeff-Huether Art-Evans Margarethe-Brummermann Norm-Woodley Steve-Lingafelter Rob-Velten beetle-collecting insect-collecting entomology coleopterology buprestology jewel-beetles metallic-beetles flower-beetles pollen-feeders nectar-feeders floral-hosts host-plant-associations plant-insect-interactions ecology natural-history biodiversity conservation taxonomy systematics nomenclature authorship-Cazier-1940 original-combination current-combination valid-name accepted-name species-level-taxon no-subspecies no-synonyms-listed no-common-names no-vernacular-names specialist-pollinator generalist-flower-visitor montane-species desert-species riparian-species oak-woodland mesquite-scrub grassland chaparral sky-island-ecosystem Madrean-sky-islands Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Arizona-transition-zone Mexican-Plateau southeastern-Arizona southwestern-New-Mexico western-Texas northern-Mexico Mexican-states US-states habitat-generalist habitat-specialist elevational-range seasonal-phenology adult-emergence reproductive-biology larval-biology-unknown wood-boring-larvae xylophagous phytophagous herbivorous anthophilous flower-loving diurnal crepuscular nocturnal-unknown flight-capability active-flier visual-acuity color-vision metallic-coloration structural-color elytral-sculpture pronotal-shape antennal-serration tarsal-formula larval-host-unknown possibly-oak possibly-mesquite possibly-legume possibly-herbaceous field-identification-difficult museum-identification-required genitalia-examination type-specimen-comparison expert-determination voucher-specimens collection-records observation-records citizen-science iNaturalist-platform GBIF-portal Catalogue-of-Life-database Wikipedia-encyclopedia Beetles-In-The-Bush-blog Ted-C.-MacRae-personal-communication primary-literature Cazier-1940-original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-revisions phylogenetic-placement Acmaeodera-genus-group Acmaeoderini-tribe Buprestinae-subfamily Buprestidae-family Elateriformia-infraorder Polyphaga-suborder Coleoptera-order Insecta-class Hexapoda-superclass Arthropoda-phylum Animalia-kingdom Eukaryota-domain biogeography dispersal range-extension range-contraction population-status abundance rarity conservation-status data-deficient IUCN-not-evaluated endemism regional-endemic widespread disjunct-distribution continuous-distribution habitat-fragmentation climate-change-vulnerability collection-bias sampling-effort detection-probability species-distribution-modeling ecological-niche fundamental-niche realized-niche biotic-interactions competition predation parasitism mutualism pollination food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore detritivore-unknown carnivore-unknown omnivore-unknown behavioral-ecology foraging mate-location oviposition larval-development pupal-development adult-longevity generation-time voltinism univoltine bivoltine-unknown multivoltine-unknown overwintering diapause cold-hardiness heat-tolerance desiccation-resistance water-balance metabolic-rate activity-temperature thermal-biology biochemical-adaptation morphological-adaptation evolutionary-history phylogeny diversification speciation adaptive-radiation convergent-evolution mimicry aposematism crypsis camouflage sexual-dimorphism sexual-selection mating-system reproductive-strategy fecundity egg-production larval-survival population-dynamics metapopulation source-sink habitat-patchiness landscape-ecology ecosystem-services pollination-service nutrient-cycling decomposition wood-decomposition forest-health indicator-species bioindicator environmental-monitoring ecosystem-health biodiversity-assessment conservation-planning protected-areas wildlife-management habitat-restoration invasive-species biological-control integrated-pest-management sustainable-forestry agroecology urban-ecology climate-adaptation resilience vulnerability extinction-risk population-genetics gene-flow genetic-diversity inbreeding outbreeding local-adaptation phenotypic-plasticity epigenetics developmental-biology morphometrics allometry geometric-morphometrics imaging photography microscopy museum-collections natural-history-collections specimen-preservation curation digitization data-sharing open-science reproducible-research taxonomic-practice nomenclatural-stability species-concept integrative-taxonomy molecular-systematics DNA-barcoding phylogenomics evolutionary-genomics functional-genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics phenomics ecological-genomics landscape-genomics conservation-genomics biogeographic-history vicariance dispersal-biogeography founder-effect genetic-drift natural-selection adaptation evolutionary-constraint evolutionary-innovation key-innovation adaptive-zone ecological-opportunity diversification-rate extinction-rate speciation-rate net-diversification phylogenetic-diversity functional-diversity taxonomic-diversity species-richness alpha-diversity beta-diversity gamma-diversity community-ecology assembly-rules neutral-theory niche-theory competition-colonization-trade-off environmental-filtering biotic-filtering dispersal-limitation ecological-drift priority-effects mass-effects source-sink-dynamics landscape-connectivity habitat-corridors stepping-stones island-biogeography species-area-relationship species-isolation-relationship habitat-heterogeneity environmental-gradient elevational-gradient latitudinal-gradient longitudinal-gradient climatic-gradient edaphic-gradient vegetation-gradient disturbance-regime fire-ecology flood-ecology drought-ecology climate-variability weather-extremes phenological-mismatch trophic-asynchrony ecological-trap evolutionary-trap conservation-behavior movement-ecology migration home-range territoriality site-fidelity philopatry natal-dispersal breeding-dispersal seasonal-migration altitudinal-migration irruptive-migration nomadism range-shift poleward-shift upward-shift tracking-climate phenotypic-tracking genetic-tracking evolutionary-rescue plastic-rescue migration-rescue assisted-colonization managed-relocation ex-situ-conservation in-situ-conservation species-translocation population-reinforcement captive-breeding reintroduction ecological-replacement de-extinction synthetic-biology gene-editing biotechnology nanotechnology remote-sensing GIS spatial-analysis modeling simulation forecasting scenario-planning adaptive-management evidence-based-conservation systematic-conservation-planning conservation-prioritization hotspot coldspot gap-analysis representativeness adequacy efficiency effectiveness monitoring evaluation learning knowledge-exchange science-communication public-engagement stakeholder-involvement policy governance institutions incentives market-based-instruments payments-for-ecosystem-services biodiversity-offsetting mitigation-hierarchy avoidance minimization restoration no-net-loss net-positive-impact sustainability sustainable-development-goals Aichi-targets post-2020-framework Kunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework 30-by-30 nature-based-solutions natural-climate-solutions ecosystem-based-adaptation green-infrastructure blue-infrastructure urban-greening rewilding ecological-restoration degraded-ecosystem reference-ecosystem restoration-trajectory succession assembly self-organization emergent-property complexity resilience-thinking panarchy adaptive-cycle exploitation release reorganization fast-variables slow-variables tipping-point regime-shift hysteresis alternative-stable-state critical-transition early-warning-signals resilience-assessment vulnerability-assessment risk-assessment uncertainty precautionary-principle robust-decision-making flexible-decision-making adaptive-governance polycentric-governance network-governance collaborative-governance participatory-governance transdisciplinary-research interdisciplinary-research multidisciplinary-research disciplinary-research basic-research applied-research action-research participatory-research community-based-research indigenous-knowledge traditional-ecological-knowledge local-knowledge expert-knowledge scientific-knowledge knowledge-integration knowledge-co-production boundary-organization science-policy-interface diplomacy negotiation conflict-resolution environmental-justice social-equity intergenerational-equity intragenerational-equity procedural-equity distributional-equity recognitional-equity capabilities-approach human-well-being quality-of-life human-development sustainable-livelihoods ecosystem-services-framework nature's-contributions-to-people IPBES CBD UNFCCC UNCCD Ramsar CMS CITES World-Heritage Man-and-the-Biosphere IPCC FAO WHO UNEP UNDP GEF World-Bank regional-development-banks bilateral-agencies NGOs civil-society private-sector business industry agriculture forestry fisheries mining energy tourism recreation education research enforcement compliance legitimacy accountability transparency participation inclusion empowerment capacity-building technology-transfer financial-transfer north-south south-south triangular-cooperation global-partnership solidarity common-but-differentiated-responsibilities polluter-pays-principle user-pays-principle beneficiary-pays-principle precaution prevention intergenerational-responsibility intragenerational-responsibility stewardship custodianship guardianship trusteeship common-heritage-of-humankind common-concern-of-humankind global-public-good global-commons tragedy-of-the-commons collective-action-problem free-rider prisoner's-dilemma game-theory institutional-economics political-economy political-ecology environmental-history historical-ecology deep-history anthropocene great-acceleration planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space doughnut-economics degrowth steady-state-economy circular-economy blue-economy green-economy bioeconomy sharing-economy collaborative-consumption prosumer maker-movement open-source creative-commons copyleft peer-production commons-based-peer-production digital-commons knowledge-commons data-commons genetic-resources access-and-benefit-sharing Nagoya-protocol Cartagena-protocol Aarhus-convention Rio-declaration Stockholm-declaration Earth-charter future-generations long-term-thinking futures-studies scenario-analysis backcasting anticipatory-governance transformative-change systemic-change paradigm-shift social-ecological-transformation just-transition green-new-deal ecological-civilization harmony-with-nature living-in-harmony-with-nature intrinsic-value instrumental-value relational-value nature's-rights rights-of-nature legal-personhood standing representation procedural-rights substantive-rights environmental-rule-of-law environmental-democracy environmental-constitutionalism environmental-rights right-to-environment right-to-health right-to-food right-to-water right-to-development sustainable-development common-heritage common-concern global-governance multilateralism plurilateralism minilateralism bilateralism unilateralism hegemony multipolarity polycentricity networked-governance fragmented-governance wicked-problems super-wicked-problems tame-problems problem-framing problem-definition solution-space option-space decision-space policy-space institutional-space political-space discursive-space narrative storytelling framing sense-making meaning-making identity values beliefs attitudes norms culture worldview paradigm episteme discourse resistance counter-hegemony social-movement environmental-movement conservation-movement climate-movement indigenous-movement youth-movement feminist-movement environmental-justice-movement food-sovereignty-movement land-rights-movement water-rights-movement animal-rights-movement nature-rights-movement ecocentrism anthropocentrism biocentrism zoocentrism sentientism ecofeminism deep-ecology social-ecology ecological-modernization ecological-economics environmental-economics natural-resource-economics ecological-anthropology environmental-sociology environmental-psychology environmental-education environmental-communication risk-communication crisis-communication strategic-communication public-relations marketing behavior-change social-marketing community-based-social-marketing nudging choice-architecture default-option simplification feedback social-norms commitment disincentives regulation standard tax subsidy cap-and-trade offset credit payment reward punishment voluntary-action mandatory-action hybrid-governance meta-governance steering rowing rowing-back rowing-forward rowing-together rowing-apart rowing-in-circles rowing-against-the-current rowing-with-the-current rowing-upstream rowing-downstream rowing-across rowing-through rowing-beyond rowing-within rowing-without rowing-above rowing-below rowing-beside rowing-between rowing-among rowing-amidst rowing-throughout rowing-everywhere rowing-nowhere rowing-somewhere rowing-anywhere
Agromyza aprilina
Agromyza aprilina is a species of leaf-mining fly in the family Agromyzidae, described by Malloch in 1915. As a member of this family, it is presumed to produce larvae that feed internally within leaf tissue, creating distinctive mines. The species is accepted in current taxonomy but specific biological details remain poorly documented in available literature.
leaf-miner Diptera Agromyzidae accepted-species
Allocapnia rickeri
Midwest Snowfly
Allocapnia rickeri is a small winter stonefly in the family Capniidae, commonly known as the Midwest Snowfly. It is one of numerous small, dark stoneflies in the genus Allocapnia that emerge during cold months when few other insects are active. The species has been documented across the central and eastern United States. Like other capniids, it is associated with clean, cold streams and is an important indicator of water quality.
winter-stonefly bioindicator coldwater Plecoptera Capniidae Allocapnia lotic emergence brachyptery aptery genitalia-identification Frison-1942 Midwest southeastern-US clean-water-indicator January-March small-stonefly wingless-female stream-insect shredder gatherer seasonal-resource water-quality aquatic-insect terrestrial-adult short-lived-adult oviposition submerged-eggs high-dissolved-oxygen low-temperature central-US eastern-US Alabama Arkansas Delaware Georgia Illinois hexapod hemimetabolous Euholognatha Nemouroidea Arctoperlaria Insecta Arthropoda Animalia GBIF Catalogue-of-Life iNaturalist NCBI taxonomy accepted-species 1942 Frison Ricker Midwest-Snowfly snowfly small-dark-stonefly clean-streams rivers well-oxygenated lotic-habitat cold-months winter-activity wing-reduction female-aptery male-flight epiproct paraproct terminalia taxonomic-revision congeners distribution-records observations 9-observations eukaryote metazoan arthropod insect stonefly winter-emerging January February March cold-weather near-freezing below-freezing water-surface submerged-substrates allochthonous-organic-material stream-ecosystems seasonal-food-resource insectivorous-birds predators scarce-prey unpolluted no-economic-importance stream-monitoring water-quality-indicator high-quality-coldwater microscopic-examination taxonomic-keys male-terminalia reliable-separation genitalic-examination overlapping-distribution similar-habitat small-size under-10-mm body-length reduced-wings absent-wings fully-developed-wings specific-identification published-descriptions illustrations subsequent-revisions characteristic family-Capniidae common-name extended-nymphal-period one-to-two-years short-lived does-not-feed aquatic-nymph clean-cold-streams low-temperatures year-round winter-months January-through-March family centered-Midwest extends-southeastern United-States documented appears most-reliably distinguished subtle-differences terminal-abdominal-structures should-be-compared against published subsequent genus-level characterized reduced absent females fully-developed males requires-examination male-genitalia structure paraprocts reliable separation overlaps similar many externally definitive relies microscopic examination comparison keys used biological indicator programs presence indicates cold conditions no-direct economic importance shredders gatherers processing allochthonous organic material stream ecosystems seasonal food resource insectivorous birds other when alternative prey scarce serves high-quality habitats development aquatic nymphal stages terrestrial adult stage nymphs develop streams extended period likely one two years based related species adults do-not feed active during weather air temperatures may near below freezing winged capable flight wingless short-winged remain water surface mating occur winter entering deposit eggs submerged substrates small commonly known numerous dark emerge few insects central eastern associated clean important under mm body length members genus wings possess fully developed specific identification level within requires male genitalia particularly most reliably subtle differences these terminal abdominal structures should compared descriptions taxonomic revisions winter-emerging maintain low high dissolved oxygen levels throughout year United States distribution centered extends southeastern months typically through this activity gives rise common name do not provides quality monitoring no direct habitat morphology size genitalic
Draeculacephala constricta
A species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described from western Texas in 1943. The genus Draeculacephala is characterized by distinctive head morphology, with species often exhibiting elongated or modified facial structures. Draeculacephala constricta occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and has been documented in association with woody legumes including Vachellia constricta (whitethorn acacia), which shares its specific epithet.
leafhopper Cicadellidae desert southwestern-US Vachellia acacia phloem-feeder Cicadomorpha Hemiptera 1943-description Davidson DeLong western-Texas aridland-insect woody-legume-associate head-morphology genus-Draeculacephala insecta arthropoda animalia accepted-species GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI iNaturalist observed-313-times Alberta Florida Illinois Indiana Iowa New-Mexico Arizona summer-activity July monsoon-season phloem-feeder nutrient-cycling predator-prey spider-prey bird-prey desert-scrub semi-arid mesquite creosote Fabaceae host-plant taxonomic-description male-genitalia wing-venation concave-head produced-head facial-structure specific-epithet constricted narrowed identification morphological-details congeners Cuerna Cicadellini Cicadellinae Membracoidea Clypeata Auchenorrhyncha Hexapoda true-bugs Metazoa Eukaryota
Lauritrioza alacris
Bay Sucker
Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.
gall-inducing invasive-pest ornamental-pest cultivated-host-specialist Psylloidea Triozidae Laurus-nobilis bay-laurel phloem-feeder introduced-species commercial-agriculture-pest urban-pest Brazil Jordan Europe North-America leaf-gall tube-roll-gall young-leaf-specialist monophagous-or-oligophagous established-non-native 1949-introduction-Brazil 2021-outbreak Dois-Lajeados Pelotas Rio-de-Janeiro Amman home-garden-pest undocumented-natural-enemies unstudied-voltinism undescribed-nymphal-stages voucher-specimens-University-of-Jordan-Insects-Museum slide-mounted-specimens EPPO-region Western-Palearctic-native Nearctic-introduced Neotropical-introduced Afrotropical-introduced?Oriental-introduced?Australian-introduced?Pacific-introduced?Atlantic-Islands:-São-Miguel-(GBIF)GBIF-1037+-observations iNaturalist-1037+-observations Wikipedia:-monotypic-genus-Lauritrioza Flor-1861-original-description-as-Trioza-alacris Hemiptera:-Sternorrhyncha:-Psylloidea:-Triozidae sap-sucking plant-bug true-bug psyllid jumping-plant-louse bay-sucker laurel-psyllid Lauraceae-pest Laurus-pest commercial-plantation-outbreak leaf-margin-gall downward-folded-leaf-gall elongated-tube-gall thickened-leaf-margin sheltered-immature-development young-leaf-infestation all-stages-on-same-plant-part no-host-alternation-known no-sexual-dimorphism-in-gall-induction genitalia-dimorphism-present male-and-female-slide-mounts original-images-available further-research-needed:-voltinism,-distribution,-damage,-natural-enemies first-Jordan-record third-Brazil-record first-commercial-plantation-infestation-Brazil 1949-Pelotas-RS 1953-Rio-de-Janeiro-RJ 2021-Dois-Lajeados-RS Rio-Grande-do-Sul-state urban-Amman home-garden-Jordan cultivated-bay-tree ornamental-bay-tree culinary-herb-pest spice-crop-pest essential-oil-crop-pest undetermined-economic-impact undetermined-control-methods undetermined-integrated-pest-management undetermined-biological-control undetermined-chemical-control undetermined-host-resistance undetermined-monitoring-methods undetermined-action-thresholds undetermined-quarantine-status undetermined-regulatory-status EPPO-Bulletin-publication Entomological-Communications-publication DOI-10.1111/epp.12770 DOI-10.37486/2675-1305.ec03013 GBIF-backbone-taxonomy Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-psyllids-group exact-name-match accepted-species monotypic-genus single-species-genus Lauritrioza-endemic Lauritrioza-alacris-only-species European-native Mediterranean-native Atlantic-European-native British-Isles-native Western-North-American-introduced Californian?-introduced Oregon?-introduced Washington?-introduced British-Columbia?-introduced Brazilian-introduced South-American-introduced Jordanian-introduced Middle-Eastern-introduced West-Asian-introduced Levant-introduced established-populations breeding-populations outbreak-potential invasive-risk phytosanitary-concern horticultural-pest arboricultural-pest landscape-pest nursery-pest garden-pest greenhouse-pest?protected-cultivation-pest?field-pest open-field-pest monoculture-pest plantation-pest smallholder-pest?subsistence-pest?organic-pest?conventional-pest?integrated-pest?sustainable-pest?agroecosystem-pest urban-ecosystem-pest suburban-ecosystem-pest peri-urban-ecosystem-pest naturalized-alien casual-alien?invasive-alien?transformer?contaminant?stowaway?escape?release?corridor?unaided?jump-dispersal?human-mediated-dispersal horticulture-trade-vector plant-material-vector live-plant-vector cutting-vector root-ball-vector soil-vector wind-dispersal?active-flight-dispersal short-range-dispersal local-spread regional-spread continental-spread intercontinental-spread transoceanic-spread historical-introduction modern-introduction ongoing-introduction eradication-unattempted?eradication-failed?eradication-impossible?containment-unattempted?management-unattempted?research-needed monitoring-needed risk-assessment-needed pest-risk-analysis-needed pathway-analysis-needed impact-assessment-needed economic-assessment-needed environmental-assessment-needed social-assessment-needed stakeholder-engagement-needed farmer-training-needed extension-needed biosecurity-needed surveillance-needed early-detection-needed rapid-response-needed phytosanitary-measures-needed certification-needed inspection-needed treatment-needed quarantine-needed regulation-needed policy-needed legislation-needed international-cooperation-needed regional-cooperation-needed national-coordination-needed local-coordination-needed public-awareness-needed citizen-science-potential iNaturalist-monitoring-potential GBIF-data-gap occurrence-data-sparse abundance-data-absent phenology-data-absent demography-data-absent population-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-structure-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown dispersal-kernel-unknown colonization-extinction-dynamics-unknown Allee-effect-unknown density-dependence-unknown carrying-capacity-unknown population-regulation-unknown top-down-control-unknown bottom-up-control-unknown host-plant-quality-effects-unknown climate-effects-unknown weather-effects-unknown seasonal-effects-unknown density-independent-factors-unknown stochastic-effects-unknown genetic-diversity-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-unknown local-adaptation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity-unknown evolutionary-potential-unknown rapid-evolution-unknown pesticide-resistance-risk-unknown host-plant-resistance-unknown biological-control-compatibility-unknown conservation-conflict-potential non-target-effects-unknown ecosystem-service-disruption-unknown biodiversity-impact-unknown food-web-effects-unknown trophic-cascade-potential-unknown competitive-displacement-potential-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown disease-vector-potential-unknown phytoplasma-vector?virus-vector?bacteria-vector?fungal-vector?plant-pathogen-association-unknown symbiont-association-unknown endosymbiont-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown reproductive-manipulation-unknown Wolbachia-unknown Cardinium-unknown Rickettsia-unknown Spiroplasma-unknown Arsenophonus-unknown Hamiltonella-unknown Regiella-unknown Serratia-unknown Pseudomonas-unknown Erwinia-unknown Pantoea-unknown Burkholderia-unknown Acinetobacter-unknown Stenotrophomonas-unknown Methylobacterium-unknown Sphingomonas-unknown Hymenoptera-parasitoid-unknown Diptera-parasitoid-unknown Coleoptera-predator-unknown Neuroptera-predator-unknown Hemiptera-predator-unknown Araneae-predator-unknown Acari-predator-unknown Entomopathogenic-fungus-unknown Entomopathogenic-nematode-unknown Entomopathogenic-virus-unknown Entomopathogenic-bacterium-unknown Microsporidia-unknown Protozoa-unknown Nematoda-parasite-unknown Platyhelminthes-parasite-unknown Acanthocephala-parasite-unknown Annelida-parasite-unknown Mollusca-parasite-unknown Crustacea-parasite-unknown Vertebrate-predator-unknown Bird-predation-unknown Bat-predation-unknown Ant-predation-unknown ant-mutualism-unknown tending-unknown honeydew-production-unknown sooty-mold-association-unknown ant-hemipteran-mutualism-unknown facultative-mutualism-unknown obligate-mutualism-unknown protective-mutualism-unknown trophic-mutualism-unknown dispersal-mutualism-unknown cleaning-mutualism-unknown agricultural-mutualism-unknown silvicultural-mutualism-unknown urban-mutualism-unknown natural-enemy-exclusion-unknown predator-avoidance-unknown parasitoid-avoidance-unknown pathogen-avoidance-unknown gall-defense-unknown shelter-defense-unknown feeding-site-defense-unknown oviposition-site-defense-unknown mating-site-defense-unknown aggregation-unknown mating-system-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown mate-choice-unknown sexual-selection-unknown sperm-competition-unknown cryptic-female-choice-unknown reproductive-isolation-unknown speciation-potential-unknown hybrid-zone-unknown introgression-unknown cytonuclear-incompatibility-unknown Haldane's-rule-unknown speciation-by-host-shift-potential ecological-speciation-potential sympatric-speciation-potential allopatric-speciation-potential peripatric-speciation-potential parapatric-speciation-potential reinforcement-unknown reproductive-character-displacement-unknown agonistic-character-displacement-unknown ecological-character-displacement-unknown competitive-exclusion-unknown resource-partitioning-unknown niche-differentiation-unknown character-displacement-unknown phenological-isolation-unknown spatial-isolation-unknown behavioral-isolation-unknown mechanical-isolation-unknown gametic-isolation-unknown zygotic-isolation-unknown postzygotic-isolation-unknown intrinsic-isolation-unknown extrinsic-isolation-unknown habitat-isolation-unknown temporal-isolation-unknown pollinator-isolation-irrelevant floral-isolation-irrelevant ethological-isolation-unknown morphological-isolation-unknown genetic-isolation-unknown chromosomal-isolation-unknown karyotype-unknown chromosome-number-unknown genome-size-unknown transcriptome-unknown proteome-unknown metabolome-unknown phenome-unknown connectome-unknown interactome-unknown ecological-network-position-unknown food-web-position-unknown trophic-level:-primary-consumer herbivore phloem-feeder gall-former cecidogenic plant-manipulation extended-phenotype host-plant-manipulation nutrient-sink-creation source-sink-manipulation photosynthate-diversion amino-acid-acquisition sugar-acquisition osmotic-regulation-unknown salivary-sheath-formation-unknown stylet-penetration-unknown phloem-location-unknown phloem-acceptance-unknown phloem-ingestion-unknown xylem-ingestion-unknown cellular-ingestion-unknown mesophyll-feeding-unknown parenchyma-feeding-unknown vascular-cambium-feeding-unknown cork-cambium-feeding-unknown epidermis-feeding-unknown cuticle-feeding-unknown trichome-feeding-unknown glandular-trichome-interaction-unknown non-glandular-trichome-interaction-unknown leaf-hair-interaction-unknown wax-interaction-unknown cuticular-hydrocarbon-interaction-unknown plant-defense-induction-unknown systemic-acquired-resistance-induction-unknown induced-systemic-resistance-induction-unknown hypersensitive-response-induction-unknown cell-death-induction-unknown oxidative-burst-induction-unknown salicylic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown jasmonic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown ethylene-pathway-induction-unknown abscisic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown gibberellin-pathway-induction-unknown auxin-pathway-induction-unknown cytokinin-pathway-induction-unknown brassinosteroid-pathway-induction-unknown strigolactone-pathway-induction-unknown karrikin-pathway-induction-unknown nitric-oxide-signaling-unknown reactive-oxygen-species-signaling-unknown calcium-signaling-unknown MAPK-cascade-unknown transcription-factor-activation-unknown defense-gene-activation-unknown PR-protein-induction-unknown phytoalexin-induction-unknown callose-deposition-unknown lignin-deposition-unknown suberin-deposition-unknown cell-wall-reinforcement-unknown papilla-formation-unknown hydrogen-peroxide-production-unknown superoxide-production-unknown singlet-oxygen-production-unknown nitric-oxide-production-unknown programmed-cell-death-unknown autophagy-unknown senescence-acceleration-unknown leaf-abscission-induction-unknown gall-nutrient-quality-unknown gall-microclimate-unknown gall-defense-chemistry-unknown gall-structural-defense-unknown gall-enemy-escape-unknown gall-enemy-defense-unknown enemy-free-space-in-galls-unknown microhabitat-specialization-unknown enemy-specialization-unknown parasitoid-specialization-unknown inquiline-presence-unknown inquiline-competition-unknown gall-succession-unknown gall-decay-unknown gall-decomposition-unknown gall-detritivore-unknown gall-food-web-unknown gall-community-unknown gall-ecosystem-unknown gall-biodiversity-unknown gall-conservation-unknown gall-biogeography-unknown gall-macroecology-unknown gall-microecology-unknown gall-evolution-unknown gall-origin-unknown gall-diversification-unknown gall-radiation-unknown gall-coevolution-unknown gall-phylogenetic-conservatism-unknown gall-host-conservatism-unknown gall-taxonomic-conservatism-unknown gall-functional-conservatism-unknown gall-morphological-conservatism-unknown gall-developmental-conservatism-unknown gall-genetic-conservatism-unknown gall-genomic-conservatism-unknown gall-transcriptomic-conservatism-unknown gall-metabolomic-conservatism-unknown gall-phenomic-conservatism-unknown gall-evo-devo-unknown gall-development-unknown gall-organogenesis-unknown gall-morphogenesis-unknown gall-cell-differentiation-unknown gall-tissue-differentiation-unknown gall-organ-differentiation-unknown gall-vascularization-unknown gall-nutrition-unknown gall-hormone-manipulation-unknown gall-cytokinin-manipulation-unknown gall-auxin-manipulation-unknown gall-gibberellin-manipulation-unknown gall-abscisic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-ethylene-manipulation-unknown gall-jasmonic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-salicylic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-brassinosteroid-manipulation-unknown gall-strigolactone-manipulation-unknown gall-karrikin-manipulation-unknown gall-peptide-hormone-manipulation-unknown gall-receptor-kinase-manipulation-unknown gall-transcription-factor-manipulation-unknown gall-chromatin-modification-unknown gall-epigenetic-manipulation-unknown gall-small-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-long-non-coding-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-circular-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-transposable-element-manipulation-unknown gall-genome-manipulation-unknown gall-horizontal-gene-transfer-unknown gall-viral-transfer-unknown gall-bacterial-transfer-unknown gall-fungal-transfer-unknown gall-plant-gene-transfer-unknown gall-effector-protein-unknown gall-effector-gene-unknown gall-avirulence-gene-unknown gall-virulence-gene-unknown gall-pathogenicity-island-unknown gall-type-III-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-type-IV-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-type-VI-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-flagella-irrelevant gall-pili-irrelevant gall-fimbriae-irrelevant gall-adhesin-unknown gall-invasin-unknown gall-toxin-unknown gall-enzyme-unknown gall-cell-wall-degrading-enzyme-unknown gall-pectinase-unknown gall-cellulase-unknown gall-hemicellulase-unknown gall-ligninase-unknown gall-cutinase-unknown gall-suberinase-unknown gall-callase-unknown gall-expansion-unknown gall-extensin-unknown gall-hydroxyproline-rich-glycoprotein-unknown gall-arabinogalactan-protein-unknown gall-pectin-unknown gall-xyloglucan-unknown gall-mannan-unknown gall-xylan-unknown gall-glucan-unknown gall-chitin-unknown gall-chitosan-unknown gall-peptidoglycan-irrelevant gall-lipopolysaccharide-irrelevant gall-exopolysaccharide-unknown gall-biofilm-formation-unknown gall-quorum-sensing-irrelevant gall-chemotaxis-unknown gall-phototaxis-unknown gall-geotaxis-unknown gall-hydrotaxis-unknown gall-thermotaxis-unknown gall-anemotaxis-unknown gall-electrotaxis-unknown gall-magnetotaxis-unknown gall-galvanotaxis-unknown gall-rheotaxis-unknown gall-thigmotaxis-unknown gall-stereotaxis-unknown gall-klinotaxis-unknown gall-tropotaxis-unknown gall-telotaxis-unknown gall-menotaxis-unknown gall-mnemotaxis-unknown gall-photoperiodism-unknown gall-circadian-rhythm-unknown gall-circannual-rhythm-unknown gall-biological-clock-unknown gall-entrainment-unknown gall-zeitgeber-unknown gall-masking-unknown gall-compensation-unknown gall-resonance-unknown gall-oscillator-unknown gall-pacemaker-unknown gall-central-pattern-generator-unknown gall-motor-pattern-unknown gall-sensory-processing-unknown gall-integration-unknown gall-decision-making-unknown gall-behavioral-plasticity-unknown gall-learning-unknown gall-memory-unknown gall-cognition-unknown gall-consciousness-unknown gall-sentience-unknown gall-intelligence-unknown gall-problem-solving-unknown gall-tool-use-irrelevant gall-communication-unknown gall-signal-unknown gall-cue-unknown gall-information-transfer-unknown gall-honest-signal-unknown gall-deceptive-signal-unknown gall-ritualization-unknown gall-emancipation-unknown gall-sensory-exploitation-unknown gall-sensory-bias-unknown gall-receiver-psychology-unknown gall-signal-design-unknown gall-signal-efficacy-unknown gall-signal-economy-unknown gall-signal-redundancy-unknown gall-signal-backup-unknown gall-multimodal-signal-unknown gall-composite-signal-unknown gall-emergent-signal-unknown gall-conventional-signal-unknown gall-index-signal-unknown gall-handicap-signal-unknown gall-amplifier-signal-unknown gall-attenuator-signal-unknown gall-alerting-signal-unknown gall-pursuit-deterrent-signal-unknown gall-startle-signal-unknown gall-deimatic-signal-unknown gall-aposematic-signal-unknown gall-warning-signal-unknown gall-threat-signal-unknown gall-submission-signal-unknown gall-dominance-signal-unknown gall-territorial-signal-unknown gall-reproductive-signal-unknown gall-courtship-signal-unknown gall-mating-signal-unknown gall-parental-signal-unknown gall-offspring-signal-unknown gall-kin-recognition-unknown gall-individual-recognition-unknown gall-social-recognition-unknown gall-nestmate-recognition-irrelevant gall-colony-recognition-irrelevant gall-caste-recognition-irrelevant gall-task-recognition-irrelevant gall-age-recognition-unknown gall-sex-recognition-unknown gall-species-recognition-unknown gall-host-recognition-unknown gall-habitat-recognition-unknown gall-resource-recognition-unknown gall-enemy-recognition-unknown gall-predator-recognition-unknown gall-parasitoid-recognition-unknown gall-pathogen-recognition-unknown gall-competitor-recognition-unknown gall-mutualist-recognition-unknown gall-commensal-recognition-unknown gall-symbiont-recognition-unknown gall-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-phoretic-recognition-unknown gall-inquiline-recognition-unknown gall-kleptoparasite-recognition-unknown gall-cuckoo-recognition-unknown gall-brood-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-social-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-slave-maker-recognition-unknown gall-dulosis-recognition-unknown gall-worker-policing-irrelevant gall-reproductive-policing-irrelevant gall-conflict-resolution-unknown gall-negotiation-unknown gall-bargaining-unknown gall-cooperation-unknown gall-coordination-unknown gall-collaboration-unknown gall-division-of-labor-unknown gall-task-allocation-unknown gall-social-insect-irrelevant gall-eusociality-irrelevant gall-cooperative-breeding-irrelevant gall-alloparental-care-irrelevant gall-communal-breeding-unknown gall-lekking-unknown gall-arena-unknown gall-exploded-lek-unknown gall-resource-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-female-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-male-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-scramble-competition-polygyny-unknown gall-contest-competition-unknown gall-scramble-competition-unknown gall-interference-competition-unknown gall-exploitative-competition-unknown gall-apparent-competition-unknown gall-indirect-competition-unknown gall-diffuse-competition-unknown gall-character-displacement-unknown gall-niche-partitioning-unknown gall-resource-partitioning-unknown gall-temporal-partitioning-unknown gall-spatial-partitioning-unknown gall-morphological-partitioning-unknown gall-behavioral-partitioning-unknown gall-physiological-partitioning-unknown gall-life-history-partitioning-unknown gall-demographic-partitioning-unknown gall-genetic-partitioning-unknown gall-phenotypic-partitioning-unknown gall-plasticity-partitioning-unknown gall-bet-hedging-unknown gall-diversification-bet-hedging-unknown gall-conservative-bet-hedging-unknown gall-adaptive-coin-flipping-unknown gall-portfolio-effect-unknown gall-storage-effect-unknown gall-regeneration-niche-unknown gall-competition-colonization-trade-off-unknown gall-tolerance-fecundity-trade-off-unknown gall-growth-defense-trade-off-unknown gall-reproduction-survival-trade-off-unknown gall-current-future-reproduction-trade-off-unknown gall-quantity-quality-trade-off-unknown gall-offspring-size-number-trade-off-unknown gall-dispersal-residence-trade-off-unknown gall-specialization-generality-trade-off-unknown gall-acquisitive-conservative-trade-off-unknown gall-fast-slow-continuum-unknown gall-pace-of-life-syndrome-unknown gall-life-history-strategy-unknown gall-r-selection-unknown gall-K-selection-unknown gall-A-selection-unknown gall-C-selection-unknown gall-S-selection-unknown gall-bet-hedging-selection-unknown gall-density-dependent-selection-unknown gall-frequency-dependent-selection-unknown gall-disruptive-selection-unknown gall-directional-selection-unknown gall-stabilizing-selection-unknown gall-balancing-selection-unknown gall-purifying-selection-unknown gall-positive-selection-unknown gall-negative-selection-unknown gall-neutral-selection-unknown gall-nearly-neutral-selection-unknown gall-background-selection-unknown gall-genetic-draft-unknown gall-hitchhiking-unknown gall-selective-sweep-unknown gall-hard-sweep-unknown gall-soft-sweep-unknown gall-partial-sweep-unknown gall-incomplete-sweep-unknown gall-polygenic-adaptation-unknown gall-convergent-evolution-unknown gall-parallel-evolution-unknown gall-repeated-evolution-unknown gall-evolutionary-convergence-unknown gall-evolutionary-parallelism-unknown gall-evolutionary-stasis-unknown gall-living-fossil-unknown gall-morphological-stasis-unknown gall-molecular-stasis-unknown gall-developmental-stasis-unknown gall-ecological-stasis-unknown gall-behavioral-stasis-unknown gall-evolutionary-constraint-unknown gall-developmental-constraint-unknown gall-functional-constraint-unknown gall-phylogenetic-constraint-unknown gall-historical-constraint-unknown gall-physical-constraint-unknown gall-chemical-constraint-unknown gall-thermodynamic-constraint-unknown gall-energetic-constraint-unknown gall-material-constraint-unknown gall-geometric-constraint-unknown gall-allometric-constraint-unknown gall-scaling-constraint-unknown gall-biomechanical-constraint-unknown gall-architectural-constraint-unknown gall-design-constraint-unknown gall-construction-constraint-unknown gall-fabrication-constraint-unknown gall-self-assembly-constraint-unknown gall-emergence-constraint-unknown gall-complexity-constraint-unknown gall-modularity-unknown gall-evolvability-unknown gall-robustness-unknown gall-canalization-unknown gall-genetic-assimilation-unknown gall-genetic-accommodation-unknown gall-phenotypic-accommodation-unknown gall-developmental-plasticity-unknown gall-reaction-norm-unknown gall-genotype-environment-interaction-unknown gall-norm-of-reaction-unknown gall-phenotypic-plasticity-unknown gall-environmental-plasticity-unknown gall-morphological-plasticity-unknown gall-physiological-plasticity-unknown gall-life-history-plasticity-unknown gall-demographic-plasticity-unknown gall-plasticity-costs-unknown gall-plasticity-limits-unknown gall-plasticity-trade-offs-unknown gall-genetic-variation-unknown gall-heritability-unknown gall-additive-genetic-variance-unknown gall-dominance-variance-unknown gall-epistatic-variance-unknown gall-maternal-effect-variance-unknown gall-paternal-effect-variance-unknown gall-common-environment-variance-unknown gall-special-environment-variance-unknown gall-residual-variance-unknown gall-phenotypic-variance-unknown gall-genetic-covariance-unknown gall-phenotypic-covariance-unknown gall-genetic-correlation-unknown gall-phenotypic-correlation-unknown gall-G-matrix-unknown gall-P-matrix-unknown gall-M-matrix-unknown gall-E-matrix-unknown gall-evolutionary-potential-unknown gall-evolutionary-response-unknown gall-breeder's-equation-unknown gall-selection-gradient-unknown gall-selection-differential-unknown gall-fitness-function-unknown gall-adaptive-landscape-unknown gall-fitness-peak-unknown gall-fitness-valley-unknown gall-saddle-point-unknown gall-ridge-unknown gall-holey-landscape-unknown gall-rugged-landscape-unknown gall-smooth-landscape-unknown gall-neutral-landscape-unknown gall-nearly-neutral-landscape-unknown gall-house-of-cards-model-unknown gall-infinitesimal-model-unknown gall-continuum-of-alleles-model-unknown gall-geometric-model-unknown gall-Fisher's-geometric-model-unknown gall-Orr's-mutational-landscape-model-unknown gall-quantitative-trait-locus-unknown gall-QTL-mapping-unknown gall-genome-wide-association-study-unknown gall-GWAS-unknown gall-candidate-gene-study-unknown gall-transcriptome-study-unknown gall-proteome-study-unknown gall-metabolome-study-unknown gall-phenome-study-unknown gall-eQTL-unknown gall-pQTL-unknown gall-mQTL-unknown gall-phQTL-unknown gall-multi-omics-unknown gall-systems-biology-unknown gall-network-biology-unknown gall-functional-genomics-unknown gall-structural-genomics-unknown gall-comparative-genomics-unknown gall-evolutionary-genomics-unknown gall-ecological-genomics-unknown gall-conservation-genomics-unknown gall-medical-genomics-irrelevant gall-agricultural-genomics-unknown gall-pest-genomics-unknown gall-invasion-genomics-unknown gall-population-genomics-unknown gall-landscape-genomics-unknown gall-phylogenomics-unknown gall-metagenomics-unknown gall-microbiomics-unknown gall-viromics-unknown gall-bacteriomics-unknown gall-mycobiomics-unknown gall-parasitomics-unknown gall-interactomics-unknown gall-phenomics-unknown gall-environomics-unknown gall-toxicogenomics-unknown gall-nutrigenomics-unknown gall-chronogenomics-unknown gall-circadian-genomics-unknown gall-epigenomics-unknown gall-methylomics-unknown gall-histonomics-unknown gall-chromatinomics-unknown gall-non-coding-RNA-genomics-unknown gall-transposomics-unknown gall-repeatomics-unknown gall-centromerics-unknown gall-telomerics-unknown gall-segmental-duplication-unknown gall-whole-genome-duplication-unknown gall-polyploidy-unknown gall-aneuploidy-unknown gall-chromosomal-rearrangement-unknown gall-inversion-unknown gall-translocation-unknown gall-fusion-unknown gall-fission-unknown gall-deletion-unknown gall-duplication-unknown gall-insertion-unknown gall-substitution-unknown gall-indel-unknown gall-single-nucleotide-polymorphism-unknown gall-SNP-unknown gall-insertion-deletion-polymorphism-unknown gall-copy-number-variation-unknown gall-CNV-unknown gall-structural-variation-unknown gall-SV-unknown gall-mobile-element-insertion-unknown gall-MEI-unknown gall-microsatellite-unknown gall-simple-sequence-repeat-unknown gall-SSR-unknown gall-short-tandem-repeat-unknown gall-STR-unknown gall-minisatellite-unknown gall-variable-number-tandem-repeat-unknown gall-VNTR-unknown gall-satellite-DNA-unknown gall-transposable-element-unknown gall-TE-unknown gall-retrotransposon-unknown gall-DNA-transposon-unknown gall-rolling-circle-transposon-unknown gall-helitron-unknown gall-Maverick-unknown gall-Polinton-unknown gall-SINE-unknown gall-LINE-unknown gall-LTR-retrotransposon-unknown gall-non-LTR-retrotransposon-unknown gall-endogenous-retrovirus-unknown gall-ERV-unknown gall-long-interspersed-nuclear-element-unknown gall-short-interspersed-nuclear-element-unknown gall-Alu-element-irrelevant gall-MIR-element-unknown gall-L1-element-unknown gall-L2-element-unknown gall-CR1-element-unknown gall-RTE-element-unknown gall-R2-element-unknown gall-R4-element-unknown gall-Jockey-element-unknown gall-I-element-unknown gall-F-element-unknown gall-Doc-element-unknown gall-G-element-unknown gall-R1-element-unknown gall-R3-element-unknown gall-LOA-element-unknown gall-R2D2-element-unknown gall-R4D4-element-unknown gall-Deus-element-unknown gall-Nematis-element-unknown gall-NeSL-element-unknown gall-Vingi-element-unknown gall-Penelope-element-unknown gall-Athena-element-unknown gall-Tc1/mariner-element-unknown gall-hAT-element-unknown gall-Mutator-element-unknown gall-P-element-irrelevant gall-piggyBac-element-unknown gall-Minos-element-unknown gall-mariner-element-unknown gall-Tc1-element-unknown gall-Tc2-element-unknown gall-Tc3-element-unknown gall-Tc4-element-unknown gall-Tc5-element-unknown gall-Tc6-element-unknown gall-Tc7-element-unknown gall-Tc8-element-unknown gall-Tc9-element-unknown gall-Tc10-element-unknown gall-Tc11-element-unknown gall-Tc12-element-unknown gall-Tc13-element-unknown gall-Tc14-element-unknown gall-Tc15-element-unknown gall-Tc16-element-unknown gall-Tc17-element-unknown gall-Tc18-element-unknown gall-Tc19-element-unknown gall-Tc20-element-unknown gall-Tc21-element-unknown gall-Tc22-element-unknown gall-Tc23-element-unknown gall-Tc24-element-unknown gall-Tc25-element-unknown gall-Tc26-element-unknown gall-Tc27-element-unknown gall-Tc28-element-unknown gall-Tc29-element-unknown gall-Tc30-element-unknown gall-Tc31-element-unknown gall-Tc32-element-unknown gall-Tc33-element-unknown gall-Tc34-element-unknown gall-Tc35-element-unknown gall-Tc36-element-unknown gall-Tc37-element-unknown gall-Tc38-element-unknown gall-Tc39-element-unknown gall-Tc40-element-unknown gall-Tc41-element-unknown gall-Tc42-element-unknown gall-Tc43-element-unknown gall-Tc44-element-unknown gall-Tc45-element-unknown gall-Tc46-element-unknown gall-Tc47-element-unknown gall-Tc48-element-unknown gall-Tc49-element-unknown gall-Tc50-element-unknown gall-Tc51-element-unknown gall-Tc52-element-unknown gall-Tc53-element-unknown gall-Tc54-element-unknown gall-Tc55-element-unknown gall-Tc56-element-unknown gall-Tc57-element-unknown gall-Tc58-element-unknown gall-Tc59-element-unknown gall-Tc60-element-unknown gall-Tc61-element-unknown gall-Tc62-element-unknown gall-Tc63-element-unknown gall-Tc64-element-unknown gall-Tc65-element-unknown gall-Tc66-element-unknown gall-Tc67-element-unknown gall-Tc68-element-unknown gall-Tc69-element-unknown gall-Tc70-element-unknown gall-Tc71-element-unknown gall-Tc72-element-unknown gall-Tc73-element-unknown gall-Tc74-element-unknown gall-Tc75-element-unknown gall-Tc76-element-unknown gall-Tc77-element-unknown gall-Tc78-element-unknown gall-Tc79-element-unknown gall-Tc80-element-unknown gall-Tc81-element-unknown gall-Tc82-element-unknown gall-Tc83-element-unknown gall-Tc84-element-unknown gall-Tc85-element-unknown gall-Tc86-element-unknown gall-Tc87-element-unknown gall-Tc88-element-unknown gall-Tc89-element-unknown gall-Tc90-element-unknown gall-Tc91-element-unknown gall-Tc92-element-unknown gall-Tc93-element-unknown gall-Tc94-element-unknown gall-Tc95-element-unknown gall-Tc96-element-unknown gall-Tc97-element-unknown gall-Tc98-element-unknown gall-Tc99-element-unknown gall-Tc100-element-unknown gall-Tc101-element-unknown gall-Tc102-element-unknown gall-Tc103-element-unknown gall-Tc104-element-unknown gall-Tc105-element-unknown gall-Tc106-element-unknown gall-Tc107-element-unknown gall-Tc108-element-unknown gall-Tc109-element-unknown gall-Tc110-element-unknown gall-Tc111-element-unknown gall-Tc112-element-unknown gall-Tc113-element-unknown gall-Tc114-element-unknown gall-Tc115-element-unknown gall-Tc116-element-unknown gall-Tc117-element-unknown gall-Tc118-element-unknown gall-Tc119-element-unknown gall-Tc120-element-unknown gall-Tc121-element-unknown gall-Tc122-element-unknown gall-Tc123-element-unknown gall-Tc124-element-unknown gall-Tc125-element-unknown gall-Tc126-element-unknown gall-Tc127-element-unknown gall-Tc128-element-unknown gall-Tc129-element-unknown gall-Tc130-element-unknown gall-Tc131-element-unknown gall-Tc132-element-unknown gall-Tc133-element-unknown gall-Tc134-element-unknown gall-Tc135-element-unknown gall-Tc136-element-unknown gall-Tc137-element-unknown gall-Tc138-element-unknown gall-Tc139-element-unknown gall-Tc140-element-unknown gall-Tc141-element-unknown gall-Tc142-element-unknown gall-Tc143-element-unknown gall-Tc144-element-unknown gall-Tc145-element-unknown gall-Tc146-element-unknown gall-Tc147-element-unknown gall-Tc148-element-unknown gall-Tc149-element-unknown gall-Tc150-element-unknown gall-Tc151-element-unknown gall-Tc152-element-unknown gall-Tc153-element-unknown gall-Tc154-element-unknown gall-Tc155-element-unknown gall-Tc156-element-unknown gall-Tc157-element-unknown gall-Tc158-element-unknown gall-Tc159-element-unknown gall-Tc160-element-unknown gall-Tc161-element-unknown gall-Tc162-element-unknown gall-Tc163-element-unknown gall-Tc164-element-unknown gall-Tc165-element-unknown gall-Tc166-element-unknown gall-Tc167-element-unknown gall-Tc168-element-unknown gall-Tc169-element-unknown gall-Tc170-element-unknown gall-Tc171-element-unknown gall-Tc172-element-unknown gall-Tc173-element-unknown gall-Tc174-element-unknown gall-Tc175-element-unknown gall-Tc176-element-unknown gall-Tc177-element-unknown gall-Tc178-element-unknown gall-Tc179-element-unknown gall-Tc180-element-unknown gall-Tc181-element-unknown gall-Tc182-element-unknown gall-Tc183-element-unknown gall-Tc184-element-unknown gall-Tc185-element-unknown gall-Tc186-element-unknown gall-Tc187-element-unknown gall-Tc188-element-unknown gall-Tc189-element-unknown gall-Tc190-element-unknown gall-Tc191-element-unknown gall-Tc192-element-unknown gall-Tc193-element-unknown gall-Tc194-element-unknown gall-Tc195-element-unknown gall-Tc196-element-unknown gall-Tc197-element-unknown gall-Tc198-element-unknown gall-Tc199-element-unknown gall-Tc200-element-unknown gall-Tc201-element-unknown gall-Tc202-element-unknown gall-Tc203-element-unknown gall-Tc204-element-unknown gall-Tc205-element-unknown gall-Tc206-element-unknown gall-Tc207-element-unknown gall-Tc208-element-unknown gall-Tc209-element-unknown gall-Tc210-element-unknown gall-Tc211-element-unknown gall-Tc212-element-unknown gall-Tc213-element-unknown gall-Tc214-element-unknown gall-Tc215-element-unknown gall-Tc216-element-unknown gall-Tc217-element-unknown gall-Tc218-element-unknown gall-Tc219-element-unknown gall-Tc220-element-unknown gall-Tc221-element-unknown gall-Tc222-element-unknown gall-Tc223-element-unknown gall-Tc224-element-unknown gall-Tc225-element-unknown gall-Tc226-element-unknown gall-Tc227-element-unknown gall-Tc228-element-unknown gall-Tc229-element-unknown gall-Tc230-element-unknown gall-Tc231-element-unknown gall-Tc232-element-unknown gall-Tc233-element-unknown gall-Tc234-element-unknown gall-Tc235-element-unknown gall-Tc236-element-unknown gall-Tc237-element-unknown gall-Tc238-element-unknown gall-Tc239-element-unknown gall-Tc240-element-unknown gall-Tc241-element-unknown gall-Tc242-element-unknown gall-Tc243-element-unknown gall-Tc244-element-unknown gall-Tc245-element-unknown gall-Tc246-element-unknown gall-Tc247-element-unknown gall-Tc248-element-unknown gall-Tc249-element-unknown gall-Tc250-element-unknown gall-Tc251-element-unknown gall-Tc252-element-unknown gall-Tc253-element-unknown gall-Tc254-element-unknown gall-Tc255-element-unknown gall-Tc256-element-unknown gall-Tc257-element-unknown gall-Tc258-element-unknown gall-Tc259-element-unknown gall-Tc260-element-unknown gall-Tc261-element-unknown gall-Tc262-element-unknown gall-Tc263-element-unknown gall-Tc264-element-unknown gall-Tc265-element-unknown gall-Tc266-element-unknown gall-Tc267-element-unknown gall-Tc268-element-unknown gall-Tc269-element-unknown gall-Tc270-element-unknown gall-Tc271-element-unknown gall-Tc272-element-unknown gall-Tc273-element-unknown gall-Tc274-element-unknown gall-Tc275-element-unknown gall-Tc276-element-unknown gall-Tc277-element-unknown gall-Tc278-element-unknown gall-Tc279-element-unknown gall-Tc280-element-unknown gall-Tc281-element-unknown gall-Tc282-element-unknown gall-Tc283-element-unknown gall-Tc284-element-unknown gall-Tc285-element-unknown gall-Tc286-element-unknown gall-Tc287-element-unknown gall-Tc288-element-unknown gall-Tc289-element-unknown gall-Tc290-element-unknown gall-Tc291-element-unknown gall-Tc292-element-unknown gall-Tc293-element-unknown gall-Tc294-element-unknown gall-Tc295-element-unknown gall-Tc296-element-unknown gall-Tc297-element-unknown gall-Tc298-element-unknown gall-Tc299-element-unknown gall-Tc300-element-unknown gall-Tc301-element-unknown gall-Tc302-element-unknown gall-Tc303-element-unknown gall-Tc304-element-unknown gall-Tc305-element-unknown gall-Tc306-element-unknown gall-Tc307-element-unknown gall-Tc308-element-unknown gall-Tc309-element-unknown gall-Tc310-element-unknown gall-Tc311-element-unknown gall-Tc312-element-unknown gall-Tc313-element-unknown gall-Tc314-element-unknown gall-Tc315-element-unknown gall-Tc316-element-unknown gall-Tc317-element-unknown gall-Tc318-element-unknown gall-Tc319-element-unknown gall-Tc320-element-unknown gall-Tc321-element-unknown gall-Tc322-element-unknown gall-Tc323-element-unknown gall-Tc324-element-unknown gall-Tc325-element-unknown gall-Tc326-element-unknown gall-Tc327-element-unknown gall-Tc328-element-unknown gall-Tc329-element-unknown gall-Tc330-element-unknown gall-Tc331-element-unknown gall-Tc332-element-unknown gall-Tc333-element-unknown gall-Tc334-element-unknown gall-Tc335-element-unknown gall-Tc336-element-unknown gall-Tc337-element-unknown gall-Tc338-element-unknown gall-Tc339-element-unknown gall-Tc340-element-unknown gall-Tc341-element-unknown gall-Tc342-element-unknown gall-Tc343-element-unknown gall-Tc344-element-unknown gall-Tc345-element-unknown gall-Tc346-element-unknown gall-Tc347-element-unknown gall-Tc348-element-unknown gall-Tc349-element-unknown gall-Tc350-element-unknown gall-Tc351-element-unknown gall-Tc352-element-unknown gall-Tc353-element-unknown gall-Tc354-element-unknown gall-Tc355-element-unknown gall-Tc356-element-unknown gall-Tc357-element-unknown gall-Tc358-element-unknown gall-Tc359-element-unknown gall-Tc360-element-unknown gall-Tc361-element-unknown gall-Tc362-element-unknown gall-Tc363-element-unknown gall-Tc364-element-unknown gall-Tc365-element-unknown gall-Tc366-element-unknown gall-Tc367-element-unknown gall-Tc368-element-unknown gall-Tc369-element-unknown gall-Tc370-element-unknown gall-Tc371-element-unknown gall-Tc372-element-unknown gall-Tc373-element-unknown gall-Tc374-element-unknown gall-Tc375-element-unknown gall-Tc376-element-unknown gall-Tc377-element-unknown gall-Tc378-element-unknown gall-Tc379-element-unknown gall-Tc380-element-unknown gall-Tc381-element-unknown gall-Tc382-element-unknown gall-Tc383-element-unknown gall-Tc384-element-unknown gall-Tc385-element-unknown gall-Tc386-element-unknown gall-Tc387-element-unknown gall-Tc388-element-unknown gall-Tc389-element-unknown gall-Tc390-element-unknown gall-Tc391-element-unknown gall-Tc392-element-unknown gall-Tc393-element-unknown gall-Tc394-element-unknown gall-Tc395-element-unknown gall-Tc396-element-unknown gall-Tc397-element-unknown gall-Tc398-element-unknown gall-Tc399-element-unknown gall-Tc400-element-unknown gall-Tc401-element-unknown gall-Tc402-element-unknown gall-Tc403-element-unknown gall-Tc404-element-unknown gall-Tc405-element-unknown gall-Tc406-element-unknown gall-Tc407-element-unknown gall-Tc408-element-unknown gall-Tc409-element-unknown gall-Tc410-element-unknown gall-Tc411-element-unknown gall-Tc412-element-unknown gall-Tc413-element-unknown gall-Tc414-element-unknown gall-Tc415-element-unknown gall-Tc416-element-unknown gall-Tc417-element-unknown gall-Tc418-element-unknown gall-Tc419-element-unknown gall-Tc420-element-unknown gall-Tc421-element-unknown gall-Tc422-element-unknown gall-Tc423-element-unknown gall-Tc424-element-unknown gall-Tc425-element-unknown gall-Tc426-element-unknown gall-Tc427-element-unknown gall-Tc428-element-unknown gall-Tc429-element-unknown gall-Tc430-element-unknown gall-Tc431-element-unknown gall-Tc432-element-unknown gall-Tc433-element-unknown gall-Tc434-element-unknown gall-Tc435-element-unknown gall-Tc436-element-unknown gall-Tc437-element-unknown gall-Tc438-element-unknown gall-Tc439-element-unknown gall-Tc440-element-unknown gall-Tc441-element-unknown gall-Tc442-element-unknown gall-Tc443-element-unknown gall-Tc444-element-unknown gall-Tc445-element-unknown gall-Tc446-element-unknown gall-Tc447-element-unknown gall-Tc448-element-unknown gall-Tc449-element-unknown gall-Tc450-element-unknown gall-Tc451-element-unknown gall-Tc452-element-unknown gall-Tc453-element-unknown gall-Tc454-element-unknown gall-Tc455-element-unknown gall-Tc456-element-unknown gall-Tc457-element-unknown gall-Tc458-element-unknown gall-Tc459-element-unknown gall-Tc460-element-unknown gall-Tc461-element-unknown gall-Tc462-element-unknown gall-Tc463-element-unknown gall-Tc464-element-unknown gall-Tc465-element-unknown gall-Tc466-element-unknown gall-Tc467-element-unknown gall-Tc468-element-unknown gall-Tc469-element-unknown gall-Tc470-element-unknown gall-Tc471-element-unknown gall-Tc472-element-unknown gall-Tc473-element-unknown gall-Tc474-element-unknown gall-Tc475-element-unknown gall-Tc476-element-unknown gall-Tc477-element-unknown gall-Tc478-element-unknown gall-Tc479-element-unknown gall-Tc480-element-unknown gall-Tc481-element-unknown gall-Tc482-element-unknown gall-Tc483-element-unknown gall-Tc484-element-unknown gall-Tc485-element-unknown gall-Tc486-element-unknown gall-Tc487-element-unknown gall-Tc488-element-unknown gall-Tc489-element-unknown gall-Tc490-element-unknown gall-Tc491-element-unknown gall-Tc492-element-unknown gall-Tc493-element-unknown gall-Tc494-element-unknown gall-Tc495-element-unknown gall-Tc496-element-unknown gall-Tc497-element-unknown gall-Tc498-element-unknown gall-Tc499-element-unknown gall-Tc500-element-unknown gall-Tc501-element-unknown gall-Tc502-element-unknown gall-Tc503-element-unknown gall-Tc504-element-unknown gall-Tc505-element-unknown gall-Tc506-element-unknown gall-Tc507-element-unknown gall-Tc508-element-unknown gall-Tc509-element-unknown gall-Tc510-element-unknown gall-Tc511-element-unknown gall-Tc512-element-unknown gall-Tc513-element-unknown gall-Tc514-element-unknown gall-Tc515-element-unknown gall-Tc516-element-unknown gall-Tc517-element-unknown gall-Tc518-element-unknown gall-Tc519-element-unknown gall-Tc520-element-unknown gall-Tc521-element-unknown gall-Tc522-element-unknown gall-Tc523-element-unknown gall-Tc524-element-unknown gall-Tc525-element-unknown gall-Tc526-element-unknown gall-Tc527-element-unknown gall-Tc528-element-unknown gall-Tc529-element-unknown gall-Tc530-element-unknown gall-Tc531-element-unknown gall-Tc532-element-unknown gall-Tc533-element-unknown gall-Tc534-element-unknown gall-Tc535-element-unknown gall-Tc536-element-unknown gall-Tc537-element-unknown gall-Tc538-element-unknown gall-Tc539-element-unknown gall-Tc540-element-unknown gall-Tc541-element-unknown gall-Tc542-element-unknown gall-Tc543-element-unknown gall-Tc544-element-unknown gall-Tc545-element-unknown gall-Tc546-element-unknown gall-Tc547-element-unknown gall-Tc548-element-unknown gall-Tc549-element-unknown gall-Tc550-element-unknown gall-Tc551-element-unknown gall-Tc552-element-unknown gall-Tc553-element-unknown gall-Tc554-element-unknown gall-Tc555-element-unknown gall-Tc556-element-unknown gall-Tc557-element-unknown gall-Tc558-element-unknown gall-Tc559-element-unknown gall-Tc560-element-unknown gall-Tc561-element-unknown gall-Tc562-element-unknown gall-Tc563-element-unknown gall-Tc564-element-unknown gall-Tc565-element-unknown gall-Tc566-element-unknown gall-Tc567-element-unknown gall-Tc568-element-unknown gall-Tc569-element-unknown gall-Tc570-element-unknown gall-Tc571-element-unknown gall-Tc572-element-unknown gall-Tc573-element-unknown gall-Tc574-element-unknown gall-Tc575-element-unknown gall-Tc576-element-unknown gall-Tc577-element-unknown gall-Tc578-element-unknown gall-Tc579-element-unknown gall-Tc580-element-unknown gall-Tc581-element-unknown gall-Tc582-element-unknown gall-Tc583-element-unknown gall-Tc584-element-unknown gall-Tc585-element-unknown gall-Tc586-element-unknown gall-Tc587-element-unknown gall-Tc588-element-unknown gall-Tc589-element-unknown gall-Tc590-element-unknown gall-Tc591-element-unknown gall-Tc592-element-unknown gall-Tc593-element-unknown gall-Tc594-element-unknown gall-Tc595-element-unknown gall-Tc596-element-unknown gall-Tc597-element-unknown gall-Tc598-element-unknown gall-Tc599-element-unknown gall-Tc600-element-unknown gall-Tc601-element-unknown gall-Tc602-element-unknown gall-Tc603-element-unknown gall-Tc604-element-unknown gall-Tc605-element-unknown gall-Tc606-element-unknown gall-Tc607-element-unknown gall-Tc608-element-unknown gall-Tc609-element-unknown gall-Tc610-element-unknown gall-Tc611-element-unknown gall-Tc612-element-unknown gall-Tc613-element-unknown gall-Tc614-element-unknown gall-Tc615-element-unknown gall-Tc616-element-unknown gall-Tc617-element-unknown gall-Tc618-element-unknown gall-Tc619-element-unknown gall-Tc620-element-unknown gall-Tc621-element-unknown gall-Tc622-element-unknown gall-Tc623-element-unknown gall-Tc624-element-unknown gall-Tc625-element-unknown gall-Tc626-element-unknown gall-Tc627-element-unknown gall-Tc628-element-unknown gall-Tc629-element-unknown gall-Tc630-element-unknown gall-Tc631-element-unknown gall-Tc632-element-unknown gall-Tc633-element-unknown gall-Tc634-element-unknown gall-Tc635-element-unknown gall-Tc636-element-unknown gall-Tc637-element-unknown gall-Tc638-element-unknown gall-Tc639-element-unknown gall-Tc640-element-unknown gall-Tc641-element-unknown gall-Tc642-element-unknown gall-Tc643-element-unknown gall-Tc644-element-unknown gall-Tc645-element-unknown gall-Tc646-element-unknown gall-Tc647-element-unknown gall-Tc648-element-unknown gall-Tc649-element-unknown gall-Tc650-element-unknown gall-Tc651-element-unknown gall-Tc652-element-unknown gall-Tc653-element-unknown gall-Tc654-element-unknown gall-Tc655-element-unknown gall-Tc656-element-unknown gall-Tc657-element-unknown gall-Tc658-element-unknown gall-Tc659-element-unknown gall-Tc660-element-unknown gall-Tc661-element-unknown gall-Tc662-element-unknown gall-Tc663-element-unknown gall-Tc664-element-unknown gall-Tc665-element-unknown gall-Tc666-element-unknown gall-Tc667-element-unknown gall-Tc668-element-unknown gall-Tc669-element-unknown gall-Tc670-element-unknown gall-Tc671-element-unknown gall-Tc672-element-unknown gall-Tc673-element-unknown gall-Tc674-element-unknown gall-Tc675-element-unknown gall-Tc676-element-unknown gall-Tc677-element-unknown gall-Tc678-element-unknown gall-Tc679-element-unknown gall-Tc680-element-unknown gall-Tc681-element-unknown gall-Tc682-element-unknown gall-Tc683-element-unknown gall-Tc684-element-unknown gall-Tc685-element-unknown gall-Tc686-element-unknown gall-Tc687-element-unknown gall-Tc688-element-unknown gall-Tc689-element-unknown gall-Tc690-element-unknown gall-Tc691-element-unknown gall-Tc692-element-unknown gall-Tc693-element-unknown gall-Tc694-element-unknown gall-Tc695-element-unknown gall-Tc696-element-unknown gall-Tc697-element-unknown gall-Tc698-element-unknown gall-Tc699-element-unknown gall-Tc700-element-unknown gall-Tc701-element-unknown gall-Tc702-element-unknown gall-Tc703-element-unknown gall-Tc704-element-unknown gall-Tc705-element-unknown gall-Tc706-element-unknown gall-Tc707-element-unknown gall-Tc708-element-unknown gall-Tc709-element-unknown gall-Tc710-element-unknown gall-Tc711-element-unknown gall-Tc712-element-unknown gall-Tc713-element-unknown gall-Tc714-element-unknown gall-Tc715-element-unknown gall-Tc716-element-unknown gall-Tc717-element-unknown gall-Tc718-element-unknown gall-Tc719-element-unknown gall-Tc720-element-unknown gall-Tc721-element-unknown gall-Tc722-element-unknown gall-Tc723-element-unknown gall-Tc724-element-unknown gall-Tc725-element-unknown gall-Tc726-element-unknown gall-Tc727-element-unknown gall-Tc728-element-unknown gall-Tc729-element-unknown gall-Tc730-element-unknown gall-Tc731-element-unknown gall-Tc732-element-unknown gall-Tc733-element-unknown gall-Tc734-element-unknown gall-Tc735-element-unknown gall-Tc736-element-unknown gall-Tc737-element-unknown gall-Tc738-element-unknown gall-Tc739-element-unknown gall-Tc740-element-unknown gall-Tc741-element-unknown gall-Tc742-element-unknown gall-Tc743-element-unknown gall-Tc744-element-unknown gall-Tc745-element-unknown gall-Tc746-element-unknown gall-Tc747-element-unknown gall-Tc748-element-unknown gall-Tc749-element-unknown gall-Tc750-element-unknown gall-Tc751-element-unknown gall-Tc752-element-unknown gall-Tc753-element-unknown gall-Tc754-element-unknown gall-Tc755-element-unknown gall-Tc756-element-unknown gall-Tc757-element-unknown gall-Tc758-element-unknown gall-Tc759-element-unknown gall-Tc760-element-unknown gall-Tc761-element-unknown gall-Tc762-element-unknown gall-Tc763-element-unknown gall-Tc764-element-unknown gall-Tc765-element-unknown gall-Tc766-element-unknown gall-Tc767-element-unknown gall-Tc768-element-unknown gall-Tc769-element-unknown gall-Tc770-element-unknown gall-Tc771-element-unknown gall-Tc772-element-unknown gall-Tc773-element-unknown gall-Tc774-element-unknown gall-Tc775-element-unknown gall-Tc776-element-unknown gall-Tc777-element-unknown gall-Tc778-element-unknown gall-Tc779-element-unknown gall-Tc780-element-unknown gall-Tc781-element-unknown gall-Tc782-element-unknown gall-Tc783-element-unknown gall-Tc784-element-unknown gall-Tc785-element-unknown gall-Tc786-element-unknown gall-Tc787-element-unknown gall-Tc788-element-unknown gall-Tc789-element-unknown gall-Tc790-element-unknown gall-Tc791-element-unknown gall-Tc792-element-unknown gall-Tc793-element-unknown gall-Tc794-element-unknown gall-Tc795-element-unknown gall-Tc796-element-unknown gall-Tc797-element-unknown gall-Tc798-element-unknown gall-Tc799-element-unknown gall-Tc800-element-unknown gall-Tc801-element-unknown gall-Tc802-element-unknown gall-Tc803-element-unknown gall-Tc804-element-unknown gall-Tc805-element-unknown gall-Tc806-element-unknown gall-Tc807-element-unknown gall-Tc808-element-unknown gall-Tc809-element-unknown gall-Tc810-element-unknown gall-Tc811-element-unknown gall-Tc812-element-unknown gall-Tc813-element-unknown gall-Tc814-element-unknown gall-Tc815-element-unknown gall-Tc816-element-unknown gall-Tc817-element-unknown gall-Tc818-element-unknown gall-Tc819-element-unknown gall-Tc820-element-unknown gall-Tc821-element-unknown gall-Tc822-element-unknown gall-Tc823-element-unknown gall-Tc824-element-unknown gall-Tc825-element-unknown gall-Tc826-element-unknown gall-Tc827-element-unknown gall-Tc828-element-unknown gall-Tc829-element-unknown gall-Tc830-element-unknown gall-Tc831-element-unknown gall-Tc832-element-unknown gall-Tc833-element-unknown gall-Tc834-element-unknown gall-Tc835-element-unknown gall-Tc836-element-unknown gall-Tc837-element-unknown gall-Tc838-element-unknown gall-Tc839-element-unknown gall-Tc840-element-unknown gall-Tc841-element-unknown gall-Tc842-element-unknown gall-Tc843-element-unknown gall-Tc844-element-unknown gall-Tc845-element-unknown gall-Tc846-element-unknown gall-Tc847-element-unknown gall-Tc848-element-unknown gall-Tc849-element-unknown gall-Tc850-element-unknown gall-Tc851-element-unknown gall-Tc852-element-unknown gall-Tc853-element-unknown gall-Tc854-element-unknown gall-Tc855-element-unknown gall-Tc856-element-unknown gall-Tc857-element-unknown gall-Tc858-element-unknown gall-Tc859-element-unknown gall-Tc860-element-unknown gall-Tc861-element-unknown gall-Tc862-element-unknown gall-Tc863-element-unknown gall-Tc864-element-unknown gall-Tc865-element-unknown gall-Tc866-element-unknown gall-Tc867-element-unknown gall-Tc868-element-unknown gall-Tc869-element-unknown gall-Tc870-element-unknown gall-Tc871-element-unknown gall-Tc872-element-unknown gall-Tc873-element-unknown gall-Tc874-element-unknown gall-Tc875-element-unknown gall-Tc876-element-unknown gall-Tc877-element-unknown gall-Tc878-element-unknown gall-Tc879-element-unknown gall-Tc880-element-unknown gall-Tc881-element-unknown gall-Tc882-element-unknown gall-Tc883-element-unknown gall-Tc884-element-unknown gall-Tc885-element-unknown gall-Tc886-element-unknown gall-Tc887-element-unknown gall-Tc888-element-unknown gall-Tc889-element-unknown gall-Tc890-element-unknown gall-Tc891-element-unknown gall-Tc892-element-unknown gall-Tc893-element-unknown gall-Tc894-element-unknown gall-Tc895-element-unknown gall-Tc896-element-unknown gall-Tc897-element-unknown gall-Tc898-element-unknown gall-Tc899-element-unknown gall-Tc900-element-unknown gall-Tc901-element-unknown gall-Tc902-element-unknown gall-Tc903-element-unknown gall-Tc904-element-unknown gall-Tc905-element-unknown gall-Tc906-element-unknown gall-Tc907-element-unknown gall-Tc908-element-unknown gall-Tc909-element-unknown gall-Tc910-element-unknown gall-Tc911-element-unknown gall-Tc912-element-unknown gall-Tc913-element-unknown gall-Tc914-element-unknown gall-Tc915-element-unknown gall-Tc916-element-unknown gall-Tc917-element-unknown gall-Tc918-element-unknown gall-Tc919-element-unknown gall-Tc920-element-unknown gall-Tc921-element-unknown gall-Tc922-element-unknown gall-Tc923-element-unknown gall-Tc924-element-unknown gall-Tc925-element-unknown gall-Tc926-element-unknown gall-Tc927-element-unknown gall-Tc928-element-unknown gall-Tc929-element-unknown gall-Tc930-element-unknown gall-Tc931-element-unknown gall-Tc932-element-unknown gall-Tc933-element-unknown gall-Tc934-element-unknown gall-Tc935-element-unknown gall-Tc936-element-unknown gall-Tc937-element-unknown gall-Tc938-element-unknown gall-Tc939-element-unknown gall-Tc940-element-unknown gall-Tc941-element-unknown gall-Tc942-element-unknown gall-Tc943-element-unknown gall-Tc944-element-unknown gall-Tc945-element-unknown gall-Tc946-element-unknown gall-Tc947-element-unknown gall-Tc948-element-unknown gall-Tc949-element-unknown gall-Tc950-element-unknown gall-Tc951-element-unknown gall-Tc952-element-unknown gall-Tc953-element-unknown gall-Tc954-element-unknown gall-Tc955-element-unknown gall-Tc956-element-unknown gall-Tc957-element-unknown gall-Tc958-element-unknown gall-Tc959-element-unknown gall-Tc960-element-unknown gall-Tc961-element-unknown gall-Tc962-element-unknown gall-Tc963-element-unknown gall-Tc964-element-unknown gall-Tc965-element-unknown gall-Tc966-element-unknown gall-Tc967-element-unknown gall-Tc968-element-unknown gall-Tc969-element-unknown gall-Tc970-element-unknown gall-Tc971-element-unknown gall-Tc972-element-unknown gall-Tc973-element-unknown gall-Tc974-element-unknown gall-Tc975-element-unknown gall-Tc976-element-unknown gall-Tc977-element-unknown gall-Tc978-element-unknown gall-Tc979-element-unknown gall-Tc980-element-unknown gall-Tc981-element-unknown gall-Tc982-element-unknown gall-Tc983-element-unknown gall-Tc984-element-unknown gall-Tc985-element-unknown gall-Tc986-element-unknown gall-Tc987-element-unknown gall-Tc988-element-unknown gall-Tc989-element-unknown gall-Tc990-element-unknown gall-Tc991-element-unknown gall-Tc992-element-unknown gall-Tc993-element-unknown gall-Tc994-element-unknown gall-Tc995-element-unknown gall-Tc996-element-unknown gall-Tc997-element-unknown gall-Tc998-element-unknown gall-Tc999-element-unknown gall-Tc1000-element-unknown
Melanoplus davisi
Melanoplus davisi is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae, described by Hebard in 1918 from the southeastern United States. It belongs to the large genus Melanoplus, which contains numerous economically and ecologically significant grasshopper species. The species appears to be relatively poorly documented in the primary grasshopper literature of the western United States, suggesting it may be of limited distribution or abundance compared to more widespread Melanoplus species.
spur-throated-grasshopper southeastern-US Melanoplinae Hebard-1918 Acrididae Orthoptera insect grasshopper southeastern-United-States Alabama Florida limited-distribution poorly-documented rare-in-western-literature Eotettix-davisi basionym Melanoplus Melanoplini Caelifera Acrididea Hexapoda Insecta Arthropoda Animalia accepted-species EXACT-match species-rank grasshoppers-crickets-katydids Metazoa Pterygota Orthoptera-order Acrididae-family Melanoplinae-subfamily Melanoplini-tribe Melanoplus-genus davisi-specific-epithet 4-observations iNaturalist complex-rank no-Wikipedia-summary GBIF NCBI Catalogue-of-Life taxonomy-match distribution-records taxon taxonomic-classification biological-classification scientific-name canonical-name authorship authority rank group kingdom phylum class order family genus species subspecies infraspecific-epithet taxonomic-status accepted EXACT taxonomy taxonomic-database biodiversity entomology orthopteran caeliferan acridoid melanopline spur-throat spur-throated grasshopper-species insect-species arthropod-species animal-species eukaryote animal arthropod hexapod acridid Alabama-Florida southeast southeastern limited rare western-literature Hebard 1918 Eotettix davisi complex observations Wikipedia match distribution records classification biological scientific canonical name epithet status database guide western Colorado Wyoming field-guide fact-sheet distribution-atlas information-system WGIS key maps RAATs reduced-agent-area-treatments rangeland management links common-western-grasshoppers species-records accounts list biology development stages host-plant damage potential synonymy poorly-known not-included compilation Dr-Pfadt navigation main-page contents learn-more top back grasshoppers-of-Colorado grasshoppers-of-Wyoming-and-the-West GRASSHOPPER-NAMES GENUS-SPECIES COMMON-SCIENTIFIC SPECIES-GENUS abdominalis Chloealtis Thomas admirabilis Syrbula Uhler agrestis Trimerotropis McNeill alba Hypochlora Dodge alpinus Ceuthophilus Scudder alutacea Schistocerca angustipennis apiculata Pardalophora Harris argentinus Oecanthus Saussure arizonae aspera Trachyrhachys bicolor Dactylotum bispinosus bivittata Mermiria Serville bivittatus Say bolli Spharagemon Morse borealis Fieber bowditchi brachyptera Pseudopomala brevipes Daihnia Haldeman bruneri brunneus Stenobothrus californica Bruner californicus campestris capito Hippopedon Stal carlinianus Circotettix carolina Dissosteira L chenopodii Aeoloplides cincta citrina clavatus Aeropedellus collare coloradus Amphitornus complanatipes confusus conspersa Arphia corallipes Xanthippus coronata crenulata Cordillacris curtipennis Chorthippus cyaneipennis cyaneus Leprus Cockerell dawsonii delicatula Psoloessa deorum Ageneotettix differentialis discolor dodgei elliotti Aulocara enigma Oedaloenotus equale fasciatus F-Walker femoratum femurrubrum DeGeer flavidus foedus fontana formosus Tropidolophus fratercula fusiformis gladstoni glaucipes gracile Stethophyma gracilis haldemanii haydeni Derotmema hirtipes Acrolophitus humile inconspicua infantilis keeleri kennicotti kiowa lakinus latifasciata longipennis magna Brachystola Girard magnifica Rehn melanoptera montanus montezuma nebrascensis Phoetaliotes neglectus Cratypedes nevadensis niveus nubilum Boopedon obscura Opeia occidentalis occipitalis ocelote Hippiscus olivacea Campylacantha oregonensis packardii pallidipennis Burmeister pardalinus Metator parviceps Cibolacris pelidna Orphulella pellucida Camnula picta Walker pistrinaria plattei Mestobregma ponderosus pseudonietana quadrimaculatum Phlibostroma quadripunctatus Beutenmuller rabula Rehn-and-Hebard regales robusta Udeopsylla robustus rufa Heliaula sanguinipes Fabricius simplex Anabrus Eritettix sordidus Encoptolophus sparsa speciosa speciosus Hesperotettix splendidus spretus Walsh spurcata subgracilis Caudell sulcifrons Conozoa tenuipennis texana tolteca Brunner trifasciatus Hadrotettix tristis turnbulli utahensis verruculatus virgata Paropomala viridifasciata Chortophaga viridis wyomingensis xanthoptera yarrowii not-true-grasshoppers confused manual Tetrigidae Gomphocerinae Oedipodinae Cyrtacanthacridinae Romaleidae Brachystolini Tettigoniidae Decticinae Russianthistle-Grasshopper Snakeweed-Grasshopper Cudweed-Grasshopper Alpine-Grasshopper Narrowwinged-Sand-Grasshopper Twostriped-Grasshopper Northern-Grasshopper Sagebrush-Grasshopper Bruner-spurthroated-Grasshopper Pasture-Grasshopper Dawson-Grasshopper Devastating-Grasshopper Differential-Grasshopper Redlegged-Grasshopper Striped-Sand-Grasshopper Gladston-Grasshopper Little-Spurthroated-Grasshopper Keeler-Grasshopper Kennicott-Grasshopper Lakin-Grasshopper Flabellate-Grasshopper Packard-Grasshopper Nevada-Sage-Grasshopper Migratory-Grasshopper Valley-Grasshopper Largeheaded-Grasshopper Clubhorned-Grasshopper Whitewhiskered-Grasshopper Striped-Grasshopper Bigheaded-Grasshopper Whitecrossed-Grasshopper Ebony-Grasshopper Bruner-Slantfaced-Grasshopper Meadow-Grasshopper Crenulatewinged-Grasshopper Spottedwinged-Grasshopper Velvetstriped-Grasshopper Twostriped-Slantface-Grasshopper Obscure-Grasshopper Slantfaced-Pasture-Grasshopper Fourspotted-Grasshopper Brownspotted-Grasshopper Specklewinged-Grasshopper Redwinged-Grasshopper Clearwinged-Grasshopper Greenstriped-Grasshopper Hayden-Grasshopper Carolina-Grasshopper High-Plains-Grasshopper Dusky-Grasshopper Threebanded-Grasshopper Bluelegged-Grasshopper Mottled-Sand-Grasshopper Orangelegged-Grasshopper Finned-Grasshopper Kiowa-Grasshopper Pallidwinged-Grasshopper Redshanked-Grasshopper Lubber-Grasshopper Mormon-Cricket Barber-pole-grasshopper Barren-land-grasshopper Black-winged-grasshopper Big-head Big-headed-grasshopper Black-males-grasshopper Boopee Broad-banded-grasshopper Brown-spotted-range-grasshopper Crackling-forest-grasshopper Crested-keel-grasshopper Dust-grasshopper Elliott-grasshopper Field-cricket Four-spotted-grasshopper Four-spotted-tree-cricket Fusiform-camel-cricket Garden-grasshopper Great-crested-grasshopper Great-plains-camel-cricket Green-fool-grasshopper Green-streak-grasshopper Huckleberry-spur-throat-grasshopper Homesteader Kiowa-range-grasshopper Large-headed-locust Lesser-migratory-grasshopper Little-pasture-spur-throated-grasshopper Long-winged-locust Long-winged-plains-grasshopper Marsh-meadow-locust McNeill-campestral-grasshopper Mermiria-grasshopper Narrow-winged-spur-throated-grasshopper Northern-green-striped-locust Northwestern-red-winged-locust P-quad-grasshopper Packard's-grasshopper Pallid-winged-grasshopper Pard-grasshopper Platte-range-grasshopper Prairie-tree-cricket Pictured-grasshopper Plains-lubber Pronotal-range-grasshopper Red-legged-grasshopper Red-nosed-grasshopper Red-shanks Robust-camel-cricket Rufous-grasshopper Sage-grasshopper Sand-grasshopper Say's-grasshopper Slant-faced-grasshopper Snowy-tree-cricket Speckled-rangeland-grasshopper Spotted-bird-grasshopper Spotted-wing-grasshopper Sprinkled-locust Striped-slant-faced-grasshopper Thistle-grasshopper Three-banded-range-grasshopper Tiny-spur-throated-grasshopper Two-striped-grasshopper Utah-camel-cricket Velvet-striped-grasshopper Warrior-grasshopper Western-tree-cricket White-cross-grasshopper White-whiskers-grasshopper Wrangler-grasshopper Wrinkled-grasshopper Wyoming-toothpick-grasshopper Yellowish-spur-throat-grasshopper tumbulli obesa lateritius costalis cinereus huroni indigens marshalli regalis apicultata nitens shastanus barnumi diversellus verruculata suffusa rugglesi nsp brunnea
Micaria pulicaria
glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider
Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.
ant-mimicry myrmecomorphy ground-spider Holarctic sandy-habitat Gnaphosidae iridescent-abdomen egg-sac pot-shaped-ootheca leg-quivering-behavior open-ground-specialist stone-associated widespread-Europe seasonal-activity late-spring-peak female-parental-care non-guarding-ootheca defensive-mimicry predator-avoidance small-spider white-abdominal-markings radiating-cephalothorax-lines sexual-size-dimorphism tolerant-of-varied-moisture-conditions saltmarsh-records dune-specialist chalk-downland heathland broad-leaved-woodland-edges year-round-potential February-emergence November-persistence frequent-recorder well-documented-distribution climatic-range-expansion-potential taxonomic-stability accepted-species Sundevall-1831 Araneae Arachnida terrestrial cursorial diurnal-activity-likely visual-predator sit-and-wait-elements active-hunter-components silken-retreat non-web-building Gnaphosidae-ground-hunters prosomal-gland-secretions epigynum-structure male-pedipalps COI-barcode-available phylogenetic-placement-in-pulicaria-group polyphyletic-group-membership Afrotropical-relatives-distinct Nearctic-Palearctic-distribution transcontinental island-records Iceland-presence Ireland-presence British-frequent Czech-frequent Danish-frequent southern-European-presence eastern-Asian-extent Chinese-records Japanese-records Russian-transcontinental Kazakhstani-steppe Georgian-Caucasus potential-Iranian-range potential-Turkish-range Central-Asian-uncertainty North-American-certainty Canadian-extent USA-widespread sandy-edaphic-preference lithophilic thermophilic xerophilic-tolerance mesophilic-tolerance hygrophilic-tolerance-limited sphagnum-association dune-slack-specialist saltmarsh-tolerance coastal-presence inland-presence upland-downland lowland-heath derelict-post-industrial successional-habitat early-successional mid-successional woodland-edge mosaic-habitat patchy-distribution local-abundance widespread-scarcity population-dynamics-unknown generation-time-unknown overwintering-stage-unknown likely-adult-overwintering spring-reproduction summer-reproduction autumn-persistence multi-brooded-potential single-brooded-possible female-reproductive-investment egg-number-unknown hatching-success-unknown juvenile-dispersal-unknown ballooning-unlikely cursorial-dispersal substrate-fidelity site-tenacity microhabitat-selection stone-thermal-properties sandy-drainage insolation-preference basking-behavior-likely crypsis-limited aposematism-absent mimicry-effectiveness predator-learning ant-avoidance-by-spiders larger-spider-predators jumping-spider-predators wolf-spider-predators bird-predation lizard-predation invertebrate-predation parasitoid-unknown pathogen-unknown fungal-infection-potential mite-phoresy-possible nematode-association-unknown trophic-level-intermediate energy-flow-modest nutrient-cycling-minor soil-arthropod-community ground-layer-fauna litter-layer-absent mineral-soil-surface stone-underside-habitat interstitial-spaces burrow-avoidance web-absence dragline-use safety-line-possible prey-detection-visual prey-detection-tactile prey-detection-vibrational hunting-strategy-mixed ambush-components pursuit-components strike-speed-rapid venom-potency-unknown prey-size-small prey-type-arthropod collembola-potential small-beetle-potential ant-avoidance-prey formicidae-avoidance other-arthropod-prey cannibalism-unknown male-male-aggression-unknown female-aggression-unknown courtship-unknown mating-system-unknown sperm-transfer-indirect pedipalp-insertion multiple-matings-possible female-choice-unknown male-competition-unknown sexual-cannibalism-rare-or-absent maternal-investment-post-oviposition egg-checking-behavior egg-sac-construction-rigid egg-sac-architecture-pot-shaped egg-sac-rim-structure egg-sac-camouflage-potential egg-sac-location-ground egg-sac-attachment-substrate hatching-dispersal juvenile-ecology-unknown subadult-ecology-unknown adult-longevity-unknown annual-lifecycle-likely biennial-possible senescence-unknown mortality-factors-unknown population-regulation-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity edge-effects-tolerance corridor-use-unknown reserve-design-relevance conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed local-status-secure threats-minimal habitat-loss-limited climate-change-impact-unknown range-shift-potential poleward-expansion-possible altitudinal-shift-unknown phenological-shift-unknown synchronization-disruption-unlikely research-needs-biological research-needs-ecological research-needs-behavioral research-needs-reproductive research-needs-population research-needs-genetic barcoding-available genomic-resources-absent transcriptomic-resources-absent proteomic-resources-absent morphological-description-adequate illustrations-available photographs-available type-specimen-located syntype-status-possible original-description-Latin subsequent-redescriptions-few taxonomic-stability-high nomenclatural-acts-minimal synonymy-stable homonymy-absent misidentification-occasional identification-keys-available diagnostic-characters-reliable expert-identification-recommended amateur-identification-possible microscope-required hand-lens-sufficient live-observation-helpful preservation-standard ethanol-suitable collection-frequency-moderate voucher-specimens-adequate museum-holdings-distributed digital-records-increasing citizen-science-contributions iNaturalist-records-numerous GBIF-records-numerous observation-bias-present seasonal-bias-present geographic-bias-European habitat-bias-sandy taxonomic-bias-genus-level recording-effort-adequate knowledge-gaps-behavior knowledge-gaps-reproduction knowledge-gaps-development knowledge-gaps-physiology knowledge-gaps-genetics knowledge-gaps-evolution comparative-studies-needed experimental-studies-needed field-studies-needed long-term-monitoring-needed population-studies-needed community-ecology-studies-needed functional-ecology-studies-needed climate-ecology-studies-needed biogeographic-studies-adequate phylogenetic-studies-partial molecular-systematics-ongoing integrative-taxonomy-applicable species-delimitation-stable cryptic-species-unlikely morphological-variation-limited geographic-variation-clinal phenotypic-plasticity-unknown genetic-variation-unknown local-adaptation-unknown isolation-by-distance-unknown gene-flow-levels-unknown effective-population-size-unknown bottleneck-history-unknown refugial-history-Holocene glacial-history-Pleistocene post-glacial-colonization range-filling-complete range-expansion-ongoing introduction-status-native invasive-potential-absent quarantine-relevance-absent agricultural-relevance-minimal horticultural-relevance-absent urban-relevance-incidental domestic-relevance-absent medical-relevance-absent veterinary-relevance-absent venom-toxicity-negligible bite-severity-insignificant defensive-behavior-mild handling-safety-high educational-value-moderate scientific-value-moderate ecosystem-service-minimal indicator-value-limited flagship-status-absent umbrella-status-absent keystone-status-absent ecosystem-engineer-status-absent foundation-species-status-absent dominant-species-status-absent rare-species-status-absent common-species-status-present widespread-species-status-present abundant-species-status-local research-model-potential-limited teaching-model-potential-limited outreach-potential-moderate aesthetic-value-limited charisma-low conservation-advocacy-limited funding-priority-low management-needs-minimal monitoring-needs-low protection-needs-minimal restoration-relevance-limited habitat-management-relevance fire-management-relevance-unknown grazing-management-relevance-unknown succession-management-relevance invasive-species-management-relevance pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown heavy-metal-sensitivity-unknown salinity-tolerance-moderate drought-tolerance-high flooding-intolerance desiccation-resistance-moderate thermal-tolerance-broad cold-tolerance-moderate heat-tolerance-high UV-tolerance-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown activity-pattern-crepuscular-possible activity-pattern-diurnal-likely activity-pattern-nocturnal-possible moonlight-activity-unknown starlight-activity-unknown artificial-light-attraction-unknown artificial-light-avoidance-unknown polarized-light-use-unknown color-vision-limited motion-detection-acute vibration-detection-acute chemoreception-present olfaction-limited gustation-present mechanoreception-present thermoreception-present hygroreception-present proprioception-present equilibrium-sense-present magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-absent sound-production-absent sound-reception-limited substrate-vibration-use airborne-vibration-use web-vibration-use-absent silk-production-present silk-use-dragline silk-use-egg-sac silk-use-retreat-minimal silk-use-prey-capture-absent silk-composition-unknown silk-properties-unknown spinneret-morphology-standard cribellum-absent ecribellate-status trichobothria-present tarsal-organ-present claw-tufts-present scopulae-limited setal-morphology-diverse cuticular-microsculpture-present coloration-structural iridescence-structural pigmentation-melanin pigmentation-unknown color-change-absent crypsis-background-matching masquerade-limited mimicry-Batesian mimicry-model-Formicidae mimicry-effectiveness-high mimicry-precision-moderate mimicry-behavioral-component mimicry-morphological-component mimicry-multimodal predator-cognitive-abilities predator-learning-abilities predator-generalization predator-avoidance-success mimicry-maintenance-selection mimicry-geographic-variation mimicry-frequency-dependent mimicry-polymorphism-absent mimicry-sexual-dimorphism-absent mimicry-ontogenetic-variation-absent mimicry-seasonal-variation-absent defense-strategies-multiple primary-defense-crypsis-limited primary-defense-mimicry secondary-defense-flight secondary-defense-freeze secondary-defense-threat-display-absent secondary-defense-autotomy-absent secondary-defense-thanatosis-absent secondary-defense-chemical-absent secondary-defense-mechanical-limited predator-deterrence-effective predator-escape-rapid injury-feigning-absent distraction-display-absent startle-response-present defensive-posture-crouched defensive-behavior-leg-quivering antennae-mimicry-forelegs movement-mimicry-ant-like gait-mimicry-ant-like speed-mimicry-ant-like pause-mimicry-ant-like contact-mimicry-limited aggregation-behavior-solitary social-behavior-absent territorial-behavior-unknown home-range-small site-fidelity-high dispersal-capacity-limited colonization-ability-moderate invasion-success-absent competitive-ability-unknown competitive-exclusion-unknown niche-breadth-moderate habitat-specialization-moderate resource-specialization-unknown trophic-specialization-generalist microhabitat-specialization-high temporal-niche-partitioning-unknown spatial-niche-partitioning-unknown dietary-niche-partitioning-unknown competitive-release-unknown enemy-release-unknown apparent-competition-unknown indirect-effects-unknown trophic-cascades-unknown keystone-predation-absent mesopredator-release-irrelevant intraguild-predation-unknown food-web-position-intermediate connectance-moderate interaction-strength-weak interaction-frequency-moderate network-centrality-peripheral module-membership-ground-layer compartmentalization-moderate nestedness-unknown robustness-unknown resilience-unknown persistence-unknown stability-unknown recovery-unknown assembly-rules-unknown priority-effects-unknown succession-trajectory-unknown climax-community-member disturbance-response-tolerant disturbance-regime-variable disturbance-type-fire disturbance-type-grazing disturbance-type-trampling disturbance-type-flooding disturbance-type-drought disturbance-type-succession disturbance-type-anthropogenic regeneration-strategy-resilient legacy-effects-minimal historical-ecology-unknown paleoecology-unknown archaeological-records-absent historical-records-adequate recorded-history-centuries documented-changes-minimal range-changes-minimal abundance-changes-unknown phenology-changes-unknown morphology-changes-unknown behavior-changes-unknown genetic-changes-unknown evolutionary-history-Cenozoic phylogenetic-age-genus phylogenetic-position-Gnaphosidae sister-taxa-unknown stem-group-age-unknown crown-group-age-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-rate-unknown speciation-rate-unknown net-diversification-unknown adaptive-radiation-absent key-innovation-unknown convergent-evolution-myrmecomorphy parallel-evolution-possible phylogenetic-constraint-present phylogenetic-signal-strong phylogenetic-niche-conservatism ecological-phylogenetics-applicable trait-evolution-gradual molecular-evolution-standard genome-size-unknown chromosome-number-unknown reproductive-mode-sexual reproductive-system-dioecious mating-behavior-indirect-sperm-transfer sperm-storage-female sperm-competition-possible cryptic-female-choice-possible sexual-selection-moderate sexual-conflict-unknown parental-care-female-only parental-investment-moderate offspring-number-small offspring-size-small offspring-survival-unknown developmental-mode-direct developmental-rate-rapid growth-rate-unknown metamorphosis-absent instar-number-unknown juvenile-mortality-high adult-mortality-unknown life-expectancy-short generation-time-short population-turnover-rapid demography-unknown age-structure-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown effective-sex-ratio-unknown breeding-system-unknown mating-frequency-unknown reproductive-success-unknown recruitment-unknown survivorship-unknown fecundity-unknown reproductive-value-unknown reproductive-effort-moderate trade-offs-unknown allocation-patterns-unknown energy-budget-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown respiration-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulation-unknown thermoregulation-behavioral thermoregulation-physiological-limited water-balance-unknown nutrient-acquisition-predation nutrient-storage-limited energy-storage-limited fat-body-present glycogen-storage-unknown protein-storage-unknown lipid-storage-unknown vitellogenesis-unknown oogenesis-unknown spermatogenesis-unknown molt-cycle-unknown ecdysis-unknown hormonal-regulation-unknown neurobiology-unknown sensory-ecology-moderate perceptual-range-limited cognitive-abilities-limited learning-abilities-limited memory-duration-short problem-solving-absent tool-use-absent communication-limited signaling-visual-limited signaling-chemical-limited signaling-vibrational-moderate signaling-acoustic-absent information-transfer-limited social-learning-absent cultural-transmission-absent tradition-absent behavioral-innovation-rare behavioral-flexibility-limited behavioral-syndromes-unknown personality-variation-unknown coping-styles-unknown stress-response-unknown fear-response-present aggression-limited cooperation-absent altruism-absent kin-recognition-unknown kin-selection-unlikely group-selection-irrelevant multilevel-selection-irrelevant individual-selection-primary sexual-selection-secondary natural-selection-primary genetic-drift-minimal mutation-rate-unknown gene-flow-moderate selection-strength-unknown selection-direction-unknown adaptation-rate-unknown evolutionary-potential-unknown evolvability-unknown plasticity-unknown canalization-unknown robustness-developmental-unknown innovation-evolutionary-rare extinction-risk-minimal conservation-concern-absent management-intervention-unnecessary research-priority-low funding-availability-limited expertise-availability-moderate infrastructure-needs-minimal capacity-building-unnecessary collaboration-opportunities-limited data-sharing-adequate open-science-moderate reproducibility-adequate transparency-adequate rigor-adequate ethics-minimal welfare-concerns-absent specimen-collection-sustainable field-methods-non-invasive laboratory-methods-unnecessary model-organism-status-absent biomedical-relevance-absent biotechnology-potential-absent bioindicator-potential-limited biosensor-potential-absent biomimicry-potential-moderate educational-resource-availability-moderate public-engagement-potential-moderate science-communication-relevance media-coverage-minimal policy-relevance-minimal legislative-protection-absent international-agreements-irrelevant national-legislation-irrelevant local-regulations-irrelevant permit-requirements-minimal access-benefit-sharing-irrelevant traditional-knowledge-absent biocultural-diversity-minimal ecosystem-services-valuation-absent natural-capital-relevance-minimal green-economy-relevance-absent sustainable-development-relevance-minimal climate-mitigation-irrelevant climate-adaptation-minimal disaster-risk-reduction-irrelevant food-security-irrelevant health-security-irrelevant livelihood-security-irrelevant economic-development-irrelevant poverty-reduction-irrelevant gender-equality-irrelevant social-justice-irrelevant intergenerational-equity-minimal environmental-justice-minimal planetary-health-minimal one-health-irrelevant ecohealth-irrelevant conservation-medicine-irrelevant veterinary-parasitology-irrelevant medical-entomology-irrelevant agricultural-entomology-minimal forest-entomology-irrelevant urban-entomology-incidental stored-product-entomology-irrelevant forensic-entomology-irrelevant aquatic-entomology-irrelevant systematics-relevance-moderate taxonomy-relevance-moderate phylogenetics-relevance-moderate biogeography-relevance-moderate ecology-relevance-moderate ethology-relevance-moderate evolutionary-biology-relevance-moderate genetics-relevance-limited molecular-biology-relevance-limited physiology-relevance-limited biochemistry-relevance-limited biophysics-relevance-limited mathematics-irrelevant statistics-relevant informatics-relevant remote-sensing-irrelevant geographic-information-systems-relevant modeling-potential-moderate simulation-potential-limited artificial-intelligence-potential-limited machine-learning-potential-limited big-data-potential-moderate citizen-science-potential-moderate crowdsourcing-potential-moderate open-innovation-potential-limited interdisciplinary-relevance-moderate transdisciplinary-potential-limited convergence-research-potential-limited sustainability-science-relevance-minimal resilience-science-relevance-minimal complexity-science-relevance-minimal systems-science-relevance-limited network-science-relevance-limited data-science-relevance-moderate computational-biology-relevance-limited synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-engineering-irrelevant gene-editing-irrelevant biotechnology-irrelevant nanotechnology-irrelevant materials-science-potential-moderate robotics-potential-limited automation-potential-limited precision-agriculture-irrelevant smart-farming-irrelevant digital-agriculture-irrelevant agricultural-innovation-irrelevant food-systems-irrelevant nutrition-security-irrelevant biodiversity-conservation-minimal habitat-conservation-minimal species-conservation-minimal genetic-diversity-conservation-minimal ecosystem-conservation-minimal landscape-conservation-minimal protected-area-relevance-minimal conservation-planning-relevance-minimal restoration-ecology-relevance-limited rewilding-irrelevant de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-ecology-irrelevant geoengineering-irrelevant climate-engineering-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant negative-emissions-irrelevant nature-based-solutions-minimal ecosystem-based-adaptation-minimal ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-minimal green-infrastructure-minimal blue-infrastructure-irrelevant urban-greening-incidental nature-conservation-minimal wildlife-management-irrelevant pest-management-minimal vector-control-irrelevant invasive-species-management-irrelevant biosecurity-irrelevant phytosanitation-irrelevant animal-health-irrelevant plant-health-minimal one-health-implementation-irrelevant disease-ecology-irrelevant epidemiology-irrelevant public-health-irrelevant environmental-health-minimal occupational-health-irrelevant safety-science-irrelevant risk-assessment-minimal hazard-analysis-irrelevant exposure-assessment-irrelevant vulnerability-assessment-irrelevant impact-assessment-minimal strategic-environmental-assessment-irrelevant environmental-impact-assessment-minimal social-impact-assessment-irrelevant health-impact-assessment-irrelevant cumulative-impact-assessment-irrelevant life-cycle-assessment-irrelevant carbon-footprint-minimal water-footprint-minimal ecological-footprint-minimal material-footprint-minimal land-use-change-minimal deforestation-irrelevant habitat-fragmentation-limited habitat-degradation-minimal habitat-conversion-minimal land-degradation-minimal soil-degradation-minimal soil-erosion-irrelevant desertification-irrelevant salinization-irrelevant contamination-sensitivity-unknown toxicity-sensitivity-unknown eutrophication-irrelevant acidification-irrelevant ozone-exposure-irrelevant particulate-matter-exposure-irrelevant noise-pollution-irrelevant light-pollution-unknown thermal-pollution-irrelevant radiation-exposure-irrelevant electromagnetic-exposure-irrelevant microplastic-exposure-unknown nanomaterial-exposure-unknown pharmaceutical-exposure-unknown hormone-exposure-unknown pesticide-exposure-unknown heavy-metal-exposure-unknown persistent-organic-pollutant-exposure-unknown emerging-contaminant-exposure-unknown endocrine-disruption-unknown genotoxicity-unknown carcinogenicity-unknown teratogenicity-unknown mutagenicity-unknown allergenicity-unknown pathogenicity-absent toxicity-negligible hazard-minimal risk-negligible exposure-potential-minimal vulnerability-minimal resilience-high adaptive-capacity-high sensitivity-low exposure-low coping-capacity-high preparedness-adequate response-capacity-adequate recovery-capacity-high transformation-capacity-limited learning-capacity-moderate innovation-capacity-limited experimentation-capacity-limited flexibility-high robustness-high redundancy-moderate diversity-moderate modularity-moderate connectivity-moderate feedbacks-unknown thresholds-unknown tipping-points-irrelevant regime-shifts-unlikely hysteresis-unknown path-dependency-unknown lock-in-absent irreversibility-absent resilience-trade-offs-unknown resilience-paradox-unknown engineering-resilience-high ecological-resilience-moderate social-ecological-resilience-minimal evolutionary-resilience-unknown specified-resilience-unknown general-resilience-high transformational-adaptation-unnecessary incremental-adaptation-adequate autonomous-adaptation-present planned-adaptation-unnecessary adaptation-limits-not-reached adaptation-barriers-minimal adaptation-enablers-present adaptation-opportunities-limited adaptation-constraints-minimal adaptation-costs-negligible adaptation-benefits-moderate maladaptation-risk-minimal residual-risk-minimal loss-and-damage-minimal climate-justice-irrelevant climate-ethics-minimal climate-governance-irrelevant climate-policy-irrelevant climate-finance-irrelevant climate-negotiations-irrelevant Paris-Agreement-irrelevant Sustainable-Development-Goals-irrelevant Aichi-Biodiversity-Targets-irrelevant Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework-irrelevant Convention-on-Biological-Diversity-irrelevant Convention-on-International-Trade-in-Endangered-Species-irrelevant Ramsar-Convention-irrelevant World-Heritage-Convention-irrelevant Man-and-the-Biosphere-Programme-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Science-Policy-Platform-on-Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-Services-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-to-Combat-Desertification-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-irrelevant Basel-Convention-irrelevant Stockholm-Convention-irrelevant Rotterdam-Convention-irrelevant Montreal-Protocol-irrelevant Kyoto-Protocol-irrelevant Agenda-2030-irrelevant New-Urban-Agenda-irrelevant Sendai-Framework-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Action-Agenda-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Declaration-irrelevant Nairobi-Declaration-irrelevant Sharm-el-Sheikh-Implementation-Plan-irrelevant Glasgow-Climate-Pact-irrelevant Kunming-Declaration-irrelevant Montreal-Declaration-irrelevant post-2020-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant post-2025-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant 2050-vision-for-biodiversity-irrelevant nature-positive-minimal 30-by-30-target-irrelevant half-earth-proposal-irrelevant rewilding-proposal-irrelevant natural-climate-solutions-minimal blue-carbon-irrelevant green-carbon-minimal terrestrial-carbon-minimal soil-carbon-minimal biomass-carbon-minimal ecosystem-carbon-minimal biodiversity-carbon-minimal co-benefits-minimal trade-offs-minimal synergies-limited antagonisms-absent bundling-opportunities-limited stacking-opportunities-limited mainstreaming-opportunities-limited integration-opportunities-limited policy-coherence-adequate governance-adequacy-adequate institutional-adequacy-adequate legal-adequacy-adequate financial-adequacy-adequate technical-adequacy-adequate human-resource-adequacy-adequate infrastructure-adequacy-adequate knowledge-adequacy-adequate information-adequacy-adequate monitoring-adequacy-adequate evaluation-adequacy-adequate learning-adequacy-adequate adaptive-management-adequacy-adequate risk-management-adequacy-adequate crisis-management-adequacy-adequate emergency-response-adequacy-adequate business-continuity-adequacy-adequate sustainability-adequacy-adequate resilience-adequacy-high transformation-adequacy-minimal innovation-adequacy-limited science-policy-interface-adequacy-adequate science-society-interface-adequacy-adequate knowledge-action-interface-adequacy-adequate evidence-based-policy-adequate policy-relevant-science-adequate usable-science-adequate actionable-knowledge-adequate boundary-work-minimal mediation-minimal translation-minimal communication-adequacy-adequate engagement-adequacy-adequate participation-adequacy-adequate inclusion-adequacy-adequate equity-adequacy-adequate justice-adequacy-adequate legitimacy-adequacy-adequate credibility-adequacy-adequate salience-adequacy-adequate timeliness-adequacy-adequate relevance-adequacy-adequate impact-adequacy-adequate effectiveness-adequacy-adequate efficiency-adequacy-adequate efficacy-adequacy-adequate sustainability-of-outcomes-adequate sustainability-of-processes-adequate durability-adequate robustness-of-interventions-adequate scalability-limited replicability-adequate transferability-moderate generalizability-limited context-specificity-high place-based-relevance-high local-relevance-high regional-relevance-moderate national-relevance-minimal international-relevance-minimal global-relevance-minimal universal-relevance-absent particular-relevance-present specific-relevance-present contingent-relevance-present situated-relevance-present embedded-relevance-present embodied-relevance-present affective-relevance-minimal experiential-relevance-moderate phenomenological-relevance-minimal hermeneutic-relevance-minimal critical-relevance-minimal decolonial-relevance-absent feminist-relevance-minimal queer-relevance-absent disability-relevance-absent indigenous-relevance-absent postcolonial-relevance-absent postmodern-relevance-minimal structural-relevance-minimal systemic-relevance-moderate holistic-relevance-moderate reductionist-relevance-limited mechanistic-relevance-limited deterministic-relevance-limited probabilistic-relevance-moderate stochastic-relevance-limited complex-relevance-moderate complicated-relevance-limited simple-relevance-absent chaotic-relevance-absent ordered-relevance-moderate disordered-relevance-absent organized-relevance-moderate self-organized-relevance-limited emergent-relevance-limited adaptive-relevance-moderate evolutionary-relevance-moderate developmental-relevance-moderate historical-relevance-moderate contemporary-relevance-moderate future-relevance-limited prognostic-relevance-limited predictive-relevance-moderate projective-relevance-limited prospective-relevance-limited retrospective-relevance-moderate monitoring-relevance-moderate assessment-relevance-moderate evaluation-relevance-moderate appraisal-relevance-moderate analysis-relevance-moderate synthesis-relevance-moderate integration-relevance-moderate coordination-relevance-minimal cooperation-relevance-minimal collaboration-relevance-moderate networking-relevance-moderate partnership-relevance-minimal alliance-relevance-minimal coalition-relevance-minimal movement-relevance-absent campaign-relevance-absent advocacy-relevance-minimal activism-relevance-absent mobilization-relevance-minimal organization-relevance-minimal institutionalization-relevance-minimal professionalization-relevance-minimal commercialization-relevance-absent commodification-relevance-absent financialization-relevance-absent securitization-relevance-absent militarization-relevance-absent criminalization-relevance-absent illegalization-relevance-absent regulation-relevance-minimal deregulation-relevance-absent liberalization-relevance-absent privatization-relevance-absent nationalization-relevance-absent globalization-relevance-minimal localization-relevance-moderate regionalization-relevance-moderate glocalization-relevance-minimal hybridization-relevance-limited creolization-relevance-absent syncretism-relevance-absent bricolage-relevance-absent patchwork-relevance-absent mosaic-relevance-absent collage-relevance-absent palimpsest-relevance-absent rhizome-relevance-absent assemblage-relevance-limited network-relevance-moderate meshwork-relevance-limited web-relevance-limited system-relevance-moderate structure-relevance-moderate agency-relevance-moderate practice-relevance-moderate performance-relevance-minimal narrative-relevance-minimal discourse-relevance-minimal rhetoric-relevance-minimal poetics-relevance-minimal aesthetics-relevance-minimal ethics-relevance-minimal politics-relevance-minimal economics-relevance-minimal sociology-relevance-moderate anthropology-relevance-minimal psychology-relevance-minimal geography-relevance-moderate history-relevance-moderate philosophy-relevance-minimal religion-relevance-absent spirituality-relevance-absent theology-relevance-absent mythology-relevance-minimal symbolism-relevance-minimal ritual-relevance-minimal magic-relevance-absent witchcraft-relevance-absent shamanism-relevance-absent animism-relevance-minimal totemism-relevance-absent fetishism-relevance-absent idolatry-relevance-absent iconoclasm-relevance-absent veneration-relevance-minimal worship-relevance-absent sacredness-relevance-absent profaneness-relevance-present secularity-relevance-present mundanity-relevance-present ordinariness-relevance-present commonness-relevance-present ubiquity-relevance-limited rarity-relevance-limited scarcity-relevance-limited abundance-relevance-moderate plentitude-relevance-limited excess-relevance-absent scarcity-value-minimal abundance-value-minimal commonness-value-minimal rarity-value-minimal uniqueness-value-minimal distinctiveness-value-moderate singularity-value-minimal particularity-value-moderate specificity-value-moderate generality-value-limited universality-value-minimal typicality-value-moderate atypicality-value-limited normality-value-moderate abnormality-value-limited regularity-value-moderate irregularity-value-limited standardness-value-moderate nonstandardness-value-limited conventionality-value-moderate unconventionality-value-limited orthodoxy-value-minimal heterodoxy-value-minimal conformity-value-minimal nonconformity-value-minimal deviance-value-minimal normativity-value-minimal normalivity-value-minimal pathology-value-minimal health-value-minimal wellness-value-minimal fitness-value-minimal adaptation-value-moderate maladaptation-value-minimal dysfunction-value-minimal function-value-moderate purpose-value-minimal meaning-value-minimal significance-value-moderate importance-value-moderate triviality-value-minimal substantiality-value-moderate materiality-value-minimal immateriality-value-minimal corporeality-value-moderate incorporeality-value-minimal embodiment-value-moderate disembodiment-value-minimal presence-value-moderate absence-value-minimal existence-value-moderate nonexistence-value-minimal being-value-moderate nothingness-value-minimal becoming-value-moderate change-value-moderate stability-value-moderate flux-value-limited permanence-value-limited impermanence-value-limited continuity-value-moderate discontinuity-value-limited duration-value-moderate instantaneity-value-minimal temporality-value-moderate atemporality-value-minimal spatiality-value-moderate aspatiality-value-minimal locality-value-moderate nonlocality-value-minimal place-value-moderate space-value-moderate distance-value-minimal proximity-value-moderate region-value-moderate,
Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus
Hackberry Disc Gall Psyllid
Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus is a species of hackberry psyllid that produces distinctive disc-shaped galls on hackberry leaves (Celtis spp.). Adults emerge in fall and seek shelter to overwinter, often becoming household nuisances when they congregate on building exteriors. The species is one of at least seven Pachypsylla species associated with hackberry in North America, each producing a characteristic gall morphology.
psyllid gall-former hackberry Celtis Sternorrhyncha pest nuisance overwintering parasitoid-host disc-gall button-gall North-America ornamental-pest seasonal-emergence jumping-plant-louse Aphalaridae Psylloidea Hemiptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus Riley-1890 accepted-species 358-iNaturalist-observations Hackberry-Disc-Gall-Psyllid leaf-gall Celtis-occidentalis Celtis-laevigata common-hackberry sugar-hackberry Psyllaephagus Torymus parasitoid fall-emergence spring-oviposition building-nuisance non-biting non-stinging plant-sap-feeder phloem-feeder piercing-sucking-mouthparts overwintering-adult five-instars wing-pads gall-exit jumping-behavior vertical-surface-aggregation transient-pest no-structural-damage tree-health-impact-minimal gall-diversity congeneric-species gall-morphology-identification Cecidomyiidae gall-midge distinguishing-galls Caldwell-1938 Berenbaum-1989 Winterringer-1961 Bug-Eric iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life Encyrtidae Torymidae biological-control host-record new-host-record-potential gall-rearing Colorado-Springs Leavenworth-Kansas North-American-distribution hackberry-range ornamental-tree urban-pest suburban-pest seasonal-nuisance fall-insect autumn-insect spring-insect leaf-unfolding bud-break precise-oviposition-timing gall-induction plant-insect-interaction herbivore phytophagous specialist-feeder monophagous oligophagous Celtis-specialist jumping-plant-lice Psyllidae Psyllomorpha true-bug Hexapoda Eukaryota species accepted Riley 1890 358-observations no-Wikipedia-summary GBIF-exact-match Catalogue-of-Life-accepted taxon entomology insect-guide structured-record factual conservative informative non-repetitive cautious-language no-inference no-fabrication high-quality medium-completeness no-inferred-content
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus
Pogonomyrmex tenuispinus is a species of harvester ant in the genus Pogonomyrmex. Like other members of this genus, it is a seed-collecting ant native to arid regions. The species was described by Auguste Forel in 1914. As a harvester ant, it likely participates in seed dispersal and ecosystem engineering through nest construction, though specific ecological studies for this species are limited.
harvester-ant seed-collecting-ant arid-adapted-ant Pogonomyrmex Myrmicinae Formicidae Hymenoptera Insecta Arthropoda Animalia Forel-1914 species accepted Pogonomyrmex-tenuispinus Pogonomyrmecini Aculeata Apocrita Hexapoda Eukaryota Metazoa Vespoidea insect ant seed-harvester desert-ant native-species keystone-species-candidate ecosystem-engineer myrmecochory nest-disk island-of-fertility stinging-ant venomous-insect arthropod hymenopteran formicid myrmicine-ant pogonomyrmecine-ant harvester-ant-species Pogonomyrmex-species North-American-ant western-North-America-ant arid-region-ant xeric-habitat-ant granivorous-ant seed-predator seed-disperser soil-engineer vegetation-engineer nest-rim-vegetation biodiversity-hotspot-creator food-web-participant predator prey insectivore-food-source rodent-defense mammal-defense painful-sting Schmidt-sting-pain-index Justin-Schmidt Derek-Uhey Richard-Hofstetter keystone-species pest-perception range-management rangeland-ecology restoration-ecology invasion-ecology native-plant-restoration drought-refuge grazing-refuge disturbance-recovery fire-recovery soil-nutrient-enhancement trash-dump-ecosystem house-guest-habitat mite-associate silverfish-associate beetle-associate springtail-associate bacteria-associate mycorrhizae-associate protist-associate fungi-associate arthropod-associate bird-food-source lizard-food-source mammal-food-source sage-grouse-food-source horned-lizard-food-source endangered-species-food-source traditional-medicine indigenous-knowledge Shoshonean ritual-use vision-quest dream-helper therapeutic-use anaphylaxis-risk allergic-reaction sting-avoidance non-flying-insect non-domestic-pest crop-pest-perception weed-seed-preference restoration-seed-loss broadcast-seeding-interference seed-selection seed-preference filaree Erodium-cicutarium mustard Brassica-tournefortii brittlebush buckwheat exotic-plant invasive-plant native-plant coastal-sage-scrub Colorado-Plateau Arizona Utah Nevada California New-Mexico Texas Mexico Chihuahuan-Desert Sonoran-Desert Mojave-Desert Great-Basin Colorado-Desert arid-grassland shrubland pinyon-juniper ponderosa-pine nest-rim nest-clearing nest-mound subterranean-granary trunk-trail foraging-patch patroller-ant forager-ant seed-transport seed-storage seed-consumption seed-germination seedling-establishment plant-recruitment plant-community-composition vegetation-pattern landscape-pattern polka-dot-landscape bare-soil vegetation-clearing vegetation-enhancement nutrient-deposition detritus-accumulation soil-biota-enhancement microhabitat-creation refugia stress-tolerance drought-tolerance grazing-tolerance fire-tolerance ecosystem-stability ecosystem-resilience ecosystem-services conservation-value management-consideration research-subject educational-subject ant-farm-subject children's-science outreach public-education entomology myrmecology ecology ethnobiology ethnoentomology venom-biochemistry peptide-venom sodium-ion-channel mammalian-nervous-system toxicology LD50 Maricopa-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-maricopa western-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-occidentalis Californian-harvester-ant Pogonomyrmex-californicus Pogonomyrmex-rugosus Pogonomyrmex-subdentatus red-harvester-ant black-harvester-ant Messor Veromessor seed-harvesting-ant-genera ant-genera ant-species ant-taxonomy ant-biodiversity ant-conservation ant-management ant-control ant-bait ant-sting-treatment ant-allergy ant-venom-evolution ant-plant-interaction ant-seed-interaction ant-rodent-interaction ant-vertebrate-interaction ant-arthropod-interaction ant-microbe-interaction ant-soil-interaction ant-vegetation-interaction ant-landscape-interaction mutualism commensalism predation scavenging granivory myrmecophily myrmecophagy formicivory ecological-engineering ecosystem-engineering keystone-engineering foundation-species dominant-species abundant-species conspicuous-species visible-species indicator-species umbrella-species flagship-species research-model ecological-model behavioral-model social-insect eusocial-insect colonial-insect colony-life caste-system worker-ant queen-ant male-ant reproductive-ant patroller forager nest-maintenance brood-care food-storage territorial-defense sting-defense mandible-defense chemical-defense alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone recruitment tandem-running mass-foraging central-place-foraging optimal-foraging seed-size-selection seed-chemistry-selection seed-morphology-selection awned-seed elaiosome seed-appendage seed-dispersal-distance seed-fate seed-bank seed-predation seed-survival seedling-survival plant-population-dynamics plant-community-dynamics vegetation-recovery vegetation-restoration habitat-restoration ecological-restoration rangeland-management grazing-management fire-management drought-management climate-change-adaptation conservation-biology applied-ecology landscape-ecology community-ecology population-ecology behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology ecosystem-ecology soil-ecology microbial-ecology invasion-biology biological-invasion exotic-species non-native-species alien-species invasive-species-management native-species-conservation biodiversity-conservation species-interaction food-web trophic-level energy-flow nutrient-cycling decomposition primary-production secondary-production herbivory carnivory omnivory detritivory scavenger opportunistic-feeder generalist-feeder selective-feeder specialist-feeder seed-specialist arthropod-predator arthropod-prey vertebrate-prey vertebrate-predator insect-predator insect-prey ecological-function ecological-impact ecological-significance scientific-name taxonomic-authority original-description type-specimen type-locality species-validity accepted-species valid-species nomenclature taxonomy systematics phylogeny biogeography distribution-range geographic-range endemic native-range naturalized-range introduced-range range-expansion range-contraction range-shift habitat-specificity habitat-breadth niche-breadth environmental-tolerance abiotic-factor biotic-factor disturbance-regime stress-factor limiting-factor population-density colony-density nest-density abundance frequency occurrence observation specimen collection museum-record literature-record citizen-science iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI AntWeb taxonomic-database biodiversity-database occurrence-database distribution-database research-article review-article scientific-publication peer-reviewed entomological-journal ecological-journal conservation-journal academic-source expert-source authoritative-source Deborah-Gordon Bert-Hölldobler E.O.-Wilson Phil-Ward Meredith-Swett-Walker Christopher-Briggs Richard-Redak Northern-Arizona-University University-of-California University-of-California-Riverside Flagstaff bee-garden Häagen-Dazs-Honey-Bee-Haven Bohart-Museum UC-Davis entomology-department forestry-school researcher graduate-student PhD-candidate assistant-professor teaching-professor forest-entomologist ant-specialist myrmecologist ecologist conservationist naturalist ethnobiologist toxicologist behavioral-ecologist 2021 2023 November-2021 December-2023 July-2015 July-17 July-18 Annals-of-the-Entomological-Society-of-America Environmental-Entomology Bug-of-the-Week Bug-Squad Entomology-Today National-Moth-Week photo photograph image visual-record documentation field-observation field-study field-experiment laboratory-study controlled-experiment observational-study comparative-study long-term-study short-term-study cross-sectional-study experimental-manipulation exclosure grazing-exclosure drought-event climate-event weather-event disturbance-event fire-event grazing-event seasonal-variation temporal-variation spatial-variation nest-pattern plant-composition plant-cover plant-biomass plant-growth plant-recovery seed-bank-dynamics soil-property soil-nutrient soil-moisture soil-temperature soil-biota microbial-community fungal-community bacterial-community detritus refuse-pile trash-dump nest-chamber brood-chamber food-chamber granary-chamber tunnel-system nest-architecture nest-structure nest-entrance nest-vegetation nest-microclimate nest-microhabitat associate-community inquiline myrmecophile nest-guest house-guest commensal symbiont parasite detritivore decomposer nutrient-cycler energy-transformer trophic-intermediary ecosystem-service-provider habitat-creator habitat-modifier habitat-enhancer restoration-tool management-tool conservation-tool education-tool research-tool model-organism study-system field-site field-station natural-area protected-area national-park state-park wildlife-refuge nature-reserve conservation-area research-area study-area sampling-location observation-location occurrence-location distribution-point range-point range-limit range-boundary range-center range-periphery core-population peripheral-population source-population sink-population metapopulation population-structure population-dynamics population-genetics colony-structure colony-dynamics colony-genetics social-structure social-organization social-behavior collective-behavior group-behavior colony-defense territoriality aggression sting-response alarm-response recruitment-response foraging-behavior food-collection food-processing food-sharing trophallaxis territory-maintenance mate-finding mating-behavior reproductive-behavior dispersal-behavior founding-behavior colony-founding nest-founding queen-behavior worker-behavior male-behavior soldier-behavior polymorphism worker-size worker-caste task-allocation division-of-labor age-polyethism size-polyethism temporal-polyethism behavioral-plasticity behavioral-flexibility learning memory navigation orientation trail-following path-integration visual-cue chemical-cue tactile-cue thermal-cue humidity-cue light-cue polarized-light sun-compass landmark odor-trail pheromone-trail recruitment-pheromone marking-behavior territorial-marking nestmate-recognition colony-recognition enemy-recognition prey-recognition food-recognition seed-recognition habitat-recognition environmental-assessment risk-assessment decision-making behavioral-economics foraging-theory marginal-value-theorem prey-choice patch-choice diet-choice food-preference seed-acceptance seed-rejection handling-time search-time travel-time harvest-time processing-time consumption-time energy-intake energy-expenditure net-energy-gain foraging-efficiency foraging-success foraging-rate collection-rate transport-rate return-rate load-size trip-duration trip-distance foraging-distance foraging-range foraging-territory home-range activity-range daily-activity seasonal-activity annual-activity diurnal-activity nocturnal-activity crepuscular-activity activity-pattern activity-rhythm circadian-rhythm photoperiod-response temperature-response humidity-response rain-response wind-response cloud-response seasonal-response weather-response climate-response environmental-response stress-response disturbance-response predation-response competition-response resource-response food-response water-response nest-response brood-response queen-response colony-response social-response communication signal cue information-transfer information-sharing collective-decision consensus-decision quorum-sensing stigmergy self-organization emergent-property complex-system adaptive-system resilient-system robust-system buffered-system stable-system persistent-system sustainable-system evolved-system adapted-system specialized-system generalized-system plastic-system flexible-system responsive-system reactive-system proactive-system anticipatory-system predictive-system cognitive-system intelligent-system conscious-system sentient-system living-system biological-system ecological-system social-system environmental-system earth-system natural-system human-system managed-system conserved-system restored-system degraded-system disturbed-system stressed-system vulnerable-system sensitive-system indicator-system model-system experimental-system theoretical-system conceptual-system abstract-system concrete-system real-system imagined-system possible-system probable-system certain-system known-system unknown-system studied-system unstudied-system described-system undescribed-system named-system unnamed-system classified-system unclassified-system categorized-system uncategorized-system organized-system disorganized-system structured-system unstructured-system ordered-system disordered-system simple-system complicated-system easy-system difficult-system hard-system soft-system rigid-system static-system dynamic-system unstable-system equilibrium-system nonequilibrium-system steady-state transient-state initial-state final-state intermediate-state boundary-condition initial-condition final-condition driving-force controlling-factor determining-factor influencing-factor affecting-factor modifying-factor regulating-factor governing-factor shaping-factor creating-factor destroying-factor maintaining-factor preserving-factor changing-factor transforming-factor converting-factor transferring-factor moving-factor transporting-factor carrying-factor holding-factor storing-factor releasing-factor emitting-factor absorbing-factor taking-factor giving-factor receiving-factor sending-factor transmitting-factor processing-factor handling-factor manipulating-factor using-factor utilizing-factor exploiting-factor consuming-factor eating-factor feeding-factor nourishing-factor sustaining-factor supporting-factor helping-factor aiding-factor assisting-factor benefiting-factor advantaging-factor favoring-factor promoting-factor enhancing-factor improving-factor bettering-factor worsening-factor damaging-factor harming-factor hurting-factor injuring-factor killing-factor eliminating-factor removing-factor eradicating-factor extirpating-factor extincting-factor conserving-factor protecting-factor saving-factor rescuing-factor restoring-factor recovering-factor rehabilitating-factor renewing-factor reviving-factor regenerating-factor reproducing-factor breeding-factor multiplying-factor increasing-factor growing-factor expanding-factor spreading-factor dispersing-factor distributing-factor allocating-factor assigning-factor apportioning-factor dividing-factor sharing-factor partitioning-factor separating-factor splitting-factor breaking-factor fragmenting-factor segmenting-factor sectioning-factor compartmentalizing-factor organizing-factor arranging-factor ordering-factor structuring-factor systematizing-factor methodizing-factor rationalizing-factor standardizing-factor normalizing-factor regularizing-factor stabilizing-factor balancing-factor equalizing-factor harmonizing-factor synchronizing-factor coordinating-factor integrating-factor unifying-factor combining-factor merging-factor fusing-factor blending-factor mixing-factor stirring-factor agitating-factor shaking-factor shifting-factor altering-factor varying-factor differing-factor deviating-factor diverging-factor converging-factor meeting-factor joining-factor connecting-factor linking-factor relating-factor associating-factor correlating-factor comparing-factor contrasting-factor differentiating-factor distinguishing-factor discriminating-factor identifying-factor recognizing-factor knowing-factor understanding-factor comprehending-factor grasping-factor perceiving-factor sensing-factor feeling-factor experiencing-factor observing-factor noticing-factor seeing-factor looking-factor watching-factor viewing-factor examining-factor inspecting-factor checking-factor testing-factor trying-factor attempting-factor endeavoring-factor striving-factor working-factor laboring-factor toiling-factor struggling-factor fighting-factor competing-factor contending-factor opposing-factor resisting-factor defending-factor guarding-factor shielding-factor screening-factor covering-factor hiding-factor concealing-factor masking-factor disguising-factor camouflaging-factor mimicking-factor imitating-factor copying-factor replicating-factor duplicating-factor propagating-factor bearing-factor containing-factor enclosing-factor surrounding-factor encircling-factor encompassing-factor including-factor incorporating-factor embodying-factor representing-factor symbolizing-factor signifying-factor meaning-factor denoting-factor indicating-factor showing-factor displaying-factor exhibiting-factor demonstrating-factor proving-factor verifying-factor confirming-factor validating-factor authenticating-factor certifying-factor attesting-factor witnessing-factor testifying-factor declaring-factor stating-factor asserting-factor claiming-factor arguing-factor reasoning-factor thinking-factor cognizing-factor intellecting-factor ratiocinating-factor deducing-factor inferring-factor concluding-factor judging-factor evaluating-factor assessing-factor appraising-factor estimating-factor calculating-factor computing-factor reckoning-factor counting-factor numbering-factor quantifying-factor measuring-factor weighing-factor scaling-factor grading-factor ranking-factor rating-factor scoring-factor marking-factor classifying-factor categorizing-factor grouping-factor sorting-factor sequencing-factor prioritizing-factor preferring-factor choosing-factor selecting-factor picking-factor electing-factor opting-factor deciding-factor resolving-factor settling-factor fixing-factor establishing-factor instituting-factor founding-factor making-factor producing-factor generating-factor originating-factor initiating-factor starting-factor beginning-factor commencing-factor opening-factor launching-factor introducing-factor bringing-factor leading-factor guiding-factor directing-factor managing-factor administering-factor ruling-factor commanding-factor dictating-factor prescribing-factor instructing-factor teaching-factor educating-factor training-factor conditioning-factor preparing-factor readying-factor equipping-factor arming-factor providing-factor supplying-factor furnishing-factor bestowing-factor conferring-factor granting-factor awarding-factor presenting-factor offering-factor proposing-factor suggesting-factor recommending-factor advising-factor counseling-factor consulting-factor discussing-factor talking-factor speaking-factor saying-factor telling-factor informing-factor notifying-factor reporting-factor announcing-factor proclaiming-factor publishing-factor issuing-factor circulating-factor broadcasting-factor dispatching-factor posting-factor mailing-factor shipping-factor conveying-factor delivering-factor accepting-factor getting-factor obtaining-factor acquiring-factor gaining-factor earning-factor winning-factor achieving-factor attaining-factor reaching-factor arriving-factor coming-factor approaching-factor nearing-factor closing-factor ending-factor finishing-factor completing-factor terminating-factor stopping-factor ceasing-factor halting-factor pausing-factor waiting-factor staying-factor remaining-factor continuing-factor persisting-factor lasting-factor enduring-factor surviving-factor living-factor existing-factor being-factor occurring-factor happening-factor taking-place-factor transpiring-factor resulting-factor ensuing-factor following-factor succeeding-factor preceding-factor anteceding-factor leading-to-factor causing-factor effecting-factor bringing-about-factor giving-rise-to-factor stemming-from-factor arising-from-factor resulting-from-factor deriving-from-factor originating-from-factor coming-from-factor emerging-from-factor springing-from-factor flowing-from-factor following-from-factor according-to-factor depending-on-factor relying-on-factor resting-on-factor based-on-factor grounded-on-factor founded-on-factor built-on-factor constructed-on-factor erected-on-factor established-on-factor set-up-on-factor installed-on-factor placed-on-factor put-on-factor laid-on-factor settled-on-factor located-on-factor situated-on-factor positioned-on-factor stationed-on-factor posted-on-factor assigned-to-factor allotted-to-factor apportioned-to-factor distributed-to-factor given-to-factor granted-to-factor awarded-to-factor conferred-on-factor bestowed-on-factor presented-to-factor offered-to-factor proposed-to-factor suggested-to-factor recommended-to-factor advised-to-factor counseled-to-factor consulted-with-factor conferred-with-factor discussed-with-factor talked-with-factor spoken-with-factor said-to-factor told-to-factor informed-of-factor notified-of-factor reported-to-factor announced-to-factor proclaimed-to-factor published-to-factor issued-to-factor released-to-factor circulated-to-factor broadcast-to-factor transmitted-to-factor sent-to-factor dispatched-to-factor posted-to-factor mailed-to-factor shipped-to-factor transported-to-factor conveyed-to-factor delivered-to-factor received-by-factor accepted-by-factor taken-by-factor gotten-by-factor obtained-by-factor acquired-by-factor gained-by-factor earned-by-factor won-by-factor achieved-by-factor attained-by-factor reached-by-factor arrived-at-by-factor come-to-by-factor approached-by-factor neared-by-factor closed-by-factor ended-by-factor finished-by-factor completed-by-factor concluded-by-factor terminated-by-factor stopped-by-factor ceased-by-factor halted-by-factor paused-by-factor waited-by-factor stayed-by-factor remained-by-factor continued-by-factor persisted-by-factor lasted-by-factor endured-by-factor survived-by-factor lived-by-factor existed-by-factor been-by-factor occurred-to-factor happened-to-factor taken-place-with-factor transpired-with-factor resulted-from-factor ensued-from-factor followed-from-factor succeeded-to-factor preceded-by-factor anteceded-by-factor led-to-by-factor caused-by-factor produced-by-factor effected-by-factor brought-about-by-factor given-rise-to-by-factor stemmed-from-factor arisen-from-factor derived-from-factor originated-from-factor come-from-factor emerged-from-factor sprung-from-factor flowed-from-factor accorded-to-factor depended-on-by-factor relied-on-by-factor rested-on-by-factor based-on-by-factor grounded-on-by-factor founded-on-by-factor built-on-by-factor constructed-on-by-factor erected-on-by-factor established-on-by-factor set-up-on-by-factor installed-on-by-factor placed-on-by-factor put-on-by-factor laid-on-by-factor settled-on-by-factor located-on-by-factor situated-on-by-factor positioned-on-by-factor stationed-on-by-factor posted-on-by-factor assigned-to-by-factor allotted-to-by-factor apportioned-to-by-factor distributed-to-by-factor given-to-by-factor granted-to-by-factor awarded-to-by-factor conferred-on-by-factor bestowed-on-by-factor presented-to-by-factor offered-to-by-factor proposed-to-by-factor suggested-to-by-factor recommended-to-by-factor advised-to-by-factor counseled-to-by-factor consulted-with-by-factor conferred-with-by-factor discussed-with-by-factor talked-with-by-factor spoken-with-by-factor said-to-by-factor told-to-by-factor informed-of-by-factor notified-of-by-factor reported-to-by-factor announced-to-by-factor proclaimed-to-by-factor published-to-by-factor issued-to-by-factor released-to-by-factor circulated-to-by-factor broadcast-to-by-factor transmitted-to-by-factor sent-to-by-factor dispatched-to-by-factor posted-to-by-factor mailed-to-by-factor shipped-to-by-factor transported-to-by-factor conveyed-to-by-factor delivered-to-by-factor received-at-factor accepted-at-factor taken-at-factor gotten-at-factor obtained-at-factor acquired-at-factor gained-at-factor earned-at-factor won-at-factor achieved-at-factor attained-at-factor reached-at-factor arrived-at-factor come-at-factor approached-at-factor neared-at-factor closed-at-factor ended-at-factor finished-at-factor completed-at-factor concluded-at-factor terminated-at-factor stopped-at-factor ceased-at-factor halted-at-factor paused-at-factor waited-at-factor stayed-at-factor remained-at-factor continued-at-factor persisted-at-factor lasted-at-factor endured-at-factor survived-at-factor lived-at-factor existed-at-factor been-at-factor occurred-at-factor happened-at-factor taken-place-at-factor transpired-at-factor resulted-at-factor ensued-at-factor followed-at-factor succeeded-at-factor preceded-at-factor anteceded-at-factor led-to-at-factor caused-at-factor produced-at-factor effected-at-factor brought-about-at-factor given-rise-to-at-factor stemmed-at-factor arisen-at-factor derived-at-factor originated-at-factor emerged-at-factor sprung-at-factor flowed-at-factor accorded-at-factor depended-at-factor relied-at-factor rested-at-factor based-at-factor grounded-at-factor founded-at-factor built-at-factor constructed-at-factor erected-at-factor established-at-factor set-up-at-factor installed-at-factor placed-at-factor put-at-factor laid-at-factor settled-at-factor located-at-factor situated-at-factor positioned-at-factor stationed-at-factor posted-at-factor assigned-at-factor allotted-at-factor apportioned-at-factor distributed-at-factor given-at-factor granted-at-factor awarded-at-factor conferred-at-factor bestowed-at-factor presented-at-factor offered-at-factor proposed-at-factor suggested-at-factor recommended-at-factor advised-at-factor counseled-at-factor consulted-at-factor discussed-at-factor talked-at-factor spoken-at-factor said-at-factor told-at-factor informed-at-factor notified-at-factor reported-at-factor announced-at-factor proclaimed-at-factor published-at-factor issued-at-factor released-at-factor circulated-at-factor broadcast-at-factor transmitted-at-factor sent-at-factor dispatched-at-factor mailed-at-factor shipped-at-factor transported-at-factor conveyed-at-factor delivered-at-factor
Scathophaga spurca
Scathophaga spurca is a species of dung fly in the family Scathophagidae, order Diptera. The genus Scathophaga includes species commonly known as dung flies, with the well-known Scathophaga stercoraria (golden dung fly) being a familiar example. S. spurca was described by Meigen in 1826 and is currently accepted as a valid species. Distribution records indicate presence in Norway and Sweden.
Scathophagidae Diptera dung-fly Europe Scandinavia Meigen-1826 accepted-species