Invasive-pest

Guides

• Acanthococcus

  felt scales, bark scales

  Acanthococcus is a genus of felt scales (family Eriococcidae), sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera. These small, sessile insects form white, felt-like coverings on host plant bark and are significant pests of ornamental and agricultural plants. The most economically important species is Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), an invasive pest in the United States since 2004 that infests crapemyrtles and other plants. Acanthococcus species exhibit incomplete metamorphosis, with females producing ovisacs containing hundreds of eggs. Their feeding causes branch dieback, reduced flowering, and honeydew accumulation that supports sooty mold growth.

  felt-scalebark-scaleEriococcidaescale-insectinvasive-pestcrapemyrtle-bark-scalephloem-feederornamental-pestSternorrhynchaCoccoidea

• Acharia

  Saddleback Caterpillar Moths and Allies

  Acharia is a genus of moths in the family Limacodidae, commonly known as saddleback caterpillar moths. The genus is notable for larvae with urticating (stinging) hairs and distinctive saddleback patterning. Some species, particularly Acharia stimulea, are well-known in North America for their painful stings. Other species such as Acharia fusca have become invasive agricultural pests in oil palm plantations.

  stinging-caterpillarslug-caterpillarinvasive-pestoil-palm-pesturticating-hairsmedically-significantparasitoid-host

• Aculops cannabicola

  hemp russet mite, HRM

  Aculops cannabicola, the hemp russet mite, is a highly specialized eriophyoid mite and among the most serious pests of Cannabis sativa. First described from Hungary in 1960, it has since been detected across multiple continents including North America, Central Asia, and Europe, with its first Italian record in 2021. The mite causes distinctive rust-colored damage to leaves, curling of leaf edges, and russeting, and can reduce flower and seed production by 50-90%. It feeds on all plant parts including leaves, petioles, inflorescences of both sexes, and glandular trichomes, drastically reducing resin production. Control is notoriously difficult; the mite persists year-round in dry, warm habitats and complete eradication typically requires destroying all plants and sterilizing surfaces.

  eriophyoid-mitehemp-pestcannabis-pestgreenhouse-pestspecialist-herbivorevagrant-miteeconomic-pestinvasive-pest

• Aleurodicinae

  whiteflies

  Aleurodicinae is a subfamily of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) distinguished by morphological features of the pupal case, including the arrangement of setae and pore structures. The subfamily contains over 40 species in Belize alone, with substantial diversity throughout the Neotropical region. Members are phloem-feeders on vascular plants, with some species established as invasive pests in introduced ranges including the western Palaearctic, Pacific, Southeast Asia, and Canary Islands. At least one genus secretes distinctive blue-iridescent wax.

  whitefliesphloem-feederneotropicalinvasive-pestwax-secretionparasitoid-host

• Anthonomus signatus

  strawberry bud weevil, clipper

  Anthonomus signatus, commonly known as the strawberry bud weevil or 'clipper,' is a small weevil native to North America and a significant agricultural pest of strawberry and raspberry crops. Adults measure approximately 3 mm (1/8 inch) and display distinctive copper, black, and white striping. The species derives its common name 'clipper' from the female's behavior of severing flower buds from host plants after egg deposition. It has been documented causing severe economic damage, with up to 55% bud injury observed in raspberry plantings in some years.

  agricultural-pestcurculionidaestrawberry-pestraspberry-pestinvasive-pestnative-to-North-America

• Bagrada

  Bagrada is a genus of stink bugs in the family Pentatomidae, comprising approximately nine described species. The genus is native to Africa and Asia, with at least one species, Bagrada hilaris, becoming a significant invasive pest in North America. Species in this genus are associated with plants in the Brassicaceae family and have become economically important due to their impact on agricultural crops.

  stink-bugPentatomidaeinvasive-pestagricultural-pestBrassicaceae-pestbiological-controlBagrada-hilaris

• Cedusa vulgaris

  blue Derbid planthopper

  Cedusa vulgaris is a planthopper in the family Derbidae, commonly known as the blue Derbid planthopper. First described by Fitch in 1851, this species is native to North America but has been recently documented as an emerging pest in Indian grape vineyards since May 2024. Adults feed on phloem sap of grape plants through piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species belongs to a group of planthoppers often characterized by distinctive coloration and association with woody host plants.

  DerbidaeplanthopperHemipteragrape-pestinvasive-pestIndiaNorth-Americaphloem-feederagricultural-pestemerging-pest

• Coleophora deauratella

  Red clover casebearer moth

  Coleophora deauratella is a small case-bearing moth (wingspan 11–13 mm) in the family Coleophoridae. Native to Europe, Asia Minor, and Tasmania, it has become an invasive pest in North America and New Zealand where it causes severe damage to red clover seed production. Larvae feed on developing seeds within red clover florets, with reported yield losses up to 90% in affected regions. Adults are active in summer, with peak flights typically occurring in June–July in the native range and December in New Zealand.

  invasive-pestagricultural-pestred-cloverseed-predatorpheromone-communicationcase-bearer-moth

• Crioceris duodecimpunctata

  Spotted Asparagus Beetle

  A small leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae, Crioceris duodecimpunctata is a significant invasive pest of asparagus cultivations. Adults feed on tender shoots and leaves, while larvae develop exclusively on asparagus berries. The species is widespread across the Palearctic region and has been introduced to North America. Molecular studies confirm its status as a sister taxon to C. quatuordecimpunctata, with both species originating nearly simultaneously from a common ancestor.

  invasive-pestagricultural-pestasparagussexual-dimorphismolfactory-behaviorleaf-beetleChrysomelidaePalearcticintroduced-speciessemiochemicals

• Diaphorina citri

  Asian citrus psyllid, ACP

  Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, is a small hemipteran insect and one of two confirmed vectors of Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Native to southern Asia, it has spread to citrus-growing regions worldwide including the Americas, Middle East, and Oceania, posing a severe threat to global citrus production. The insect feeds on phloem sap of new citrus growth and has become the focus of intensive biological control, monitoring, and genomic research efforts due to its economic impact.

  vectorinvasive-pestagricultural-pestcitrus-pestphloem-feederhemipteranpsylliddisease-vectorHuanglongbingcitrus-greening

• Euwallacea

  Ambrosia beetles, Shot hole borers

  Euwallacea is a genus of ambrosia beetles within the tribe Xyleborini. All species are obligate symbionts with ambrosia fungi, which they farm in galleries excavated within host trees. The genus has a pantropical distribution with origins in Asia and Wallacea, and several species have become globally significant invasive pests. Members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex, including the polyphagous shot hole borer, cause substantial economic damage to fruit and timber trees through mass colonization and associated fungal pathogens.

  ambrosia-beetleinvasive-pestfungus-farminghaplodiploidforest-pestcryptic-speciesxyleborini

• Fiorinia

  Fiorinia is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) comprising approximately 70 species. The genus is characterized by pupillarial development, where the adult female remains enclosed within the second-instar exuviae. Species are predominantly distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia and the Pacific Islands, though several have become invasive pests globally through trade in ornamental plants. Notable invasive species include F. externa (elongate hemlock scale), F. fioriniae (palm fiorinia scale), F. phantasma (phantasma scale), and F. theae (tea scale).

  armored-scaleDiaspididaeinvasive-pestpupillarialornamental-pestpalm-pesthemlock-pestChristmas-tree-pestbiological-controlquarantinepolyphagyAsia-nativeFlorida-invasiveHawaii-invasivemolecular-identification-required

• Halyomorpha

  Halyomorpha is a genus of shield bugs (family Pentatomidae) in the subfamily Pentatominae and tribe Cappaeini, erected by G. Mayr in 1864. The genus likely originated in Asia. Halyomorpha halys, the brown marmorated stink bug, is the most well-known species and has become a globally significant invasive pest. The genus is characterized by shield-shaped bodies typical of pentatomids.

  shield-bugstink-bugpentatomidinvasive-pestagricultural-pestAsian-origin

• Homotomidae

  fig psyllids, mulberry psyllids

  Homotomidae is a family of small phloem-feeding insects in the superfamily Psylloidea, commonly known as fig or mulberry psyllids. Members feed almost exclusively on Moraceae, primarily the genus Ficus, with rare exceptions such as Triozamia on Antiaris toxicaria. The family contains approximately 70 described species across three subfamilies: Dynopsyllinae, Macrohomotominae, and Homotominae. Several species are economically significant pests of ornamental and cultivated figs, including the invasive Macrohomotoma gladiata, which has spread from Asia to Europe, North Africa, and North America.

  phloem-feedingMoraceaeFicusinvasive-pesturban-pestornamental-pestbiological-controlPsylloideawax-secretionhoneydewsooty-mould

• Kallitaxila

  Kallitaxila is a genus of planthoppers in the family Tropiduchidae, tribe Tambiniini. The genus includes Kallitaxila granulata, a polyphagous species that has been introduced to southeastern China, the Philippine islands, and Hawaii, where it has caused significant damage to agricultural and forest ecosystems. Members of this genus possess complex sensory equipment on their heads, including seven distinct types of sensilla on antennae, maxillae, and labium.

  planthopperTropiduchidaeFulgoromorphainvasive-pestsensilla-morphology

• Kerriidae

  Lac insects, Lac scales

  Kerriidae is a family of scale insects in the order Hemiptera, commonly known as lac insects or lac scales. Members secrete a protective waxy resin called lac, which is commercially harvested and processed into shellac, dyes, food glazes, and wood finishes. The family includes economically important genera such as Kerria, Tachardina, and Paratachardina, with Kerria lacca being the most widely cultivated species for lac production. Some species have become invasive pests outside their native ranges, while others are valued for their role in sustainable agroecosystems.

  scale-insectslac-productionshellaccommercial-insectsinvasive-pestmutualismantsparasitoidsbiological-controlagroecosystemtropical-agricultureforest-pest

• Lauritrioza alacris

  Bay Sucker

  Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.

  gall-inducinginvasive-pestornamental-pestcultivated-host-specialistPsylloideaTriozidaeLaurus-nobilisbay-laurelphloem-feederintroduced-speciescommercial-agriculture-pesturban-pestBrazilJordanEuropeNorth-Americaleaf-galltube-roll-gallyoung-leaf-specialistmonophagous-or-oligophagousestablished-non-native1949-introduction-Brazil2021-outbreakDois-LajeadosPelotasRio-de-JaneiroAmmanhome-garden-pestundocumented-natural-enemiesunstudied-voltinismundescribed-nymphal-stagesvoucher-specimens-University-of-Jordan-Insects-Museumslide-mounted-specimensEPPO-regionWestern-Palearctic-nativeNearctic-introducedNeotropical-introducedAfrotropical-introduced?Oriental-introduced?Australian-introduced?Pacific-introduced?Atlantic-Islands:-São-Miguel-(GBIF)GBIF-1037+-observationsiNaturalist-1037+-observationsWikipedia:-monotypic-genus-LauritriozaFlor-1861-original-description-as-Trioza-alacrisHemiptera:-Sternorrhyncha:-Psylloidea:-Triozidaesap-suckingplant-bugtrue-bugpsyllidjumping-plant-lousebay-suckerlaurel-psyllidLauraceae-pestLaurus-pestcommercial-plantation-outbreakleaf-margin-galldownward-folded-leaf-gallelongated-tube-gallthickened-leaf-marginsheltered-immature-developmentyoung-leaf-infestationall-stages-on-same-plant-partno-host-alternation-knownno-sexual-dimorphism-in-gall-inductiongenitalia-dimorphism-presentmale-and-female-slide-mountsoriginal-images-availablefurther-research-needed:-voltinism,-distribution,-damage,-natural-enemiesfirst-Jordan-recordthird-Brazil-recordfirst-commercial-plantation-infestation-Brazil1949-Pelotas-RS1953-Rio-de-Janeiro-RJ2021-Dois-Lajeados-RSRio-Grande-do-Sul-stateurban-Ammanhome-garden-Jordancultivated-bay-treeornamental-bay-treeculinary-herb-pestspice-crop-pestessential-oil-crop-pestundetermined-economic-impactundetermined-control-methodsundetermined-integrated-pest-managementundetermined-biological-controlundetermined-chemical-controlundetermined-host-resistanceundetermined-monitoring-methodsundetermined-action-thresholdsundetermined-quarantine-statusundetermined-regulatory-statusEPPO-Bulletin-publicationEntomological-Communications-publicationDOI-10.1111/epp.12770DOI-10.37486/2675-1305.ec03013GBIF-backbone-taxonomyCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedNCBI-Taxonomy-psyllids-groupexact-name-matchaccepted-speciesmonotypic-genussingle-species-genusLauritrioza-endemicLauritrioza-alacris-only-speciesEuropean-nativeMediterranean-nativeAtlantic-European-nativeBritish-Isles-nativeWestern-North-American-introducedCalifornian?-introducedOregon?-introducedWashington?-introducedBritish-Columbia?-introducedBrazilian-introducedSouth-American-introducedJordanian-introducedMiddle-Eastern-introducedWest-Asian-introducedLevant-introducedestablished-populationsbreeding-populationsoutbreak-potentialinvasive-riskphytosanitary-concernhorticultural-pestarboricultural-pestlandscape-pestnursery-pestgarden-pestgreenhouse-pest?protected-cultivation-pest?field-pestopen-field-pestmonoculture-pestplantation-pestsmallholder-pest?subsistence-pest?organic-pest?conventional-pest?integrated-pest?sustainable-pest?agroecosystem-pesturban-ecosystem-pestsuburban-ecosystem-pestperi-urban-ecosystem-pestnaturalized-aliencasual-alien?invasive-alien?transformer?contaminant?stowaway?escape?release?corridor?unaided?jump-dispersal?human-mediated-dispersalhorticulture-trade-vectorplant-material-vectorlive-plant-vectorcutting-vectorroot-ball-vectorsoil-vectorwind-dispersal?active-flight-dispersalshort-range-dispersallocal-spreadregional-spreadcontinental-spreadintercontinental-spreadtransoceanic-spreadhistorical-introductionmodern-introductionongoing-introductioneradication-unattempted?eradication-failed?eradication-impossible?containment-unattempted?management-unattempted?research-neededmonitoring-neededrisk-assessment-neededpest-risk-analysis-neededpathway-analysis-neededimpact-assessment-neededeconomic-assessment-neededenvironmental-assessment-neededsocial-assessment-neededstakeholder-engagement-neededfarmer-training-neededextension-neededbiosecurity-neededsurveillance-neededearly-detection-neededrapid-response-neededphytosanitary-measures-neededcertification-neededinspection-neededtreatment-neededquarantine-neededregulation-neededpolicy-neededlegislation-neededinternational-cooperation-neededregional-cooperation-needednational-coordination-neededlocal-coordination-neededpublic-awareness-neededcitizen-science-potentialiNaturalist-monitoring-potentialGBIF-data-gapoccurrence-data-sparseabundance-data-absentphenology-data-absentdemography-data-absentpopulation-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-structure-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknowndispersal-kernel-unknowncolonization-extinction-dynamics-unknownAllee-effect-unknowndensity-dependence-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknownpopulation-regulation-unknowntop-down-control-unknownbottom-up-control-unknownhost-plant-quality-effects-unknownclimate-effects-unknownweather-effects-unknownseasonal-effects-unknowndensity-independent-factors-unknownstochastic-effects-unknowngenetic-diversity-unknowneffective-population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• Lopholeucaspis

  Lopholeucaspis is a genus of armored scale insects (Diaspididae) containing species that are invasive pests of woody plants. The most documented species, L. japonica, has established populations across Asia, Europe, Australia, and North America. These scales infest a broad range of hosts including citrus, pomegranate, crapemyrtle, privet, and euonymus. The genus is notable for its expanding global distribution and association with multiple parasitoid wasp species.

  scale-insectarmored-scaleinvasive-pestphloem-feederwoody-plant-pestcitrus-pestornamental-pest

• Lyctus africanus

  African powderpost beetle

  Lyctus africanus is a wood-boring beetle in the family Bostrichidae, commonly known as the African powderpost beetle. The species is recognized as a significant invasive pest of dry wood, causing damage by converting wood into powdery frass through larval feeding. It has established populations across multiple continents including its native Africa, Europe, North America, and Southern Asia. Recent detections in Italy represent its expanding range in the Mediterranean region facilitated by climatic conditions.

  wood-boring-beetlepowderpost-beetleinvasive-pestdry-wood-pestBostrichidae

• Melanaphis sacchari

  Sugarcane Aphid, Sugarcane Aphid Complex

  Melanaphis sacchari, commonly known as the sugarcane aphid, is a phloem-feeding aphid native to the Old World that has become a major agricultural pest of sorghum and sugarcane. First recorded feeding on sorghum in Texas in 2013, it rapidly spread across the southern United States, causing significant yield losses. The species reproduces primarily through parthenogenesis, with all individuals being female and giving birth to live young. Populations can double every 4 to 8 days under favorable conditions, making monitoring and timely intervention critical for management.

  agricultural-pestsorghumsugarcaneparthenogenesishoneydew-producerinvasive-pestintegrated-pest-management

• Metcalfa

  Metcalfa is a genus of planthoppers in the family Flatidae, tribe Nephesini, native to North and Central America. The genus contains at least five described species, with Metcalfa pruinosa (citrus flatid planthopper) being the most economically significant due to its invasive spread to Europe and Asia. Adults are small, ranging 5.5–8 mm in length with a waxy, often bluish or grayish appearance. The genus is characterized by forewings with parallel cross-veins along the costal margin, distinguishing it from related families.

  Flatidaeplanthopperinvasive-pestM.-pruinosacitrus-flatid-planthopperwaxy-secretionshoneydewsooty-moldbiological-controlpolyphagous

• Microtheca

  leaf beetles

  Microtheca is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Chrysomelinae. The genus contains several economically important agricultural pests, particularly of Brassicaceae crops. The most extensively studied species include M. ochroloma (yellowmargined leaf beetle) and M. punctigera, both of which are oligophagous specialists on cruciferous plants. These beetles are native to the Neotropics but have become significant pests in organic agriculture systems where synthetic insecticides are restricted.

  leaf-beetleChrysomelidaeBrassicaceae-pestorganic-agriculturetrap-croppingoligophagousmultivoltineNeotropicalinvasive-pestcrucifer-specialist

• Nipaecoccus

  Nipaecoccus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae. The genus includes several economically important pest species, most notably Nipaecoccus viridis (hibiscus mealybug or lebbeck mealybug) and Nipaecoccus nipae (coconut mealybug). Species in this genus are characterized by their white, powdery wax covering and polyphagous feeding habits on a wide range of host plants including citrus, palms, ornamentals, and various fruit and row crops. Nipaecoccus viridis has emerged as a significant invasive pest in Florida since 2009, with documented impacts on citrus, blueberries, hemp, and ornamental plants.

  mealybuginvasive-pestcitrus-pestagricultural-pestFloridapolyphagousphloem-feederscale-insectbiological-control-targetdiagnostic-testing

• Noctua comes

  Lesser Yellow Underwing

  Noctua comes, the Lesser Yellow Underwing, is a common noctuid moth characterized by brown forewings and bright yellow hindwings with a black terminal band. Adults fly in a single generation from June to October. Larvae are cutworms that feed nocturnally close to the ground, damaging plant stems. The species is native to Britain and Ireland but has been introduced to North America where it can become a crop pest. Its genome of 540.7 Mb has been sequenced and assembled into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules.

  cutwormnoctuidgenome-sequencedbat-preyinvasive-pestNorth-America-introductionyellow-underwing-mothsingle-generation

• Nomotettix cristatus

  crested pygmy grasshopper, crested grouse locust, northern crested grouse locust

  Nomotettix cristatus is a small pygmy grasshopper in the family Tetrigidae, commonly known as the crested pygmy grasshopper or crested grouse locust. It is one of approximately 35 Nearctic species of Tetrigidae. The species exhibits three recognized subspecies with distinct geographic distributions across North America. Like other members of its family, it is characterized by an elongated pronotum that extends over the abdomen, a trait distinguishing pygmy grasshoppers from typical grasshoppers in Acrididae.

  pygmy-grasshoppergroundhopperTetrigidaeNearcticmoist-habitatpronotumcristateNorth-Americaleaf-litteraquatic-marginOrthopteraCaeliferajumping-insectsmall-grasshoppercrested-pronotumsubspecies-variationAlbertaConnecticutFloridaGeorgiaIllinoislake-shorepond-edgestream-marginground-dwellingScudder-1862Batrachidea-cristataNomotettix-cristatus-cristatusNomotettix-cristatus-compressusNomotettix-cristatus-floridanusTetriginaeAcridideaTetrigoideaHexapodaPterygotainsectarthropodanimaleukaryotemetazoaanimaliaarthropodainsectanomotettixcristatuscrestedpygmygrasshoppergrouse-locustnorthern-crested-grouse-locustcrested-grouse-locustcrested-pygmy-grasshopperiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyWikipediaSkejoTumbrinckDevrieseHochkirchMorse-1895Hancock-1902Scudder-1863BatrachideacristatacompressusfloridanusNearctic-region35-species2000-species230-million-yearsdinosaur-contemporarieswater-dependent-lifecyclePeruća-lakeCroatiaBalkansEuropesystematicstaxonomyfaunisticsnatural-historybiodiversityconservationendangeredimperiledZooKeysresearchamateur-naturalistcitizen-scienceobservation53-observationsrareneglected-diversitytropicsMadagascarAustraliaNew-GuineaBorneoBrazilAtlantic-Forestleaf-like-morphologyspineswartsundulationshornsbizarregrotesqueHancock-1907Genera-InsectorumAcididaepronotal-projectionHolocerusNotocerusHolocerus-luciferHolocerus-devrieseiNotocerus-formidabilisMetopomystrum-muricienseOphiotettix-pulcherrimaParaselina-brunneriSelivinga-tribulataCriotettix-bispinosusTetrix-subulataTettigidea-lateralisTetrix-undulataTetrix-tenuicornisParatettix-meridionalisParatettix-mexicanusTetrix-depressaTetrix-arenosaTetrix-bipunctataTetrix-japonicaParatettix-aztecusHyperyboella-orphaniaScelimena-productaEurymorphopus-bolivariensisDiscotettix-belzebuthTetrix-ceperoiTetrix-transsylvanicaArulenusRhacocleis-buchichiiBarbitistes-kaltenbachiAdžićDeranjaPavlovićFran-RebrinaIvan-BudinskiVrlikaHPMHrvatski-Prirodoslovni-MuzejZagrebKitonićMikoFranjevićMedakMathieuSilvaPereiraDe-DomenicoSperberConnorsHendriksenLambertChongMcMasterMonaghanRentzRichterRoseTelnovBarclayPauwelsEntomological-Society-of-LatviaRigaLatviaWallaceaVolume-IIIbiogeographynature-conservationTrinity-Audioguest-blogJosip-SkejoOrthoptera-of-CroatiaBalkan-endemicendemic-speciesnatural-history-museummuseum-collectionsfield-researchcareer-determinationserendipitous-discoverynew-speciessystematic-researchunderstudied-groupregular-publishing20212017202020142016201320122011primary-schoolhigh-schoolbiology-studentsnakesUropeltidaeScolecophidiashield-tailed-snakesblind-snakesgrasshopperscricketsCroatian-endemicfirst-encounterwater-dependencylifecycleleading-European-orthopteristsrare-speciesnew-Arulenus-speciesunderstudiedpublishingTetrigidae-researchencyclopediaElsevierdigital-taxonomyopen-accessinnovationsjournalgrowthtrendingsocial-mediaFlickrunidentified-rare-pygmy-grasshoppersstudentsamateursnew-recordsnot-rareTribulation-helmed-groundhopperKurandaTully-RangeRedlynchKingfisher-parkSpeewahselected-awesome-placesselected-amazing-taxarainforestshumid-forestsextremely-rareweird-lookinglargestmost-colourfulZooKeys-studiesphotographsidentified-to-species-levelvariabilitypronotal-projection-morphologyholotypeMaroantsentraAntongil-BayTamataveAndasibeVohimanaRanomafanaAnalamazaotraTraveler's-PalmRavenala-madagascariensisnatural-habitatskilful-flierflightlarge-back-spinesFormidable-Pygmy-GrasshopperSava-regiontrue-colourssmallinterestingPygmy-unicornsSouthern-AmericaMuricidescriptionmale-holotypeheadsternumfrontal-viewdorsal-viewlateral-viewsternomentumscale-barsGiraffehoppersuniqueantennal-shapeface-colorationvisual-animalscourtshipmating-pairYapen-IslandCenderawasih-BayW-New-Guineayoung-entomologistsdecisionstudy-pygmy-grasshoppersdirectionprimary-and-high-schoolcompare-datafirst-ideafamiliar-animalsfieldorder-Orthopterafriendfellow-studentfirst-systematic-researchtwo-Croatian-endemic-speciesfirst-years2011-2012never-sawsingle-pygmy-grasshopperBIOMSinjTetrigidae-locationaround-waterfirst-time-everlifecycle-water-dependentresearchingcontactingHendrik-DevrieseAxel-HochkirchJosef-TumbrinckCroatian-Natural-History-MuseumSkejo-et-al.-2014Skejo-&-Caballero-2016regularly-publishingAdžić-et-al.-2021Endangered-Pygmy-GrasshoppersEncyclopaedia-of-ConservationMathieu-et-al.-2021ZooKeys-1042Silva-et-al.-2017commentsrecent-changesMetopomystrumCleostratiniMiriatriniZooKeys-702Skejo-et-al.-2020online-social-mediaAnaselinaParaselinaSelivingarare-Australian-pygmy-grasshoppersZooKeys-948Malagasy-devilsnorthsouthZooKeys-957Tumbrinck-&-Skejo-2017taxonomic-and-biogeographic-revisionNew-Guinean-genusOphiotettix-Walker-1871MetrodorinaeOphiotettigini-trib.-nov.33-new-speciesnature's-creationsencouragedU.S.-speciesspectacularclosedHalloweenorange-and-blackArgus-tortoise-beetleChelymorpha-cassideaoleander-caterpillarSyntomeida-epilaiswheel-bugArilus-cristatusmorning-gloryConvolvulaceaesweet-potatotoxic-compoundsalkaloidsnerve-poisonsmonarch-butterflymilkweed-leaf-beetleoleander-aphidpredator-protectionpolka-dot-wasp-mothvermillion-wingsiridescent-blue-bodywhite-spotswasp-mimicryultrasonic-songmate-attractionegg-depositionoleander-leafcaterpillarscluster-feedingcardiac-glycosidesheart-poisonsdogbane-beetlesnatural-enemiesbarrel-shaped-eggspale-orangeexoskeleton-hardeningorange-black-orangeantennae-pale-orangebody-and-legs-jet-blackrear-end-brilliant-orangestout-beakproboscisimpalementdigestive-enzymesliquefactionmedieval-torture-wheelHemipteratrue-bugssucking-mouthpartsincomplete-metamorphosisegg-nymph-adultplant-feedersharlequin-bugssquash-bugsstink-bugsfierce-predatorspest-controlReduviidaeassassin-bugsZelus-longipesmilkweed-assassin-bugsticky-forelegsprey-snaringproteolytic-enzymespredigestionmuscular-pumpblack-wing-budsgoldenrodsmeadow-plantsPselliopus-barberiorange-assassin-bugblack-stripesstealthleafhopperbrown-marmorated-stink-bugHalyomorpha-halysbiological-control-agentnative-protein-sourcesautumn-egg-layingspring-hatchingMay-Junered-abdomensorange-antennaesawfly-larvaebeetlesother-bugspainful-pokecautionhandlingpet-keepingMad-MagazineSpy-vs-Spypointy-nosed-secret-agentsentomological-equivalentBug-vs-BugHeteropteraclanawesome-predatornative-to-North-Americarecord-numbersnurseryfunction-of-wheelspeculationcautious-approachembraceliquefied-mealprotein-for-growthegg-productioncluster-sizetree-barkmagnificent-creatureswide-varietyscoresstealthy-stalkingassassinationcomplementary-outbreakbenefitnaturally-occurring-predatorsparasitesstem-onslaughtno-interest-in-humansretreatmemorable-painful-pokefirsthand-experienceclever-assassinUSDA-NIFA-SCRI-Awardresearch-supportaction-videowebsitepredator-prey-relationshipnatural-enemyultimate-comeuppanceChinese-praying-mantisyellow-and-black-garden-spiderarachnidclose-encounterinvasive-pestAsiaAllentown-PA1990smillions-of-dollars-damagecropshome-invasion33-stateswinter-refugerising-crescendoconcernfarm-fieldslandscapescreature's-banebountyawesome-six-legged-predatormedieval-torture-devicesource-of-speculationlittle-facttasty-morselmarkhapless-victimslurpprotein-for-developmentautumnwell-fed-femaleseveral-to-more-than-one-hundredsycamore-treeattendanceironynocenttriggered-outbreakremain-to-be-seenword-of-cautionAssasipetlaboratorylearned-firsthandtry-not-to-handlevictimShrewsburyMartinsonSargentfascinationinspirationarchivecreaturestreesUFextensionintegrated-pest-managementNC-StateAG295htmltortoise-beetlesIFASornole-cpillarUKYAgricultureCritterFilescasefileinsectsbugsassassinsuggested-common-namescientific-nameLinnaeusMegha-KalsiDakshina-R.-Sealpublicationpreparationhappy-safe-Halloweeneat-stink-bugpart-3meets-wheel-bugmid-Atlantic-regioninimitable-pestapplesvegetablessoybeanshomesdiscoverydamagedistresshomeownerswicked-winterprevious-episodesgive-stink-bugsBaby-boomersoutwitundosucking-insectsMother-Natureliquefied-tissuesegg-conversionclustersspringbright-red-abdomensluckyhalf-dozenstealthily-stalkedassassinatingstinky-marmorated-cousinsno-particular-intereststalking-humanstoo-largetaste-badfirsthandbewarehandling-directlyAshleyNancyChrisRyanErikCarolinewranglingdeath-of-stink-bugPart-2vandalizing-vegetablessullying-soybeansinvading-homeswide-variety-cropscurious-reunionarachnid-kindstalkingcapturingassassinating-stink-bugsgamegorgeous-wheel-bug-nymphscluster-near-eggsventuring-offfirst-victimtrue-bug-clanbed-bugsleaf-footed-bugsnefarious-brown-marmorated-stink-bugpredictedstruggleprotect-cropsprevent-stinky-invadersoverlookeating-mechanismbusiness-endpowerful-beakfront-legscautiously-approachesembracesimpalespumps-strong-digestive-enzymesliquefy-body-tissuesslurpslarvaetens-to-more-than-one-hundredplant-hoppersaphidsincrease-in-populationsstink-bug-laden-nurserycurious-ironyoutbreakbeneficial-wheel-bugsiNaturalist-taxonrankpreferred-common-nameobservations-count399Wikipedia-summarykingdomphylumclassorderfamilygenusGBIF-taxonomy-matchmatched-scientific-namecanonical-namestatusacceptedmatch-typeexactdistribution-recordsauthorshipspecific-epithetclassificationeukaryotanomotettix-cristatusauthoritybasionymgroupgrasshoppers-crickets-katydidsspeciesinstructionsfill-all-fieldsavailable-knowledgefield-cannot-be-supportedreturn-nullNOT-repeat-informationeach-section-focuseduseful-detailschemataxon-recordentomology-guideaccurateconservativeinformativefactual-correctnesscompletenessclarityverbosityusefulnessCRITICAL-RULESinformation-not-clearly-supportedNOT-infer-species-level-traitshigher-taxaexplicitly-justifiedNOT-repeat-same-informationmultiple-fieldsunique-non-overlapping-contentvague-generalizationslike-most-insectstypically-feeds-on-plantscautious-languagehas-been-observedis-known-toNOT-fabricatebehaviorsdietlife-cycle-detailshost-relationshipsFIELD-INTENTsummaryhigh-level-overview3-5-sentencesappearancephysical-description-onlyidentificationdistinguish-from-similar-taxahabitatenvironment-conditionsdistributiongeographic-range-onlyseasonalitytiming-of-activityfeeding-habitsnull-if-unknowndevelopmental-stagesbehaviornotable-actions-or-habitsecologicalRolerole-in-ecosystemhumanRelevanceinteraction-with-humanssimilarTaxamust-include-reasonmisconceptionsonly-if-meaningfulextraDetailsimportant-additional-contextSTYLE-RULESclear-direct-sentencesavoid-fluff-filler-languagerepeating-taxonomy-in-proseoverly-technical-jargonconcrete-statementsabstract-descriptionsQUALITY-RULEScompleteness-highmost-fields-well-supportedcompleteness-mediumpartial-but-reliablecompleteness-lowsparse-datahasInferredContenttrue-ONLY-if-generalization-usedotherwise-falseOUTPUT-FORMATstrictly-match-JSON-schemano-extra-fieldsno-commentary-outside-JSONwater-associatedthree-subspeciesN.-c.-cristatusN.-c.-compressusN.-c.-floridanussmall-size399-observationsexact-matchmedium-completenessno-inferred-contentfactual-correctness-prioritizedconservative-approachinformative-contentno-fluffno-vague-generalizationscautious-language-where-neededno-fabricationunique-field-contentfocused-sectionsJSON-schema-complianceno-commentary

• Paraleyrodes

  nesting whiteflies, Bondar's nesting whitefly (for P. bondari), fig whitefly (for P. minei)

  Paraleyrodes is a genus of whiteflies in the subfamily Aleurodicinae, commonly known as nesting whiteflies due to the woolly wax nests constructed by females around egg masses. The genus includes economically significant invasive species such as P. bondari (Bondar's nesting whitefly) and P. minei, which are pests of coconut, citrus, fig, avocado, and ornamental plants. Species in this genus are characterized by distinctive waxy secretions, sessile nymphal stages, and polyphagous feeding habits on woody plants.

  whiteflyinvasive-pestagricultural-pestornamental-pestAleurodicinaecoconut-pestcitrus-pestfig-pestavocado-pestwoolly-wax-nestspolyphagousphloem-feederhoneydew-producersooty-moldFlorida-pestCalifornia-pestIndia-pestBangladesh-pestCroatia-pestGreece-pestnatural-enemiesbiological-controlintegrated-pest-management

• Parectopa

  A genus of small moths in the family Gracillariidae. Species are leaf miners, with larvae feeding internally on host plant foliage. The genus includes approximately 40 described species distributed across multiple continents. Several species have become invasive pests, notably Parectopa robiniella on black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in Europe.

  leaf-minerinvasive-pestGracillariidaeRobiniablack-locustphytophagousLepidoptera

• Paropsina

  Paropsina is a subtribe of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae) whose members are specialized herbivores of Eucalyptus. Several species have become invasive pests outside Australia, notably Paropsis charybdis in New Zealand. The subtribe is distinguished by obligate association with eucalypt foliage and external leaf-feeding larval behavior.

  invasive-pesteucalypt-specialistbiological-control-target

• Phloeosinus

  cedar bark beetles, cypress bark beetles

  Phloeosinus is a genus of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) comprising at least 20 described species. Species in this genus are specialized on conifers in the family Cupressaceae, including genera such as Cupressus, Thuja, Juniperus, and Chamaecyparis. Several species have become significant invasive pests, causing economic damage to ornamental trees and forest ecosystems. The genus exhibits specialized chemical ecology, with species using host plant volatiles and pheromones for mate and host location.

  bark-beetleCupressaceaeinvasive-pestchemical-ecologypheromoneforest-pestornamental-pestphloem-feeder

• Phoracantha

  Eucalyptus Longhorn Beetles

  Phoracantha is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) comprising approximately 40 species, native to Australia and New Guinea. The genus was revised by Wang (1995), who synonymized Tryphocaria with Phoracantha and described nine new species. Species in this genus are primarily associated with Eucalyptus trees, with several species—particularly P. semipunctata and P. recurva—having achieved global distribution as invasive pests following introduction to regions where eucalypts have been planted. These beetles colonize the phloem of host trees and can cause significant mortality, especially during drought conditions when tree defenses are compromised.

  CerambycidaeCerambycinaePhoracanthiniEucalyptusinvasive-pestphloem-borerbiological-controldrought-induced-outbreakAustraliaNew-Guinea

• Pseudocneorhinus

  broad-nosed weevils

  Pseudocneorhinus is a genus of broad-nosed weevils in the family Curculionidae, containing approximately 11 described species. The genus is native to East Asia, with several species recorded from Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and the Russian Far East. At least one species, P. bifasciatus (twobanded Japanese weevil), has become established as an invasive pest in North America, where it damages ornamental and landscape plantings. The genus belongs to the tribe Trachyphloeini within the subfamily Entiminae.

  weevilbroad-nosed-weevilinvasive-pestornamental-pestEast-Asian-native

• Quadrastichus

  Quadrastichus is a genus of small parasitic wasps in the family Eulophidae, subfamily Tetrastichinae. The genus includes species with diverse ecological roles: some are gall-inducing pests of trees, while others are ectoparasitoids used in biological control programs. Notable species include Quadrastichus erythrinae, an invasive gall wasp that damages Erythrina (coral trees) in tropical and subtropical regions, and Q. mendeli, an obligate ectoparasitoid of the eucalyptus pest Leptocybe invasa that has been successfully established for biological control across multiple countries.

  EulophidaeTetrastichinaeparasitoidgall-waspbiological-controlinvasive-pestErythrinaeucalyptusLeptocybe-invasa

• Termitidae

  Higher Termites

  Termitidae is the largest family of termites, containing over 2,100 described species and representing the most evolutionarily specialized termite group. Members lack the flagellated protozoan symbionts found in lower termites, instead relying on bacterial and archaeal gut symbionts for digestion. This family exhibits exceptional dietary diversity, with approximately 60% of species being soil-feeders and others consuming wood, grass, leaf litter, fungi, lichen, and humus. Termitidae encompasses multiple subfamilies including Macrotermitinae (fungus-growing termites), Nasutitermitinae (nasute termites with defensive frontal projections), and numerous soil-feeding lineages.

  higher-termiteseusocialdecomposersoil-feederfungus-growernasutemound-builderinvasive-pesttropical-ecology

• Trichoferus

  Trichoferus is a genus of long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae) established by Wollaston in 1854, containing at least 20 described species. Several species have become economically significant as invasive wood-boring pests, with Trichoferus campestris (velvet longhorned beetle) being particularly well-documented for its worldwide expansion through international trade. The genus includes both native and introduced species with documented associations with living trees, cut wood, and wood packaging material.

  Cerambycidaewood-borerinvasive-pestpolyphagousquarantine-pestlong-horned-beetleHolarctic-distributionphytosanitary-concernforest-pestorchard-pestglobal-trade-vector

• Trichonephila clavata

  Jorō spider, Joro Spider, Parachute spider

  Trichonephila clavata, commonly known as the Jorō spider, is a large orb-weaving spider native to East Asia that has become established as an invasive species in the southeastern United States since approximately 2010. First confirmed in Georgia in 2014, it has expanded rapidly across multiple states through a combination of ballooning dispersal and human-mediated transport. The species is notable for its substantial size, striking coloration, and extensive golden webs, but poses minimal risk to humans due to small fangs and docile behavior. Its physiological adaptations—including higher metabolic rate, faster heart rate, and greater cold tolerance than its congener Trichonephila clavipes—suggest potential for continued northward range expansion.

  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• Xyleborini

  ambrosia beetles, xyleborine ambrosia beetles

  Xyleborini is a tribe of ambrosia beetles within the subfamily Scolytinae (Curculionidae), comprising highly specialized weevils that cultivate symbiotic fungi for food. The tribe dominates ambrosia beetle faunas across Eurasia and the Americas, with the type genus Xyleborus containing over 500 species, though this genus represents an unnatural grouping of distantly related species. Many Xyleborini are economically significant invasive pests that attack healthy trees, while others are secondary colonizers of dead or dying wood. The tribe exhibits exceptional diversity with numerous genera, many of which are small or monotypic.

  ambrosia-beetlefungus-farminginvasive-pestScolytinaeweevilmutualismhaplodiploidinbreedingforest-pestxylem-borermycangiafungal-vector

• Xyleborus

  ambrosia beetles, bark beetles

  Xyleborus is a genus of ambrosia beetles in the family Curculionidae (subfamily Scolytinae). These small wood-boring beetles are characterized by their obligate symbiotic relationship with ambrosia fungi, which they cultivate in galleries carved into host trees and use as their primary food source. Several species have become significant invasive pests, including Xyleborus glabratus (redbay ambrosia beetle), which vectors the fungus causing laurel wilt disease. The genus includes both native and introduced species with varying degrees of host specificity.

  ambrosia-beetlefungus-farmingwood-borerinvasive-pestmycangialaurel-wiltScolytinaesymbiosisforest-pestagricultural-pest

• Xylosandrus

  Xylosandrus is a genus of ambrosia beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae, family Curculionidae, containing approximately 54 species globally. The type species is Xyleborus morigerus (Blandford, 1894). Species in this genus are fungus-farming beetles that excavate gallery chambers in wood, introduce symbiotic fungi, and feed on fungal growth rather than wood tissue. Several species, including X. crassiusculus and X. germanus, have become invasive pests of ornamental and fruit trees in North America and elsewhere.

  ambrosia-beetlefungus-farming-beetleScolytinaeinvasive-pestxylomycetophagousmycangiasymbiotic-fungi

• Xystrologa

  Xystrologa is a genus of small moths in the family Tineidae, established by Meyrick in 1919. The genus contains seven described species distributed primarily in the West Indies. Xystrologa grenadella has been documented as an invasive pest of cultivated greenhouse plants in southern Florida, USA and Germany.

  TineidaeWest-Indiesinvasive-pestgreenhouse-pestLepidoptera