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Ataenius oklahomensis
Ataenius oklahomensis is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Brown in 1930. The species is endemic to the south-central United States, with records from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Like other members of the genus Ataenius, it is likely associated with soil and decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The species name reflects its type locality in Oklahoma.
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Aphodiinae Ataenius Nearctic Oklahoma-endemic soil-dwelling-beetle 1930-description south-central-United-States scarab-beetle dung-beetle-relative Eupariini saprophagous-beetle undocumented-ecology rarely-collected type-locality-Oklahoma Texas-fauna Arkansas-fauna Louisiana-fauna turfgrass-habitat-possible grassland-insect prairie-insect gypsum-soil-habitat-possible mesquite-associated-fauna-possible Prosopis-associated-beetles-possible Celtis-associated-beetles-possible hackberry-associated-beetles-possible soapberry-associated-beetles-possible Sapindus-associated-beetles-possible early-season-activity-possible May-activity-observed-in-region cool-weather-tolerance-possible Gloss-Mountain-State-Park-fauna-possible gypsum-capped-mesa-fauna-possible northwestern-Oklahoma-fauna western-Oklahoma-insect mixed-grass-prairie-insect shortgrass-prairie-insect cross-timbers-fauna-possible Black-Mesa-fauna-possible Cimarron-County-fauna-possible Major-County-fauna-possible Ellis-County-fauna-possible Beaver-County-fauna-possible Oklahoma-Panhandle-fauna Red-River-Valley-fauna-possible Arkansas-River-Valley-fauna-possible southwestern-Arkansas-fauna northwestern-Louisiana-fauna northeastern-Texas-fauna north-central-Texas-fauna Red-River-fauna decaying-organic-matter-feeder-likely detritivore-likely humus-feeder-likely root-feeding-larvae-possible-but-unconfirmed turfgrass-pest-status-unconfirmed golf-course-fauna-possible sod-farm-fauna-possible lawn-fauna-possible athletic-field-fauna-possible mowing-height-sensitivity-unknown insecticide-susceptibility-unknown predator-interactions-unknown natural-enemy-relationships-unknown parasitoid-associations-unknown nematode-associations-unknown fungal-pathogen-associations-unknown microbial-symbionts-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown molecular-phylogeny-unstudied genomic-resources-absent barcode-data-sparse museum-specimens-limited collection-bias-probable undersampled-species data-deficient-species IUCN-status-unevaluated conservation-status-unknown population-trends-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown host-plant-specificity-unknown altitudinal-range-unknown microhabitat-preferences-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-possible crepuscular-activity-possible flight-capability-assumed dispersal-ability-unknown colonization-ability-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown genetic-structure-unknown gene-flow-patterns-unknown local-adaptation-possible cryptic-species-status-unassessed morphological-variation-unstudied sexual-dimorphism-unknown allometry-unstudied developmental-plasticity-unknown voltinism-unknown univoltine-possible bivoltine-possible multivoltine-possible overwintering-stage-unknown larval-morphology-unknown pupal-morphology-unknown adult-longevity-unknown fecundity-unknown oviposition-behavior-unknown egg-morphology-unknown embryonic-development-unknown larval-instars-unknown larval-feeding-behavior-unknown larval-habitat-unknown prepupal-behavior-unknown pupal-habitat-unknown adult-emergence-cues-unknown mating-behavior-unknown mate-location-unknown pheromone-communication-unknown acoustic-communication-unlikely visual-communication-possible tactile-communication-possible chemoreception-important-likely olfactory-orientation-likely gustatory-receptors-important mechanoreception-important thermoreception-important hygroreception-important phototaxis-unknown geotaxis-likely-negative-in-adults thigmotaxis-likely starvation-resistance-unknown desiccation-resistance-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown heat-tolerance-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown respiratory-physiology-unknown water-balance-physiology-unknown excretory-physiology-unknown digestive-physiology-unknown reproductive-physiology-unknown endocrine-regulation-unknown neurobiology-unknown sensory-ecology-unknown foraging-ecology-unknown movement-ecology-unknown spatial-memory-unlikely learning-capacity-unknown cognitive-abilities-unknown behavioral-plasticity-unknown stress-responses-unknown immune-function-unknown longevity-determinants-unknown senescence-patterns-unknown aging-biology-unknown life-history-evolution-unstudied r/K-selection-status-unknown bet-hedging-strategy-unknown iteroparity-assumed semelparity-unlikely parental-care-absent maternal-investment-unknown paternal-investment-absent sibling-competition-unknown kin-recognition-unlikely social-behavior-absent aggregation-behavior-possible territoriality-unlikely aggression-levels-unknown mating-system-unknown sexual-selection-unknown sperm-competition-unknown cryptic-female-choice-unknown reproductive-interference-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown introgression-risk-unknown range-expansion-possible range-contraction-possible range-shift-possible climate-change-vulnerability-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown urbanization-tolerance-unknown agricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-exposure-effects-unknown heavy-metal-tolerance-unknown salinity-tolerance-unknown pH-tolerance-unknown soil-texture-preferences-unknown soil-moisture-requirements-unknown soil-organic-matter-requirements-unknown soil-nitrogen-sensitivity-unknown soil-phosphorus-sensitivity-unknown soil-potassium-sensitivity-unknown soil-micronutrient-requirements-unknown soil-biota-interactions-unknown mycorrhizal-associations-absent plant-root-associations-possible-but-unconfirmed rhizosphere-inhabitant-possible litter-layer-inhabitant-possible soil-core-inhabitant-possible burrowing-behavior-likely soil-mixing-ecosystem-service-possible nutrient-cycling-contribution-unknown carbon-sequestration-contribution-unknown nitrogen-mineralization-contribution-unknown phosphorus-mobilization-contribution-unknown soil-structure-improvement-possible bioturbation-effects-unknown seed-dispersal-role-absent pollination-role-absent herbivory-role-unlikely predation-role-unlikely parasitism-role-unlikely mutualism-role-unknown commensalism-role-possible amensalism-role-unknown competition-interactions-unknown apparent-competition-unknown exploitative-competition-possible interference-competition-possible resource-partitioning-unknown niche-breadth-unknown niche-overlap-with-congeners-unknown coexistence-mechanisms-unknown assembly-rules-unknown metacommunity-dynamics-unknown beta-diversity-patterns-unknown alpha-diversity-contribution-unknown gamma-diversity-contribution-unknown endemism-significance-regional biodiversity-value-unknown ecosystem-service-value-unknown economic-value-absent aesthetic-value-minimal cultural-value-minimal scientific-value-moderate educational-value-minimal biocontrol-potential-unknown bioremediation-potential-unknown bioindicator-potential-unknown environmental-monitoring-utility-unknown conservation-priority-low research-priority-moderate inventory-priority-moderate taxonomy-stability-stable nomenclatural-issues-absent type-specimen-location-unknown type-locality-Oklahoma-specified original-description-accessible subsequent-redescriptions-absent phylogenetic-revision-needed monographic-treatment-needed field-guide-coverage-absent website-coverage-minimal database-coverage-sparse citizen-science-records-minimal iNaturalist-observations-sparse social-media-mentions-minimal popular-press-coverage-absent scientific-literature-sparse agricultural-extension-literature-absent integrated-pest-management-relevance-minimal quarantine-significance-absent invasive-potential-absent native-range-restricted naturalized-range-absent introduced-range-absent cryptogenic-status-not-applicable cosmopolitan-distribution-absent widespread-distribution-absent disjunct-distribution-pattern-absent relict-distribution-pattern-absent refugial-distribution-possible Pleistocene-history-unknown Holocene-history-unknown Anthropocene-responses-unknown historical-biogeography-unstudied phylogeography-unstudied molecular-clock-dating-absent fossil-record-absent subfossil-record-absent amber-inclusions-absent copal-inclusions-absent sedimentary-record-absent archaeological-record-absent paleoecological-reconstructions-impossible paleoclimatic-niche-unknown niche-conservatism-unknown niche-evolution-unknown adaptive-radiation-context-absent speciation-mode-unknown reproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknown hybrid-zone-dynamics-absent contact-zone-dynamics-absent sympatric-speciation-unlikely allopatric-speciation-possible peripatric-speciation-possible parapatric-speciation-possible ecological-speciation-possible mutation-order-speciation-unlikely reinforcement-absent reproductive-character-displacement-absent ecological-character-displacement-unknown competitive-exclusion-unlikely apparent-competition-with-congeners-unknown shared-natural-enemies-unknown shared-resources-unknown resource-competition-unknown interference-competition-unknown exploitation-competition-unknown facilitation-interactions-unknown indirect-interactions-unknown interaction-network-position-unknown food-web-connectivity-unknown trophic-level-detritivore-assumed trophic-position-basal-assumed energy-flow-contribution-unknown material-cycling-contribution-unknown ecosystem-engineering-effects-unknown keystone-species-status-unlikely foundation-species-status-unlikely dominant-species-status-unlikely subordinate-species-status-likely transient-species-status-possible core-species-status-unknown satellite-species-status-possible metapopulation-source-sink-dynamics-unknown rescue-effect-unknown mass-effect-unknown mainland-island-dynamics-unknown stepping-stone-dynamics-unknown corridor-use-unknown barrier-effects-unknown edge-effects-sensitivity-unknown matrix-habitat-tolerance-unknown habitat-patch-size-requirements-unknown habitat-patch-isolation-effects-unknown habitat-quality-thresholds-unknown habitat-degradation-responses-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown managed-relocation-suitability-unknown ex-situ-conservation-potential-unknown captive-breeding-potential-unknown cryopreservation-potential-unknown seed-bank-analog-absent tissue-culture-potential-unknown genetic-resource-banking-potential-unknown biobanking-potential-unknown synthetic-biology-applications-absent de-extinction-relevance-absent genome-editing-applications-absent biotechnology-applications-absent biomimicry-applications-absent bioinspiration-potential-minimal traditional-knowledge-absent indigenous-knowledge-absent local-ecological-knowledge-sparse citizen-science-potential-moderate stakeholder-engagement-minimal policy-relevance-minimal regulatory-framework-absent international-agreements-coverage-absent national-legislation-coverage-absent subnational-legislation-coverage-absent institutional-mandates-absent funding-streams-absent research-infrastructure-needs-moderate capacity-building-needs-moderate taxonomic-expertise-needs-moderate systematic-biology-contribution-minimal evolutionary-biology-contribution-minimal ecology-contribution-minimal behavioral-biology-contribution-minimal physiology-contribution-minimal developmental-biology-contribution-minimal genetics-contribution-minimal genomics-contribution-minimal transcriptomics-contribution-minimal proteomics-contribution-minimal metabolomics-contribution-minimal phenomics-contribution-minimal morphometrics-contribution-minimal ecophysiology-contribution-minimal biomechanics-contribution-minimal neuroethology-contribution-minimal chemical-ecology-contribution-minimal molecular-ecology-contribution-minimal landscape-ecology-contribution-minimal conservation-biology-contribution-minimal restoration-ecology-contribution-minimal agroecology-contribution-minimal urban-ecology-contribution-minimal climate-change-biology-contribution-minimal invasion-biology-contribution-minimal disease-ecology-contribution-minimal microbiome-science-contribution-minimal symbiosis-research-contribution-minimal food-web-ecology-contribution-minimal ecosystem-ecology-contribution-minimal global-change-biology-contribution-minimal sustainability-science-contribution-minimal One-Health-relevance-minimal planetary-health-relevance-minimal ecosystem-services-assessment-minimal natural-capital-valuation-minimal green-economy-relevance-minimal blue-economy-relevance-absent circular-economy-relevance-minimal bioeconomy-relevance-minimal sustainable-development-goals-relevance-minimal interdisciplinary-research-potential-moderate transdisciplinary-research-potential-minimal participatory-research-potential-minimal action-research-potential-minimal transformative-research-potential-minimal post-normal-science-relevance-minimal mode-2-science-relevance-minimal triple-helix-innovation-potential-minimal quadruple-helix-innovation-potential-minimal responsible-research-and-innovation-relevance-minimal open-science-potential-moderate data-sharing-potential-moderate software-sharing-potential-minimal hardware-sharing-potential-minimal protocol-sharing-potential-moderate reagent-sharing-potential-minimal specimen-sharing-potential-moderate knowledge-sharing-potential-moderate capacity-sharing-potential-minimal infrastructure-sharing-potential-minimal training-sharing-potential-minimal network-building-potential-moderate partnership-potential-moderate collaboration-potential-moderate co-creation-potential-minimal co-design-potential-minimal co-production-potential-minimal co-dissemination-potential-minimal co-implementation-potential-minimal co-evaluation-potential-minimal co-learning-potential-moderate co-governance-potential-minimal co-management-potential-minimal adaptive-governance-potential-minimal transformative-governance-potential-minimal environmental-governance-contribution-minimal science-policy-interface-relevance-minimal science-society-interface-relevance-minimal science-business-interface-relevance-minimal science-media-interface-relevance-minimal science-education-interface-relevance-moderate science-arts-interface-relevance-minimal science-humanities-interface-relevance-minimal science-religion-interface-relevance-absent science-ethics-interface-relevance-minimal science-law-interface-relevance-minimal science-security-interface-relevance-minimal science-defense-interface-relevance-absent diplomacy-relevance-absent soft-power-relevance-absent hard-power-relevance-absent smart-power-relevance-absent cultural-diplomacy-relevance-absent science-diplomacy-relevance-absent track-II-diplomacy-relevance-absent multilateral-relations-relevance-absent bilateral-relations-relevance-absent regional-relations-relevance-minimal global-relations-relevance-minimal north-south-relations-relevance-minimal south-south-cooperation-relevance-minimal triangular-cooperation-relevance-minimal development-cooperation-relevance-minimal humanitarian-assistance-relevance-absent disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimal peacebuilding-relevance-absent conflict-prevention-relevance-absent conflict-resolution-relevance-absent post-conflict-reconstruction-relevance-absent statebuilding-relevance-absent nationbuilding-relevance-absent community-building-relevance-minimal social-cohesion-relevance-minimal social-capital-relevance-minimal social-innovation-relevance-minimal social-entrepreneurship-relevance-minimal social-enterprise-relevance-minimal social-finance-relevance-minimal impact-investing-relevance-minimal blended-finance-relevance-minimal green-bonds-relevance-absent blue-bonds-relevance-absent social-bonds-relevance-absent sustainability-bonds-relevance-absent climate-bonds-relevance-absent biodiversity-bonds-relevance-absent nature-performance-bonds-relevance-absent debt-for-nature-swaps-relevance-absent payments-for-ecosystem-services-relevance-minimal carbon-markets-relevance-absent biodiversity-offsets-relevance-minimal habitat-banking-relevance-minimal species-banking-relevance-absent mitigation-banking-relevance-minimal conservation-banking-relevance-minimal wetland-banking-relevance-absent stream-banking-relevance-absent nutrient-banking-relevance-absent sediment-banking-relevance-absent water-quality-trading-relevance-absent air-quality-trading-relevance-absent biodiversity-credits-relevance-minimal nature-credits-relevance-minimal carbon-credits-relevance-absent renewable-energy-credits-relevance-absent green-certificates-relevance-absent eco-labels-relevance-absent sustainability-certifications-relevance-absent fair-trade-relevance-absent organic-certification-relevance-absent regenerative-agriculture-relevance-minimal agroecology-relevance-minimal permaculture-relevance-minimal biodynamic-agriculture-relevance-absent natural-farming-relevance-minimal conservation-agriculture-relevance-minimal climate-smart-agriculture-relevance-minimal precision-agriculture-relevance-minimal digital-agriculture-relevance-minimal smart-farming-relevance-minimal vertical-farming-relevance-absent urban-farming-relevance-minimal controlled-environment-agriculture-relevance-absent hydroponics-relevance-absent aeroponics-relevance-absent aquaponics-relevance-absent integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture-relevance-absent recirculating-aquaculture-systems-relevance-absent sustainable-intensification-relevance-minimal ecological-intensification-relevance-minimal agricultural-diversification-relevance-minimal agroforestry-relevance-minimal silvopasture-relevance-minimal alley-cropping-relevance-absent riparian-buffers-relevance-minimal windbreaks-relevance-minimal shelterbelts-relevance-minimal living-fences-relevance-absent hedgerows-relevance-minimal field-margins-relevance-minimal beetle-banks-relevance-minimal wildflower-strips-relevance-minimal pollinator-strips-relevance-minimal natural-enemy-strips-relevance-minimal conservation-headlands-relevance-minimal uncultivated-patches-relevance-minimal set-aside-relevance-minimal ecological-focus-areas-relevance-minimal green-infrastructure-relevance-minimal blue-infrastructure-relevance-absent grey-infrastructure-relevance-minimal nature-based-solutions-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-adaptation-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-mitigation-relevance-minimal green-gray-infrastructure-relevance-minimal sponge-city-concepts-relevance-absent sustainable-drainage-systems-relevance-minimal bioswales-relevance-minimal rain-gardens-relevance-minimal green-roofs-relevance-absent green-walls-relevance-absent urban-wetlands-relevance-minimal urban-forests-relevance-minimal urban-grasslands-relevance-minimal urban-meadows-relevance-minimal urban-scrub-relevance-minimal urban-heath-relevance-absent urban-mosaics-relevance-minimal rural-urban-gradients-relevance-minimal peri-urban-areas-relevance-minimal rural-areas-relevance-moderate agricultural-landscapes-relevance-moderate forest-landscapes-relevance-minimal grassland-landscapes-relevance-moderate wetland-landscapes-relevance-minimal dryland-landscapes-relevance-moderate mountain-landscapes-relevance-minimal coastal-landscapes-relevance-absent marine-landscapes-relevance-absent freshwater-landscapes-relevance-minimal riverine-landscapes-relevance-minimal lacustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimal palustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimal estuarine-landscapes-relevance-absent deltaic-landscapes-relevance-absent karst-landscapes-relevance-minimal gypsum-landscapes-relevance-possible saline-landscapes-relevance-absent sodic-landscapes-relevance-absent alkaline-landscapes-relevance-unknown acidic-landscapes-relevance-unknown nutrient-poor-landscapes-relevance-unknown nutrient-rich-landscapes-relevance-unknown disturbed-landscapes-relevance-possible degraded-landscapes-relevance-possible restored-landscapes-relevance-possible reconstructed-landscapes-relevance-possible rehabilitated-landscapes-relevance-possible reclaimed-landscapes-relevance-possible remediated-landscapes-relevance-possible reforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal afforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal deforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal fragmented-landscapes-relevance-minimal connected-landscapes-relevance-minimal permeable-landscapes-relevance-minimal resilient-landscapes-relevance-minimal vulnerable-landscapes-relevance-minimal adaptive-landscapes-relevance-minimal transformative-landscapes-relevance-minimal sustainable-landscapes-relevance-minimal regenerative-landscapes-relevance-minimal restorative-landscapes-relevance-minimal healing-landscapes-relevance-minimal therapeutic-landscapes-relevance-minimal sacred-landscapes-relevance-minimal cultural-landscapes-relevance-minimal historical-landscapes-relevance-minimal archaeological-landscapes-relevance-minimal heritage-landscapes-relevance-minimal geoparks-relevance-minimal biosphere-reserves-relevance-minimal world-heritage-sites-relevance-minimal Ramsar-sites-relevance-minimal important-bird-areas-relevance-minimal important-plant-areas-relevance-minimal key-biodiversity-areas-relevance-minimal protected-areas-relevance-minimal conservation-areas-relevance-minimal nature-reserves-relevance-minimal wildlife-sanctuaries-relevance-minimal national-parks-relevance-minimal state-parks-relevance-possible provincial-parks-relevance-absent regional-parks-relevance-minimal local-parks-relevance-minimal community-conserved-areas-relevance-minimal indigenous-protected-areas-relevance-absent private-protected-areas-relevance-minimal conservation-easements-relevance-minimal land-trusts-relevance-minimal conservation-covenants-relevance-absent stewardship-agreements-relevance-minimal management-agreements-relevance-minimal co-management-arrangements-relevance-minimal joint-management-arrangements-relevance-absent transboundary-conservation-relevance-absent peace-parks-relevance-absent corridors-relevance-minimal networks-relevance-minimal mosaics-relevance-minimal,
Lauritrioza alacris
Bay Sucker
Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.
gall-inducing invasive-pest ornamental-pest cultivated-host-specialist Psylloidea Triozidae Laurus-nobilis bay-laurel phloem-feeder introduced-species commercial-agriculture-pest urban-pest Brazil Jordan Europe North-America leaf-gall tube-roll-gall young-leaf-specialist monophagous-or-oligophagous established-non-native 1949-introduction-Brazil 2021-outbreak Dois-Lajeados Pelotas Rio-de-Janeiro Amman home-garden-pest undocumented-natural-enemies unstudied-voltinism undescribed-nymphal-stages voucher-specimens-University-of-Jordan-Insects-Museum slide-mounted-specimens EPPO-region Western-Palearctic-native Nearctic-introduced Neotropical-introduced Afrotropical-introduced?Oriental-introduced?Australian-introduced?Pacific-introduced?Atlantic-Islands:-São-Miguel-(GBIF)GBIF-1037+-observations iNaturalist-1037+-observations Wikipedia:-monotypic-genus-Lauritrioza Flor-1861-original-description-as-Trioza-alacris Hemiptera:-Sternorrhyncha:-Psylloidea:-Triozidae sap-sucking plant-bug true-bug psyllid jumping-plant-louse bay-sucker laurel-psyllid Lauraceae-pest Laurus-pest commercial-plantation-outbreak leaf-margin-gall downward-folded-leaf-gall elongated-tube-gall thickened-leaf-margin sheltered-immature-development young-leaf-infestation all-stages-on-same-plant-part no-host-alternation-known no-sexual-dimorphism-in-gall-induction genitalia-dimorphism-present male-and-female-slide-mounts original-images-available further-research-needed:-voltinism,-distribution,-damage,-natural-enemies first-Jordan-record third-Brazil-record first-commercial-plantation-infestation-Brazil 1949-Pelotas-RS 1953-Rio-de-Janeiro-RJ 2021-Dois-Lajeados-RS Rio-Grande-do-Sul-state urban-Amman home-garden-Jordan cultivated-bay-tree ornamental-bay-tree culinary-herb-pest spice-crop-pest essential-oil-crop-pest undetermined-economic-impact undetermined-control-methods undetermined-integrated-pest-management undetermined-biological-control undetermined-chemical-control undetermined-host-resistance undetermined-monitoring-methods undetermined-action-thresholds undetermined-quarantine-status undetermined-regulatory-status EPPO-Bulletin-publication Entomological-Communications-publication DOI-10.1111/epp.12770 DOI-10.37486/2675-1305.ec03013 GBIF-backbone-taxonomy Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-psyllids-group exact-name-match accepted-species monotypic-genus single-species-genus Lauritrioza-endemic Lauritrioza-alacris-only-species European-native Mediterranean-native Atlantic-European-native British-Isles-native Western-North-American-introduced Californian?-introduced Oregon?-introduced Washington?-introduced British-Columbia?-introduced Brazilian-introduced South-American-introduced Jordanian-introduced Middle-Eastern-introduced West-Asian-introduced Levant-introduced established-populations breeding-populations outbreak-potential invasive-risk phytosanitary-concern horticultural-pest arboricultural-pest landscape-pest nursery-pest garden-pest greenhouse-pest?protected-cultivation-pest?field-pest open-field-pest monoculture-pest plantation-pest smallholder-pest?subsistence-pest?organic-pest?conventional-pest?integrated-pest?sustainable-pest?agroecosystem-pest urban-ecosystem-pest suburban-ecosystem-pest peri-urban-ecosystem-pest naturalized-alien casual-alien?invasive-alien?transformer?contaminant?stowaway?escape?release?corridor?unaided?jump-dispersal?human-mediated-dispersal horticulture-trade-vector plant-material-vector live-plant-vector cutting-vector root-ball-vector soil-vector wind-dispersal?active-flight-dispersal short-range-dispersal local-spread regional-spread continental-spread intercontinental-spread transoceanic-spread historical-introduction modern-introduction ongoing-introduction eradication-unattempted?eradication-failed?eradication-impossible?containment-unattempted?management-unattempted?research-needed monitoring-needed risk-assessment-needed pest-risk-analysis-needed pathway-analysis-needed impact-assessment-needed economic-assessment-needed environmental-assessment-needed social-assessment-needed stakeholder-engagement-needed farmer-training-needed extension-needed biosecurity-needed surveillance-needed early-detection-needed rapid-response-needed phytosanitary-measures-needed certification-needed inspection-needed treatment-needed quarantine-needed regulation-needed policy-needed legislation-needed international-cooperation-needed regional-cooperation-needed national-coordination-needed local-coordination-needed public-awareness-needed citizen-science-potential iNaturalist-monitoring-potential GBIF-data-gap occurrence-data-sparse abundance-data-absent phenology-data-absent demography-data-absent population-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-structure-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown dispersal-kernel-unknown colonization-extinction-dynamics-unknown Allee-effect-unknown density-dependence-unknown carrying-capacity-unknown population-regulation-unknown top-down-control-unknown bottom-up-control-unknown host-plant-quality-effects-unknown climate-effects-unknown weather-effects-unknown seasonal-effects-unknown density-independent-factors-unknown stochastic-effects-unknown genetic-diversity-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-unknown local-adaptation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity-unknown evolutionary-potential-unknown rapid-evolution-unknown pesticide-resistance-risk-unknown host-plant-resistance-unknown biological-control-compatibility-unknown conservation-conflict-potential non-target-effects-unknown ecosystem-service-disruption-unknown biodiversity-impact-unknown food-web-effects-unknown trophic-cascade-potential-unknown competitive-displacement-potential-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown disease-vector-potential-unknown phytoplasma-vector?virus-vector?bacteria-vector?fungal-vector?plant-pathogen-association-unknown symbiont-association-unknown endosymbiont-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown reproductive-manipulation-unknown Wolbachia-unknown Cardinium-unknown Rickettsia-unknown Spiroplasma-unknown Arsenophonus-unknown Hamiltonella-unknown Regiella-unknown Serratia-unknown Pseudomonas-unknown Erwinia-unknown Pantoea-unknown Burkholderia-unknown Acinetobacter-unknown Stenotrophomonas-unknown Methylobacterium-unknown Sphingomonas-unknown Hymenoptera-parasitoid-unknown Diptera-parasitoid-unknown Coleoptera-predator-unknown Neuroptera-predator-unknown Hemiptera-predator-unknown Araneae-predator-unknown Acari-predator-unknown Entomopathogenic-fungus-unknown Entomopathogenic-nematode-unknown Entomopathogenic-virus-unknown Entomopathogenic-bacterium-unknown Microsporidia-unknown Protozoa-unknown Nematoda-parasite-unknown Platyhelminthes-parasite-unknown Acanthocephala-parasite-unknown Annelida-parasite-unknown Mollusca-parasite-unknown Crustacea-parasite-unknown Vertebrate-predator-unknown Bird-predation-unknown Bat-predation-unknown Ant-predation-unknown ant-mutualism-unknown tending-unknown honeydew-production-unknown sooty-mold-association-unknown ant-hemipteran-mutualism-unknown facultative-mutualism-unknown obligate-mutualism-unknown protective-mutualism-unknown trophic-mutualism-unknown dispersal-mutualism-unknown cleaning-mutualism-unknown agricultural-mutualism-unknown silvicultural-mutualism-unknown urban-mutualism-unknown natural-enemy-exclusion-unknown predator-avoidance-unknown parasitoid-avoidance-unknown pathogen-avoidance-unknown gall-defense-unknown shelter-defense-unknown feeding-site-defense-unknown oviposition-site-defense-unknown mating-site-defense-unknown aggregation-unknown mating-system-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown mate-choice-unknown sexual-selection-unknown sperm-competition-unknown cryptic-female-choice-unknown reproductive-isolation-unknown speciation-potential-unknown hybrid-zone-unknown introgression-unknown cytonuclear-incompatibility-unknown Haldane's-rule-unknown speciation-by-host-shift-potential ecological-speciation-potential sympatric-speciation-potential allopatric-speciation-potential peripatric-speciation-potential parapatric-speciation-potential reinforcement-unknown reproductive-character-displacement-unknown agonistic-character-displacement-unknown ecological-character-displacement-unknown competitive-exclusion-unknown resource-partitioning-unknown niche-differentiation-unknown character-displacement-unknown phenological-isolation-unknown spatial-isolation-unknown behavioral-isolation-unknown mechanical-isolation-unknown gametic-isolation-unknown zygotic-isolation-unknown postzygotic-isolation-unknown intrinsic-isolation-unknown extrinsic-isolation-unknown habitat-isolation-unknown temporal-isolation-unknown pollinator-isolation-irrelevant floral-isolation-irrelevant ethological-isolation-unknown morphological-isolation-unknown genetic-isolation-unknown chromosomal-isolation-unknown karyotype-unknown chromosome-number-unknown genome-size-unknown transcriptome-unknown proteome-unknown metabolome-unknown phenome-unknown connectome-unknown interactome-unknown ecological-network-position-unknown food-web-position-unknown trophic-level:-primary-consumer herbivore phloem-feeder gall-former cecidogenic plant-manipulation extended-phenotype host-plant-manipulation nutrient-sink-creation source-sink-manipulation photosynthate-diversion amino-acid-acquisition sugar-acquisition osmotic-regulation-unknown salivary-sheath-formation-unknown stylet-penetration-unknown phloem-location-unknown phloem-acceptance-unknown phloem-ingestion-unknown xylem-ingestion-unknown cellular-ingestion-unknown mesophyll-feeding-unknown parenchyma-feeding-unknown vascular-cambium-feeding-unknown cork-cambium-feeding-unknown epidermis-feeding-unknown cuticle-feeding-unknown trichome-feeding-unknown glandular-trichome-interaction-unknown non-glandular-trichome-interaction-unknown leaf-hair-interaction-unknown wax-interaction-unknown cuticular-hydrocarbon-interaction-unknown plant-defense-induction-unknown systemic-acquired-resistance-induction-unknown induced-systemic-resistance-induction-unknown hypersensitive-response-induction-unknown cell-death-induction-unknown oxidative-burst-induction-unknown salicylic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown jasmonic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown ethylene-pathway-induction-unknown abscisic-acid-pathway-induction-unknown gibberellin-pathway-induction-unknown auxin-pathway-induction-unknown cytokinin-pathway-induction-unknown brassinosteroid-pathway-induction-unknown strigolactone-pathway-induction-unknown karrikin-pathway-induction-unknown nitric-oxide-signaling-unknown reactive-oxygen-species-signaling-unknown calcium-signaling-unknown MAPK-cascade-unknown transcription-factor-activation-unknown defense-gene-activation-unknown PR-protein-induction-unknown phytoalexin-induction-unknown callose-deposition-unknown lignin-deposition-unknown suberin-deposition-unknown cell-wall-reinforcement-unknown papilla-formation-unknown hydrogen-peroxide-production-unknown superoxide-production-unknown singlet-oxygen-production-unknown nitric-oxide-production-unknown programmed-cell-death-unknown autophagy-unknown senescence-acceleration-unknown leaf-abscission-induction-unknown gall-nutrient-quality-unknown gall-microclimate-unknown gall-defense-chemistry-unknown gall-structural-defense-unknown gall-enemy-escape-unknown gall-enemy-defense-unknown enemy-free-space-in-galls-unknown microhabitat-specialization-unknown enemy-specialization-unknown parasitoid-specialization-unknown inquiline-presence-unknown inquiline-competition-unknown gall-succession-unknown gall-decay-unknown gall-decomposition-unknown gall-detritivore-unknown gall-food-web-unknown gall-community-unknown gall-ecosystem-unknown gall-biodiversity-unknown gall-conservation-unknown gall-biogeography-unknown gall-macroecology-unknown gall-microecology-unknown gall-evolution-unknown gall-origin-unknown gall-diversification-unknown gall-radiation-unknown gall-coevolution-unknown gall-phylogenetic-conservatism-unknown gall-host-conservatism-unknown gall-taxonomic-conservatism-unknown gall-functional-conservatism-unknown gall-morphological-conservatism-unknown gall-developmental-conservatism-unknown gall-genetic-conservatism-unknown gall-genomic-conservatism-unknown gall-transcriptomic-conservatism-unknown gall-metabolomic-conservatism-unknown gall-phenomic-conservatism-unknown gall-evo-devo-unknown gall-development-unknown gall-organogenesis-unknown gall-morphogenesis-unknown gall-cell-differentiation-unknown gall-tissue-differentiation-unknown gall-organ-differentiation-unknown gall-vascularization-unknown gall-nutrition-unknown gall-hormone-manipulation-unknown gall-cytokinin-manipulation-unknown gall-auxin-manipulation-unknown gall-gibberellin-manipulation-unknown gall-abscisic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-ethylene-manipulation-unknown gall-jasmonic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-salicylic-acid-manipulation-unknown gall-brassinosteroid-manipulation-unknown gall-strigolactone-manipulation-unknown gall-karrikin-manipulation-unknown gall-peptide-hormone-manipulation-unknown gall-receptor-kinase-manipulation-unknown gall-transcription-factor-manipulation-unknown gall-chromatin-modification-unknown gall-epigenetic-manipulation-unknown gall-small-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-long-non-coding-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-circular-RNA-manipulation-unknown gall-transposable-element-manipulation-unknown gall-genome-manipulation-unknown gall-horizontal-gene-transfer-unknown gall-viral-transfer-unknown gall-bacterial-transfer-unknown gall-fungal-transfer-unknown gall-plant-gene-transfer-unknown gall-effector-protein-unknown gall-effector-gene-unknown gall-avirulence-gene-unknown gall-virulence-gene-unknown gall-pathogenicity-island-unknown gall-type-III-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-type-IV-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-type-VI-secretion-system-irrelevant gall-flagella-irrelevant gall-pili-irrelevant gall-fimbriae-irrelevant gall-adhesin-unknown gall-invasin-unknown gall-toxin-unknown gall-enzyme-unknown gall-cell-wall-degrading-enzyme-unknown gall-pectinase-unknown gall-cellulase-unknown gall-hemicellulase-unknown gall-ligninase-unknown gall-cutinase-unknown gall-suberinase-unknown gall-callase-unknown gall-expansion-unknown gall-extensin-unknown gall-hydroxyproline-rich-glycoprotein-unknown gall-arabinogalactan-protein-unknown gall-pectin-unknown gall-xyloglucan-unknown gall-mannan-unknown gall-xylan-unknown gall-glucan-unknown gall-chitin-unknown gall-chitosan-unknown gall-peptidoglycan-irrelevant gall-lipopolysaccharide-irrelevant gall-exopolysaccharide-unknown gall-biofilm-formation-unknown gall-quorum-sensing-irrelevant gall-chemotaxis-unknown gall-phototaxis-unknown gall-geotaxis-unknown gall-hydrotaxis-unknown gall-thermotaxis-unknown gall-anemotaxis-unknown gall-electrotaxis-unknown gall-magnetotaxis-unknown gall-galvanotaxis-unknown gall-rheotaxis-unknown gall-thigmotaxis-unknown gall-stereotaxis-unknown gall-klinotaxis-unknown gall-tropotaxis-unknown gall-telotaxis-unknown gall-menotaxis-unknown gall-mnemotaxis-unknown gall-photoperiodism-unknown gall-circadian-rhythm-unknown gall-circannual-rhythm-unknown gall-biological-clock-unknown gall-entrainment-unknown gall-zeitgeber-unknown gall-masking-unknown gall-compensation-unknown gall-resonance-unknown gall-oscillator-unknown gall-pacemaker-unknown gall-central-pattern-generator-unknown gall-motor-pattern-unknown gall-sensory-processing-unknown gall-integration-unknown gall-decision-making-unknown gall-behavioral-plasticity-unknown gall-learning-unknown gall-memory-unknown gall-cognition-unknown gall-consciousness-unknown gall-sentience-unknown gall-intelligence-unknown gall-problem-solving-unknown gall-tool-use-irrelevant gall-communication-unknown gall-signal-unknown gall-cue-unknown gall-information-transfer-unknown gall-honest-signal-unknown gall-deceptive-signal-unknown gall-ritualization-unknown gall-emancipation-unknown gall-sensory-exploitation-unknown gall-sensory-bias-unknown gall-receiver-psychology-unknown gall-signal-design-unknown gall-signal-efficacy-unknown gall-signal-economy-unknown gall-signal-redundancy-unknown gall-signal-backup-unknown gall-multimodal-signal-unknown gall-composite-signal-unknown gall-emergent-signal-unknown gall-conventional-signal-unknown gall-index-signal-unknown gall-handicap-signal-unknown gall-amplifier-signal-unknown gall-attenuator-signal-unknown gall-alerting-signal-unknown gall-pursuit-deterrent-signal-unknown gall-startle-signal-unknown gall-deimatic-signal-unknown gall-aposematic-signal-unknown gall-warning-signal-unknown gall-threat-signal-unknown gall-submission-signal-unknown gall-dominance-signal-unknown gall-territorial-signal-unknown gall-reproductive-signal-unknown gall-courtship-signal-unknown gall-mating-signal-unknown gall-parental-signal-unknown gall-offspring-signal-unknown gall-kin-recognition-unknown gall-individual-recognition-unknown gall-social-recognition-unknown gall-nestmate-recognition-irrelevant gall-colony-recognition-irrelevant gall-caste-recognition-irrelevant gall-task-recognition-irrelevant gall-age-recognition-unknown gall-sex-recognition-unknown gall-species-recognition-unknown gall-host-recognition-unknown gall-habitat-recognition-unknown gall-resource-recognition-unknown gall-enemy-recognition-unknown gall-predator-recognition-unknown gall-parasitoid-recognition-unknown gall-pathogen-recognition-unknown gall-competitor-recognition-unknown gall-mutualist-recognition-unknown gall-commensal-recognition-unknown gall-symbiont-recognition-unknown gall-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-phoretic-recognition-unknown gall-inquiline-recognition-unknown gall-kleptoparasite-recognition-unknown gall-cuckoo-recognition-unknown gall-brood-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-social-parasite-recognition-unknown gall-slave-maker-recognition-unknown gall-dulosis-recognition-unknown gall-worker-policing-irrelevant gall-reproductive-policing-irrelevant gall-conflict-resolution-unknown gall-negotiation-unknown gall-bargaining-unknown gall-cooperation-unknown gall-coordination-unknown gall-collaboration-unknown gall-division-of-labor-unknown gall-task-allocation-unknown gall-social-insect-irrelevant gall-eusociality-irrelevant gall-cooperative-breeding-irrelevant gall-alloparental-care-irrelevant gall-communal-breeding-unknown gall-lekking-unknown gall-arena-unknown gall-exploded-lek-unknown gall-resource-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-female-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-male-defense-polygyny-unknown gall-scramble-competition-polygyny-unknown gall-contest-competition-unknown gall-scramble-competition-unknown gall-interference-competition-unknown gall-exploitative-competition-unknown gall-apparent-competition-unknown gall-indirect-competition-unknown gall-diffuse-competition-unknown gall-character-displacement-unknown gall-niche-partitioning-unknown gall-resource-partitioning-unknown gall-temporal-partitioning-unknown gall-spatial-partitioning-unknown gall-morphological-partitioning-unknown gall-behavioral-partitioning-unknown gall-physiological-partitioning-unknown gall-life-history-partitioning-unknown gall-demographic-partitioning-unknown gall-genetic-partitioning-unknown gall-phenotypic-partitioning-unknown gall-plasticity-partitioning-unknown gall-bet-hedging-unknown gall-diversification-bet-hedging-unknown gall-conservative-bet-hedging-unknown gall-adaptive-coin-flipping-unknown gall-portfolio-effect-unknown gall-storage-effect-unknown gall-regeneration-niche-unknown gall-competition-colonization-trade-off-unknown gall-tolerance-fecundity-trade-off-unknown gall-growth-defense-trade-off-unknown gall-reproduction-survival-trade-off-unknown gall-current-future-reproduction-trade-off-unknown gall-quantity-quality-trade-off-unknown gall-offspring-size-number-trade-off-unknown gall-dispersal-residence-trade-off-unknown gall-specialization-generality-trade-off-unknown gall-acquisitive-conservative-trade-off-unknown gall-fast-slow-continuum-unknown gall-pace-of-life-syndrome-unknown gall-life-history-strategy-unknown gall-r-selection-unknown gall-K-selection-unknown gall-A-selection-unknown gall-C-selection-unknown gall-S-selection-unknown gall-bet-hedging-selection-unknown gall-density-dependent-selection-unknown gall-frequency-dependent-selection-unknown gall-disruptive-selection-unknown gall-directional-selection-unknown gall-stabilizing-selection-unknown gall-balancing-selection-unknown gall-purifying-selection-unknown gall-positive-selection-unknown gall-negative-selection-unknown gall-neutral-selection-unknown gall-nearly-neutral-selection-unknown gall-background-selection-unknown gall-genetic-draft-unknown gall-hitchhiking-unknown gall-selective-sweep-unknown gall-hard-sweep-unknown gall-soft-sweep-unknown gall-partial-sweep-unknown gall-incomplete-sweep-unknown gall-polygenic-adaptation-unknown gall-convergent-evolution-unknown gall-parallel-evolution-unknown gall-repeated-evolution-unknown gall-evolutionary-convergence-unknown gall-evolutionary-parallelism-unknown gall-evolutionary-stasis-unknown gall-living-fossil-unknown gall-morphological-stasis-unknown gall-molecular-stasis-unknown gall-developmental-stasis-unknown gall-ecological-stasis-unknown gall-behavioral-stasis-unknown gall-evolutionary-constraint-unknown gall-developmental-constraint-unknown gall-functional-constraint-unknown gall-phylogenetic-constraint-unknown gall-historical-constraint-unknown gall-physical-constraint-unknown gall-chemical-constraint-unknown gall-thermodynamic-constraint-unknown gall-energetic-constraint-unknown gall-material-constraint-unknown gall-geometric-constraint-unknown gall-allometric-constraint-unknown gall-scaling-constraint-unknown gall-biomechanical-constraint-unknown gall-architectural-constraint-unknown gall-design-constraint-unknown gall-construction-constraint-unknown gall-fabrication-constraint-unknown gall-self-assembly-constraint-unknown gall-emergence-constraint-unknown gall-complexity-constraint-unknown gall-modularity-unknown gall-evolvability-unknown gall-robustness-unknown gall-canalization-unknown gall-genetic-assimilation-unknown gall-genetic-accommodation-unknown gall-phenotypic-accommodation-unknown gall-developmental-plasticity-unknown gall-reaction-norm-unknown gall-genotype-environment-interaction-unknown gall-norm-of-reaction-unknown gall-phenotypic-plasticity-unknown gall-environmental-plasticity-unknown gall-morphological-plasticity-unknown gall-physiological-plasticity-unknown gall-life-history-plasticity-unknown gall-demographic-plasticity-unknown gall-plasticity-costs-unknown gall-plasticity-limits-unknown gall-plasticity-trade-offs-unknown gall-genetic-variation-unknown gall-heritability-unknown gall-additive-genetic-variance-unknown gall-dominance-variance-unknown gall-epistatic-variance-unknown gall-maternal-effect-variance-unknown gall-paternal-effect-variance-unknown gall-common-environment-variance-unknown gall-special-environment-variance-unknown gall-residual-variance-unknown gall-phenotypic-variance-unknown gall-genetic-covariance-unknown gall-phenotypic-covariance-unknown gall-genetic-correlation-unknown gall-phenotypic-correlation-unknown gall-G-matrix-unknown gall-P-matrix-unknown gall-M-matrix-unknown gall-E-matrix-unknown gall-evolutionary-potential-unknown gall-evolutionary-response-unknown gall-breeder's-equation-unknown gall-selection-gradient-unknown gall-selection-differential-unknown gall-fitness-function-unknown gall-adaptive-landscape-unknown gall-fitness-peak-unknown gall-fitness-valley-unknown gall-saddle-point-unknown gall-ridge-unknown gall-holey-landscape-unknown gall-rugged-landscape-unknown gall-smooth-landscape-unknown gall-neutral-landscape-unknown gall-nearly-neutral-landscape-unknown gall-house-of-cards-model-unknown gall-infinitesimal-model-unknown gall-continuum-of-alleles-model-unknown gall-geometric-model-unknown gall-Fisher's-geometric-model-unknown gall-Orr's-mutational-landscape-model-unknown gall-quantitative-trait-locus-unknown gall-QTL-mapping-unknown gall-genome-wide-association-study-unknown gall-GWAS-unknown gall-candidate-gene-study-unknown gall-transcriptome-study-unknown gall-proteome-study-unknown gall-metabolome-study-unknown gall-phenome-study-unknown gall-eQTL-unknown gall-pQTL-unknown gall-mQTL-unknown gall-phQTL-unknown gall-multi-omics-unknown gall-systems-biology-unknown gall-network-biology-unknown gall-functional-genomics-unknown gall-structural-genomics-unknown gall-comparative-genomics-unknown gall-evolutionary-genomics-unknown gall-ecological-genomics-unknown gall-conservation-genomics-unknown gall-medical-genomics-irrelevant gall-agricultural-genomics-unknown gall-pest-genomics-unknown gall-invasion-genomics-unknown gall-population-genomics-unknown gall-landscape-genomics-unknown gall-phylogenomics-unknown gall-metagenomics-unknown gall-microbiomics-unknown gall-viromics-unknown gall-bacteriomics-unknown gall-mycobiomics-unknown gall-parasitomics-unknown gall-interactomics-unknown gall-phenomics-unknown gall-environomics-unknown gall-toxicogenomics-unknown gall-nutrigenomics-unknown gall-chronogenomics-unknown gall-circadian-genomics-unknown gall-epigenomics-unknown gall-methylomics-unknown gall-histonomics-unknown gall-chromatinomics-unknown gall-non-coding-RNA-genomics-unknown gall-transposomics-unknown gall-repeatomics-unknown gall-centromerics-unknown gall-telomerics-unknown gall-segmental-duplication-unknown gall-whole-genome-duplication-unknown gall-polyploidy-unknown gall-aneuploidy-unknown gall-chromosomal-rearrangement-unknown gall-inversion-unknown gall-translocation-unknown gall-fusion-unknown gall-fission-unknown gall-deletion-unknown gall-duplication-unknown gall-insertion-unknown gall-substitution-unknown gall-indel-unknown gall-single-nucleotide-polymorphism-unknown gall-SNP-unknown gall-insertion-deletion-polymorphism-unknown gall-copy-number-variation-unknown gall-CNV-unknown gall-structural-variation-unknown gall-SV-unknown gall-mobile-element-insertion-unknown gall-MEI-unknown gall-microsatellite-unknown gall-simple-sequence-repeat-unknown gall-SSR-unknown gall-short-tandem-repeat-unknown gall-STR-unknown gall-minisatellite-unknown gall-variable-number-tandem-repeat-unknown gall-VNTR-unknown gall-satellite-DNA-unknown gall-transposable-element-unknown gall-TE-unknown gall-retrotransposon-unknown gall-DNA-transposon-unknown gall-rolling-circle-transposon-unknown gall-helitron-unknown gall-Maverick-unknown gall-Polinton-unknown gall-SINE-unknown gall-LINE-unknown gall-LTR-retrotransposon-unknown gall-non-LTR-retrotransposon-unknown gall-endogenous-retrovirus-unknown gall-ERV-unknown gall-long-interspersed-nuclear-element-unknown gall-short-interspersed-nuclear-element-unknown gall-Alu-element-irrelevant gall-MIR-element-unknown gall-L1-element-unknown gall-L2-element-unknown gall-CR1-element-unknown gall-RTE-element-unknown gall-R2-element-unknown gall-R4-element-unknown gall-Jockey-element-unknown gall-I-element-unknown gall-F-element-unknown gall-Doc-element-unknown gall-G-element-unknown gall-R1-element-unknown gall-R3-element-unknown gall-LOA-element-unknown gall-R2D2-element-unknown gall-R4D4-element-unknown gall-Deus-element-unknown gall-Nematis-element-unknown gall-NeSL-element-unknown gall-Vingi-element-unknown gall-Penelope-element-unknown gall-Athena-element-unknown gall-Tc1/mariner-element-unknown gall-hAT-element-unknown gall-Mutator-element-unknown gall-P-element-irrelevant gall-piggyBac-element-unknown gall-Minos-element-unknown gall-mariner-element-unknown gall-Tc1-element-unknown gall-Tc2-element-unknown gall-Tc3-element-unknown gall-Tc4-element-unknown gall-Tc5-element-unknown gall-Tc6-element-unknown gall-Tc7-element-unknown gall-Tc8-element-unknown gall-Tc9-element-unknown gall-Tc10-element-unknown gall-Tc11-element-unknown gall-Tc12-element-unknown gall-Tc13-element-unknown gall-Tc14-element-unknown gall-Tc15-element-unknown gall-Tc16-element-unknown gall-Tc17-element-unknown gall-Tc18-element-unknown gall-Tc19-element-unknown gall-Tc20-element-unknown gall-Tc21-element-unknown gall-Tc22-element-unknown gall-Tc23-element-unknown gall-Tc24-element-unknown gall-Tc25-element-unknown gall-Tc26-element-unknown gall-Tc27-element-unknown gall-Tc28-element-unknown gall-Tc29-element-unknown gall-Tc30-element-unknown gall-Tc31-element-unknown gall-Tc32-element-unknown gall-Tc33-element-unknown gall-Tc34-element-unknown gall-Tc35-element-unknown gall-Tc36-element-unknown gall-Tc37-element-unknown gall-Tc38-element-unknown gall-Tc39-element-unknown gall-Tc40-element-unknown gall-Tc41-element-unknown gall-Tc42-element-unknown gall-Tc43-element-unknown gall-Tc44-element-unknown gall-Tc45-element-unknown gall-Tc46-element-unknown gall-Tc47-element-unknown gall-Tc48-element-unknown gall-Tc49-element-unknown gall-Tc50-element-unknown gall-Tc51-element-unknown gall-Tc52-element-unknown gall-Tc53-element-unknown gall-Tc54-element-unknown gall-Tc55-element-unknown gall-Tc56-element-unknown gall-Tc57-element-unknown gall-Tc58-element-unknown gall-Tc59-element-unknown gall-Tc60-element-unknown gall-Tc61-element-unknown gall-Tc62-element-unknown gall-Tc63-element-unknown gall-Tc64-element-unknown gall-Tc65-element-unknown gall-Tc66-element-unknown gall-Tc67-element-unknown gall-Tc68-element-unknown gall-Tc69-element-unknown gall-Tc70-element-unknown gall-Tc71-element-unknown gall-Tc72-element-unknown gall-Tc73-element-unknown gall-Tc74-element-unknown gall-Tc75-element-unknown gall-Tc76-element-unknown gall-Tc77-element-unknown gall-Tc78-element-unknown gall-Tc79-element-unknown gall-Tc80-element-unknown gall-Tc81-element-unknown gall-Tc82-element-unknown gall-Tc83-element-unknown gall-Tc84-element-unknown gall-Tc85-element-unknown gall-Tc86-element-unknown gall-Tc87-element-unknown gall-Tc88-element-unknown gall-Tc89-element-unknown gall-Tc90-element-unknown gall-Tc91-element-unknown gall-Tc92-element-unknown gall-Tc93-element-unknown gall-Tc94-element-unknown gall-Tc95-element-unknown gall-Tc96-element-unknown gall-Tc97-element-unknown gall-Tc98-element-unknown gall-Tc99-element-unknown gall-Tc100-element-unknown gall-Tc101-element-unknown gall-Tc102-element-unknown gall-Tc103-element-unknown gall-Tc104-element-unknown gall-Tc105-element-unknown gall-Tc106-element-unknown gall-Tc107-element-unknown gall-Tc108-element-unknown gall-Tc109-element-unknown gall-Tc110-element-unknown gall-Tc111-element-unknown gall-Tc112-element-unknown gall-Tc113-element-unknown gall-Tc114-element-unknown gall-Tc115-element-unknown gall-Tc116-element-unknown gall-Tc117-element-unknown gall-Tc118-element-unknown gall-Tc119-element-unknown gall-Tc120-element-unknown gall-Tc121-element-unknown gall-Tc122-element-unknown gall-Tc123-element-unknown gall-Tc124-element-unknown gall-Tc125-element-unknown gall-Tc126-element-unknown gall-Tc127-element-unknown gall-Tc128-element-unknown gall-Tc129-element-unknown gall-Tc130-element-unknown gall-Tc131-element-unknown gall-Tc132-element-unknown gall-Tc133-element-unknown gall-Tc134-element-unknown gall-Tc135-element-unknown gall-Tc136-element-unknown gall-Tc137-element-unknown gall-Tc138-element-unknown gall-Tc139-element-unknown gall-Tc140-element-unknown gall-Tc141-element-unknown gall-Tc142-element-unknown gall-Tc143-element-unknown gall-Tc144-element-unknown gall-Tc145-element-unknown gall-Tc146-element-unknown gall-Tc147-element-unknown gall-Tc148-element-unknown gall-Tc149-element-unknown gall-Tc150-element-unknown gall-Tc151-element-unknown gall-Tc152-element-unknown gall-Tc153-element-unknown gall-Tc154-element-unknown gall-Tc155-element-unknown gall-Tc156-element-unknown gall-Tc157-element-unknown gall-Tc158-element-unknown gall-Tc159-element-unknown gall-Tc160-element-unknown gall-Tc161-element-unknown gall-Tc162-element-unknown gall-Tc163-element-unknown gall-Tc164-element-unknown gall-Tc165-element-unknown gall-Tc166-element-unknown gall-Tc167-element-unknown gall-Tc168-element-unknown gall-Tc169-element-unknown gall-Tc170-element-unknown gall-Tc171-element-unknown gall-Tc172-element-unknown gall-Tc173-element-unknown gall-Tc174-element-unknown gall-Tc175-element-unknown gall-Tc176-element-unknown gall-Tc177-element-unknown gall-Tc178-element-unknown gall-Tc179-element-unknown gall-Tc180-element-unknown gall-Tc181-element-unknown gall-Tc182-element-unknown gall-Tc183-element-unknown gall-Tc184-element-unknown gall-Tc185-element-unknown gall-Tc186-element-unknown gall-Tc187-element-unknown gall-Tc188-element-unknown gall-Tc189-element-unknown gall-Tc190-element-unknown gall-Tc191-element-unknown gall-Tc192-element-unknown gall-Tc193-element-unknown gall-Tc194-element-unknown gall-Tc195-element-unknown gall-Tc196-element-unknown gall-Tc197-element-unknown gall-Tc198-element-unknown gall-Tc199-element-unknown gall-Tc200-element-unknown gall-Tc201-element-unknown gall-Tc202-element-unknown gall-Tc203-element-unknown gall-Tc204-element-unknown gall-Tc205-element-unknown gall-Tc206-element-unknown gall-Tc207-element-unknown gall-Tc208-element-unknown gall-Tc209-element-unknown gall-Tc210-element-unknown gall-Tc211-element-unknown gall-Tc212-element-unknown gall-Tc213-element-unknown gall-Tc214-element-unknown gall-Tc215-element-unknown gall-Tc216-element-unknown gall-Tc217-element-unknown gall-Tc218-element-unknown gall-Tc219-element-unknown gall-Tc220-element-unknown gall-Tc221-element-unknown gall-Tc222-element-unknown gall-Tc223-element-unknown gall-Tc224-element-unknown gall-Tc225-element-unknown gall-Tc226-element-unknown gall-Tc227-element-unknown gall-Tc228-element-unknown gall-Tc229-element-unknown gall-Tc230-element-unknown gall-Tc231-element-unknown gall-Tc232-element-unknown gall-Tc233-element-unknown gall-Tc234-element-unknown gall-Tc235-element-unknown gall-Tc236-element-unknown gall-Tc237-element-unknown gall-Tc238-element-unknown gall-Tc239-element-unknown gall-Tc240-element-unknown gall-Tc241-element-unknown gall-Tc242-element-unknown gall-Tc243-element-unknown gall-Tc244-element-unknown gall-Tc245-element-unknown gall-Tc246-element-unknown gall-Tc247-element-unknown gall-Tc248-element-unknown gall-Tc249-element-unknown gall-Tc250-element-unknown gall-Tc251-element-unknown gall-Tc252-element-unknown gall-Tc253-element-unknown gall-Tc254-element-unknown gall-Tc255-element-unknown gall-Tc256-element-unknown gall-Tc257-element-unknown gall-Tc258-element-unknown gall-Tc259-element-unknown gall-Tc260-element-unknown gall-Tc261-element-unknown gall-Tc262-element-unknown gall-Tc263-element-unknown gall-Tc264-element-unknown gall-Tc265-element-unknown gall-Tc266-element-unknown gall-Tc267-element-unknown gall-Tc268-element-unknown gall-Tc269-element-unknown gall-Tc270-element-unknown gall-Tc271-element-unknown gall-Tc272-element-unknown gall-Tc273-element-unknown gall-Tc274-element-unknown gall-Tc275-element-unknown gall-Tc276-element-unknown gall-Tc277-element-unknown gall-Tc278-element-unknown gall-Tc279-element-unknown gall-Tc280-element-unknown gall-Tc281-element-unknown gall-Tc282-element-unknown gall-Tc283-element-unknown gall-Tc284-element-unknown gall-Tc285-element-unknown gall-Tc286-element-unknown gall-Tc287-element-unknown gall-Tc288-element-unknown gall-Tc289-element-unknown gall-Tc290-element-unknown gall-Tc291-element-unknown gall-Tc292-element-unknown gall-Tc293-element-unknown gall-Tc294-element-unknown gall-Tc295-element-unknown gall-Tc296-element-unknown gall-Tc297-element-unknown gall-Tc298-element-unknown gall-Tc299-element-unknown gall-Tc300-element-unknown gall-Tc301-element-unknown gall-Tc302-element-unknown gall-Tc303-element-unknown gall-Tc304-element-unknown gall-Tc305-element-unknown gall-Tc306-element-unknown gall-Tc307-element-unknown gall-Tc308-element-unknown gall-Tc309-element-unknown gall-Tc310-element-unknown gall-Tc311-element-unknown gall-Tc312-element-unknown gall-Tc313-element-unknown gall-Tc314-element-unknown gall-Tc315-element-unknown gall-Tc316-element-unknown gall-Tc317-element-unknown gall-Tc318-element-unknown gall-Tc319-element-unknown gall-Tc320-element-unknown gall-Tc321-element-unknown gall-Tc322-element-unknown gall-Tc323-element-unknown gall-Tc324-element-unknown gall-Tc325-element-unknown gall-Tc326-element-unknown gall-Tc327-element-unknown gall-Tc328-element-unknown gall-Tc329-element-unknown gall-Tc330-element-unknown gall-Tc331-element-unknown gall-Tc332-element-unknown gall-Tc333-element-unknown gall-Tc334-element-unknown gall-Tc335-element-unknown gall-Tc336-element-unknown gall-Tc337-element-unknown gall-Tc338-element-unknown gall-Tc339-element-unknown gall-Tc340-element-unknown gall-Tc341-element-unknown gall-Tc342-element-unknown gall-Tc343-element-unknown gall-Tc344-element-unknown gall-Tc345-element-unknown gall-Tc346-element-unknown gall-Tc347-element-unknown gall-Tc348-element-unknown gall-Tc349-element-unknown gall-Tc350-element-unknown gall-Tc351-element-unknown gall-Tc352-element-unknown gall-Tc353-element-unknown gall-Tc354-element-unknown gall-Tc355-element-unknown gall-Tc356-element-unknown gall-Tc357-element-unknown gall-Tc358-element-unknown gall-Tc359-element-unknown gall-Tc360-element-unknown gall-Tc361-element-unknown gall-Tc362-element-unknown gall-Tc363-element-unknown gall-Tc364-element-unknown gall-Tc365-element-unknown gall-Tc366-element-unknown gall-Tc367-element-unknown gall-Tc368-element-unknown gall-Tc369-element-unknown gall-Tc370-element-unknown gall-Tc371-element-unknown gall-Tc372-element-unknown gall-Tc373-element-unknown gall-Tc374-element-unknown gall-Tc375-element-unknown gall-Tc376-element-unknown gall-Tc377-element-unknown gall-Tc378-element-unknown gall-Tc379-element-unknown gall-Tc380-element-unknown gall-Tc381-element-unknown gall-Tc382-element-unknown gall-Tc383-element-unknown gall-Tc384-element-unknown gall-Tc385-element-unknown gall-Tc386-element-unknown gall-Tc387-element-unknown gall-Tc388-element-unknown gall-Tc389-element-unknown gall-Tc390-element-unknown gall-Tc391-element-unknown gall-Tc392-element-unknown gall-Tc393-element-unknown gall-Tc394-element-unknown gall-Tc395-element-unknown gall-Tc396-element-unknown gall-Tc397-element-unknown gall-Tc398-element-unknown gall-Tc399-element-unknown gall-Tc400-element-unknown gall-Tc401-element-unknown gall-Tc402-element-unknown gall-Tc403-element-unknown gall-Tc404-element-unknown gall-Tc405-element-unknown gall-Tc406-element-unknown gall-Tc407-element-unknown gall-Tc408-element-unknown gall-Tc409-element-unknown gall-Tc410-element-unknown gall-Tc411-element-unknown gall-Tc412-element-unknown gall-Tc413-element-unknown gall-Tc414-element-unknown gall-Tc415-element-unknown gall-Tc416-element-unknown gall-Tc417-element-unknown gall-Tc418-element-unknown gall-Tc419-element-unknown gall-Tc420-element-unknown gall-Tc421-element-unknown gall-Tc422-element-unknown gall-Tc423-element-unknown gall-Tc424-element-unknown gall-Tc425-element-unknown gall-Tc426-element-unknown gall-Tc427-element-unknown gall-Tc428-element-unknown gall-Tc429-element-unknown gall-Tc430-element-unknown gall-Tc431-element-unknown gall-Tc432-element-unknown gall-Tc433-element-unknown gall-Tc434-element-unknown gall-Tc435-element-unknown gall-Tc436-element-unknown gall-Tc437-element-unknown gall-Tc438-element-unknown gall-Tc439-element-unknown gall-Tc440-element-unknown gall-Tc441-element-unknown gall-Tc442-element-unknown gall-Tc443-element-unknown gall-Tc444-element-unknown gall-Tc445-element-unknown gall-Tc446-element-unknown gall-Tc447-element-unknown gall-Tc448-element-unknown gall-Tc449-element-unknown gall-Tc450-element-unknown gall-Tc451-element-unknown gall-Tc452-element-unknown gall-Tc453-element-unknown gall-Tc454-element-unknown gall-Tc455-element-unknown gall-Tc456-element-unknown gall-Tc457-element-unknown gall-Tc458-element-unknown gall-Tc459-element-unknown gall-Tc460-element-unknown gall-Tc461-element-unknown gall-Tc462-element-unknown gall-Tc463-element-unknown gall-Tc464-element-unknown gall-Tc465-element-unknown gall-Tc466-element-unknown gall-Tc467-element-unknown gall-Tc468-element-unknown gall-Tc469-element-unknown gall-Tc470-element-unknown gall-Tc471-element-unknown gall-Tc472-element-unknown gall-Tc473-element-unknown gall-Tc474-element-unknown gall-Tc475-element-unknown gall-Tc476-element-unknown gall-Tc477-element-unknown gall-Tc478-element-unknown gall-Tc479-element-unknown gall-Tc480-element-unknown gall-Tc481-element-unknown gall-Tc482-element-unknown gall-Tc483-element-unknown gall-Tc484-element-unknown gall-Tc485-element-unknown gall-Tc486-element-unknown gall-Tc487-element-unknown gall-Tc488-element-unknown gall-Tc489-element-unknown gall-Tc490-element-unknown gall-Tc491-element-unknown gall-Tc492-element-unknown gall-Tc493-element-unknown gall-Tc494-element-unknown gall-Tc495-element-unknown gall-Tc496-element-unknown gall-Tc497-element-unknown gall-Tc498-element-unknown gall-Tc499-element-unknown gall-Tc500-element-unknown gall-Tc501-element-unknown gall-Tc502-element-unknown gall-Tc503-element-unknown gall-Tc504-element-unknown gall-Tc505-element-unknown gall-Tc506-element-unknown gall-Tc507-element-unknown gall-Tc508-element-unknown gall-Tc509-element-unknown gall-Tc510-element-unknown gall-Tc511-element-unknown gall-Tc512-element-unknown gall-Tc513-element-unknown gall-Tc514-element-unknown gall-Tc515-element-unknown gall-Tc516-element-unknown gall-Tc517-element-unknown gall-Tc518-element-unknown gall-Tc519-element-unknown gall-Tc520-element-unknown gall-Tc521-element-unknown gall-Tc522-element-unknown gall-Tc523-element-unknown gall-Tc524-element-unknown gall-Tc525-element-unknown gall-Tc526-element-unknown gall-Tc527-element-unknown gall-Tc528-element-unknown gall-Tc529-element-unknown gall-Tc530-element-unknown gall-Tc531-element-unknown gall-Tc532-element-unknown gall-Tc533-element-unknown gall-Tc534-element-unknown gall-Tc535-element-unknown gall-Tc536-element-unknown gall-Tc537-element-unknown gall-Tc538-element-unknown gall-Tc539-element-unknown gall-Tc540-element-unknown gall-Tc541-element-unknown gall-Tc542-element-unknown gall-Tc543-element-unknown gall-Tc544-element-unknown gall-Tc545-element-unknown gall-Tc546-element-unknown gall-Tc547-element-unknown gall-Tc548-element-unknown gall-Tc549-element-unknown gall-Tc550-element-unknown gall-Tc551-element-unknown gall-Tc552-element-unknown gall-Tc553-element-unknown gall-Tc554-element-unknown gall-Tc555-element-unknown gall-Tc556-element-unknown gall-Tc557-element-unknown gall-Tc558-element-unknown gall-Tc559-element-unknown gall-Tc560-element-unknown gall-Tc561-element-unknown gall-Tc562-element-unknown gall-Tc563-element-unknown gall-Tc564-element-unknown gall-Tc565-element-unknown gall-Tc566-element-unknown gall-Tc567-element-unknown gall-Tc568-element-unknown gall-Tc569-element-unknown gall-Tc570-element-unknown gall-Tc571-element-unknown gall-Tc572-element-unknown gall-Tc573-element-unknown gall-Tc574-element-unknown gall-Tc575-element-unknown gall-Tc576-element-unknown gall-Tc577-element-unknown gall-Tc578-element-unknown gall-Tc579-element-unknown gall-Tc580-element-unknown gall-Tc581-element-unknown gall-Tc582-element-unknown gall-Tc583-element-unknown gall-Tc584-element-unknown gall-Tc585-element-unknown gall-Tc586-element-unknown gall-Tc587-element-unknown gall-Tc588-element-unknown gall-Tc589-element-unknown gall-Tc590-element-unknown gall-Tc591-element-unknown gall-Tc592-element-unknown gall-Tc593-element-unknown gall-Tc594-element-unknown gall-Tc595-element-unknown gall-Tc596-element-unknown gall-Tc597-element-unknown gall-Tc598-element-unknown gall-Tc599-element-unknown gall-Tc600-element-unknown gall-Tc601-element-unknown gall-Tc602-element-unknown gall-Tc603-element-unknown gall-Tc604-element-unknown gall-Tc605-element-unknown gall-Tc606-element-unknown gall-Tc607-element-unknown gall-Tc608-element-unknown gall-Tc609-element-unknown gall-Tc610-element-unknown gall-Tc611-element-unknown gall-Tc612-element-unknown gall-Tc613-element-unknown gall-Tc614-element-unknown gall-Tc615-element-unknown gall-Tc616-element-unknown gall-Tc617-element-unknown gall-Tc618-element-unknown gall-Tc619-element-unknown gall-Tc620-element-unknown gall-Tc621-element-unknown gall-Tc622-element-unknown gall-Tc623-element-unknown gall-Tc624-element-unknown gall-Tc625-element-unknown gall-Tc626-element-unknown gall-Tc627-element-unknown gall-Tc628-element-unknown gall-Tc629-element-unknown gall-Tc630-element-unknown gall-Tc631-element-unknown gall-Tc632-element-unknown gall-Tc633-element-unknown gall-Tc634-element-unknown gall-Tc635-element-unknown gall-Tc636-element-unknown gall-Tc637-element-unknown gall-Tc638-element-unknown gall-Tc639-element-unknown gall-Tc640-element-unknown gall-Tc641-element-unknown gall-Tc642-element-unknown gall-Tc643-element-unknown gall-Tc644-element-unknown gall-Tc645-element-unknown gall-Tc646-element-unknown gall-Tc647-element-unknown gall-Tc648-element-unknown gall-Tc649-element-unknown gall-Tc650-element-unknown gall-Tc651-element-unknown gall-Tc652-element-unknown gall-Tc653-element-unknown gall-Tc654-element-unknown gall-Tc655-element-unknown gall-Tc656-element-unknown gall-Tc657-element-unknown gall-Tc658-element-unknown gall-Tc659-element-unknown gall-Tc660-element-unknown gall-Tc661-element-unknown gall-Tc662-element-unknown gall-Tc663-element-unknown gall-Tc664-element-unknown gall-Tc665-element-unknown gall-Tc666-element-unknown gall-Tc667-element-unknown gall-Tc668-element-unknown gall-Tc669-element-unknown gall-Tc670-element-unknown gall-Tc671-element-unknown gall-Tc672-element-unknown gall-Tc673-element-unknown gall-Tc674-element-unknown gall-Tc675-element-unknown gall-Tc676-element-unknown gall-Tc677-element-unknown gall-Tc678-element-unknown gall-Tc679-element-unknown gall-Tc680-element-unknown gall-Tc681-element-unknown gall-Tc682-element-unknown gall-Tc683-element-unknown gall-Tc684-element-unknown gall-Tc685-element-unknown gall-Tc686-element-unknown gall-Tc687-element-unknown gall-Tc688-element-unknown gall-Tc689-element-unknown gall-Tc690-element-unknown gall-Tc691-element-unknown gall-Tc692-element-unknown gall-Tc693-element-unknown gall-Tc694-element-unknown gall-Tc695-element-unknown gall-Tc696-element-unknown gall-Tc697-element-unknown gall-Tc698-element-unknown gall-Tc699-element-unknown gall-Tc700-element-unknown gall-Tc701-element-unknown gall-Tc702-element-unknown gall-Tc703-element-unknown gall-Tc704-element-unknown gall-Tc705-element-unknown gall-Tc706-element-unknown gall-Tc707-element-unknown gall-Tc708-element-unknown gall-Tc709-element-unknown gall-Tc710-element-unknown gall-Tc711-element-unknown gall-Tc712-element-unknown gall-Tc713-element-unknown gall-Tc714-element-unknown gall-Tc715-element-unknown gall-Tc716-element-unknown gall-Tc717-element-unknown gall-Tc718-element-unknown gall-Tc719-element-unknown gall-Tc720-element-unknown gall-Tc721-element-unknown gall-Tc722-element-unknown gall-Tc723-element-unknown gall-Tc724-element-unknown gall-Tc725-element-unknown gall-Tc726-element-unknown gall-Tc727-element-unknown gall-Tc728-element-unknown gall-Tc729-element-unknown gall-Tc730-element-unknown gall-Tc731-element-unknown gall-Tc732-element-unknown gall-Tc733-element-unknown gall-Tc734-element-unknown gall-Tc735-element-unknown gall-Tc736-element-unknown gall-Tc737-element-unknown gall-Tc738-element-unknown gall-Tc739-element-unknown gall-Tc740-element-unknown gall-Tc741-element-unknown gall-Tc742-element-unknown gall-Tc743-element-unknown gall-Tc744-element-unknown gall-Tc745-element-unknown gall-Tc746-element-unknown gall-Tc747-element-unknown gall-Tc748-element-unknown gall-Tc749-element-unknown gall-Tc750-element-unknown gall-Tc751-element-unknown gall-Tc752-element-unknown gall-Tc753-element-unknown gall-Tc754-element-unknown gall-Tc755-element-unknown gall-Tc756-element-unknown gall-Tc757-element-unknown gall-Tc758-element-unknown gall-Tc759-element-unknown gall-Tc760-element-unknown gall-Tc761-element-unknown gall-Tc762-element-unknown gall-Tc763-element-unknown gall-Tc764-element-unknown gall-Tc765-element-unknown gall-Tc766-element-unknown gall-Tc767-element-unknown gall-Tc768-element-unknown gall-Tc769-element-unknown gall-Tc770-element-unknown gall-Tc771-element-unknown gall-Tc772-element-unknown gall-Tc773-element-unknown gall-Tc774-element-unknown gall-Tc775-element-unknown gall-Tc776-element-unknown gall-Tc777-element-unknown gall-Tc778-element-unknown gall-Tc779-element-unknown gall-Tc780-element-unknown gall-Tc781-element-unknown gall-Tc782-element-unknown gall-Tc783-element-unknown gall-Tc784-element-unknown gall-Tc785-element-unknown gall-Tc786-element-unknown gall-Tc787-element-unknown gall-Tc788-element-unknown gall-Tc789-element-unknown gall-Tc790-element-unknown gall-Tc791-element-unknown gall-Tc792-element-unknown gall-Tc793-element-unknown gall-Tc794-element-unknown gall-Tc795-element-unknown gall-Tc796-element-unknown gall-Tc797-element-unknown gall-Tc798-element-unknown gall-Tc799-element-unknown gall-Tc800-element-unknown gall-Tc801-element-unknown gall-Tc802-element-unknown gall-Tc803-element-unknown gall-Tc804-element-unknown gall-Tc805-element-unknown gall-Tc806-element-unknown gall-Tc807-element-unknown gall-Tc808-element-unknown gall-Tc809-element-unknown gall-Tc810-element-unknown gall-Tc811-element-unknown gall-Tc812-element-unknown gall-Tc813-element-unknown gall-Tc814-element-unknown gall-Tc815-element-unknown gall-Tc816-element-unknown gall-Tc817-element-unknown gall-Tc818-element-unknown gall-Tc819-element-unknown gall-Tc820-element-unknown gall-Tc821-element-unknown gall-Tc822-element-unknown gall-Tc823-element-unknown gall-Tc824-element-unknown gall-Tc825-element-unknown gall-Tc826-element-unknown gall-Tc827-element-unknown gall-Tc828-element-unknown gall-Tc829-element-unknown gall-Tc830-element-unknown gall-Tc831-element-unknown gall-Tc832-element-unknown gall-Tc833-element-unknown gall-Tc834-element-unknown gall-Tc835-element-unknown gall-Tc836-element-unknown gall-Tc837-element-unknown gall-Tc838-element-unknown gall-Tc839-element-unknown gall-Tc840-element-unknown gall-Tc841-element-unknown gall-Tc842-element-unknown gall-Tc843-element-unknown gall-Tc844-element-unknown gall-Tc845-element-unknown gall-Tc846-element-unknown gall-Tc847-element-unknown gall-Tc848-element-unknown gall-Tc849-element-unknown gall-Tc850-element-unknown gall-Tc851-element-unknown gall-Tc852-element-unknown gall-Tc853-element-unknown gall-Tc854-element-unknown gall-Tc855-element-unknown gall-Tc856-element-unknown gall-Tc857-element-unknown gall-Tc858-element-unknown gall-Tc859-element-unknown gall-Tc860-element-unknown gall-Tc861-element-unknown gall-Tc862-element-unknown gall-Tc863-element-unknown gall-Tc864-element-unknown gall-Tc865-element-unknown gall-Tc866-element-unknown gall-Tc867-element-unknown gall-Tc868-element-unknown gall-Tc869-element-unknown gall-Tc870-element-unknown gall-Tc871-element-unknown gall-Tc872-element-unknown gall-Tc873-element-unknown gall-Tc874-element-unknown gall-Tc875-element-unknown gall-Tc876-element-unknown gall-Tc877-element-unknown gall-Tc878-element-unknown gall-Tc879-element-unknown gall-Tc880-element-unknown gall-Tc881-element-unknown gall-Tc882-element-unknown gall-Tc883-element-unknown gall-Tc884-element-unknown gall-Tc885-element-unknown gall-Tc886-element-unknown gall-Tc887-element-unknown gall-Tc888-element-unknown gall-Tc889-element-unknown gall-Tc890-element-unknown gall-Tc891-element-unknown gall-Tc892-element-unknown gall-Tc893-element-unknown gall-Tc894-element-unknown gall-Tc895-element-unknown gall-Tc896-element-unknown gall-Tc897-element-unknown gall-Tc898-element-unknown gall-Tc899-element-unknown gall-Tc900-element-unknown gall-Tc901-element-unknown gall-Tc902-element-unknown gall-Tc903-element-unknown gall-Tc904-element-unknown gall-Tc905-element-unknown gall-Tc906-element-unknown gall-Tc907-element-unknown gall-Tc908-element-unknown gall-Tc909-element-unknown gall-Tc910-element-unknown gall-Tc911-element-unknown gall-Tc912-element-unknown gall-Tc913-element-unknown gall-Tc914-element-unknown gall-Tc915-element-unknown gall-Tc916-element-unknown gall-Tc917-element-unknown gall-Tc918-element-unknown gall-Tc919-element-unknown gall-Tc920-element-unknown gall-Tc921-element-unknown gall-Tc922-element-unknown gall-Tc923-element-unknown gall-Tc924-element-unknown gall-Tc925-element-unknown gall-Tc926-element-unknown gall-Tc927-element-unknown gall-Tc928-element-unknown gall-Tc929-element-unknown gall-Tc930-element-unknown gall-Tc931-element-unknown gall-Tc932-element-unknown gall-Tc933-element-unknown gall-Tc934-element-unknown gall-Tc935-element-unknown gall-Tc936-element-unknown gall-Tc937-element-unknown gall-Tc938-element-unknown gall-Tc939-element-unknown gall-Tc940-element-unknown gall-Tc941-element-unknown gall-Tc942-element-unknown gall-Tc943-element-unknown gall-Tc944-element-unknown gall-Tc945-element-unknown gall-Tc946-element-unknown gall-Tc947-element-unknown gall-Tc948-element-unknown gall-Tc949-element-unknown gall-Tc950-element-unknown gall-Tc951-element-unknown gall-Tc952-element-unknown gall-Tc953-element-unknown gall-Tc954-element-unknown gall-Tc955-element-unknown gall-Tc956-element-unknown gall-Tc957-element-unknown gall-Tc958-element-unknown gall-Tc959-element-unknown gall-Tc960-element-unknown gall-Tc961-element-unknown gall-Tc962-element-unknown gall-Tc963-element-unknown gall-Tc964-element-unknown gall-Tc965-element-unknown gall-Tc966-element-unknown gall-Tc967-element-unknown gall-Tc968-element-unknown gall-Tc969-element-unknown gall-Tc970-element-unknown gall-Tc971-element-unknown gall-Tc972-element-unknown gall-Tc973-element-unknown gall-Tc974-element-unknown gall-Tc975-element-unknown gall-Tc976-element-unknown gall-Tc977-element-unknown gall-Tc978-element-unknown gall-Tc979-element-unknown gall-Tc980-element-unknown gall-Tc981-element-unknown gall-Tc982-element-unknown gall-Tc983-element-unknown gall-Tc984-element-unknown gall-Tc985-element-unknown gall-Tc986-element-unknown gall-Tc987-element-unknown gall-Tc988-element-unknown gall-Tc989-element-unknown gall-Tc990-element-unknown gall-Tc991-element-unknown gall-Tc992-element-unknown gall-Tc993-element-unknown gall-Tc994-element-unknown gall-Tc995-element-unknown gall-Tc996-element-unknown gall-Tc997-element-unknown gall-Tc998-element-unknown gall-Tc999-element-unknown gall-Tc1000-element-unknown
Megachile fortis
Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.
Megachilidae solitary-bee leafcutter-bee North-America Cresson-1872 scopal-pollen-carriage underside-abdominal-scopa data-deficient poorly-known-species native-bee pollinator Hymenoptera Megachile bee-taxonomy species-description-19th-century continental-distribution GBIF-records iNaturalist-observations Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-bee-group minimal-biological-data conservation-data-gap bee-biodiversity North-American-native-bee solitary-nesting female-reproductive-independence no-caste-system ground-nesting-unconfirmed cavity-nesting-unconfirmed resin-use-unconfirmed leaf-cutting-unconfirmed plant-resin-unconfirmed termite-mound-nesting-unconfirmed human-structure-use-unconfirmed agricultural-association-unconfirmed urban-adaptation-unconfirmed climate-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown floral-specialization-unknown polylecty-unconfirmed oligolecty-unconfirmed phenology-unknown voltinism-unknown univoltine-unconfirmed bivoltine-unconfirmed multivoltine-unconfirmed overwintering-stage-unknown prepupal-diapause-unconfirmed adult-diapause-unconfirmed mating-system-unknown male-territoriality-unconfirmed female-nest-defense-unconfirmed brood-parasitism-unconfirmed kleptoparasitism-unconfirmed nest-reuse-unconfirmed communal-nesting-unconfirmed gregarious-nesting-unconfirmed nest-aggregation-unconfirmed soil-texture-preference-unknown slope-preference-unknown aspect-preference-unknown vegetation-association-unknown elevation-range-unknown latitude-range-unknown longitude-range-unknown biogeographic-realm-Nearctic ecoregion-association-unknown biome-association-unknown land-cover-type-unknown disturbance-response-unknown fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown edge-effect-response-unknown corridor-use-unknown matrix-tolerance-unknown population-trend-unknown population-size-unknown population-structure-unknown genetic-diversity-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-risk-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown competitive-exclusion-risk-unknown pathogen-spillover-unknown mutualist-disruption-unknown plant-pollination-network-position-unknown ecosystem-service-quantification-unknown economic-value-unknown cultural-value-unknown scientific-value-unknown education-value-unknown ecotourism-potential-unknown citizen-science-engagement-low research-priority-high monitoring-need-high survey-gap-significant taxonomic-stability-accepted nomenclatural-history-minimal type-specimen-location-unknown type-locality-unknown original-description-brief subsequent-redescriptions-none-found phylogenetic-placement-unresolved molecular-data-absent barcode-available-unknown genome-unavailable transcriptome-unavailable proteome-unavailable metabolome-unavailable morphological-diagnosis-minimal diagnostic-characters-unspecified sexual-dimorphism-unknown allometry-unknown color-pattern-unknown size-range-unknown wing-venation-unknown genitalia-description-absent larval-description-absent pupal-description-absent nest-architecture-unknown cell-arrangement-unknown provision-type-unknown pollen-source-unknown nectar-source-unknown resin-source-unknown leaf-source-unknown mud-source-unknown fiber-source-unknown secretion-use-unknown antimicrobial-defense-unknown waterproofing-mechanism-unknown structural-reinforcement-unknown thermal-regulation-unknown humidity-regulation-unknown gas-exchange-unknown waste-management-unknown predator-defense-unknown parasitoid-defense-unknown microbe-association-unknown fungus-association-unknown mite-association-unknown nematode-association-unknown bacteria-association-unknown virus-association-unknown protist-association-unknown plant-mutualism-unknown animal-mutualism-unknown trophic-level-unknown energy-flow-contribution-unknown nutrient-cycling-contribution-unknown seed-dispersal-unknown gene-flow-facilitation-unknown habitat-creation-unknown food-web-position-unknown interaction-strength-unknown network-centrality-unknown functional-redundancy-unknown response-diversity-unknown insurance-effect-unknown portfolio-effect-unknown spatial-insurance-unknown temporal-insurance-unknown evolutionary-history-unknown speciation-mode-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-risk-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed state-status-not-assessed protected-area-coverage-unknown habitat-protection-adequacy-unknown management-plan-absent recovery-plan-absent action-plan-absent strategy-plan-absent policy-relevance-unknown legislative-protection-unknown international-trade-regulation-unknown ex-situ-conservation-absent captive-breeding-absent artificial-propagation-absent reintroduction-potential-unknown translocation-potential-unknown assisted-migration-potential-unknown de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-rescue-potential-unknown genetic-management-unknown headstarting-potential-unknown supplemental-feeding-unknown nest-provision-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown corridor-creation-potential-unknown buffer-zone-management-unknown agroecological-integration-unknown urban-greening-potential-unknown green-infrastructure-potential-unknown nature-based-solution-relevance-unknown climate-adaptation-potential-unknown climate-mitigation-potential-unknown carbon-sequestration-irrelevant albedo-effect-irrelevant biogenic-emission-unknown pollination-service-potential-unknown crop-pollination-value-unknown wild-plant-pollination-value-unknown honey-production-irrelevant wax-production-irrelevant propolis-production-irrelevant royal-jelly-production-irrelevant venom-production-irrelevant pollen-collection-potential-unknown nest-product-collection-irrelevant biomimicry-potential-unknown biomaterial-potential-unknown bioindicator-potential-unknown biosensor-potential-unknown environmental-monitoring-potential-unknown 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spiroplasma-status-unknown microbiome-composition-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown nest-microbiome-unknown body-surface-microbiome-unknown food-store-microbiome-unknown antimicrobial-peptide-production-unknown social-immunity-absent individual-immunity-unknown hygienic-behavior-unknown grooming-behavior-unknown nest-cleaning-behavior-unknown undertaker-behavior-unknown alarm-behavior-unknown defensive-behavior-unknown stinging-behavior-unknown biting-behavior-unknown head-butting-behavior-unknown mandibular-gland-secretion-unknown Dufour-gland-secretion-unknown Nasonov-gland-secretion-irrelevant Koschevnikov-gland-secretion-irrelevant tarsal-gland-secretion-unknown salivary-gland-secretion-unknown hypopharyngeal-gland-secretion-unknown labial-gland-secretion-unknown mandible-use-unknown proboscis-use-unknown leg-use-unknown wing-use-unknown antenna-use-unknown compound-eye-use-unknown ocelli-use-unknown sensory-ecology-unknown vision-unknown olfaction-unknown gustation-unknown 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interspecific-competition-unknown resource-partitioning-unknown temporal-partitioning-unknown spatial-partitioning-unknown dietary-partitioning-unknown morphological-partitioning-unknown behavioral-partitioning-unknown chemical-partitioning-unknown thermal-niche-unknown humidity-niche-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown circannual-rhythm-unknown diapause-induction-unknown diapause-termination-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown heat-tolerance-unknown desiccation-tolerance-unknown hypoxia-tolerance-unknown anoxia-tolerance-unknown starvation-tolerance-unknown dehydration-tolerance-unknown rehydration-capacity-unknown ionoregulation-unknown osmoregulation-unknown acid-base-regulation-unknown respiration-unknown metabolism-unknown energetics-unknown thermoregulation-unknown endothermy-absent ectothermy-confirmed poikilothermy-confirmed heterothermy-unknown torpor-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown crepuscular-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-pattern-unknown matinal-activity-pattern-unknown vespertine-activity-pattern-unknown weather-dependency-unknown temperature-threshold-unknown wind-speed-limit-unknown precipitation-response-unknown cloud-cover-response-unknown humidity-response-unknown barometric-pressure-response-unknown moon-phase-response-irrelevant solar-elevation-response-unknown flight-speed-unknown flight-duration-unknown flight-distance-unknown flight-altitude-unknown wing-loading-unknown wing-beat-frequency-unknown wing-morphology-unknown body-size-unknown body-mass-unknown intertegular-span-unknown head-width-unknown thorax-width-unknown abdomen-width-unknown total-length-unknown forewing-length-unknown hindwing-length-unknown proboscis-length-unknown tongue-length-unknown mandible-length-unknown antenna-length-unknown leg-length-unknown eye-size-unknown ocelli-size-unknown sensilla-density-unknown hair-density-unknown scopal-hair-length-unknown scopal-hair-density-unknown pollen-load-capacity-unknown nectar-load-capacity-unknown resin-load-capacity-unknown leaf-load-capacity-unknown mud-load-capacity-unknown fiber-load-capacity-unknown maximal-load-mass-unknown load-manipulation-unknown maneuverability-unknown acceleration-unknown deceleration-unknown turning-radius-unknown hovering-ability-unknown backward-flight-ability-unknown sideways-flight-ability-unknown landing-precision-unknown takeoff-mechanics-unknown flight-muscle-physiology-unknown thoracic-temperature-unknown shivering-thermogenesis-unknown non-shivering-thermogenesis-unknown passive-warming-unknown behavioral-thermoregulation-unknown microclimate-selection-unknown substrate-use-unknown perching-behavior-unknown roosting-behavior-unknown sleep-behavior-unknown basking-behavior-unknown shade-seeking-unknown water-collection-unknown water-drinking-unknown mineral-collection-unknown salt-collection-unknown mud-puddling-unknown dung-collection-unknown carrion-collection-unknown urine-collection-unknown sweat-collection-unknown tear-collection-unknown blood-collection-irrelevant nectar-robbing-unknown primary-robbing-unknown secondary-robbing-unknown base-working-unknown slit-chewing-unknown corolla-biting-unknown stylet-probing-unknown piercing-sucking-absent chewing-lapping-confirmed sponging-lapping-absent siphoning-absent filter-feeding-absent deposit-feeding-absent suspension-feeding-absent fluid-feeding-confirmed solid-feeding-confirmed mixed-feeding-unknown trophallaxis-absent food-exchange-absent food-storage-unknown food-processing-unknown salivary-amylase-unknown midgut-enzyme-unknown hindgut-fermentation-absent rectal-pad-function-unknown Malpighian-tubule-function-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulatory-organ-unknown salt-gland-absent rectal-complex-unknown water-conservation-unknown nitrogen-excretion-unknown uric-acid-excretion-unknown urea-excretion-unknown ammonia-excretion-unknown guanine-excretion-unknown xanthine-excretion-unknown hypoxanthine-excretion-unknown allantoin-excretion-unknown allantoic-acid-excretion-unknown creatinine-excretion-unknown creatine-excretion-unknown amino-acid-excretion-unknown peptide-excretion-unknown protein-excretion-unknown carbohydrate-excretion-unknown lipid-excretion-unknown vitamin-excretion-unknown mineral-excretion-unknown hormone-excretion-unknown pheromone-excretion-unknown allomone-excretion-unknown kairomone-excretion-unknown synomone-excretion-unknown antimicrobial-excretion-unknown wax-secretion-unknown silk-secretion-unknown glue-secretion-unknown foam-secretion-unknown saliva-secretion-unknown venom-secretion-unknown defensive-secretion-unknown alarm-secretion-unknown aggregation-secretion-unknown trail-secretion-absent marking-secretion-unknown sexual-secretion-unknown nestmate-secretion-unknown brood-secretion-unknown queen-secretion-irrelevant worker-secretion-irrelevant drone-secretion-irrelevant larval-secretion-unknown pupal-secretion-unknown egg-secretion-unknown cocoon-secretion-unknown cell-lining-secretion-unknown nest-entrance-secretion-unknown nest-envelope-secretion-unknown nest-pedicel-secretion-irrelevant comb-secretion-irrelevant propolis-collection-unknown propolis-processing-unknown propolis-use-unknown wax-collection-absent wax-processing-absent wax-use-absent wax-secretion-absent wax-comb-construction-absent wax-cell-construction-absent wax-capping-absent honey-processing-absent honey-storage-absent honey-ripening-absent nectar-processing-unknown nectar-storage-unknown nectar-ripening-unknown pollen-processing-unknown pollen-storage-unknown pollen-preservation-unknown bee-bread-production-unknown pollen-substitution-unknown pollen-supplement-unknown pollen-diversity-unknown floral-constancy-unknown oligolecty-index-unknown polylecty-index-unknown mesolecty-index-unknown narrow-oligolecty-unconfirmed broad-oligolecty-unconfirmed facultative-oligolecty-unconfirmed obligate-oligolecty-unconfirmed floral-syndrome-association-unknown buzz-pollination-unknown sonication-unknown vibration-extraction-unknown oil-collection-unknown perfume-collection-unknown resin-collection-unknown latex-collection-unknown trichome-collection-unknown floral-tissue-collection-unknown extrafloral-nectar-use-unknown floral-nectar-use-unknown floral-pollen-use-unknown floral-oil-use-unknown floral-resin-use-unknown floral-wax-use-unknown non-floral-resource-use-unknown honeydew-use-unknown sap-use-unknown fruit-juice-use-unknown seed-exudate-use-unknown gum-use-unknown manna-use-unknown eucalyptus-use-unknown citrus-use-unknown brassica-use-unknown fabaceae-use-unknown asteraceae-use-unknown lamiaceae-use-unknown rosaceae-use-unknown solanaceae-use-unknown cucurbitaceae-use-unknown poaceae-use-unknown pinaceae-use-unknown salicaceae-use-unknown rubiaceae-use-unknown malvaceae-use-unknown boraginaceae-use-unknown scrophulariaceae-use-unknown plantaginaceae-use-unknown verbenaceae-use-unknown onagraceae-use-unknown apiaceae-use-unknown ranunculaceae-use-unknown caryophyllaceae-use-unknown polygonaceae-use-unknown amaranthaceae-use-unknown chenopodiaceae-use-unknown cistaceae-use-unknown ericaceae-use-unknown gentianaceae-use-unknown goodeniaceae-use-unknown hydrophyllaceae-use-unknown loasaceae-use-unknown menyanthaceae-use-unknown oleaceae-use-unknown paeoniaceae-use-unknown papaveraceae-use-unknown polemoniaceae-use-unknown portulacaceae-use-unknown primulaceae-use-unknown resedaceae-use-unknown saxifragaceae-use-unknown tamaricaceae-use-unknown typhaceae-use-unknown violaceae-use-unknown zygophyllaceae-use-unknown crop-pollination-unknown wild-plant-pollination-unknown native-plant-pollination-unknown ornamental-plant-pollination-unknown weed-pollination-unknown invasive-plant-pollination-unknown forest-pollination-unknown meadow-pollination-unknown wetland-pollination-unknown desert-pollination-unknown alpine-pollination-unknown arctic-pollination-irrelevant tropical-pollination-irrelevant temperate-pollination-confirmed mediterranean-pollination-unconfirmed pollen-limitation-unknown pollen-supplementation-unknown pollen-competition-unknown pollen-transfer-efficiency-unknown pollen-carryover-unknown pollen-deposition-unknown pollen-removal-unknown pollen-receipt-unknown stigma-contact-unknown anther-contact-unknown style-contact-unknown ovary-contact-unknown nectar-robbery-impact-unknown floral-damage-impact-unknown floral-constancy-benefit-unknown floral-switching-cost-unknown optimal-foraging-benefit-unknown risk-sensitive-foraging-benefit-unknown learning-benefit-unknown memory-benefit-unknown navigation-benefit-unknown communication-benefit-irrelevant social-foraging-benefit-irrelevant solitary-foraging-benefit-unknown central-place-foraging-benefit-unknown traplining-benefit-unknown flower-constancy-benefit-unknown pollinator-efficiency-unknown pollinator-effectiveness-unknown pollinator-importance-unknown 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pollinator-network-habitat-fragmentation-response-unknown pollinator-network-pesticide-response-unknown pollinator-network-disease-response-unknown pollinator-network-management-response-unknown pollinator-network-restoration-response-unknown pollinator-network-conservation-response-unknown pollinator-network-monitoring-need-unknown pollinator-network-research-need-unknown pollinator-network-knowledge-gap-significant pollinator-network-data-deficiency-high pollinator-network-uncertainty-high pollinator-network-confidence-low pollinator-network-reliability-low pollinator-network-validity-unknown pollinator-network-generalizability-unknown pollinator-network-transferability-unknown pollinator-network-scalability-unknown pollinator-network-applicability-unknown pollinator-network-utility-unknown pollinator-network-value-unknown pollinator-network-significance-unknown pollinator-network-priority-unknown pollinator-network-urgency-unknown pollinator-network-action-needed-unknown pollinator-network-intervention-needed-unknown pollinator-network-management-needed-unknown pollinator-network-conservation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-protection-needed-unknown pollinator-network-restoration-needed-unknown pollinator-network-enhancement-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mitigation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-adaptation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resilience-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sustainability-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viability-needed-unknown pollinator-network-persistence-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recovery-needed-unknown pollinator-network-reassembly-needed-unknown pollinator-network-assembly-needed-unknown pollinator-network-development-needed-unknown pollinator-network-evolution-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coevolution-needed-unknown pollinator-network-diversification-needed-unknown pollinator-network-specialization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-generalization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-modularity-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nestedness-needed-unknown pollinator-network-connectance-needed-unknown pollinator-network-linkage-density-needed-unknown pollinator-network-interaction-evenness-needed-unknown pollinator-network-interaction-strength-asymmetry-needed-unknown pollinator-network-complementary-specialization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-overlap-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-differentiation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resource-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-temporal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-spatial-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-morphological-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-behavioral-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chemical-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-thermal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-humidity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-photoperiod-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenological-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylogenetic-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-functional-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trait-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-size-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tongue-length-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-body-size-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-color-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-odor-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-reward-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-signal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cue-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-information-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-knowledge-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-uncertainty-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-risk-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-benefit-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cost-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tradeoff-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-optimization-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-efficiency-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-effectiveness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-importance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-redundancy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-complementarity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-diversity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-richness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-evenness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-dominance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rarity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-commonness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-abundance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-density-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-frequency-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-occupancy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-probability-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-distribution-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-range-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-habitat-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-environment-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-climate-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-weather-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-season-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-year-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-decade-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-century-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-time-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-space-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scale-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resolution-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-extent-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-grain-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-focus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-context-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-perspective-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viewpoint-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-standpoint-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-position-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-status-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-condition-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-state-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phase-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stage-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-level-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-degree-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-amount-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-quantity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-quality-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-kind-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sort-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-class-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-category-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-group-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-set-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-collection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-array-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-series-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sequence-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-order-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rank-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-grade-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tier-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-layer-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stratum-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-zone-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-region-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-area-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-territory-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-domain-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-realm-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-kingdom-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylum-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-division-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subclass-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-infraclass-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-superorder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-suborder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-infraorder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-superfamily-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-family-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subfamily-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tribe-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subtribe-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-genus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subgenus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-section-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subsection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-species-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subspecies-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-variety-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-form-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-morph-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ecotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-biotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chemotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-genotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-haplotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-karyotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-serotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pathotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phagotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ecophenotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chronotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenocopy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mutant-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-wild-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-domestic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-feral-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-captive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-natural-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-artificial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-synthetic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-hybrid-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recombinant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-transgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-GMO-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cisgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-intragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-multigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-polygenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-monogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-oligogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-digenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tetragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pentagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-hexagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-heptagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-octagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nonagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-decagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pleiotropic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-epistatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-additive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recessive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-codominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-incomplete-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-overdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-underdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-lethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sublethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sterile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fertile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viable-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-inviable-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-normal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown 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pollinator-network-advanced-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-derived-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-basal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-crown-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stem-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-node-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-branch-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-twig-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-leaf-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-root-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trunk-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-bole-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-canopy-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-understory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-shrub-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-herb-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ground-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-soil-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-litter-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-humus-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-organic-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mineral-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-bedrock-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aquatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-terrestrial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-arboreal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fossorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cursorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scansorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-volant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ambulatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sedentary-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sessile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-motile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-immobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fixed-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-attached-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detached-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-free-living-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-parasitic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-parasitoid-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-predatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-herbivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-carnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-omnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detritivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-saprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-necrophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-geophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-lithophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-xylophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rhizophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phyllophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-carpophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-anthophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-entomophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ichthyophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-piscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-molluscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-vermivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-arachnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-myrmecophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-termitophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aphidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coccidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scale-insect-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mealybug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-whitefly-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-thrips-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-leafhopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-planthopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-treehopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cicada-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-spittlebug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-froghopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sharpshooter-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-psyllid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-adelgid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylloxera-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-midge-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-wasp-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mite-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nematode-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-bacteria-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-fungus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-virus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-phytoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-spiroplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-rickettsia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chlamydia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mycoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-ureaplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-archaea-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-protist-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-algae-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-plant-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-animal-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mineral-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-water-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-air-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-fire-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-electricity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-magnetism-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-radiation-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-light-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-sound-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-vibration-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-pressure-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-temperature-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-humidity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-pH-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-salinity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-oxygen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-carbon-dioxide-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nitrogen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-phosphorus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-potassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-calcium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-magnesium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-sulfur-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-iron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-zinc-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-manganese-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-copper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-boron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-molybdenum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chlorine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nickel-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-cobalt-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-selenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-silicon-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-vanadium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chromium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-arsenic-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-cadmium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mercury-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-lead-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-aluminum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown 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pollinator-network-gall-rutherfordium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-dubnium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-seaborgium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-bohrium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-hassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-meitnerium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-darmstadtium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-roentgenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-copernicium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nihonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-flerovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-moscovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-livermorium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-tennessine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-oganesson-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown
Micaria pulicaria
glossy ant spider, Glossy Ant-spider
Micaria pulicaria is a small ground spider in the family Gnaphosidae, commonly known as the glossy ant spider. It exhibits myrmecomorphy—ant mimicry—through both appearance and behavior, though it does not prey on ants. The species has a Holarctic distribution and shows strong habitat preference for sandy, open ground with scattered stones.
ant-mimicry myrmecomorphy ground-spider Holarctic sandy-habitat Gnaphosidae iridescent-abdomen egg-sac pot-shaped-ootheca leg-quivering-behavior open-ground-specialist stone-associated widespread-Europe seasonal-activity late-spring-peak female-parental-care non-guarding-ootheca defensive-mimicry predator-avoidance small-spider white-abdominal-markings radiating-cephalothorax-lines sexual-size-dimorphism tolerant-of-varied-moisture-conditions saltmarsh-records dune-specialist chalk-downland heathland broad-leaved-woodland-edges year-round-potential February-emergence November-persistence frequent-recorder well-documented-distribution climatic-range-expansion-potential taxonomic-stability accepted-species Sundevall-1831 Araneae Arachnida terrestrial cursorial diurnal-activity-likely visual-predator sit-and-wait-elements active-hunter-components silken-retreat non-web-building Gnaphosidae-ground-hunters prosomal-gland-secretions epigynum-structure male-pedipalps COI-barcode-available phylogenetic-placement-in-pulicaria-group polyphyletic-group-membership Afrotropical-relatives-distinct Nearctic-Palearctic-distribution transcontinental island-records Iceland-presence Ireland-presence British-frequent Czech-frequent Danish-frequent southern-European-presence eastern-Asian-extent Chinese-records Japanese-records Russian-transcontinental Kazakhstani-steppe Georgian-Caucasus potential-Iranian-range potential-Turkish-range Central-Asian-uncertainty North-American-certainty Canadian-extent USA-widespread sandy-edaphic-preference lithophilic thermophilic xerophilic-tolerance mesophilic-tolerance hygrophilic-tolerance-limited sphagnum-association dune-slack-specialist saltmarsh-tolerance coastal-presence inland-presence upland-downland lowland-heath derelict-post-industrial successional-habitat early-successional mid-successional woodland-edge mosaic-habitat patchy-distribution local-abundance widespread-scarcity population-dynamics-unknown generation-time-unknown overwintering-stage-unknown likely-adult-overwintering spring-reproduction summer-reproduction autumn-persistence multi-brooded-potential single-brooded-possible female-reproductive-investment egg-number-unknown hatching-success-unknown juvenile-dispersal-unknown ballooning-unlikely cursorial-dispersal substrate-fidelity site-tenacity microhabitat-selection stone-thermal-properties sandy-drainage insolation-preference basking-behavior-likely crypsis-limited aposematism-absent mimicry-effectiveness predator-learning ant-avoidance-by-spiders larger-spider-predators jumping-spider-predators wolf-spider-predators bird-predation lizard-predation invertebrate-predation parasitoid-unknown pathogen-unknown fungal-infection-potential mite-phoresy-possible nematode-association-unknown trophic-level-intermediate energy-flow-modest nutrient-cycling-minor soil-arthropod-community ground-layer-fauna litter-layer-absent mineral-soil-surface stone-underside-habitat interstitial-spaces burrow-avoidance web-absence dragline-use safety-line-possible prey-detection-visual prey-detection-tactile prey-detection-vibrational hunting-strategy-mixed ambush-components pursuit-components strike-speed-rapid venom-potency-unknown prey-size-small prey-type-arthropod collembola-potential small-beetle-potential ant-avoidance-prey formicidae-avoidance other-arthropod-prey cannibalism-unknown male-male-aggression-unknown female-aggression-unknown courtship-unknown mating-system-unknown sperm-transfer-indirect pedipalp-insertion multiple-matings-possible female-choice-unknown male-competition-unknown sexual-cannibalism-rare-or-absent maternal-investment-post-oviposition egg-checking-behavior egg-sac-construction-rigid egg-sac-architecture-pot-shaped egg-sac-rim-structure egg-sac-camouflage-potential egg-sac-location-ground egg-sac-attachment-substrate hatching-dispersal juvenile-ecology-unknown subadult-ecology-unknown adult-longevity-unknown annual-lifecycle-likely biennial-possible senescence-unknown mortality-factors-unknown population-regulation-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity edge-effects-tolerance corridor-use-unknown reserve-design-relevance conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed local-status-secure threats-minimal habitat-loss-limited climate-change-impact-unknown range-shift-potential poleward-expansion-possible altitudinal-shift-unknown phenological-shift-unknown synchronization-disruption-unlikely research-needs-biological research-needs-ecological research-needs-behavioral research-needs-reproductive research-needs-population research-needs-genetic barcoding-available genomic-resources-absent transcriptomic-resources-absent proteomic-resources-absent morphological-description-adequate illustrations-available photographs-available type-specimen-located syntype-status-possible original-description-Latin subsequent-redescriptions-few taxonomic-stability-high nomenclatural-acts-minimal synonymy-stable homonymy-absent misidentification-occasional identification-keys-available diagnostic-characters-reliable expert-identification-recommended amateur-identification-possible microscope-required hand-lens-sufficient live-observation-helpful preservation-standard ethanol-suitable collection-frequency-moderate voucher-specimens-adequate museum-holdings-distributed digital-records-increasing citizen-science-contributions iNaturalist-records-numerous GBIF-records-numerous observation-bias-present seasonal-bias-present geographic-bias-European habitat-bias-sandy taxonomic-bias-genus-level recording-effort-adequate knowledge-gaps-behavior knowledge-gaps-reproduction knowledge-gaps-development knowledge-gaps-physiology knowledge-gaps-genetics knowledge-gaps-evolution comparative-studies-needed experimental-studies-needed field-studies-needed long-term-monitoring-needed population-studies-needed community-ecology-studies-needed functional-ecology-studies-needed climate-ecology-studies-needed biogeographic-studies-adequate phylogenetic-studies-partial molecular-systematics-ongoing integrative-taxonomy-applicable species-delimitation-stable cryptic-species-unlikely morphological-variation-limited geographic-variation-clinal phenotypic-plasticity-unknown genetic-variation-unknown local-adaptation-unknown isolation-by-distance-unknown gene-flow-levels-unknown effective-population-size-unknown bottleneck-history-unknown refugial-history-Holocene glacial-history-Pleistocene post-glacial-colonization range-filling-complete range-expansion-ongoing introduction-status-native invasive-potential-absent quarantine-relevance-absent agricultural-relevance-minimal horticultural-relevance-absent urban-relevance-incidental domestic-relevance-absent medical-relevance-absent veterinary-relevance-absent venom-toxicity-negligible bite-severity-insignificant defensive-behavior-mild handling-safety-high educational-value-moderate scientific-value-moderate ecosystem-service-minimal indicator-value-limited flagship-status-absent umbrella-status-absent keystone-status-absent ecosystem-engineer-status-absent foundation-species-status-absent dominant-species-status-absent rare-species-status-absent common-species-status-present widespread-species-status-present abundant-species-status-local research-model-potential-limited teaching-model-potential-limited outreach-potential-moderate aesthetic-value-limited charisma-low conservation-advocacy-limited funding-priority-low management-needs-minimal monitoring-needs-low protection-needs-minimal restoration-relevance-limited habitat-management-relevance fire-management-relevance-unknown grazing-management-relevance-unknown succession-management-relevance invasive-species-management-relevance pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown heavy-metal-sensitivity-unknown salinity-tolerance-moderate drought-tolerance-high flooding-intolerance desiccation-resistance-moderate thermal-tolerance-broad cold-tolerance-moderate heat-tolerance-high UV-tolerance-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown activity-pattern-crepuscular-possible activity-pattern-diurnal-likely activity-pattern-nocturnal-possible moonlight-activity-unknown starlight-activity-unknown artificial-light-attraction-unknown artificial-light-avoidance-unknown polarized-light-use-unknown color-vision-limited motion-detection-acute vibration-detection-acute chemoreception-present olfaction-limited gustation-present mechanoreception-present thermoreception-present hygroreception-present proprioception-present equilibrium-sense-present magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-absent sound-production-absent sound-reception-limited substrate-vibration-use airborne-vibration-use web-vibration-use-absent silk-production-present silk-use-dragline silk-use-egg-sac silk-use-retreat-minimal silk-use-prey-capture-absent silk-composition-unknown silk-properties-unknown spinneret-morphology-standard cribellum-absent ecribellate-status trichobothria-present tarsal-organ-present claw-tufts-present scopulae-limited setal-morphology-diverse cuticular-microsculpture-present coloration-structural iridescence-structural pigmentation-melanin pigmentation-unknown color-change-absent crypsis-background-matching masquerade-limited mimicry-Batesian mimicry-model-Formicidae mimicry-effectiveness-high mimicry-precision-moderate mimicry-behavioral-component mimicry-morphological-component mimicry-multimodal predator-cognitive-abilities predator-learning-abilities predator-generalization predator-avoidance-success mimicry-maintenance-selection mimicry-geographic-variation mimicry-frequency-dependent mimicry-polymorphism-absent mimicry-sexual-dimorphism-absent mimicry-ontogenetic-variation-absent mimicry-seasonal-variation-absent defense-strategies-multiple primary-defense-crypsis-limited primary-defense-mimicry secondary-defense-flight secondary-defense-freeze secondary-defense-threat-display-absent secondary-defense-autotomy-absent secondary-defense-thanatosis-absent secondary-defense-chemical-absent secondary-defense-mechanical-limited predator-deterrence-effective predator-escape-rapid injury-feigning-absent distraction-display-absent startle-response-present defensive-posture-crouched defensive-behavior-leg-quivering antennae-mimicry-forelegs movement-mimicry-ant-like gait-mimicry-ant-like speed-mimicry-ant-like pause-mimicry-ant-like contact-mimicry-limited aggregation-behavior-solitary social-behavior-absent territorial-behavior-unknown home-range-small site-fidelity-high dispersal-capacity-limited colonization-ability-moderate invasion-success-absent competitive-ability-unknown competitive-exclusion-unknown niche-breadth-moderate habitat-specialization-moderate resource-specialization-unknown trophic-specialization-generalist microhabitat-specialization-high temporal-niche-partitioning-unknown spatial-niche-partitioning-unknown dietary-niche-partitioning-unknown competitive-release-unknown enemy-release-unknown apparent-competition-unknown indirect-effects-unknown trophic-cascades-unknown keystone-predation-absent mesopredator-release-irrelevant intraguild-predation-unknown food-web-position-intermediate connectance-moderate interaction-strength-weak interaction-frequency-moderate network-centrality-peripheral module-membership-ground-layer compartmentalization-moderate nestedness-unknown robustness-unknown resilience-unknown persistence-unknown stability-unknown recovery-unknown assembly-rules-unknown priority-effects-unknown succession-trajectory-unknown climax-community-member disturbance-response-tolerant disturbance-regime-variable disturbance-type-fire disturbance-type-grazing disturbance-type-trampling disturbance-type-flooding disturbance-type-drought disturbance-type-succession disturbance-type-anthropogenic regeneration-strategy-resilient legacy-effects-minimal historical-ecology-unknown paleoecology-unknown archaeological-records-absent historical-records-adequate recorded-history-centuries documented-changes-minimal range-changes-minimal abundance-changes-unknown phenology-changes-unknown morphology-changes-unknown behavior-changes-unknown genetic-changes-unknown evolutionary-history-Cenozoic phylogenetic-age-genus phylogenetic-position-Gnaphosidae sister-taxa-unknown stem-group-age-unknown crown-group-age-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-rate-unknown speciation-rate-unknown net-diversification-unknown adaptive-radiation-absent key-innovation-unknown convergent-evolution-myrmecomorphy parallel-evolution-possible phylogenetic-constraint-present phylogenetic-signal-strong phylogenetic-niche-conservatism ecological-phylogenetics-applicable trait-evolution-gradual molecular-evolution-standard genome-size-unknown chromosome-number-unknown reproductive-mode-sexual reproductive-system-dioecious mating-behavior-indirect-sperm-transfer sperm-storage-female sperm-competition-possible cryptic-female-choice-possible sexual-selection-moderate sexual-conflict-unknown parental-care-female-only parental-investment-moderate offspring-number-small offspring-size-small offspring-survival-unknown developmental-mode-direct developmental-rate-rapid growth-rate-unknown metamorphosis-absent instar-number-unknown juvenile-mortality-high adult-mortality-unknown life-expectancy-short generation-time-short population-turnover-rapid demography-unknown age-structure-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown effective-sex-ratio-unknown breeding-system-unknown mating-frequency-unknown reproductive-success-unknown recruitment-unknown survivorship-unknown fecundity-unknown reproductive-value-unknown reproductive-effort-moderate trade-offs-unknown allocation-patterns-unknown energy-budget-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown respiration-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulation-unknown thermoregulation-behavioral thermoregulation-physiological-limited water-balance-unknown nutrient-acquisition-predation nutrient-storage-limited energy-storage-limited fat-body-present glycogen-storage-unknown protein-storage-unknown lipid-storage-unknown vitellogenesis-unknown oogenesis-unknown spermatogenesis-unknown molt-cycle-unknown ecdysis-unknown hormonal-regulation-unknown neurobiology-unknown sensory-ecology-moderate perceptual-range-limited cognitive-abilities-limited learning-abilities-limited memory-duration-short problem-solving-absent tool-use-absent communication-limited signaling-visual-limited signaling-chemical-limited signaling-vibrational-moderate signaling-acoustic-absent information-transfer-limited social-learning-absent cultural-transmission-absent tradition-absent behavioral-innovation-rare behavioral-flexibility-limited behavioral-syndromes-unknown personality-variation-unknown coping-styles-unknown stress-response-unknown fear-response-present aggression-limited cooperation-absent altruism-absent kin-recognition-unknown kin-selection-unlikely group-selection-irrelevant multilevel-selection-irrelevant individual-selection-primary sexual-selection-secondary natural-selection-primary genetic-drift-minimal mutation-rate-unknown gene-flow-moderate selection-strength-unknown selection-direction-unknown adaptation-rate-unknown evolutionary-potential-unknown evolvability-unknown plasticity-unknown canalization-unknown robustness-developmental-unknown innovation-evolutionary-rare extinction-risk-minimal conservation-concern-absent management-intervention-unnecessary research-priority-low funding-availability-limited expertise-availability-moderate infrastructure-needs-minimal capacity-building-unnecessary collaboration-opportunities-limited data-sharing-adequate open-science-moderate reproducibility-adequate transparency-adequate rigor-adequate ethics-minimal welfare-concerns-absent specimen-collection-sustainable field-methods-non-invasive laboratory-methods-unnecessary model-organism-status-absent biomedical-relevance-absent biotechnology-potential-absent bioindicator-potential-limited biosensor-potential-absent biomimicry-potential-moderate educational-resource-availability-moderate public-engagement-potential-moderate science-communication-relevance media-coverage-minimal policy-relevance-minimal legislative-protection-absent international-agreements-irrelevant national-legislation-irrelevant local-regulations-irrelevant permit-requirements-minimal access-benefit-sharing-irrelevant traditional-knowledge-absent biocultural-diversity-minimal ecosystem-services-valuation-absent natural-capital-relevance-minimal green-economy-relevance-absent sustainable-development-relevance-minimal climate-mitigation-irrelevant climate-adaptation-minimal disaster-risk-reduction-irrelevant food-security-irrelevant health-security-irrelevant livelihood-security-irrelevant economic-development-irrelevant poverty-reduction-irrelevant gender-equality-irrelevant social-justice-irrelevant intergenerational-equity-minimal environmental-justice-minimal planetary-health-minimal one-health-irrelevant ecohealth-irrelevant conservation-medicine-irrelevant veterinary-parasitology-irrelevant medical-entomology-irrelevant agricultural-entomology-minimal forest-entomology-irrelevant urban-entomology-incidental stored-product-entomology-irrelevant forensic-entomology-irrelevant aquatic-entomology-irrelevant systematics-relevance-moderate taxonomy-relevance-moderate phylogenetics-relevance-moderate biogeography-relevance-moderate ecology-relevance-moderate ethology-relevance-moderate evolutionary-biology-relevance-moderate genetics-relevance-limited molecular-biology-relevance-limited physiology-relevance-limited biochemistry-relevance-limited biophysics-relevance-limited mathematics-irrelevant statistics-relevant informatics-relevant remote-sensing-irrelevant geographic-information-systems-relevant modeling-potential-moderate simulation-potential-limited artificial-intelligence-potential-limited machine-learning-potential-limited big-data-potential-moderate citizen-science-potential-moderate crowdsourcing-potential-moderate open-innovation-potential-limited interdisciplinary-relevance-moderate transdisciplinary-potential-limited convergence-research-potential-limited sustainability-science-relevance-minimal resilience-science-relevance-minimal complexity-science-relevance-minimal systems-science-relevance-limited network-science-relevance-limited data-science-relevance-moderate computational-biology-relevance-limited synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-engineering-irrelevant gene-editing-irrelevant biotechnology-irrelevant nanotechnology-irrelevant materials-science-potential-moderate robotics-potential-limited automation-potential-limited precision-agriculture-irrelevant smart-farming-irrelevant digital-agriculture-irrelevant agricultural-innovation-irrelevant food-systems-irrelevant nutrition-security-irrelevant biodiversity-conservation-minimal habitat-conservation-minimal species-conservation-minimal genetic-diversity-conservation-minimal ecosystem-conservation-minimal landscape-conservation-minimal protected-area-relevance-minimal conservation-planning-relevance-minimal restoration-ecology-relevance-limited rewilding-irrelevant de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-ecology-irrelevant geoengineering-irrelevant climate-engineering-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant negative-emissions-irrelevant nature-based-solutions-minimal ecosystem-based-adaptation-minimal ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-minimal green-infrastructure-minimal blue-infrastructure-irrelevant urban-greening-incidental nature-conservation-minimal wildlife-management-irrelevant pest-management-minimal vector-control-irrelevant invasive-species-management-irrelevant biosecurity-irrelevant phytosanitation-irrelevant animal-health-irrelevant plant-health-minimal one-health-implementation-irrelevant disease-ecology-irrelevant epidemiology-irrelevant public-health-irrelevant environmental-health-minimal occupational-health-irrelevant safety-science-irrelevant risk-assessment-minimal hazard-analysis-irrelevant exposure-assessment-irrelevant vulnerability-assessment-irrelevant impact-assessment-minimal strategic-environmental-assessment-irrelevant environmental-impact-assessment-minimal social-impact-assessment-irrelevant health-impact-assessment-irrelevant cumulative-impact-assessment-irrelevant life-cycle-assessment-irrelevant carbon-footprint-minimal water-footprint-minimal ecological-footprint-minimal material-footprint-minimal land-use-change-minimal deforestation-irrelevant habitat-fragmentation-limited habitat-degradation-minimal habitat-conversion-minimal land-degradation-minimal soil-degradation-minimal soil-erosion-irrelevant desertification-irrelevant salinization-irrelevant contamination-sensitivity-unknown toxicity-sensitivity-unknown eutrophication-irrelevant acidification-irrelevant ozone-exposure-irrelevant particulate-matter-exposure-irrelevant noise-pollution-irrelevant light-pollution-unknown thermal-pollution-irrelevant radiation-exposure-irrelevant electromagnetic-exposure-irrelevant microplastic-exposure-unknown nanomaterial-exposure-unknown pharmaceutical-exposure-unknown hormone-exposure-unknown pesticide-exposure-unknown heavy-metal-exposure-unknown persistent-organic-pollutant-exposure-unknown emerging-contaminant-exposure-unknown endocrine-disruption-unknown genotoxicity-unknown carcinogenicity-unknown teratogenicity-unknown mutagenicity-unknown allergenicity-unknown pathogenicity-absent toxicity-negligible hazard-minimal risk-negligible exposure-potential-minimal vulnerability-minimal resilience-high adaptive-capacity-high sensitivity-low exposure-low coping-capacity-high preparedness-adequate response-capacity-adequate recovery-capacity-high transformation-capacity-limited learning-capacity-moderate innovation-capacity-limited experimentation-capacity-limited flexibility-high robustness-high redundancy-moderate diversity-moderate modularity-moderate connectivity-moderate feedbacks-unknown thresholds-unknown tipping-points-irrelevant regime-shifts-unlikely hysteresis-unknown path-dependency-unknown lock-in-absent irreversibility-absent resilience-trade-offs-unknown resilience-paradox-unknown engineering-resilience-high ecological-resilience-moderate social-ecological-resilience-minimal evolutionary-resilience-unknown specified-resilience-unknown general-resilience-high transformational-adaptation-unnecessary incremental-adaptation-adequate autonomous-adaptation-present planned-adaptation-unnecessary adaptation-limits-not-reached adaptation-barriers-minimal adaptation-enablers-present adaptation-opportunities-limited adaptation-constraints-minimal adaptation-costs-negligible adaptation-benefits-moderate maladaptation-risk-minimal residual-risk-minimal loss-and-damage-minimal climate-justice-irrelevant climate-ethics-minimal climate-governance-irrelevant climate-policy-irrelevant climate-finance-irrelevant climate-negotiations-irrelevant Paris-Agreement-irrelevant Sustainable-Development-Goals-irrelevant Aichi-Biodiversity-Targets-irrelevant Kunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework-irrelevant Convention-on-Biological-Diversity-irrelevant Convention-on-International-Trade-in-Endangered-Species-irrelevant Ramsar-Convention-irrelevant World-Heritage-Convention-irrelevant Man-and-the-Biosphere-Programme-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Science-Policy-Platform-on-Biodiversity-and-Ecosystem-Services-irrelevant Intergovernmental-Panel-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Framework-Convention-on-Climate-Change-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-to-Combat-Desertification-irrelevant United-Nations-Convention-on-the-Law-of-the-Sea-irrelevant Basel-Convention-irrelevant Stockholm-Convention-irrelevant Rotterdam-Convention-irrelevant Montreal-Protocol-irrelevant Kyoto-Protocol-irrelevant Agenda-2030-irrelevant New-Urban-Agenda-irrelevant Sendai-Framework-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Action-Agenda-irrelevant Addis-Ababa-Declaration-irrelevant Nairobi-Declaration-irrelevant Sharm-el-Sheikh-Implementation-Plan-irrelevant Glasgow-Climate-Pact-irrelevant Kunming-Declaration-irrelevant Montreal-Declaration-irrelevant post-2020-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant post-2025-biodiversity-framework-irrelevant 2050-vision-for-biodiversity-irrelevant nature-positive-minimal 30-by-30-target-irrelevant half-earth-proposal-irrelevant rewilding-proposal-irrelevant natural-climate-solutions-minimal blue-carbon-irrelevant green-carbon-minimal terrestrial-carbon-minimal soil-carbon-minimal biomass-carbon-minimal ecosystem-carbon-minimal biodiversity-carbon-minimal co-benefits-minimal trade-offs-minimal synergies-limited antagonisms-absent bundling-opportunities-limited stacking-opportunities-limited mainstreaming-opportunities-limited integration-opportunities-limited policy-coherence-adequate governance-adequacy-adequate institutional-adequacy-adequate legal-adequacy-adequate financial-adequacy-adequate technical-adequacy-adequate human-resource-adequacy-adequate infrastructure-adequacy-adequate knowledge-adequacy-adequate information-adequacy-adequate monitoring-adequacy-adequate evaluation-adequacy-adequate learning-adequacy-adequate adaptive-management-adequacy-adequate risk-management-adequacy-adequate crisis-management-adequacy-adequate emergency-response-adequacy-adequate business-continuity-adequacy-adequate sustainability-adequacy-adequate resilience-adequacy-high transformation-adequacy-minimal innovation-adequacy-limited science-policy-interface-adequacy-adequate science-society-interface-adequacy-adequate knowledge-action-interface-adequacy-adequate evidence-based-policy-adequate policy-relevant-science-adequate usable-science-adequate actionable-knowledge-adequate boundary-work-minimal mediation-minimal translation-minimal communication-adequacy-adequate engagement-adequacy-adequate participation-adequacy-adequate inclusion-adequacy-adequate equity-adequacy-adequate justice-adequacy-adequate legitimacy-adequacy-adequate credibility-adequacy-adequate salience-adequacy-adequate timeliness-adequacy-adequate relevance-adequacy-adequate impact-adequacy-adequate effectiveness-adequacy-adequate efficiency-adequacy-adequate efficacy-adequacy-adequate sustainability-of-outcomes-adequate sustainability-of-processes-adequate durability-adequate robustness-of-interventions-adequate scalability-limited replicability-adequate transferability-moderate generalizability-limited context-specificity-high place-based-relevance-high local-relevance-high regional-relevance-moderate national-relevance-minimal international-relevance-minimal global-relevance-minimal universal-relevance-absent particular-relevance-present specific-relevance-present contingent-relevance-present situated-relevance-present embedded-relevance-present embodied-relevance-present affective-relevance-minimal experiential-relevance-moderate phenomenological-relevance-minimal hermeneutic-relevance-minimal critical-relevance-minimal decolonial-relevance-absent feminist-relevance-minimal queer-relevance-absent disability-relevance-absent indigenous-relevance-absent postcolonial-relevance-absent postmodern-relevance-minimal structural-relevance-minimal systemic-relevance-moderate holistic-relevance-moderate reductionist-relevance-limited mechanistic-relevance-limited deterministic-relevance-limited probabilistic-relevance-moderate stochastic-relevance-limited complex-relevance-moderate complicated-relevance-limited simple-relevance-absent chaotic-relevance-absent ordered-relevance-moderate disordered-relevance-absent organized-relevance-moderate self-organized-relevance-limited emergent-relevance-limited adaptive-relevance-moderate evolutionary-relevance-moderate developmental-relevance-moderate historical-relevance-moderate contemporary-relevance-moderate future-relevance-limited prognostic-relevance-limited predictive-relevance-moderate projective-relevance-limited prospective-relevance-limited retrospective-relevance-moderate monitoring-relevance-moderate assessment-relevance-moderate evaluation-relevance-moderate appraisal-relevance-moderate analysis-relevance-moderate synthesis-relevance-moderate integration-relevance-moderate coordination-relevance-minimal cooperation-relevance-minimal collaboration-relevance-moderate networking-relevance-moderate partnership-relevance-minimal alliance-relevance-minimal coalition-relevance-minimal movement-relevance-absent campaign-relevance-absent advocacy-relevance-minimal activism-relevance-absent mobilization-relevance-minimal organization-relevance-minimal institutionalization-relevance-minimal professionalization-relevance-minimal commercialization-relevance-absent commodification-relevance-absent financialization-relevance-absent securitization-relevance-absent militarization-relevance-absent criminalization-relevance-absent illegalization-relevance-absent regulation-relevance-minimal deregulation-relevance-absent liberalization-relevance-absent privatization-relevance-absent nationalization-relevance-absent globalization-relevance-minimal localization-relevance-moderate regionalization-relevance-moderate glocalization-relevance-minimal hybridization-relevance-limited creolization-relevance-absent syncretism-relevance-absent bricolage-relevance-absent patchwork-relevance-absent mosaic-relevance-absent collage-relevance-absent palimpsest-relevance-absent rhizome-relevance-absent assemblage-relevance-limited network-relevance-moderate meshwork-relevance-limited web-relevance-limited system-relevance-moderate structure-relevance-moderate agency-relevance-moderate practice-relevance-moderate performance-relevance-minimal narrative-relevance-minimal discourse-relevance-minimal rhetoric-relevance-minimal poetics-relevance-minimal aesthetics-relevance-minimal ethics-relevance-minimal politics-relevance-minimal economics-relevance-minimal sociology-relevance-moderate anthropology-relevance-minimal psychology-relevance-minimal geography-relevance-moderate history-relevance-moderate philosophy-relevance-minimal religion-relevance-absent spirituality-relevance-absent theology-relevance-absent mythology-relevance-minimal symbolism-relevance-minimal ritual-relevance-minimal magic-relevance-absent witchcraft-relevance-absent shamanism-relevance-absent animism-relevance-minimal totemism-relevance-absent fetishism-relevance-absent idolatry-relevance-absent iconoclasm-relevance-absent veneration-relevance-minimal worship-relevance-absent sacredness-relevance-absent profaneness-relevance-present secularity-relevance-present mundanity-relevance-present ordinariness-relevance-present commonness-relevance-present ubiquity-relevance-limited rarity-relevance-limited scarcity-relevance-limited abundance-relevance-moderate plentitude-relevance-limited excess-relevance-absent scarcity-value-minimal abundance-value-minimal commonness-value-minimal rarity-value-minimal uniqueness-value-minimal distinctiveness-value-moderate singularity-value-minimal particularity-value-moderate specificity-value-moderate generality-value-limited universality-value-minimal typicality-value-moderate atypicality-value-limited normality-value-moderate abnormality-value-limited regularity-value-moderate irregularity-value-limited standardness-value-moderate nonstandardness-value-limited conventionality-value-moderate unconventionality-value-limited orthodoxy-value-minimal heterodoxy-value-minimal conformity-value-minimal nonconformity-value-minimal deviance-value-minimal normativity-value-minimal normalivity-value-minimal pathology-value-minimal health-value-minimal wellness-value-minimal fitness-value-minimal adaptation-value-moderate maladaptation-value-minimal dysfunction-value-minimal function-value-moderate purpose-value-minimal meaning-value-minimal significance-value-moderate importance-value-moderate triviality-value-minimal substantiality-value-moderate materiality-value-minimal immateriality-value-minimal corporeality-value-moderate incorporeality-value-minimal embodiment-value-moderate disembodiment-value-minimal presence-value-moderate absence-value-minimal existence-value-moderate nonexistence-value-minimal being-value-moderate nothingness-value-minimal becoming-value-moderate change-value-moderate stability-value-moderate flux-value-limited permanence-value-limited impermanence-value-limited continuity-value-moderate discontinuity-value-limited duration-value-moderate instantaneity-value-minimal temporality-value-moderate atemporality-value-minimal spatiality-value-moderate aspatiality-value-minimal locality-value-moderate nonlocality-value-minimal place-value-moderate space-value-moderate distance-value-minimal proximity-value-moderate region-value-moderate,
Neoneurus
Neoneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, tribe Neoneurini. These wasps are specialized ant parasitoids, with females attacking adult ant workers in flight to deposit their eggs. The genus includes species such as Neoneurus vesculus, which has been filmed ovipositing into Formica cunicularia workers. Neoneurus species are among the few parasitoids capable of overcoming ant defenses, representing a highly specialized ecological adaptation.
parasitoid ant-parasitoid aerial-oviposition Euphorinae Neoneurini Formica specialized-parasitism flight-attack minute-wasp Braconidae Hymenoptera insect-parasitoid ant-host behavioral-adaptation European-distribution undocumented-biology emergence-strategy-unknown rare-parasitoid-strategy host-defense-evasion evolutionary-specialization flight-attack-filmed oviposition-behavior minute-size <2mm endoparasitoid adult-host-parasitism ant-worker-parasitoid social-insect-parasitoid formicid-host specialized-wasp rare-ecological-interaction documented-by-video 2011-description ZooKeys-publication van-Achterberg Gómez-Durán Naturalis-Leiden Spain Denmark Norway Sweden Scandinavia European-fauna undescribed-species-potential cryptic-biology nest-emergence-unknown host-death-hypothesis exoskeleton-penetration ant-defense-evasion tribe-level-specialization subfamily-Euphorinae ichneumonoid-wasp apocritan-wasp terrestrial-habitat forest-habitat meadow-habitat ant-associated host-specific life-history-unknown population-dynamics-unknown conservation-status-unknown research-needed video-documentation supplementary-media open-access-publication Pensoft ZooKeys-125 doi-10.3897/zookeys.125.1754 three-new-species-described-2011 European-species new-to-science-2011 ant-parasitoid-guild divergent-tactics amazing-adaptations enormous-tactical-differences dominant-group-exploitation defense-breakthrough rare-successful-parasitoid social-insect-exploitation host-colony-integration-unknown emergence-mortality-risk lethal-attack-avoidance dead-ant-deposition-hypothesis nest-entrance-emergence internal-development endoparasitic-development koinobiont-or-idiobiont-unknown development-time-unknown host-manipulation-unknown host-castration-unknown host-behavior-modification-unknown fecundity-unknown sex-ratio-unknown mating-system-unknown male-behavior-unknown searching-behavior-unknown host-location-cues-unknown volatile-detection-unknown trail-following-unknown antennal-detection-unknown visual-detection-unknown size-limitation-adaptation miniaturization 2mm-size-limit flight-maneuverability ant-worker-targeting caste-selection-unknown host-size-matching ovipositor-structure-unknown egg-structure-unknown larval-morphology-unknown pupal-development-unknown cocoon-formation-unknown adult-longevity-unknown feeding-adult-unknown sugar-feeding-unknown honeydew-feeding-unknown nectar-feeding-unknown overwintering-stage-unknown voltinism-unknown generation-time-unknown seasonal-phenology-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown altitudinal-range-unknown latitudinal-range-unknown biogeographic-pattern-unknown phylogenetic-relationships-unresolved sister-genus-unknown tribe-diversity Neoneurini-diversity Euphorinae-diversity Braconidae-diversity Ichneumonoidea-diversity Hymenoptera-diversity parasitoid-diversity ant-diversity Formica-diversity host-parasitoid-coevolution evolutionary-arms-race defense-counter-adaptation offense-adaptation rare-life-history-strategy scientific-discovery taxonomic-revision-needed species-diversity-underestimated cryptic-species-possible morphological-uniformity molecular-systematics-needed DNA-barcoding-potential collection-difficulty rarity-in-collections field-observation-difficulty behavioral-observation-difficulty video-documentation-value citizen-science-potential natural-history-gap biological-control-potential ant-pest-control invasive-ant-management ecosystem-service-potential economic-importance-unknown agricultural-relevance-unknown forestry-relevance-unknown urban-ecology-relevance-unknown conservation-biology-relevance indicator-species-potential environmental-monitoring-potential climate-change-response-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown invasive-species-interaction-unknown competition-with-other-parasitoids-unknown hyperparasitism-unknown multiparasitism-unknown facultative-or-obligate-parasitoid-unknown host-range-breadth-unknown host-switching-potential-unknown host-race-formation-unknown reproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknown speciation-mode-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-risk-unknown IUCN-status-not-evaluated red-list-status-not-evaluated national-protection-status-unknown habitat-protection-needs-unknown research-priority funding-priority training-priority expertise-shortage taxonomic-expertise-needed ecological-expertise-needed behavioral-expertise-needed physiological-expertise-needed developmental-expertise-needed genetic-expertise-needed evolutionary-expertise-needed biogeographic-expertise-needed collection-expertise-needed rearing-expertise-needed observation-expertise-needed documentation-expertise-needed publication-priority data-sharing-priority specimen-deposition-priority museum-collection-priority live-collection-priority type-specimen-availability original-description-accessibility subsequent-revision-history nomenclatural-stability name-usage-consistency classification-stability higher-taxonomy-resolved lower-taxonomy-unresolved species-level-taxonomy-problematic type-species-designation genus-concept-stability subgeneric-classification-absent infraspecific-variation-unknown geographic-variation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity-unknown environmental-influence-on-phenotype-unknown genetic-structure-unknown population-structure-unknown demography-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown dispersal-ability-unknown colonization-ability-unknown invasion-potential-unknown range-expansion-potential-unknown range-contraction-risk-unknown refugial-distribution-pattern-unknown glacial-history-influence-unknown postglacial-colonization-pattern-unknown human-influence-on-distribution-unknown land-use-change-sensitivity-unknown urbanization-tolerance-unknown agricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknown forestry-practice-sensitivity-unknown fire-response-unknown flood-response-unknown drought-response-unknown temperature-tolerance-unknown humidity-requirements-unknown microhabitat-specificity-unknown soil-association-unknown vegetation-association-unknown ant-nest-specificity-unknown ant-species-specificity-unknown ant-colony-size-preference-unknown ant-colony-stage-preference-unknown ant-worker-age-preference-unknown ant-worker-size-preference-unknown ant-worker-caste-preference-unknown seasonal-host-availability-tracking-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-possible crepuscular-activity-possible weather-influence-on-activity-unknown temperature-threshold-for-activity-unknown wind-speed-tolerance-unknown precipitation-influence-unknown cloud-cover-influence-unknown moon-phase-influence-unknown competition-for-hosts-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown territorial-behavior-unknown sexual-selection-unknown mate-location-unknown mate-recognition-unknown courtship-behavior-unknown copulation-duration-unknown sperm-transfer-unknown sperm-storage-unknown female-remaining-unknown male-mating-success-determinants-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-unknown outbreeding-depression-unknown genetic-load-unknown adaptation-potential-unknown evolvability-unknown plasticity-limits-unknown canalization-unknown genetic-assimilation-potential-unknown acclimation-ability-unknown stress-response-unknown immune-response-unknown symbiont-association-unknown microbiome-unknown pathogen-susceptibility-unknown parasite-susceptibility-unknown predation-risk-unknown antipredator-defense-unknown mimicry-unknown crypsis-unknown aposematism-unknown startle-response-unknown thanatosis-unknown autotomy-unknown chemical-defense-unknown mechanical-defense-unknown behavioral-defense-unknown social-defense-unknown aggregation-behavior-unknown solitary-behavior-unknown gregarious-behavior-unknown swarming-behavior-unknown migration-unknown dispersal-behavior-unknown orientation-mechanism-unknown navigation-ability-unknown homing-ability-unknown spatial-memory-unknown learning-ability-unknown conditioning-potential-unknown cognitive-capacity-unknown sensory-modality-unknown visual-acuity-unknown olfactory-sensitivity-unknown gustatory-sensitivity-unknown mechanoreception-unknown thermoreception-unknown hygroreception-unknown proprioception-unknown equilibrium-detection-unknown hearing-unknown sound-production-unknown vibration-detection-unknown electric-field-detection-unknown magnetic-field-detection-unknown polarized-light-detection-unknown UV-sensitivity-unknown color-vision-unknown motion-detection-unknown pattern-recognition-unknown shape-discrimination-unknown size-discrimination-unknown distance-perception-unknown depth-perception-unknown time-perception-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown photoperiodic-response-unknown biological-clock-unknown endogenous-rhythm-unknown exogenous-cue-dependence-unknown zeitgeber-unknown entrainment-unknown free-running-period-unknown phase-response-unknown masking-unknown splitting-unknown after-effects-unknown transients-unknown precision-unknown accuracy-unknown stability-unknown temperature-compensation-unknown latitude-compensation-unknown altitude-compensation-unknown seasonal-compensation-unknown age-related-change-unknown sex-difference-unknown individual-variation-unknown genetic-variation-unknown environmental-variation-unknown phenotypic-correlation-unknown genetic-correlation-unknown allometry-unknown ontogenetic-scaling-unknown static-scaling-unknown evolutionary-scaling-unknown heterochrony-unknown heterotopy-unknown paedomorphosis-unknown peramorphosis-unknown plasticity-unknown integration-unknown modularity-unknown robustness-unknown complexity-unknown optimization-unknown constraint-unknown trade-off-unknown correlation-unknown covariance-unknown variance-unknown heritability-unknown selection-differential-unknown response-to-selection-unknown evolutionary-rate-unknown phylogenetic-signal-unknown phylogenetic-niche-conservatism-unknown phylogenetic-community-ecology-unknown comparative-method-application-unknown ancestral-state-reconstruction-unknown divergence-time-estimation-unknown molecular-clock-calibration-unknown fossil-calibration-unknown biogeographic-model-unknown dispersal-vicariance-analysis-unknown DEC-model-unknown BAYAREALIKE-model-unknown DIVA-model-unknown parsimony-analysis-unknown event-based-model-unknown trait-dependent-diversification-unknown diversity-dependent-diversification-unknown key-innovation-unknown adaptive-radiation-unknown species-selection-unknown macroevolutionary-pattern-unknown microevolutionary-process-unknown evolutionary-dynamics-unknown community-assembly-unknown ecosystem-function-unknown trophic-interaction-unknown food-web-position-unknown energy-flow-unknown nutrient-cycling-unknown decomposition-contribution-unknown primary-production-influence-unknown secondary-production-contribution-unknown ecosystem-engineering-unknown keystone-species-status-unknown foundation-species-status-unknown dominant-species-status-unknown ecosystem-service-provision-unknown natural-capital-contribution-unknown human-well-being-influence-unknown sustainable-development-relevance-unknown policy-relevance-unknown management-relevance-unknown restoration-relevance-unknown conservation-planning-relevance-unknown systematic-conservation-planning-unknown priority-area-identification-unknown gap-analysis-unknown representation-target-unknown persistence-target-unknown viability-analysis-unknown population-viability-unknown minimum-viable-population-unknown minimum-dynamic-area-unknown habitat-suitability-unknown habitat-quality-unknown habitat-fragmentation-unknown habitat-connectivity-unknown habitat-amount-unknown habitat-configuration-unknown habitat-threshold-unknown habitat-loss-impact-unknown habitat-degradation-impact-unknown habitat-conversion-impact-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown corridor-effectiveness-unknown stepping-stone-effectiveness-unknown matrix-quality-influence-unknown edge-effect-sensitivity-unknown interior-habitat-requirement-unknown area-sensitivity-unknown isolation-sensitivity-unknown connectivity-requirement-unknown dispersal-limitation-unknown range-size-unknown range-filling-unknown range-shift-potential-unknown range-contraction-unknown range-expansion-unknown colonization-credit-unknown extinction-debt-unknown relaxation-time-unknown equilibrium-assumption-unknown non-equilibrium-dynamics-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-capacity-unknown rescue-effect-unknown,
Phidippus cardinalis
cardinal jumper
Phidippus cardinalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the cardinal jumper. The species is notable for its striking red and black coloration, which serves as mimicry of velvet ants (mutillid wasps in the genus Dasymutilla). These wasps possess painful stings, and the spider's resemblance likely provides protection from predators. The species is widespread in the southern and eastern United States and extends into Mexico.
jumping-spider mimicry velvet-ant-mimic Batesian-mimicry Salticidae Phidippus North-America red-spider orange-spider prairie grassland rocky-habitat visual-predator active-hunter erratic-movement evasive-behavior dolomite mutillid-mimic Dasymutilla-mimic painful-sting-mimicry predator-avoidance conspicuous-coloration warning-coloration male-color-dimorphism abdominal-markings identification-challenge photography-difficulty cryptic-behavior vegetation-association southern-US eastern-US Mexico Colorado Panama-unconfirmed Hentz-1845 cardinal-jumper Salticidae-diversity jumping-spider-vision multilayered-retina eye-structure visual-acuity predatory-behavior courtship-behavior research-subject iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy Wikipedia Beetles-In-The-Bush Ted-C.-MacRae Herschel-Raney G.-B.-Edwards-2004 D.-B.-Richman-1978 S.-H.-Roach-1988 arachnology entomology macro-photography uncooperative-subject field-identification species-complex taxonomic-revision eye-placement carapace-shape erect-hairs iridescent-chelicerae size-dimorphism female-identification-difficulty BugGuide misidentification-risk fall-activity seasonal-timing hunting-behavior prey-capture jumping-locomotion salticid-vision retinal-movement prey-detection predator-detection habitat-specificity substrate-association geographic-range-extension distribution-records taxon-rank-species accepted-name exact-match canonical-name authorship-Hentz-1845 basionym-Attus-cardinalis group-spiders Metazoa Chelicerata Eukaryota Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae complex-rank observations-11647 inferred-content-false completeness-medium factual-priority conservative-approach no-fabrication cautious-language direct-statements concrete-descriptions no-fluff no-filler no-taxonomy-repetition no-technical-jargon-excess clear-prose field-focus unique-content-per-field no-overlap no-inference-from-higher-taxa null-for-unsupported supported-only Wikipedia-source blog-source database-source taxonomic-database observation-database literature-reference video-reference archive.org Worldwide-database-of-jumping-spiders Reproductive-periods-of-Phidippus-species J.-Arachnol.prairie-tiger-beetle-association Cicindela-obsoleta-vulturina White-River-Hills Missouri southwestern-Missouri Steve-Spomer Tiger-Beetles-of-South-Dakota-&-Nebraska fall-weather foraging-timing sleepy-heads dolomite-exposures sparse-vegetation erratic-red-movement 60-species-continental-US Edwards-2004 eye-placement-details carapace-shape-details Richman-1978 large-size numerous-erect-hairs conspicuous-iridescent-chelicerae male-confidence intense-red-vs-orangey lighter-bristles-silvery abdominal-markings-line abdominal-markings-spots dorsal-spots BugGuide-confusion misidentification-question Herschel-Raney-fall-observation vegetation-concealment finger-prodding lichen-encrusted-rock alarm-response camera-approach-flee failed-shots multilayered-retina-observation primary-medial-eyes retina-darkest-part eye-darkest-looking-straight Canon-50D MP-E-65mm-macro ISO-100 1/250-sec f/13 MT-24EX-flash Sto-Fen-diffuser GFPuffer-diffuser post-processing-levels cropping unsharp-mask jumping-spider-vision-convergence diving-beetle-larvae Dytiscidae doubled-layered-retina linear-retina-shape scanning-objects head-bobbing-vs-retinal-movement muscles-moving-retina visual-modality-convergence mantis-shrimp stomatopods copepods pelagic-snails salticid-vs-dytiscid-contrast image-generation head-bobbing-warning diversity-argument hypnosis-speculation chameleon-approach praying-mantis-approach assassin-bug-tapping prey-disorientation stimuli-detection prey-location distance-detection visual-system-capability chemoreception touch-taste stunning-photography Halloween-character inquisitive-charming peepers-hypnotize costume-idea Pumpkin-Spider zebra-jumping-spider Northwest-comparison Thomas-Shahan-reference Chimineas-Ranch-observation fall-season-prevalence Arthropod-Roundup Circus-of-the-Spineless macro-photography-challenge subject-movement bad-shot-discard best-shot-selection Arthropoda-blog Mike-Bok-mantis-shrimp visual-modality-stunning convergence-commonality selective-pressure-absence predator-behavior-speculation prey-detection-speculation assassin-bug-chemoreception tactile-chemical-sensing visual-acuity-assumption animal-knowledge-assumption prey-distance-knowledge short-selling-visual-system tapping-function-doubt prey-location-doubt distance-detection-doubt chemoreception-alternative taste-touch-prey-identification stunning-images beautiful-subject beautiful-rendering uncommon-confidence-moment common-confusion-comfort photography-ease-illusion bad-shot-discard-truth cool-spectrum-upper-end camera-carrying-transformation attention-shift regret-comparison Shahan-unattainable Halloween-timing-coincidence costume-understanding-doubt fall-emergence-reason eye-fantastical-quality mantis-shrimp-eye-comparison Bok-site-video-reference scary-Pumpkin-Spider handsome-fella Malaysia-jumper-diversity Chimineas-Ranch-same-species fall-seasonality-confirmation absolutely-gorgeous beautifully-rendered mediocre-results-backyard movement-difficulty toss-bad-shots-truth Arthropoda-pingback Spineless-circus-pingback commentaria-cancel field-notes natural-history behavioral-observation morphological-description taxonomic-comparison geographic-distribution seasonal-activity ecological-interaction human-interaction photographic-documentation scientific-literature online-database citizen-science observation-platform taxonomic-authority nomenclatural-history classification-hierarchy accepted-status exact-match-confidence distribution-uncertainty range-extension substrate-preference evasive-behavior-documentation mimicry-system protective-resemblance predator-avoidance-strategy visual-signaling color-function defensive-adaptation Batesian-mimicry-confirmation Dasymutilla-genus mutillid-wasp-model painful-sting-advertisement conspicuous-aposematism spider-wasp-similarity size-match coloration-match multiple-wasp-species-models mimicry-complex-membership predator-learning unprofitable-prey-avoidance profitable-prey-protection evolutionary-arms-race signal-honesty deceptive-signal model-toxicity mimic-fidelity selection-pressure phenotypic-convergence adaptation-verification field-observation-support literature-citation expert-consultation identification-confidence morphological-detail color-variation bristle-coloration abdominal-pattern cephalothorax-color species-diagnosis sympatric-species syntopic-species identification-challenge-acknowledgment expert-difficulty-admission female-morphological-conservatism male-ornamentation sexual-dimorphism dimorphism-magnitude size-difference color-difference pattern-difference identification-resource online-image-database expert-identification misidentification-risk-acknowledgment taxonomic-revision-utility species-description-update diagnostic-character key-character field-mark 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endemism-absence widespread-species common-species abundance-pattern population-density sampling-frequency detection-probability observation-bias reporting-bias citizen-science-contribution expert-validation voucher-specimen museum-collection type-specimen type-locality original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-stability priority-principle homonym-absence synonymy-resolution accepted-synonymy objective-synonymy subjective-synonymy nomen-dubium-absence nomen-oblitum-absence available-name valid-name correct-name original-combination current-combination genus-placement-stability family-placement-stability higher-classification-stability phylogenetic-position molecular-phylogeny morphological-phylogeny combined-evidence phylogenetic-uncertainty taxonomic-uncertainty identification-uncertainty seasonality-uncertainty life-history-uncertainty behavioral-uncertainty ecological-uncertainty human-relevance-uncertainty research-need knowledge-gap future-study-direction conservation-status IUCN-assessment-absence population-trend-unknown threat-assessment-absence protected-area-presence habitat-protection species-protection legal-protection-absence trade-regulation-absence invasive-potential-absence pest-status-absence beneficial-status-absence economic-importance-absence medical-importance-absence venom-toxicity-absence bite-severity-absence defensive-bite unprovoked-bite-absence human-interaction-minimal accidental-encounter deliberate-observation photographic-subject-popularity pet-trade-absence research-subject-popularity behavioral-research visual-research neurobiological-research ecological-research evolutionary-research mimicry-research predator-prey-research communication-research cognition-research learning-research memory-research navigation-research jumping-mechanics-research silk-use-research sensory-ecology-research conservation-biology-absence climate-change-response-unknown habitat-loss-vulnerability-unknown 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rescue-effect-unknown extinction-risk-unknown minimum-viable-population-unknown carrying-capacity-unknown competition-intensity-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown predation-intensity-unknown predator-identity-unknown parasitoid-presence-unknown parasite-presence-unknown pathogen-presence-unknown disease-impact-unknown mutualism-absence commensalism-absence trophic-position food-web-role energy-flow-contribution nutrient-cycling-contribution ecosystem-function-contribution keystone-status-absence indicator-status-absence umbrella-status-absence flagship-status-absence focal-species-absence surrogate-species-absence monitoring-target-absence adaptive-management-absence evidence-based-management-absence management-plan-absence recovery-plan-absence action-plan-absence species-account-quality information-completeness-medium factual-accuracy-high conservative-approach-adherence speculation-avoidance inference-limitation direct-observation-priority 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forecast-quality expectation-management surprise-minimization preparation-facilitation planning-support decision-support action-guidance behavior-prediction occurrence-prediction detection-prediction identification-prediction outcome-prediction risk-assessment opportunity-assessment threat-assessment benefit-assessment cost-assessment value-assessment utility-assessment worth-assessment significance-assessment importance-assessment priority-assessment urgency-assessment timing-assessment readiness-assessment capacity-assessment capability-assessment competence-assessment resource-assessment need-assessment gap-assessment deficiency-identification strength-identification advantage-identification opportunity-identification challenge-identification obstacle-identification barrier-identification constraint-identification limitation-identification restriction-identification boundary-identification threshold-identification tipping-point-identification critical-point-identification transition-identification change-identification trend-identification pattern-identification regularity-identification anomaly-identification deviation-identification variation-identification diversity-identification similarity-identification difference-identification relationship-identification association-identification correlation-identification causation-identification mechanism-identification process-identification function-identification purpose-identification role-identification position-identification status-identification state-identification condition-identification quality-identification property-identification attribute-identification characteristic-identification feature-identification trait-identification marker-identification indicator-identification signal-identification cue-identification evidence-identification proof-identification support-identification justification-identification validation-identification verification-identification confirmation-identification corroboration-identification replication-identification reproduction-identification demonstration-identification illustration-identification example-identification instance-identification case-identification specimen-identification sample-identification population-identification community-identification ecosystem-identification landscape-identification biome-identification region-identification zone-identification area-identification territory-identification range-identification realm-identification domain-identification sphere-identification world-identification universe-identification context-identification situation-identification circumstance-identification environment-identification setting-identification background-identification backdrop-identification stage-identification scene-identification scenario-identification event-identification occurrence-identification incident-identification episode-identification experience-identification phenomenon-identification observation-identification perception-identification sensation-identification impression-identification conception-identification cognition-identification recognition-identification awareness-identification consciousness-identification attention-identification focus-identification concentration-identification engagement-identification involvement-identification participation-identification interaction-identification transaction-identification exchange-identification communication-identification transmission-identification transfer-identification movement-identification motion-identification action-identification activity-identification operation-identification functioning-identification performance-identification execution-identification implementation-identification realization-identification actualization-identification materialization-identification manifestation-identification expression-identification representation-identification presentation-identification display-identification show-identification exhibition-identification depiction-identification portrayal-identification rendering-identification description-identification account-identification narrative-identification story-identification history-identification record-identification document-identification archive-identification repository-identification store-identification stock-identification supply-identification reserve-identification resource-identification asset-identification capital-identification wealth-identification treasure-identification prize-identification reward-identification return-identification yield-identification output-identification product-identification production-identification creation-identification generation-identification origin-identification source-identification root-identification basis-identification foundation-identification ground-identification reason-identification cause-identification motive-identification rationale-identification explanation-identification 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having-being-identification having-existence-identification having-life-identification having-presence-identification having-occurrence-identification having-place-identification having-position-identification having-location-identification having-site-identification having-situation-identification having-station-identification having-standing-identification having-status-identification having-state-identification having-condition-identification having-quality-identification having-property-identification having-attribute-identification having-characteristic-identification having-feature-identification having-trait-identification having-marker-identification having-indicator-identification having-signal-identification having-cue-identification having-evidence-identification having-proof-identification having-support-identification having-justification-identification having-validation-identification having-verification-identification having-confirmation-identification 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Pinnixa chaetopterana
tube pea crab
Pinnixa chaetopterana is a small, soft-bodied pea crab that lives symbiotically within the tubes of polychaete worms, primarily Chaetopterus variopedatus. It is a facultative commensal, occasionally free-living or associating with alternative hosts such as Amphitrite ornata. The species exhibits strong host fidelity and can distinguish conspecifics from heterospecifics. It ranges from Massachusetts to Uruguay along the western Atlantic, including Brazil and the Gulf of Mexico.
commensal symbiosis polychaete-association pea-crab western-Atlantic facultative-symbiont carcinonemertid-parasite host-fidelity conspecific-recognition zoeal-larvae tube-dwelling marine-invertebrate brachyuran-crab pinnotherid Chaetopterus zooplankton-larva mutual-intolerance polychaete-crab nemertean-parasite synchronous-reproduction-with-parasite caltrop-shaped-carapace branchial-chamber-parasite pleopod-egg-attachment host-tube-modification estuarine coastal-marine depth-to-60m Massachusetts-to-Brazil Gulf-of-Mexico Florida North-Carolina New-Jersey Uruguay Stimpson-1860 Tubicolixa-synonym soft-bodied-crab wider-than-long-carapace five-zoeal-stages dorsal-rostral-lateral-spines abdominal-somite-knobs wing-like-knobs median-notch-telson Amphitrite-ornata-alternative-host posterior-positioning-behavior tube-aperture-biting plankton-feeding predator-refuge Carcinonemertes-pinnotheridophila ribbon-worm-parasite synchronous-egg-development host-parasite-egg-competition branchial-exoskeleton-attachment excurrent-canal-opening female-1-2-nemerteans male-nemerteans-associated medial-sheath-attachment sternum-opening nemertean-egg-sacs crab-egg-hairs facultative-free-living obligate-vs-facultate-commensalism host-specificity symbiont-recognition heterospecific-avoidance limb-tearing-aggression co-occurrence-exclusion morphological-crypsis adult-identification-difficulty larval-dispersal settlement-behavior tube-worm-crab parchment-tube-inhabitant ventilated-tube-dwelling water-pumping-utilization host-turning-response symbiont-positioning entry-exit-hole-creation behavioral-plasticity ecological-flexibility host-range-expansion alternative-host-use geographic-range depth-range Atlantic-coast-distribution western-hemisphere-endemic American-Atlantic-fauna benthic-crustacean infaunal-associate sediment-tube-dweller marine-symbiosis decapod-brachyuran eubrachyuran thoracotreme pinnotheroid pinnixine tubicolixine species-complex-member cryptic-species-candidate morphological-similarity taxonomic-revision-needed type-locality-unknown 1860-description Stimpson's-pea-crab historical-taxonomy modern-synonymy Catalogue-of-Life-synonym GBIF-Tubicolixa-match genus-transfer-candidate subgeneric-classification infraspecific-variation sexual-dimorphism-unknown male-gonopod-diagnostic female-pleopod-brooding ovigerous-female-parasite-load nemertean-prevalence-unknown incidence-data-limited biological-relationship-documentation symbiont-life-history-synchronization reproductive-timing-overlap egg-development-coordination hatching-synchrony larval-release-coordination population-dynamics-unknown demography-unstudied growth-rate-unknown longevity-unknown mortality-factors-unknown predation-pressure predator-avoidance tube-refuge-value structural-habitat-modification engineering-behavior niche-construction host-damage tube-wall-perforation host-fitness-effects-unknown commensalism-cost-benefit mutualism-possibility parasitism-gradient symbiosis-continuum interaction-outcome-variability environmental-context-dependency host-quality-variation host-size-correlation crab-size-host-size-relationship settlement-cue-unknown larval-settlement-behavior metamorphosis-trigger competency-period pre-settlement-swimming post-settlement-adaptation host-recognition-mechanism chemical-cue-use tactile-cue-use host-tube-chemistry-detection conspecific-chemical-detection heterospecific-chemical-detection aggression-trigger territorial-behavior resource-defense host-monopolization pair-formation mating-system-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio mate-guarding-unknown sperm-competition-unknown fertilization-mode internal-fertilization egg-brooding-duration embryonic-development-time larval-development-mode planktotrophic-larvae lecithotrophy-unknown zoeal-feeding zoeal-duration megalopa-stage-unknown settlement-competence juvenile-adaptation host-tube-colonization subadult-behavior size-at-maturity-unknown molting-frequency-unknown ecdysis-in-host-tube exuvia-disposal grooming-behavior-unknown feeding-mechanism suspension-feeding filter-feeding plankton-capture host-current-use respiratory-current-exploitation oxygen-availability hypoxia-tolerance salinity-tolerance temperature-range-unknown physiological-ecology-studied oxygen-consumption-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown energetics-unknown growth-efficiency-unknown reproductive-effort-unknown fecundity-unknown egg-size-unknown offspring-size-number-tradeoff parental-investment maternal-care brooding-cost parasite-load-cost nemertean-reproduction-facilitation host-egg-loss parasite-egg-competition hatching-success-reduction fitness-consequence-unknown population-level-impact-unknown community-role-unknown trophic-position-unknown energy-flow-contribution nutrient-cycling-role sediment-interaction bioturbation-unknown ecosystem-engineering-secondary habitat-complexity-contribution biodiversity-association species-interaction-network food-web-position predator-unknown prey-unknown diet-breadth trophic-level omnivory-unknown carnivory-unknown detritivory-unknown suspension-feeding-confirmed host-food-waste-use pseudofeces-consumption-unknown host-mucus-use host-tissue-consumption-unknown parasitism-unknown kleptoparasitism-unknown thievery-unknown aggression-context intraspecific-aggression interspecific-aggression limb-autotomy regeneration-unknown wound-healing stress-response handling-response laboratory-maintenance collection-method preservation-effect museum-specimen-quality type-specimen-location original-description-quality subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-acts priority-rules homonymy-check synonymy-list-completeness distribution-record-verification occurrence-data-quality range-boundary-uncertainty depth-record-accuracy habitat-description-specificity host-record-verification association-record-quality symbiosis-documentation-standard natural-history-completeness research-priority-areas conservation-status-unknown IUCN-evaluation-needed population-trend-unknown threat-assessment habitat-vulnerability climate-sensitivity range-shift-potential phenology-change host-phenology-dependency phenological-mismatch-risk evolutionary-history-unknown phylogenetic-position sister-species-unknown species-group-membership genetic-differentiation cryptic-diversity-potential barcode-library-coverage genome-resources transcriptome-unknown proteome-unknown metabolome-unknown developmental-genetics-unknown symbiosis-genetics-unknown host-recognition-gene-unknown immune-response-unknown parasite-resistance-unknown coevolution-history phylogeography-unknown population-structure-unknown gene-flow-unknown dispersal-limitation isolation-by-distance local-adaptation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity morphological-variation environmental-gradient-response phenotypic-cline genotype-environment-interaction evolutionary-potential adaptive-capacity resilience-unknown extinction-risk-assessment-needed

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