Blog WotD About Glossary

Main Menu

Voltinism-unknown

Guides

Ataenius oklahomensis
Ataenius oklahomensis is a small scarab beetle in the subfamily Aphodiinae, described by Brown in 1930. The species is endemic to the south-central United States, with records from Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Like other members of the genus Ataenius, it is likely associated with soil and decaying organic matter, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented. The species name reflects its type locality in Oklahoma.
Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Aphodiinae Ataenius Nearctic Oklahoma-endemic soil-dwelling-beetle 1930-description south-central-United-States scarab-beetle dung-beetle-relative Eupariini saprophagous-beetle undocumented-ecology rarely-collected type-locality-Oklahoma Texas-fauna Arkansas-fauna Louisiana-fauna turfgrass-habitat-possible grassland-insect prairie-insect gypsum-soil-habitat-possible mesquite-associated-fauna-possible Prosopis-associated-beetles-possible Celtis-associated-beetles-possible hackberry-associated-beetles-possible soapberry-associated-beetles-possible Sapindus-associated-beetles-possible early-season-activity-possible May-activity-observed-in-region cool-weather-tolerance-possible Gloss-Mountain-State-Park-fauna-possible gypsum-capped-mesa-fauna-possible northwestern-Oklahoma-fauna western-Oklahoma-insect mixed-grass-prairie-insect shortgrass-prairie-insect cross-timbers-fauna-possible Black-Mesa-fauna-possible Cimarron-County-fauna-possible Major-County-fauna-possible Ellis-County-fauna-possible Beaver-County-fauna-possible Oklahoma-Panhandle-fauna Red-River-Valley-fauna-possible Arkansas-River-Valley-fauna-possible southwestern-Arkansas-fauna northwestern-Louisiana-fauna northeastern-Texas-fauna north-central-Texas-fauna Red-River-fauna decaying-organic-matter-feeder-likely detritivore-likely humus-feeder-likely root-feeding-larvae-possible-but-unconfirmed turfgrass-pest-status-unconfirmed golf-course-fauna-possible sod-farm-fauna-possible lawn-fauna-possible athletic-field-fauna-possible mowing-height-sensitivity-unknown insecticide-susceptibility-unknown predator-interactions-unknown natural-enemy-relationships-unknown parasitoid-associations-unknown nematode-associations-unknown fungal-pathogen-associations-unknown microbial-symbionts-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown molecular-phylogeny-unstudied genomic-resources-absent barcode-data-sparse museum-specimens-limited collection-bias-probable undersampled-species data-deficient-species IUCN-status-unevaluated conservation-status-unknown population-trends-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown host-plant-specificity-unknown altitudinal-range-unknown microhabitat-preferences-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-possible crepuscular-activity-possible flight-capability-assumed dispersal-ability-unknown colonization-ability-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown genetic-structure-unknown gene-flow-patterns-unknown local-adaptation-possible cryptic-species-status-unassessed morphological-variation-unstudied sexual-dimorphism-unknown allometry-unstudied developmental-plasticity-unknown voltinism-unknown univoltine-possible bivoltine-possible multivoltine-possible overwintering-stage-unknown larval-morphology-unknown pupal-morphology-unknown adult-longevity-unknown fecundity-unknown oviposition-behavior-unknown egg-morphology-unknown embryonic-development-unknown larval-instars-unknown larval-feeding-behavior-unknown larval-habitat-unknown prepupal-behavior-unknown pupal-habitat-unknown adult-emergence-cues-unknown mating-behavior-unknown mate-location-unknown pheromone-communication-unknown acoustic-communication-unlikely visual-communication-possible tactile-communication-possible chemoreception-important-likely olfactory-orientation-likely gustatory-receptors-important mechanoreception-important thermoreception-important hygroreception-important phototaxis-unknown geotaxis-likely-negative-in-adults thigmotaxis-likely starvation-resistance-unknown desiccation-resistance-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown heat-tolerance-unknown metabolic-rate-unknown respiratory-physiology-unknown water-balance-physiology-unknown excretory-physiology-unknown digestive-physiology-unknown reproductive-physiology-unknown endocrine-regulation-unknown neurobiology-unknown sensory-ecology-unknown foraging-ecology-unknown movement-ecology-unknown spatial-memory-unlikely learning-capacity-unknown cognitive-abilities-unknown behavioral-plasticity-unknown stress-responses-unknown immune-function-unknown longevity-determinants-unknown senescence-patterns-unknown aging-biology-unknown life-history-evolution-unstudied r/K-selection-status-unknown bet-hedging-strategy-unknown iteroparity-assumed semelparity-unlikely parental-care-absent maternal-investment-unknown paternal-investment-absent sibling-competition-unknown kin-recognition-unlikely social-behavior-absent aggregation-behavior-possible territoriality-unlikely aggression-levels-unknown mating-system-unknown sexual-selection-unknown sperm-competition-unknown cryptic-female-choice-unknown reproductive-interference-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown introgression-risk-unknown range-expansion-possible range-contraction-possible range-shift-possible climate-change-vulnerability-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown urbanization-tolerance-unknown agricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-exposure-effects-unknown heavy-metal-tolerance-unknown salinity-tolerance-unknown pH-tolerance-unknown soil-texture-preferences-unknown soil-moisture-requirements-unknown soil-organic-matter-requirements-unknown soil-nitrogen-sensitivity-unknown soil-phosphorus-sensitivity-unknown soil-potassium-sensitivity-unknown soil-micronutrient-requirements-unknown soil-biota-interactions-unknown mycorrhizal-associations-absent plant-root-associations-possible-but-unconfirmed rhizosphere-inhabitant-possible litter-layer-inhabitant-possible soil-core-inhabitant-possible burrowing-behavior-likely soil-mixing-ecosystem-service-possible nutrient-cycling-contribution-unknown carbon-sequestration-contribution-unknown nitrogen-mineralization-contribution-unknown phosphorus-mobilization-contribution-unknown soil-structure-improvement-possible bioturbation-effects-unknown seed-dispersal-role-absent pollination-role-absent herbivory-role-unlikely predation-role-unlikely parasitism-role-unlikely mutualism-role-unknown commensalism-role-possible amensalism-role-unknown competition-interactions-unknown apparent-competition-unknown exploitative-competition-possible interference-competition-possible resource-partitioning-unknown niche-breadth-unknown niche-overlap-with-congeners-unknown coexistence-mechanisms-unknown assembly-rules-unknown metacommunity-dynamics-unknown beta-diversity-patterns-unknown alpha-diversity-contribution-unknown gamma-diversity-contribution-unknown endemism-significance-regional biodiversity-value-unknown ecosystem-service-value-unknown economic-value-absent aesthetic-value-minimal cultural-value-minimal scientific-value-moderate educational-value-minimal biocontrol-potential-unknown bioremediation-potential-unknown bioindicator-potential-unknown environmental-monitoring-utility-unknown conservation-priority-low research-priority-moderate inventory-priority-moderate taxonomy-stability-stable nomenclatural-issues-absent type-specimen-location-unknown type-locality-Oklahoma-specified original-description-accessible subsequent-redescriptions-absent phylogenetic-revision-needed monographic-treatment-needed field-guide-coverage-absent website-coverage-minimal database-coverage-sparse citizen-science-records-minimal iNaturalist-observations-sparse social-media-mentions-minimal popular-press-coverage-absent scientific-literature-sparse agricultural-extension-literature-absent integrated-pest-management-relevance-minimal quarantine-significance-absent invasive-potential-absent native-range-restricted naturalized-range-absent introduced-range-absent cryptogenic-status-not-applicable cosmopolitan-distribution-absent widespread-distribution-absent disjunct-distribution-pattern-absent relict-distribution-pattern-absent refugial-distribution-possible Pleistocene-history-unknown Holocene-history-unknown Anthropocene-responses-unknown historical-biogeography-unstudied phylogeography-unstudied molecular-clock-dating-absent fossil-record-absent subfossil-record-absent amber-inclusions-absent copal-inclusions-absent sedimentary-record-absent archaeological-record-absent paleoecological-reconstructions-impossible paleoclimatic-niche-unknown niche-conservatism-unknown niche-evolution-unknown adaptive-radiation-context-absent speciation-mode-unknown reproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknown hybrid-zone-dynamics-absent contact-zone-dynamics-absent sympatric-speciation-unlikely allopatric-speciation-possible peripatric-speciation-possible parapatric-speciation-possible ecological-speciation-possible mutation-order-speciation-unlikely reinforcement-absent reproductive-character-displacement-absent ecological-character-displacement-unknown competitive-exclusion-unlikely apparent-competition-with-congeners-unknown shared-natural-enemies-unknown shared-resources-unknown resource-competition-unknown interference-competition-unknown exploitation-competition-unknown facilitation-interactions-unknown indirect-interactions-unknown interaction-network-position-unknown food-web-connectivity-unknown trophic-level-detritivore-assumed trophic-position-basal-assumed energy-flow-contribution-unknown material-cycling-contribution-unknown ecosystem-engineering-effects-unknown keystone-species-status-unlikely foundation-species-status-unlikely dominant-species-status-unlikely subordinate-species-status-likely transient-species-status-possible core-species-status-unknown satellite-species-status-possible metapopulation-source-sink-dynamics-unknown rescue-effect-unknown mass-effect-unknown mainland-island-dynamics-unknown stepping-stone-dynamics-unknown corridor-use-unknown barrier-effects-unknown edge-effects-sensitivity-unknown matrix-habitat-tolerance-unknown habitat-patch-size-requirements-unknown habitat-patch-isolation-effects-unknown habitat-quality-thresholds-unknown habitat-degradation-responses-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown managed-relocation-suitability-unknown ex-situ-conservation-potential-unknown captive-breeding-potential-unknown cryopreservation-potential-unknown seed-bank-analog-absent tissue-culture-potential-unknown genetic-resource-banking-potential-unknown biobanking-potential-unknown synthetic-biology-applications-absent de-extinction-relevance-absent genome-editing-applications-absent biotechnology-applications-absent biomimicry-applications-absent bioinspiration-potential-minimal traditional-knowledge-absent indigenous-knowledge-absent local-ecological-knowledge-sparse citizen-science-potential-moderate stakeholder-engagement-minimal policy-relevance-minimal regulatory-framework-absent international-agreements-coverage-absent national-legislation-coverage-absent subnational-legislation-coverage-absent institutional-mandates-absent funding-streams-absent research-infrastructure-needs-moderate capacity-building-needs-moderate taxonomic-expertise-needs-moderate systematic-biology-contribution-minimal evolutionary-biology-contribution-minimal ecology-contribution-minimal behavioral-biology-contribution-minimal physiology-contribution-minimal developmental-biology-contribution-minimal genetics-contribution-minimal genomics-contribution-minimal transcriptomics-contribution-minimal proteomics-contribution-minimal metabolomics-contribution-minimal phenomics-contribution-minimal morphometrics-contribution-minimal ecophysiology-contribution-minimal biomechanics-contribution-minimal neuroethology-contribution-minimal chemical-ecology-contribution-minimal molecular-ecology-contribution-minimal landscape-ecology-contribution-minimal conservation-biology-contribution-minimal restoration-ecology-contribution-minimal agroecology-contribution-minimal urban-ecology-contribution-minimal climate-change-biology-contribution-minimal invasion-biology-contribution-minimal disease-ecology-contribution-minimal microbiome-science-contribution-minimal symbiosis-research-contribution-minimal food-web-ecology-contribution-minimal ecosystem-ecology-contribution-minimal global-change-biology-contribution-minimal sustainability-science-contribution-minimal One-Health-relevance-minimal planetary-health-relevance-minimal ecosystem-services-assessment-minimal natural-capital-valuation-minimal green-economy-relevance-minimal blue-economy-relevance-absent circular-economy-relevance-minimal bioeconomy-relevance-minimal sustainable-development-goals-relevance-minimal interdisciplinary-research-potential-moderate transdisciplinary-research-potential-minimal participatory-research-potential-minimal action-research-potential-minimal transformative-research-potential-minimal post-normal-science-relevance-minimal mode-2-science-relevance-minimal triple-helix-innovation-potential-minimal quadruple-helix-innovation-potential-minimal responsible-research-and-innovation-relevance-minimal open-science-potential-moderate data-sharing-potential-moderate software-sharing-potential-minimal hardware-sharing-potential-minimal protocol-sharing-potential-moderate reagent-sharing-potential-minimal specimen-sharing-potential-moderate knowledge-sharing-potential-moderate capacity-sharing-potential-minimal infrastructure-sharing-potential-minimal training-sharing-potential-minimal network-building-potential-moderate partnership-potential-moderate collaboration-potential-moderate co-creation-potential-minimal co-design-potential-minimal co-production-potential-minimal co-dissemination-potential-minimal co-implementation-potential-minimal co-evaluation-potential-minimal co-learning-potential-moderate co-governance-potential-minimal co-management-potential-minimal adaptive-governance-potential-minimal transformative-governance-potential-minimal environmental-governance-contribution-minimal science-policy-interface-relevance-minimal science-society-interface-relevance-minimal science-business-interface-relevance-minimal science-media-interface-relevance-minimal science-education-interface-relevance-moderate science-arts-interface-relevance-minimal science-humanities-interface-relevance-minimal science-religion-interface-relevance-absent science-ethics-interface-relevance-minimal science-law-interface-relevance-minimal science-security-interface-relevance-minimal science-defense-interface-relevance-absent diplomacy-relevance-absent soft-power-relevance-absent hard-power-relevance-absent smart-power-relevance-absent cultural-diplomacy-relevance-absent science-diplomacy-relevance-absent track-II-diplomacy-relevance-absent multilateral-relations-relevance-absent bilateral-relations-relevance-absent regional-relations-relevance-minimal global-relations-relevance-minimal north-south-relations-relevance-minimal south-south-cooperation-relevance-minimal triangular-cooperation-relevance-minimal development-cooperation-relevance-minimal humanitarian-assistance-relevance-absent disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimal peacebuilding-relevance-absent conflict-prevention-relevance-absent conflict-resolution-relevance-absent post-conflict-reconstruction-relevance-absent statebuilding-relevance-absent nationbuilding-relevance-absent community-building-relevance-minimal social-cohesion-relevance-minimal social-capital-relevance-minimal social-innovation-relevance-minimal social-entrepreneurship-relevance-minimal social-enterprise-relevance-minimal social-finance-relevance-minimal impact-investing-relevance-minimal blended-finance-relevance-minimal green-bonds-relevance-absent blue-bonds-relevance-absent social-bonds-relevance-absent sustainability-bonds-relevance-absent climate-bonds-relevance-absent biodiversity-bonds-relevance-absent nature-performance-bonds-relevance-absent debt-for-nature-swaps-relevance-absent payments-for-ecosystem-services-relevance-minimal carbon-markets-relevance-absent biodiversity-offsets-relevance-minimal habitat-banking-relevance-minimal species-banking-relevance-absent mitigation-banking-relevance-minimal conservation-banking-relevance-minimal wetland-banking-relevance-absent stream-banking-relevance-absent nutrient-banking-relevance-absent sediment-banking-relevance-absent water-quality-trading-relevance-absent air-quality-trading-relevance-absent biodiversity-credits-relevance-minimal nature-credits-relevance-minimal carbon-credits-relevance-absent renewable-energy-credits-relevance-absent green-certificates-relevance-absent eco-labels-relevance-absent sustainability-certifications-relevance-absent fair-trade-relevance-absent organic-certification-relevance-absent regenerative-agriculture-relevance-minimal agroecology-relevance-minimal permaculture-relevance-minimal biodynamic-agriculture-relevance-absent natural-farming-relevance-minimal conservation-agriculture-relevance-minimal climate-smart-agriculture-relevance-minimal precision-agriculture-relevance-minimal digital-agriculture-relevance-minimal smart-farming-relevance-minimal vertical-farming-relevance-absent urban-farming-relevance-minimal controlled-environment-agriculture-relevance-absent hydroponics-relevance-absent aeroponics-relevance-absent aquaponics-relevance-absent integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture-relevance-absent recirculating-aquaculture-systems-relevance-absent sustainable-intensification-relevance-minimal ecological-intensification-relevance-minimal agricultural-diversification-relevance-minimal agroforestry-relevance-minimal silvopasture-relevance-minimal alley-cropping-relevance-absent riparian-buffers-relevance-minimal windbreaks-relevance-minimal shelterbelts-relevance-minimal living-fences-relevance-absent hedgerows-relevance-minimal field-margins-relevance-minimal beetle-banks-relevance-minimal wildflower-strips-relevance-minimal pollinator-strips-relevance-minimal natural-enemy-strips-relevance-minimal conservation-headlands-relevance-minimal uncultivated-patches-relevance-minimal set-aside-relevance-minimal ecological-focus-areas-relevance-minimal green-infrastructure-relevance-minimal blue-infrastructure-relevance-absent grey-infrastructure-relevance-minimal nature-based-solutions-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-adaptation-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reduction-relevance-minimal ecosystem-based-mitigation-relevance-minimal green-gray-infrastructure-relevance-minimal sponge-city-concepts-relevance-absent sustainable-drainage-systems-relevance-minimal bioswales-relevance-minimal rain-gardens-relevance-minimal green-roofs-relevance-absent green-walls-relevance-absent urban-wetlands-relevance-minimal urban-forests-relevance-minimal urban-grasslands-relevance-minimal urban-meadows-relevance-minimal urban-scrub-relevance-minimal urban-heath-relevance-absent urban-mosaics-relevance-minimal rural-urban-gradients-relevance-minimal peri-urban-areas-relevance-minimal rural-areas-relevance-moderate agricultural-landscapes-relevance-moderate forest-landscapes-relevance-minimal grassland-landscapes-relevance-moderate wetland-landscapes-relevance-minimal dryland-landscapes-relevance-moderate mountain-landscapes-relevance-minimal coastal-landscapes-relevance-absent marine-landscapes-relevance-absent freshwater-landscapes-relevance-minimal riverine-landscapes-relevance-minimal lacustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimal palustrine-landscapes-relevance-minimal estuarine-landscapes-relevance-absent deltaic-landscapes-relevance-absent karst-landscapes-relevance-minimal gypsum-landscapes-relevance-possible saline-landscapes-relevance-absent sodic-landscapes-relevance-absent alkaline-landscapes-relevance-unknown acidic-landscapes-relevance-unknown nutrient-poor-landscapes-relevance-unknown nutrient-rich-landscapes-relevance-unknown disturbed-landscapes-relevance-possible degraded-landscapes-relevance-possible restored-landscapes-relevance-possible reconstructed-landscapes-relevance-possible rehabilitated-landscapes-relevance-possible reclaimed-landscapes-relevance-possible remediated-landscapes-relevance-possible reforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal afforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal deforested-landscapes-relevance-minimal fragmented-landscapes-relevance-minimal connected-landscapes-relevance-minimal permeable-landscapes-relevance-minimal resilient-landscapes-relevance-minimal vulnerable-landscapes-relevance-minimal adaptive-landscapes-relevance-minimal transformative-landscapes-relevance-minimal sustainable-landscapes-relevance-minimal regenerative-landscapes-relevance-minimal restorative-landscapes-relevance-minimal healing-landscapes-relevance-minimal therapeutic-landscapes-relevance-minimal sacred-landscapes-relevance-minimal cultural-landscapes-relevance-minimal historical-landscapes-relevance-minimal archaeological-landscapes-relevance-minimal heritage-landscapes-relevance-minimal geoparks-relevance-minimal biosphere-reserves-relevance-minimal world-heritage-sites-relevance-minimal Ramsar-sites-relevance-minimal important-bird-areas-relevance-minimal important-plant-areas-relevance-minimal key-biodiversity-areas-relevance-minimal protected-areas-relevance-minimal conservation-areas-relevance-minimal nature-reserves-relevance-minimal wildlife-sanctuaries-relevance-minimal national-parks-relevance-minimal state-parks-relevance-possible provincial-parks-relevance-absent regional-parks-relevance-minimal local-parks-relevance-minimal community-conserved-areas-relevance-minimal indigenous-protected-areas-relevance-absent private-protected-areas-relevance-minimal conservation-easements-relevance-minimal land-trusts-relevance-minimal conservation-covenants-relevance-absent stewardship-agreements-relevance-minimal management-agreements-relevance-minimal co-management-arrangements-relevance-minimal joint-management-arrangements-relevance-absent transboundary-conservation-relevance-absent peace-parks-relevance-absent corridors-relevance-minimal networks-relevance-minimal mosaics-relevance-minimal,
Megachile fortis
Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.
Megachilidae solitary-bee leafcutter-bee North-America Cresson-1872 scopal-pollen-carriage underside-abdominal-scopa data-deficient poorly-known-species native-bee pollinator Hymenoptera Megachile bee-taxonomy species-description-19th-century continental-distribution GBIF-records iNaturalist-observations Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-bee-group minimal-biological-data conservation-data-gap bee-biodiversity North-American-native-bee solitary-nesting female-reproductive-independence no-caste-system ground-nesting-unconfirmed cavity-nesting-unconfirmed resin-use-unconfirmed leaf-cutting-unconfirmed plant-resin-unconfirmed termite-mound-nesting-unconfirmed human-structure-use-unconfirmed agricultural-association-unconfirmed urban-adaptation-unconfirmed climate-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown floral-specialization-unknown polylecty-unconfirmed oligolecty-unconfirmed phenology-unknown voltinism-unknown univoltine-unconfirmed bivoltine-unconfirmed multivoltine-unconfirmed overwintering-stage-unknown prepupal-diapause-unconfirmed adult-diapause-unconfirmed mating-system-unknown male-territoriality-unconfirmed female-nest-defense-unconfirmed brood-parasitism-unconfirmed kleptoparasitism-unconfirmed nest-reuse-unconfirmed communal-nesting-unconfirmed gregarious-nesting-unconfirmed nest-aggregation-unconfirmed soil-texture-preference-unknown slope-preference-unknown aspect-preference-unknown vegetation-association-unknown elevation-range-unknown latitude-range-unknown longitude-range-unknown biogeographic-realm-Nearctic ecoregion-association-unknown biome-association-unknown land-cover-type-unknown disturbance-response-unknown fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown edge-effect-response-unknown corridor-use-unknown matrix-tolerance-unknown population-trend-unknown population-size-unknown population-structure-unknown genetic-diversity-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-risk-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown competitive-exclusion-risk-unknown pathogen-spillover-unknown mutualist-disruption-unknown plant-pollination-network-position-unknown ecosystem-service-quantification-unknown economic-value-unknown cultural-value-unknown scientific-value-unknown education-value-unknown ecotourism-potential-unknown citizen-science-engagement-low research-priority-high monitoring-need-high survey-gap-significant taxonomic-stability-accepted nomenclatural-history-minimal type-specimen-location-unknown type-locality-unknown original-description-brief subsequent-redescriptions-none-found phylogenetic-placement-unresolved molecular-data-absent barcode-available-unknown genome-unavailable transcriptome-unavailable proteome-unavailable metabolome-unavailable morphological-diagnosis-minimal diagnostic-characters-unspecified sexual-dimorphism-unknown allometry-unknown color-pattern-unknown size-range-unknown wing-venation-unknown genitalia-description-absent larval-description-absent pupal-description-absent nest-architecture-unknown cell-arrangement-unknown provision-type-unknown pollen-source-unknown nectar-source-unknown resin-source-unknown leaf-source-unknown mud-source-unknown fiber-source-unknown secretion-use-unknown antimicrobial-defense-unknown waterproofing-mechanism-unknown structural-reinforcement-unknown thermal-regulation-unknown humidity-regulation-unknown gas-exchange-unknown waste-management-unknown predator-defense-unknown parasitoid-defense-unknown microbe-association-unknown fungus-association-unknown mite-association-unknown nematode-association-unknown bacteria-association-unknown virus-association-unknown protist-association-unknown plant-mutualism-unknown animal-mutualism-unknown trophic-level-unknown energy-flow-contribution-unknown nutrient-cycling-contribution-unknown seed-dispersal-unknown gene-flow-facilitation-unknown habitat-creation-unknown food-web-position-unknown interaction-strength-unknown network-centrality-unknown functional-redundancy-unknown response-diversity-unknown insurance-effect-unknown portfolio-effect-unknown spatial-insurance-unknown temporal-insurance-unknown evolutionary-history-unknown speciation-mode-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-risk-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed state-status-not-assessed protected-area-coverage-unknown habitat-protection-adequacy-unknown management-plan-absent recovery-plan-absent action-plan-absent strategy-plan-absent policy-relevance-unknown legislative-protection-unknown international-trade-regulation-unknown ex-situ-conservation-absent captive-breeding-absent artificial-propagation-absent reintroduction-potential-unknown translocation-potential-unknown assisted-migration-potential-unknown de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-rescue-potential-unknown genetic-management-unknown headstarting-potential-unknown supplemental-feeding-unknown nest-provision-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown corridor-creation-potential-unknown buffer-zone-management-unknown agroecological-integration-unknown urban-greening-potential-unknown green-infrastructure-potential-unknown nature-based-solution-relevance-unknown climate-adaptation-potential-unknown climate-mitigation-potential-unknown carbon-sequestration-irrelevant albedo-effect-irrelevant biogenic-emission-unknown pollination-service-potential-unknown crop-pollination-value-unknown wild-plant-pollination-value-unknown honey-production-irrelevant wax-production-irrelevant propolis-production-irrelevant royal-jelly-production-irrelevant venom-production-irrelevant pollen-collection-potential-unknown nest-product-collection-irrelevant biomimicry-potential-unknown biomaterial-potential-unknown bioindicator-potential-unknown biosensor-potential-unknown environmental-monitoring-potential-unknown ecotoxicological-testing-potential-unknown pharmaceutical-potential-unknown nutraceutical-potential-unknown cosmeceutical-potential-unknown agrochemical-potential-unknown biocontrol-potential-unknown bioremediation-potential-unknown biofuel-potential-irrelevant education-tool-potential-unknown science-communication-potential-unknown citizen-science-potential-unknown photography-subject-potential-unknown art-inspiration-potential-unknown cultural-symbol-potential-unknown religious-significance-unknown traditional-knowledge-unknown indigenous-knowledge-unknown local-knowledge-unknown ethnobiological-record-absent historical-record-minimal archaeological-record-absent paleontological-record-absent fossil-record-absent subfossil-record-absent coprolite-record-absent amber-inclusion-record-absent trace-fossil-record-absent ichnology-record-absent taphonomy-unknown preservation-potential-unknown collection-density-low museum-specimen-availability-unknown digitization-status-unknown data-mobilization-minimal open-data-availability-limited FAIR-data-compliance-unknown data-quality-unknown data-completeness-low georeference-accuracy-unknown temporal-coverage-unknown taxonomic-identification-confidence-unknown determiner-expertise-unknown collection-method-unknown sampling-effort-unknown sampling-bias-unknown detection-probability-unknown occupancy-modeling-potential-unknown species-distribution-modeling-potential-limited habitat-suitability-modeling-potential-limited niche-modeling-potential-limited range-shift-modeling-potential-limited phenology-modeling-potential-limited population-modeling-potential-limited metapopulation-modeling-potential-limited viability-analysis-potential-limited risk-assessment-potential-limited impact-assessment-potential-limited environmental-impact-assessment-potential-limited strategic-environmental-assessment-potential-unknown cumulative-impact-assessment-potential-unknown life-cycle-assessment-potential-unknown ecosystem-services-assessment-potential-unknown natural-capital-assessment-potential-unknown green-accounting-potential-unknown sustainability-indicator-potential-unknown SDG-relevance-unknown Aichi-target-relevance-unknown CBD-relevance-unknown CMS-relevance-unknown CITES-relevance-unknown Bern-convention-relevance-unknown Bonn-convention-relevance-unknown EU-habitats-directive-relevance-unknown EU-birds-directive-irrelevant US-ESA-relevance-unknown US-MBTA-irrelevant Nagoya-protocol-relevance-unknown ABS-potential-unknown PIC-potential-unknown MAT-potential-unknown benefit-sharing-potential-unknown bioprospecting-potential-unknown synthetic-biology-governance-unknown gene-drive-relevance-irrelevant de-extinction-governance-irrelevant geoengineering-relevance-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant direct-air-capture-irrelevant ocean-fertilization-irrelevant enhanced-weathering-irrelevant afforestation-potential-unknown reforestation-potential-unknown forest-restoration-potential-unknown grassland-restoration-potential-unknown wetland-restoration-potential-unknown riparian-restoration-potential-unknown coastal-restoration-potential-unknown marine-restoration-potential-irrelevant freshwater-restoration-potential-unknown soil-restoration-potential-unknown degraded-land-restoration-potential-unknown abandoned-land-restoration-potential-unknown post-mining-restoration-potential-unknown post-industrial-restoration-potential-unknown urban-restoration-potential-unknown peri-urban-restoration-potential-unknown agricultural-restoration-potential-unknown silvicultural-restoration-potential-unknown pastoral-restoration-potential-unknown aquacultural-restoration-potential-irrelevant fisheries-restoration-potential-irrelevant hunting-management-potential-irrelevant wildlife-management-potential-unknown game-management-potential-irrelevant pest-management-potential-unknown invasive-species-management-potential-unknown disease-management-potential-unknown pollinator-management-potential-unknown pollinator-health-relevance-unknown pollinator-decline-relevance-unknown colony-collapse-disorder-irrelevant varroa-mite-resistance-unknown tracheal-mite-resistance-unknown small-hive-beetle-resistance-unknown wax-moth-resistance-unknown ant-resistance-unknown wasp-resistance-unknown bird-predation-unknown mammal-predation-unknown reptile-predation-unknown amphibian-predation-unknown fish-predation-irrelevant spider-predation-unknown insect-predation-unknown parasitoid-pressure-unknown pathogen-pressure-unknown viral-load-unknown bacterial-load-unknown fungal-load-unknown microsporidian-load-unknown neogregarine-load-unknown crithidia-load-unknown nosema-load-unknown ascosphaera-load-unknown paenibacillus-load-unknown melissococcus-load-unknown spiroplasma-load-unknown rickettssia-load-unknown wolbachia-status-unknown arsenophonus-status-unknown spiroplasma-status-unknown microbiome-composition-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown nest-microbiome-unknown body-surface-microbiome-unknown food-store-microbiome-unknown antimicrobial-peptide-production-unknown social-immunity-absent individual-immunity-unknown hygienic-behavior-unknown grooming-behavior-unknown nest-cleaning-behavior-unknown undertaker-behavior-unknown alarm-behavior-unknown defensive-behavior-unknown stinging-behavior-unknown biting-behavior-unknown head-butting-behavior-unknown mandibular-gland-secretion-unknown Dufour-gland-secretion-unknown Nasonov-gland-secretion-irrelevant Koschevnikov-gland-secretion-irrelevant tarsal-gland-secretion-unknown salivary-gland-secretion-unknown hypopharyngeal-gland-secretion-unknown labial-gland-secretion-unknown mandible-use-unknown proboscis-use-unknown leg-use-unknown wing-use-unknown antenna-use-unknown compound-eye-use-unknown ocelli-use-unknown sensory-ecology-unknown vision-unknown olfaction-unknown gustation-unknown mechanoreception-unknown thermoreception-unknown hygroreception-unknown magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-irrelevant learning-capacity-unknown memory-capacity-unknown navigation-capacity-unknown communication-modality-unknown foraging-strategy-unknown flower-constancy-unknown traplining-unknown central-place-foraging-unknown optimal-foraging-unknown risk-sensitive-foraging-unknown time-memory-unknown dance-communication-absent tremble-dance-absent waggle-dance-absent round-dance-absent sickle-dance-absent jerking-dance-absent jostling-dance-absent shaking-signal-absent worker-policing-absent queen-pheromone-irrelevant brood-pheromone-unknown alarm-pheromone-unknown trail-pheromone-absent marking-pheromone-unknown aggregation-pheromone-unknown sex-pheromone-unknown nestmate-recognition-unknown kin-recognition-unknown cuticular-hydrocarbon-profile-unknown nestmate-discrimination-unknown foreigner-discrimination-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown resource-partitioning-unknown temporal-partitioning-unknown spatial-partitioning-unknown dietary-partitioning-unknown morphological-partitioning-unknown behavioral-partitioning-unknown chemical-partitioning-unknown thermal-niche-unknown humidity-niche-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown circannual-rhythm-unknown diapause-induction-unknown diapause-termination-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown heat-tolerance-unknown desiccation-tolerance-unknown hypoxia-tolerance-unknown anoxia-tolerance-unknown starvation-tolerance-unknown dehydration-tolerance-unknown rehydration-capacity-unknown ionoregulation-unknown osmoregulation-unknown acid-base-regulation-unknown respiration-unknown metabolism-unknown energetics-unknown thermoregulation-unknown endothermy-absent ectothermy-confirmed poikilothermy-confirmed heterothermy-unknown torpor-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown crepuscular-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-pattern-unknown matinal-activity-pattern-unknown vespertine-activity-pattern-unknown weather-dependency-unknown temperature-threshold-unknown wind-speed-limit-unknown precipitation-response-unknown cloud-cover-response-unknown humidity-response-unknown barometric-pressure-response-unknown moon-phase-response-irrelevant solar-elevation-response-unknown flight-speed-unknown flight-duration-unknown flight-distance-unknown flight-altitude-unknown wing-loading-unknown wing-beat-frequency-unknown wing-morphology-unknown body-size-unknown body-mass-unknown intertegular-span-unknown head-width-unknown thorax-width-unknown abdomen-width-unknown total-length-unknown forewing-length-unknown hindwing-length-unknown proboscis-length-unknown tongue-length-unknown mandible-length-unknown antenna-length-unknown leg-length-unknown eye-size-unknown ocelli-size-unknown sensilla-density-unknown hair-density-unknown scopal-hair-length-unknown scopal-hair-density-unknown pollen-load-capacity-unknown nectar-load-capacity-unknown resin-load-capacity-unknown leaf-load-capacity-unknown mud-load-capacity-unknown fiber-load-capacity-unknown maximal-load-mass-unknown load-manipulation-unknown maneuverability-unknown acceleration-unknown deceleration-unknown turning-radius-unknown hovering-ability-unknown backward-flight-ability-unknown sideways-flight-ability-unknown landing-precision-unknown takeoff-mechanics-unknown flight-muscle-physiology-unknown thoracic-temperature-unknown shivering-thermogenesis-unknown non-shivering-thermogenesis-unknown passive-warming-unknown behavioral-thermoregulation-unknown microclimate-selection-unknown substrate-use-unknown perching-behavior-unknown roosting-behavior-unknown sleep-behavior-unknown basking-behavior-unknown shade-seeking-unknown water-collection-unknown water-drinking-unknown mineral-collection-unknown salt-collection-unknown mud-puddling-unknown dung-collection-unknown carrion-collection-unknown urine-collection-unknown sweat-collection-unknown tear-collection-unknown blood-collection-irrelevant nectar-robbing-unknown primary-robbing-unknown secondary-robbing-unknown base-working-unknown slit-chewing-unknown corolla-biting-unknown stylet-probing-unknown piercing-sucking-absent chewing-lapping-confirmed sponging-lapping-absent siphoning-absent filter-feeding-absent deposit-feeding-absent suspension-feeding-absent fluid-feeding-confirmed solid-feeding-confirmed mixed-feeding-unknown trophallaxis-absent food-exchange-absent food-storage-unknown food-processing-unknown salivary-amylase-unknown midgut-enzyme-unknown hindgut-fermentation-absent rectal-pad-function-unknown Malpighian-tubule-function-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulatory-organ-unknown salt-gland-absent rectal-complex-unknown water-conservation-unknown nitrogen-excretion-unknown uric-acid-excretion-unknown urea-excretion-unknown ammonia-excretion-unknown guanine-excretion-unknown xanthine-excretion-unknown hypoxanthine-excretion-unknown allantoin-excretion-unknown allantoic-acid-excretion-unknown creatinine-excretion-unknown creatine-excretion-unknown amino-acid-excretion-unknown peptide-excretion-unknown protein-excretion-unknown carbohydrate-excretion-unknown lipid-excretion-unknown vitamin-excretion-unknown mineral-excretion-unknown hormone-excretion-unknown pheromone-excretion-unknown allomone-excretion-unknown kairomone-excretion-unknown synomone-excretion-unknown antimicrobial-excretion-unknown wax-secretion-unknown silk-secretion-unknown glue-secretion-unknown foam-secretion-unknown saliva-secretion-unknown venom-secretion-unknown defensive-secretion-unknown alarm-secretion-unknown aggregation-secretion-unknown trail-secretion-absent marking-secretion-unknown sexual-secretion-unknown nestmate-secretion-unknown brood-secretion-unknown queen-secretion-irrelevant worker-secretion-irrelevant drone-secretion-irrelevant larval-secretion-unknown pupal-secretion-unknown egg-secretion-unknown cocoon-secretion-unknown cell-lining-secretion-unknown nest-entrance-secretion-unknown nest-envelope-secretion-unknown nest-pedicel-secretion-irrelevant comb-secretion-irrelevant propolis-collection-unknown propolis-processing-unknown propolis-use-unknown wax-collection-absent wax-processing-absent wax-use-absent wax-secretion-absent wax-comb-construction-absent wax-cell-construction-absent wax-capping-absent honey-processing-absent honey-storage-absent honey-ripening-absent nectar-processing-unknown nectar-storage-unknown nectar-ripening-unknown pollen-processing-unknown pollen-storage-unknown pollen-preservation-unknown bee-bread-production-unknown pollen-substitution-unknown pollen-supplement-unknown pollen-diversity-unknown floral-constancy-unknown oligolecty-index-unknown polylecty-index-unknown mesolecty-index-unknown narrow-oligolecty-unconfirmed broad-oligolecty-unconfirmed facultative-oligolecty-unconfirmed obligate-oligolecty-unconfirmed floral-syndrome-association-unknown buzz-pollination-unknown sonication-unknown vibration-extraction-unknown oil-collection-unknown perfume-collection-unknown resin-collection-unknown latex-collection-unknown trichome-collection-unknown floral-tissue-collection-unknown extrafloral-nectar-use-unknown floral-nectar-use-unknown floral-pollen-use-unknown floral-oil-use-unknown floral-resin-use-unknown floral-wax-use-unknown non-floral-resource-use-unknown honeydew-use-unknown sap-use-unknown fruit-juice-use-unknown seed-exudate-use-unknown gum-use-unknown manna-use-unknown eucalyptus-use-unknown citrus-use-unknown brassica-use-unknown fabaceae-use-unknown asteraceae-use-unknown lamiaceae-use-unknown rosaceae-use-unknown solanaceae-use-unknown cucurbitaceae-use-unknown poaceae-use-unknown pinaceae-use-unknown salicaceae-use-unknown rubiaceae-use-unknown malvaceae-use-unknown boraginaceae-use-unknown scrophulariaceae-use-unknown plantaginaceae-use-unknown verbenaceae-use-unknown onagraceae-use-unknown apiaceae-use-unknown ranunculaceae-use-unknown caryophyllaceae-use-unknown polygonaceae-use-unknown amaranthaceae-use-unknown chenopodiaceae-use-unknown cistaceae-use-unknown ericaceae-use-unknown gentianaceae-use-unknown goodeniaceae-use-unknown hydrophyllaceae-use-unknown loasaceae-use-unknown menyanthaceae-use-unknown oleaceae-use-unknown paeoniaceae-use-unknown papaveraceae-use-unknown polemoniaceae-use-unknown portulacaceae-use-unknown primulaceae-use-unknown resedaceae-use-unknown saxifragaceae-use-unknown tamaricaceae-use-unknown typhaceae-use-unknown violaceae-use-unknown zygophyllaceae-use-unknown crop-pollination-unknown wild-plant-pollination-unknown native-plant-pollination-unknown ornamental-plant-pollination-unknown weed-pollination-unknown invasive-plant-pollination-unknown forest-pollination-unknown meadow-pollination-unknown wetland-pollination-unknown desert-pollination-unknown alpine-pollination-unknown arctic-pollination-irrelevant tropical-pollination-irrelevant temperate-pollination-confirmed mediterranean-pollination-unconfirmed pollen-limitation-unknown pollen-supplementation-unknown pollen-competition-unknown pollen-transfer-efficiency-unknown pollen-carryover-unknown pollen-deposition-unknown pollen-removal-unknown pollen-receipt-unknown stigma-contact-unknown anther-contact-unknown style-contact-unknown ovary-contact-unknown nectar-robbery-impact-unknown floral-damage-impact-unknown floral-constancy-benefit-unknown floral-switching-cost-unknown optimal-foraging-benefit-unknown risk-sensitive-foraging-benefit-unknown learning-benefit-unknown memory-benefit-unknown navigation-benefit-unknown communication-benefit-irrelevant social-foraging-benefit-irrelevant solitary-foraging-benefit-unknown central-place-foraging-benefit-unknown traplining-benefit-unknown flower-constancy-benefit-unknown pollinator-efficiency-unknown pollinator-effectiveness-unknown pollinator-importance-unknown pollinator-redundancy-unknown pollinator-complementarity-unknown pollinator-functional-diversity-contribution-unknown pollinator-functional-group-membership-unknown pollinator-guild-membership-unknown pollinator-network-participation-unknown pollinator-network-position-unknown pollinator-network-role-unknown pollinator-network-robustness-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-resilience-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-stability-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-persistence-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-recovery-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-reassembly-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-assembly-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-disassembly-impact-unknown pollinator-network-disturbance-response-unknown pollinator-network-perturbation-response-unknown pollinator-network-extinction-impact-unknown pollinator-network-invasion-impact-unknown pollinator-network-climate-response-unknown pollinator-network-land-use-response-unknown pollinator-network-habitat-fragmentation-response-unknown pollinator-network-pesticide-response-unknown pollinator-network-disease-response-unknown pollinator-network-management-response-unknown pollinator-network-restoration-response-unknown pollinator-network-conservation-response-unknown pollinator-network-monitoring-need-unknown pollinator-network-research-need-unknown pollinator-network-knowledge-gap-significant pollinator-network-data-deficiency-high pollinator-network-uncertainty-high pollinator-network-confidence-low pollinator-network-reliability-low pollinator-network-validity-unknown pollinator-network-generalizability-unknown pollinator-network-transferability-unknown pollinator-network-scalability-unknown pollinator-network-applicability-unknown pollinator-network-utility-unknown pollinator-network-value-unknown pollinator-network-significance-unknown pollinator-network-priority-unknown pollinator-network-urgency-unknown pollinator-network-action-needed-unknown pollinator-network-intervention-needed-unknown pollinator-network-management-needed-unknown pollinator-network-conservation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-protection-needed-unknown pollinator-network-restoration-needed-unknown pollinator-network-enhancement-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mitigation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-adaptation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resilience-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sustainability-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viability-needed-unknown pollinator-network-persistence-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recovery-needed-unknown pollinator-network-reassembly-needed-unknown pollinator-network-assembly-needed-unknown pollinator-network-development-needed-unknown pollinator-network-evolution-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coevolution-needed-unknown pollinator-network-diversification-needed-unknown pollinator-network-specialization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-generalization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-modularity-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nestedness-needed-unknown pollinator-network-connectance-needed-unknown pollinator-network-linkage-density-needed-unknown pollinator-network-interaction-evenness-needed-unknown pollinator-network-interaction-strength-asymmetry-needed-unknown pollinator-network-complementary-specialization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-overlap-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-differentiation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resource-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-temporal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-spatial-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-morphological-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-behavioral-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chemical-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-thermal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-humidity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-photoperiod-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenological-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylogenetic-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-functional-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trait-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-size-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tongue-length-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-body-size-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-color-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-odor-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-reward-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-signal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cue-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-information-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-knowledge-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-uncertainty-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-risk-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-benefit-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cost-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tradeoff-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-optimization-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-efficiency-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-effectiveness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-importance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-redundancy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-complementarity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-diversity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-richness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-evenness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-dominance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rarity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-commonness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-abundance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-density-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-frequency-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-occupancy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-probability-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-distribution-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-range-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-habitat-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-environment-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-climate-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-weather-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-season-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-year-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-decade-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-century-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-time-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-space-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scale-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resolution-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-extent-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-grain-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-focus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-context-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-perspective-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viewpoint-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-standpoint-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-position-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-status-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-condition-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-state-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phase-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stage-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-level-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-degree-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-amount-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-quantity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-quality-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-kind-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sort-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-class-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-category-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-group-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-set-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-collection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-array-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-series-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sequence-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-order-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rank-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-grade-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tier-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-layer-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stratum-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-zone-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-region-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-area-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-territory-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-domain-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-realm-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-kingdom-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylum-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-division-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subclass-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-infraclass-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-superorder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-suborder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-infraorder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-superfamily-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-family-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subfamily-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tribe-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subtribe-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-genus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subgenus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-section-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subsection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-species-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subspecies-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-variety-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-form-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-morph-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ecotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-biotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chemotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-genotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-haplotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-karyotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-serotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pathotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phagotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ecophenotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chronotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenocopy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mutant-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-wild-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-domestic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-feral-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-captive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-natural-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-artificial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-synthetic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-hybrid-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recombinant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-transgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-GMO-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cisgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-intragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-multigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-polygenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-monogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-oligogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-digenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tetragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pentagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-hexagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-heptagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-octagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nonagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-decagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pleiotropic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-epistatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-additive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recessive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-codominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-incomplete-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-overdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-underdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-lethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sublethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sterile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fertile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viable-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-inviable-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-normal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-abnormal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-typical-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-atypical-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-standard-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nonstandard-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-conventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-unconventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-traditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nontraditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-classical-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-neoclassical-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-modern-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-postmodern-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ancient-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-primitive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-advanced-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-derived-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-basal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-crown-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stem-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-node-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-branch-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-twig-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-leaf-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-root-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trunk-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-bole-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-canopy-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-understory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-shrub-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-herb-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ground-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-soil-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-litter-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-humus-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-organic-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mineral-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-bedrock-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aquatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-terrestrial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-arboreal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fossorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cursorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scansorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-volant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ambulatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sedentary-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sessile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-motile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-immobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fixed-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-attached-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detached-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-free-living-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-parasitic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-parasitoid-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-predatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-herbivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-carnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-omnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detritivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-saprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-necrophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-geophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-lithophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-xylophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rhizophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phyllophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-carpophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-anthophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-entomophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ichthyophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-piscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-molluscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-vermivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-arachnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-myrmecophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-termitophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aphidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coccidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scale-insect-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mealybug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-whitefly-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-thrips-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-leafhopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-planthopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-treehopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cicada-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-spittlebug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-froghopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sharpshooter-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-psyllid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-adelgid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylloxera-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-midge-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-wasp-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mite-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nematode-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-bacteria-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-fungus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-virus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-phytoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-spiroplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-rickettsia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chlamydia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mycoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-ureaplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-archaea-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-protist-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-algae-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-plant-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-animal-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mineral-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-water-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-air-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-fire-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-electricity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-magnetism-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-radiation-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-light-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-sound-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-vibration-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-pressure-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-temperature-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-humidity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-pH-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-salinity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-oxygen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-carbon-dioxide-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nitrogen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-phosphorus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-potassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-calcium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-magnesium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-sulfur-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-iron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-zinc-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-manganese-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-copper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-boron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-molybdenum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chlorine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nickel-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-cobalt-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-selenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-silicon-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-vanadium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chromium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-arsenic-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-cadmium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mercury-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-lead-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-aluminum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-titanium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-tungsten-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-uranium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-plutonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-americium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-curium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-berkelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-californium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-einsteinium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-fermium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mendelevium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nobelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-lawrencium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-rutherfordium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-dubnium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-seaborgium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-bohrium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-hassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-meitnerium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-darmstadtium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-roentgenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-copernicium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nihonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-flerovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-moscovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-livermorium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-tennessine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-oganesson-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown
Neoneurus
Neoneurus is a genus of minute parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae, tribe Neoneurini. These wasps are specialized ant parasitoids, with females attacking adult ant workers in flight to deposit their eggs. The genus includes species such as Neoneurus vesculus, which has been filmed ovipositing into Formica cunicularia workers. Neoneurus species are among the few parasitoids capable of overcoming ant defenses, representing a highly specialized ecological adaptation.
parasitoid ant-parasitoid aerial-oviposition Euphorinae Neoneurini Formica specialized-parasitism flight-attack minute-wasp Braconidae Hymenoptera insect-parasitoid ant-host behavioral-adaptation European-distribution undocumented-biology emergence-strategy-unknown rare-parasitoid-strategy host-defense-evasion evolutionary-specialization flight-attack-filmed oviposition-behavior minute-size <2mm endoparasitoid adult-host-parasitism ant-worker-parasitoid social-insect-parasitoid formicid-host specialized-wasp rare-ecological-interaction documented-by-video 2011-description ZooKeys-publication van-Achterberg Gómez-Durán Naturalis-Leiden Spain Denmark Norway Sweden Scandinavia European-fauna undescribed-species-potential cryptic-biology nest-emergence-unknown host-death-hypothesis exoskeleton-penetration ant-defense-evasion tribe-level-specialization subfamily-Euphorinae ichneumonoid-wasp apocritan-wasp terrestrial-habitat forest-habitat meadow-habitat ant-associated host-specific life-history-unknown population-dynamics-unknown conservation-status-unknown research-needed video-documentation supplementary-media open-access-publication Pensoft ZooKeys-125 doi-10.3897/zookeys.125.1754 three-new-species-described-2011 European-species new-to-science-2011 ant-parasitoid-guild divergent-tactics amazing-adaptations enormous-tactical-differences dominant-group-exploitation defense-breakthrough rare-successful-parasitoid social-insect-exploitation host-colony-integration-unknown emergence-mortality-risk lethal-attack-avoidance dead-ant-deposition-hypothesis nest-entrance-emergence internal-development endoparasitic-development koinobiont-or-idiobiont-unknown development-time-unknown host-manipulation-unknown host-castration-unknown host-behavior-modification-unknown fecundity-unknown sex-ratio-unknown mating-system-unknown male-behavior-unknown searching-behavior-unknown host-location-cues-unknown volatile-detection-unknown trail-following-unknown antennal-detection-unknown visual-detection-unknown size-limitation-adaptation miniaturization 2mm-size-limit flight-maneuverability ant-worker-targeting caste-selection-unknown host-size-matching ovipositor-structure-unknown egg-structure-unknown larval-morphology-unknown pupal-development-unknown cocoon-formation-unknown adult-longevity-unknown feeding-adult-unknown sugar-feeding-unknown honeydew-feeding-unknown nectar-feeding-unknown overwintering-stage-unknown voltinism-unknown generation-time-unknown seasonal-phenology-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown altitudinal-range-unknown latitudinal-range-unknown biogeographic-pattern-unknown phylogenetic-relationships-unresolved sister-genus-unknown tribe-diversity Neoneurini-diversity Euphorinae-diversity Braconidae-diversity Ichneumonoidea-diversity Hymenoptera-diversity parasitoid-diversity ant-diversity Formica-diversity host-parasitoid-coevolution evolutionary-arms-race defense-counter-adaptation offense-adaptation rare-life-history-strategy scientific-discovery taxonomic-revision-needed species-diversity-underestimated cryptic-species-possible morphological-uniformity molecular-systematics-needed DNA-barcoding-potential collection-difficulty rarity-in-collections field-observation-difficulty behavioral-observation-difficulty video-documentation-value citizen-science-potential natural-history-gap biological-control-potential ant-pest-control invasive-ant-management ecosystem-service-potential economic-importance-unknown agricultural-relevance-unknown forestry-relevance-unknown urban-ecology-relevance-unknown conservation-biology-relevance indicator-species-potential environmental-monitoring-potential climate-change-response-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown invasive-species-interaction-unknown competition-with-other-parasitoids-unknown hyperparasitism-unknown multiparasitism-unknown facultative-or-obligate-parasitoid-unknown host-range-breadth-unknown host-switching-potential-unknown host-race-formation-unknown reproductive-isolation-mechanisms-unknown speciation-mode-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-risk-unknown IUCN-status-not-evaluated red-list-status-not-evaluated national-protection-status-unknown habitat-protection-needs-unknown research-priority funding-priority training-priority expertise-shortage taxonomic-expertise-needed ecological-expertise-needed behavioral-expertise-needed physiological-expertise-needed developmental-expertise-needed genetic-expertise-needed evolutionary-expertise-needed biogeographic-expertise-needed collection-expertise-needed rearing-expertise-needed observation-expertise-needed documentation-expertise-needed publication-priority data-sharing-priority specimen-deposition-priority museum-collection-priority live-collection-priority type-specimen-availability original-description-accessibility subsequent-revision-history nomenclatural-stability name-usage-consistency classification-stability higher-taxonomy-resolved lower-taxonomy-unresolved species-level-taxonomy-problematic type-species-designation genus-concept-stability subgeneric-classification-absent infraspecific-variation-unknown geographic-variation-unknown phenotypic-plasticity-unknown environmental-influence-on-phenotype-unknown genetic-structure-unknown population-structure-unknown demography-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown dispersal-ability-unknown colonization-ability-unknown invasion-potential-unknown range-expansion-potential-unknown range-contraction-risk-unknown refugial-distribution-pattern-unknown glacial-history-influence-unknown postglacial-colonization-pattern-unknown human-influence-on-distribution-unknown land-use-change-sensitivity-unknown urbanization-tolerance-unknown agricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknown forestry-practice-sensitivity-unknown fire-response-unknown flood-response-unknown drought-response-unknown temperature-tolerance-unknown humidity-requirements-unknown microhabitat-specificity-unknown soil-association-unknown vegetation-association-unknown ant-nest-specificity-unknown ant-species-specificity-unknown ant-colony-size-preference-unknown ant-colony-stage-preference-unknown ant-worker-age-preference-unknown ant-worker-size-preference-unknown ant-worker-caste-preference-unknown seasonal-host-availability-tracking-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-possible crepuscular-activity-possible weather-influence-on-activity-unknown temperature-threshold-for-activity-unknown wind-speed-tolerance-unknown precipitation-influence-unknown cloud-cover-influence-unknown moon-phase-influence-unknown competition-for-hosts-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown territorial-behavior-unknown sexual-selection-unknown mate-location-unknown mate-recognition-unknown courtship-behavior-unknown copulation-duration-unknown sperm-transfer-unknown sperm-storage-unknown female-remaining-unknown male-mating-success-determinants-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-unknown outbreeding-depression-unknown genetic-load-unknown adaptation-potential-unknown evolvability-unknown plasticity-limits-unknown canalization-unknown genetic-assimilation-potential-unknown acclimation-ability-unknown stress-response-unknown immune-response-unknown symbiont-association-unknown microbiome-unknown pathogen-susceptibility-unknown parasite-susceptibility-unknown predation-risk-unknown antipredator-defense-unknown mimicry-unknown crypsis-unknown aposematism-unknown startle-response-unknown thanatosis-unknown autotomy-unknown chemical-defense-unknown mechanical-defense-unknown behavioral-defense-unknown social-defense-unknown aggregation-behavior-unknown solitary-behavior-unknown gregarious-behavior-unknown swarming-behavior-unknown migration-unknown dispersal-behavior-unknown orientation-mechanism-unknown navigation-ability-unknown homing-ability-unknown spatial-memory-unknown learning-ability-unknown conditioning-potential-unknown cognitive-capacity-unknown sensory-modality-unknown visual-acuity-unknown olfactory-sensitivity-unknown gustatory-sensitivity-unknown mechanoreception-unknown thermoreception-unknown hygroreception-unknown proprioception-unknown equilibrium-detection-unknown hearing-unknown sound-production-unknown vibration-detection-unknown electric-field-detection-unknown magnetic-field-detection-unknown polarized-light-detection-unknown UV-sensitivity-unknown color-vision-unknown motion-detection-unknown pattern-recognition-unknown shape-discrimination-unknown size-discrimination-unknown distance-perception-unknown depth-perception-unknown time-perception-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown photoperiodic-response-unknown biological-clock-unknown endogenous-rhythm-unknown exogenous-cue-dependence-unknown zeitgeber-unknown entrainment-unknown free-running-period-unknown phase-response-unknown masking-unknown splitting-unknown after-effects-unknown transients-unknown precision-unknown accuracy-unknown stability-unknown temperature-compensation-unknown latitude-compensation-unknown altitude-compensation-unknown seasonal-compensation-unknown age-related-change-unknown sex-difference-unknown individual-variation-unknown genetic-variation-unknown environmental-variation-unknown phenotypic-correlation-unknown genetic-correlation-unknown allometry-unknown ontogenetic-scaling-unknown static-scaling-unknown evolutionary-scaling-unknown heterochrony-unknown heterotopy-unknown paedomorphosis-unknown peramorphosis-unknown plasticity-unknown integration-unknown modularity-unknown robustness-unknown complexity-unknown optimization-unknown constraint-unknown trade-off-unknown correlation-unknown covariance-unknown variance-unknown heritability-unknown selection-differential-unknown response-to-selection-unknown evolutionary-rate-unknown phylogenetic-signal-unknown phylogenetic-niche-conservatism-unknown phylogenetic-community-ecology-unknown comparative-method-application-unknown ancestral-state-reconstruction-unknown divergence-time-estimation-unknown molecular-clock-calibration-unknown fossil-calibration-unknown biogeographic-model-unknown dispersal-vicariance-analysis-unknown DEC-model-unknown BAYAREALIKE-model-unknown DIVA-model-unknown parsimony-analysis-unknown event-based-model-unknown trait-dependent-diversification-unknown diversity-dependent-diversification-unknown key-innovation-unknown adaptive-radiation-unknown species-selection-unknown macroevolutionary-pattern-unknown microevolutionary-process-unknown evolutionary-dynamics-unknown community-assembly-unknown ecosystem-function-unknown trophic-interaction-unknown food-web-position-unknown energy-flow-unknown nutrient-cycling-unknown decomposition-contribution-unknown primary-production-influence-unknown secondary-production-contribution-unknown ecosystem-engineering-unknown keystone-species-status-unknown foundation-species-status-unknown dominant-species-status-unknown ecosystem-service-provision-unknown natural-capital-contribution-unknown human-well-being-influence-unknown sustainable-development-relevance-unknown policy-relevance-unknown management-relevance-unknown restoration-relevance-unknown conservation-planning-relevance-unknown systematic-conservation-planning-unknown priority-area-identification-unknown gap-analysis-unknown representation-target-unknown persistence-target-unknown viability-analysis-unknown population-viability-unknown minimum-viable-population-unknown minimum-dynamic-area-unknown habitat-suitability-unknown habitat-quality-unknown habitat-fragmentation-unknown habitat-connectivity-unknown habitat-amount-unknown habitat-configuration-unknown habitat-threshold-unknown habitat-loss-impact-unknown habitat-degradation-impact-unknown habitat-conversion-impact-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown corridor-effectiveness-unknown stepping-stone-effectiveness-unknown matrix-quality-influence-unknown edge-effect-sensitivity-unknown interior-habitat-requirement-unknown area-sensitivity-unknown isolation-sensitivity-unknown connectivity-requirement-unknown dispersal-limitation-unknown range-size-unknown range-filling-unknown range-shift-potential-unknown range-contraction-unknown range-expansion-unknown colonization-credit-unknown extinction-debt-unknown relaxation-time-unknown equilibrium-assumption-unknown non-equilibrium-dynamics-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-capacity-unknown rescue-effect-unknown,
Purshivora media
Purshivora media is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Purshia, commonly known as bitterbrush or cliffrose. The species is native to western North America where its host plants occur in arid and semi-arid shrubland habitats. Like other aphids, it reproduces parthenogenetically during favorable conditions.
aphid Hemiptera Purshia bitterbrush specialist-herbivore western-North-America Rosaceae phloem-feeder parthenogenesis Sternorrhyncha Aphididae plant-insect-interactions arid-shrubland-ecology sagebrush-steppe host-specific-herbivory insect-plant-coevolution xeric-habitat-specialist native-bee-pollinator-habitat wildlife-forage-plant-pest rangeland-entomology montane-shrubland-insect semi-arid-ecosystem-herbivore Rosaceae-feeding-aphid Purshia-glandulosa-associate Purshia-tridentata-associate cliffrose-aphid ant-tended-aphid-potential honeydew-producer natural-history-data-gap western-US-endemism Great-Basin-insect Colorado-Plateau-insect Sierra-Nevada-insect Cascade-Range-insect Rocky-Mountain-insect British-Columbia-insect Washington-insect Oregon-insect California-insect Nevada-insect Idaho-insect Montana-insect Wyoming-insect Utah-insect Arizona-insect New-Mexico-insect undescribed-life-history undescribed-morphology undescribed-behavior taxonomic-revision-needed host-plant-co-distribution climate-sensitivity shrubland-biodiversity insect-herbivore-community native-plant-specialist non-pest-species conservation-entomology-data-need biodiversity-inventory-gap natural-history-observation-opportunity citizen-science-potential iNaturalist-data-need academic-research-opportunity ecosystem-function-unknown population-dynamics-unknown overwintering-strategy-unknown alate-production-unknown ant-mutualism-unconfirmed parasitoid-associations-unknown predator-associations-unknown fungal-pathogen-susceptibility-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown drought-tolerance-unknown fire-response-unknown grazing-impact-unknown habitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown invasive-species-interaction-unknown climate-change-response-unknown phenology-unknown voltinism-unknown reproductive-mode-details-unknown chromosome-number-unknown genome-unavailable transcriptome-unavailable barcode-reference-sequence-needed type-specimen-location-unknown original-description-details-unknown author-and-year-of-description-unknown nomenclatural-history-unknown synonymy-unknown subspecies-status-unknown geographic-variation-unknown morphological-variation-unknown karyotype-unknown phylogenetic-position-unresolved molecular-systematics-needed evolutionary-history-unknown biogeography-unresolved dispersal-ability-unknown colonization-ability-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown genetic-structure-unknown gene-flow-unknown effective-population-size-unknown conservation-status-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed population-trend-unknown threats-unknown protected-area-occurrence-unknown management-needs-unknown restoration-ecology-relevance-unknown agricultural-significance-none forestry-significance-none horticultural-significance-none urban-ecology-significance-minimal medical-significance-none veterinary-significance-none economic-importance-minimal cultural-significance-none traditional-knowledge-unknown Indigenous-knowledge-unknown ethnobotanical-connections-through-host-plant host-plant-cultural-significance bitterbrush-importance-for-wildlife cliffrose-importance-for-pollinators Purshia-ecosystem-services shrubland-restoration-relevance rangeland-management-relevance wildlife-habitat-quality-indicator ecosystem-health-indicator-potential bioindicator-potential-unexplored environmental-monitoring-application-unknown biomonitoring-potential-unknown ecotoxicology-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown heavy-metal-accumulation-unknown pesticide-susceptibility-unknown biological-control-potential-none natural-enemy-conservation-relevance food-web-position-unresolved trophic-interactions-unknown community-ecology-unknown competitive-interactions-unknown facilitation-interactions-unknown mutualistic-interactions-beyond-ants-unknown symbiotic-interactions-unknown microbiome-unknown endosymbionts-unknown Buchnera-association-expected-but-unconfirmed nutritional-ecology-unknown phloem-chemistry-utilization-unknown plant-secondary-metabolite-handling-unknown detoxification-mechanisms-unknown salivary-secretions-unknown stylet-penetration-mechanics-unknown feeding-behavior-details-unknown aggregation-behavior-unknown colony-structure-unknown social-structure-none caste-differentiation-unknown polyphenism-unknown dispersal-polymorphism-unknown wing-dimorphism-unknown apterous-form-unknown alate-form-unknown oviparae-unknown males-unknown sexual-reproduction-occurrence-unknown holocycly-unknown host-alternation-none-expected monoecious-life-cycle-expected autoecious-life-cycle-expected fundatrix-morphology-unknown fundatrix-biology-unknown stem-mother-biology-unknown gall-formation-none leaf-curl-induction-unknown host-plant-damage-symptoms-unknown phytotoxicity-unknown virus-transmission-unknown vector-status-none-confirmed plant-pathogen-interactions-unknown phytoplasma-transmission-unknown bacterial-associations-unknown viral-associations-unknown fungal-associations-unknown mite-associations-unknown nematode-associations-unknown protozoan-associations-unknown bacterial-symbiont-diversity-unknown secondary-symbiont-presence-unknown Regiella-presence-unknown Hamiltonella-presence-unknown Serratia-presence-unknown Rickettsia-presence-unknown Spiroplasma-presence-unknown Wolbachia-presence-unknown Arsenophonus-presence-unknown Cardinium-presence-unknown microbial-community-composition-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown bacteriocyte-structure-unknown endosymbiont-transmission-unknown vertical-transmission-expected horizontal-transmission-unknown symbiont-genome-unknown nutritional-supplementation-by-symbionts-expected essential-amino-acid-synthesis-expected vitamin-synthesis-unknown steroid-synthesis-unknown other-metabolic-capabilities-unknown immune-function-unknown thermal-tolerance-influence-unknown reproductive-manipulation-unknown parasitoid-resistance-unknown fungal-resistance-unknown predator-defense-unknown alarm-pheromone-production-expected cornicle-secretion-function-unknown E-β-farnesene-production-expected other-semiochemicals-unknown communication-unknown aggregation-pheromones-unknown sex-pheromones-unknown dispersal-pheromones-unknown trail-pheromones-unknown kin-recognition-unknown nestmate-recognition-unknown territoriality-none aggression-unknown escape-responses-unknown drop-off-behavior-unknown walking-behavior-unknown flight-behavior-unknown settling-behavior-unknown host-finding-behavior-unknown host-acceptance-behavior-unknown host-rejection-behavior-unknown probing-behavior-unknown ingestion-behavior-unknown excretion-behavior-unknown honeydew-production-expected honeydew-composition-unknown ant-attendance-expected-but-unconfirmed ant-mutualism-specificity-unknown ant-protection-benefit-unknown ant-nutrition-provision-unknown ant-manipulation-by-aphid-unknown trophobiotic-interactions-expected myrmecophily-potential lycaenid-butterfly-associations-none-expected other-insect-associations-unknown spider-associations-unknown bird-associations-unknown mammal-associations-unknown reptile-associations-unknown amphibian-associations-unknown fish-associations-unknown invertebrate-predation-unknown vertebrate-predation-unknown generalist-predators-unknown specialist-predators-unknown lacewing-predation-unknown lady-beetle-predation-unknown hoverfly-predation-unknown parasitoid-wasp-attack-unknown aphid-midge-predation-unknown entomopathogenic-fungus-infection-unknown entomopathogenic-nematode-infection-unknown bacterial-pathogen-infection-unknown viral-pathogen-infection-unknown population-regulation-unknown density-dependence-unknown carrying-capacity-unknown population-cycles-unknown outbreak-dynamics-unknown eruptive-dynamics-none-expected gradient-dynamics-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-structure-unknown patch-occupancy-unknown extinction-risk-unknown colonization-extinction-dynamics-unknown habitat-suitability-modeling-none species-distribution-modeling-none niche-modeling-none ecological-niche-breadth-unknown habitat-specificity-high-expected environmental-tolerance-range-unknown microhabitat-requirements-unknown temperature-requirements-unknown humidity-requirements-unknown precipitation-requirements-unknown elevation-range-unknown aspect-preferences-unknown soil-type-associations-unknown geology-associations-unknown vegetation-community-specificity-unknown plant-community-associations-unknown seral-stage-preferences-unknown disturbance-response-unknown fire-adaptation-unknown drought-adaptation-expected flood-tolerance-unknown wind-tolerance-unknown salinity-tolerance-unknown pH-tolerance-unknown altitude-range-unknown latitudinal-range-unknown longitudinal-range-unknown continental-distribution-unknown regional-distribution-unknown local-distribution-unknown point-locality-data-sparse occurrence-records-sparse museum-specimens-sparse collection-frequency-low observation-frequency-low detection-probability-unknown sampling-effort-insufficient inventory-completeness-low range-map-unavailable distribution-model-unavailable habitat-map-unavailable land-cover-associations-unknown climate-envelope-unknown bioclimatic-variables-unknown temperature-isothermality-unknown temperature-seasonality-unknown temperature-annual-range-unknown precipitation-seasonality-unknown precipitation-driest-quarter-unknown precipitation-wettest-quarter-unknown aridity-index-unknown potential-evapotranspiration-unknown actual-evapotranspiration-unknown water-balance-unknown growing-degree-days-unknown chilling-requirements-unknown photoperiod-responses-unknown light-intensity-requirements-unknown UV-tolerance-unknown wind-speed-tolerance-unknown atmospheric-pressure-tolerance-unknown oxygen-requirements-unknown CO2-responses-unknown air-quality-requirements-unknown pollution-tolerance-unknown heavy-metal-tolerance-unknown pesticide-exposure-unknown herbicide-exposure-unknown fertilizer-runoff-exposure-unknown urbanization-tolerance-unknown agricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknown grazing-pressure-response-unknown trampling-tolerance-unknown recreation-impact-sensitivity-unknown road-effect-zone-unknown fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown edge-effects-sensitivity-unknown matrix-habitat-tolerance-unknown corridor-use-unknown stepping-stone-habitat-use-unknown landscape-connectivity-needs-unknown minimum-patch-size-unknown minimum-corridor-width-unknown dispersal-distance-unknown dispersal-kernel-unknown dispersal-mode-active-and-passive-expected wind-dispersal-of-alates-expected walking-dispersal-of-apterae-expected rafting-on-vegetation-possible human-mediated-dispersal-unlikely natural-range-expansion-unknown introduction-history-none-expected invasive-potential-none establishment-probability-in-new-areas-unknown impact-of-establishment-unknown eradication-feasibility-not-applicable control-methods-not-applicable management-interventions-not-applicable monitoring-protocols-none survey-methods-standard-aphid-sampling-applicable sweep-netting-effectiveness-unknown beat-sampling-effectiveness-unknown vacuum-sampling-effectiveness-unknown sticky-trap-effectiveness-unknown water-pan-trap-effectiveness-unknown Malaise-trap-effectiveness-unknown light-trap-effectiveness-unknown pitfall-trap-effectiveness-unknown bait-trap-effectiveness-unknown pheromone-trap-effectiveness-unknown visual-survey-effectiveness-unknown host-plant-inspection-most-effective-expected microscopic-examination-required-for-identification slide-mounting-techniques-standard-for-Aphididae DNA-barcoding-applicability-unknown molecular-identification-protocols-none eDNA-detection-applicability-unknown remote-sensing-detection-impossible acoustic-detection-impossible automated-identification-unavailable citizen-science-detection-possible-with-training expert-identification-required taxonomic-expertise-availability-limited identification-keys-unavailable diagnostic-characters-incompletely-described morphological-measurements-unknown coloration-unknown pattern-unknown size-range-unknown body-shape-unknown siphunculi-morphology-unknown cauda-morphology-unknown antennal-tubercle-development-unknown median-frontal-tubercle-unknown compound-eye-size-unknown ocelli-presence-expected ocellar-tubercle-unknown antennae-length-unknown antennae-segmentation-unknown,

Subscribe to the newsletter

Email address

youtube tiktok snapchat instagram threads facebook twitter

Mike Porter

•

© 2026

•

•

Tailwind Nextjs Theme