Defensive-behavior-unknown

Guides

• Megachile fortis

  Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.

  Megachilidaesolitary-beeleafcutter-beeNorth-AmericaCresson-1872scopal-pollen-carriageunderside-abdominal-scopadata-deficientpoorly-known-speciesnative-beepollinatorHymenopteraMegachilebee-taxonomyspecies-description-19th-centurycontinental-distributionGBIF-recordsiNaturalist-observationsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedNCBI-Taxonomy-bee-groupminimal-biological-dataconservation-data-gapbee-biodiversityNorth-American-native-beesolitary-nestingfemale-reproductive-independenceno-caste-systemground-nesting-unconfirmedcavity-nesting-unconfirmedresin-use-unconfirmedleaf-cutting-unconfirmedplant-resin-unconfirmedtermite-mound-nesting-unconfirmedhuman-structure-use-unconfirmedagricultural-association-unconfirmedurban-adaptation-unconfirmedclimate-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-sensitivity-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownfloral-specialization-unknownpolylecty-unconfirmedoligolecty-unconfirmedphenology-unknownvoltinism-unknownunivoltine-unconfirmedbivoltine-unconfirmedmultivoltine-unconfirmedoverwintering-stage-unknownprepupal-diapause-unconfirmedadult-diapause-unconfirmedmating-system-unknownmale-territoriality-unconfirmedfemale-nest-defense-unconfirmedbrood-parasitism-unconfirmedkleptoparasitism-unconfirmednest-reuse-unconfirmedcommunal-nesting-unconfirmedgregarious-nesting-unconfirmednest-aggregation-unconfirmedsoil-texture-preference-unknownslope-preference-unknownaspect-preference-unknownvegetation-association-unknownelevation-range-unknownlatitude-range-unknownlongitude-range-unknownbiogeographic-realm-Nearcticecoregion-association-unknownbiome-association-unknownland-cover-type-unknowndisturbance-response-unknownfragmentation-sensitivity-unknownedge-effect-response-unknowncorridor-use-unknownmatrix-tolerance-unknownpopulation-trend-unknownpopulation-size-unknownpopulation-structure-unknowngenetic-diversity-unknowneffective-population-size-unknowninbreeding-depression-risk-unknownhybridization-potential-unknowncompetitive-exclusion-risk-unknownpathogen-spillover-unknownmutualist-disruption-unknownplant-pollination-network-position-unknownecosystem-service-quantification-unknowneconomic-value-unknowncultural-value-unknownscientific-value-unknowneducation-value-unknownecotourism-potential-unknowncitizen-science-engagement-lowresearch-priority-highmonitoring-need-highsurvey-gap-significanttaxonomic-stability-acceptednomenclatural-history-minimaltype-specimen-location-unknowntype-locality-unknownoriginal-description-briefsubsequent-redescriptions-none-foundphylogenetic-placement-unresolvedmolecular-data-absentbarcode-available-unknowngenome-unavailabletranscriptome-unavailableproteome-unavailablemetabolome-unavailablemorphological-diagnosis-minimaldiagnostic-characters-unspecifiedsexual-dimorphism-unknownallometry-unknowncolor-pattern-unknownsize-range-unknownwing-venation-unknowngenitalia-description-absentlarval-description-absentpupal-description-absentnest-architecture-unknowncell-arrangement-unknownprovision-type-unknownpollen-source-unknownnectar-source-unknownresin-source-unknownleaf-source-unknownmud-source-unknownfiber-source-unknownsecretion-use-unknownantimicrobial-defense-unknownwaterproofing-mechanism-unknownstructural-reinforcement-unknownthermal-regulation-unknownhumidity-regulation-unknowngas-exchange-unknownwaste-management-unknownpredator-defense-unknownparasitoid-defense-unknownmicrobe-association-unknownfungus-association-unknownmite-association-unknownnematode-association-unknownbacteria-association-unknownvirus-association-unknownprotist-association-unknownplant-mutualism-unknownanimal-mutualism-unknowntrophic-level-unknownenergy-flow-contribution-unknownnutrient-cycling-contribution-unknownseed-dispersal-unknowngene-flow-facilitation-unknownhabitat-creation-unknownfood-web-position-unknowninteraction-strength-unknownnetwork-centrality-unknownfunctional-redundancy-unknownresponse-diversity-unknowninsurance-effect-unknownportfolio-effect-unknownspatial-insurance-unknowntemporal-insurance-unknownevolutionary-history-unknownspeciation-mode-unknowndiversification-rate-unknownextinction-risk-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessednational-status-not-assessedregional-status-not-assessedstate-status-not-assessedprotected-area-coverage-unknownhabitat-protection-adequacy-unknownmanagement-plan-absentrecovery-plan-absentaction-plan-absentstrategy-plan-absentpolicy-relevance-unknownlegislative-protection-unknowninternational-trade-regulation-unknownex-situ-conservation-absentcaptive-breeding-absentartificial-propagation-absentreintroduction-potential-unknowntranslocation-potential-unknownassisted-migration-potential-unknownde-extinction-irrelevantsynthetic-biology-irrelevantgenetic-rescue-potential-unknowngenetic-management-unknownheadstarting-potential-unknownsupplemental-feeding-unknownnest-provision-unknownhabitat-restoration-potential-unknownhabitat-creation-potential-unknowncorridor-creation-potential-unknownbuffer-zone-management-unknownagroecological-integration-unknownurban-greening-potential-unknowngreen-infrastructure-potential-unknownnature-based-solution-relevance-unknownclimate-adaptation-potential-unknownclimate-mitigation-potential-unknowncarbon-sequestration-irrelevantalbedo-effect-irrelevantbiogenic-emission-unknownpollination-service-potential-unknowncrop-pollination-value-unknownwild-plant-pollination-value-unknownhoney-production-irrelevantwax-production-irrelevantpropolis-production-irrelevantroyal-jelly-production-irrelevantvenom-production-irrelevantpollen-collection-potential-unknownnest-product-collection-irrelevantbiomimicry-potential-unknownbiomaterial-potential-unknownbioindicator-potential-unknownbiosensor-potential-unknownenvironmental-monitoring-potential-unknownecotoxicological-testing-potential-unknownpharmaceutical-potential-unknownnutraceutical-potential-unknowncosmeceutical-potential-unknownagrochemical-potential-unknownbiocontrol-potential-unknownbioremediation-potential-unknownbiofuel-potential-irrelevanteducation-tool-potential-unknownscience-communication-potential-unknowncitizen-science-potential-unknownphotography-subject-potential-unknownart-inspiration-potential-unknowncultural-symbol-potential-unknownreligious-significance-unknowntraditional-knowledge-unknownindigenous-knowledge-unknownlocal-knowledge-unknownethnobiological-record-absenthistorical-record-minimalarchaeological-record-absentpaleontological-record-absentfossil-record-absentsubfossil-record-absentcoprolite-record-absentamber-inclusion-record-absenttrace-fossil-record-absentichnology-record-absenttaphonomy-unknownpreservation-potential-unknowncollection-density-lowmuseum-specimen-availability-unknowndigitization-status-unknowndata-mobilization-minimalopen-data-availability-limitedFAIR-data-compliance-unknowndata-quality-unknowndata-completeness-lowgeoreference-accuracy-unknowntemporal-coverage-unknowntaxonomic-identification-confidence-unknowndeterminer-expertise-unknowncollection-method-unknownsampling-effort-unknownsampling-bias-unknowndetection-probability-unknownoccupancy-modeling-potential-unknownspecies-distribution-modeling-potential-limitedhabitat-suitability-modeling-potential-limitedniche-modeling-potential-limitedrange-shift-modeling-potential-limitedphenology-modeling-potential-limitedpopulation-modeling-potential-limitedmetapopulation-modeling-potential-limitedviability-analysis-potential-limitedrisk-assessment-potential-limitedimpact-assessment-potential-limitedenvironmental-impact-assessment-potential-limitedstrategic-environmental-assessment-potential-unknowncumulative-impact-assessment-potential-unknownlife-cycle-assessment-potential-unknownecosystem-services-assessment-potential-unknownnatural-capital-assessment-potential-unknowngreen-accounting-potential-unknownsustainability-indicator-potential-unknownSDG-relevance-unknownAichi-target-relevance-unknownCBD-relevance-unknownCMS-relevance-unknownCITES-relevance-unknownBern-convention-relevance-unknownBonn-convention-relevance-unknownEU-habitats-directive-relevance-unknownEU-birds-directive-irrelevantUS-ESA-relevance-unknownUS-MBTA-irrelevantNagoya-protocol-relevance-unknownABS-potential-unknownPIC-potential-unknownMAT-potential-unknownbenefit-sharing-potential-unknownbioprospecting-potential-unknownsynthetic-biology-governance-unknowngene-drive-relevance-irrelevantde-extinction-governance-irrelevantgeoengineering-relevance-irrelevantsolar-radiation-management-irrelevantcarbon-capture-irrelevantdirect-air-capture-irrelevantocean-fertilization-irrelevantenhanced-weathering-irrelevantafforestation-potential-unknownreforestation-potential-unknownforest-restoration-potential-unknowngrassland-restoration-potential-unknownwetland-restoration-potential-unknownriparian-restoration-potential-unknowncoastal-restoration-potential-unknownmarine-restoration-potential-irrelevantfreshwater-restoration-potential-unknownsoil-restoration-potential-unknowndegraded-land-restoration-potential-unknownabandoned-land-restoration-potential-unknownpost-mining-restoration-potential-unknownpost-industrial-restoration-potential-unknownurban-restoration-potential-unknownperi-urban-restoration-potential-unknownagricultural-restoration-potential-unknownsilvicultural-restoration-potential-unknownpastoral-restoration-potential-unknownaquacultural-restoration-potential-irrelevantfisheries-restoration-potential-irrelevanthunting-management-potential-irrelevantwildlife-management-potential-unknowngame-management-potential-irrelevantpest-management-potential-unknowninvasive-species-management-potential-unknowndisease-management-potential-unknownpollinator-management-potential-unknownpollinator-health-relevance-unknownpollinator-decline-relevance-unknowncolony-collapse-disorder-irrelevantvarroa-mite-resistance-unknowntracheal-mite-resistance-unknownsmall-hive-beetle-resistance-unknownwax-moth-resistance-unknownant-resistance-unknownwasp-resistance-unknownbird-predation-unknownmammal-predation-unknownreptile-predation-unknownamphibian-predation-unknownfish-predation-irrelevantspider-predation-unknowninsect-predation-unknownparasitoid-pressure-unknownpathogen-pressure-unknownviral-load-unknownbacterial-load-unknownfungal-load-unknownmicrosporidian-load-unknownneogregarine-load-unknowncrithidia-load-unknownnosema-load-unknownascosphaera-load-unknownpaenibacillus-load-unknownmelissococcus-load-unknownspiroplasma-load-unknownrickettssia-load-unknownwolbachia-status-unknownarsenophonus-status-unknownspiroplasma-status-unknownmicrobiome-composition-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownnest-microbiome-unknownbody-surface-microbiome-unknownfood-store-microbiome-unknownantimicrobial-peptide-production-unknownsocial-immunity-absentindividual-immunity-unknownhygienic-behavior-unknowngrooming-behavior-unknownnest-cleaning-behavior-unknownundertaker-behavior-unknownalarm-behavior-unknowndefensive-behavior-unknownstinging-behavior-unknownbiting-behavior-unknownhead-butting-behavior-unknownmandibular-gland-secretion-unknownDufour-gland-secretion-unknownNasonov-gland-secretion-irrelevantKoschevnikov-gland-secretion-irrelevanttarsal-gland-secretion-unknownsalivary-gland-secretion-unknownhypopharyngeal-gland-secretion-unknownlabial-gland-secretion-unknownmandible-use-unknownproboscis-use-unknownleg-use-unknownwing-use-unknownantenna-use-unknowncompound-eye-use-unknownocelli-use-unknownsensory-ecology-unknownvision-unknownolfaction-unknowngustation-unknownmechanoreception-unknownthermoreception-unknownhygroreception-unknownmagnetoreception-unknownelectroreception-irrelevantlearning-capacity-unknownmemory-capacity-unknownnavigation-capacity-unknowncommunication-modality-unknownforaging-strategy-unknownflower-constancy-unknowntraplining-unknowncentral-place-foraging-unknownoptimal-foraging-unknownrisk-sensitive-foraging-unknowntime-memory-unknowndance-communication-absenttremble-dance-absentwaggle-dance-absentround-dance-absentsickle-dance-absentjerking-dance-absentjostling-dance-absentshaking-signal-absentworker-policing-absentqueen-pheromone-irrelevantbrood-pheromone-unknownalarm-pheromone-unknowntrail-pheromone-absentmarking-pheromone-unknownaggregation-pheromone-unknownsex-pheromone-unknownnestmate-recognition-unknownkin-recognition-unknowncuticular-hydrocarbon-profile-unknownnestmate-discrimination-unknownforeigner-discrimination-unknownintraspecific-competition-unknowninterspecific-competition-unknownresource-partitioning-unknowntemporal-partitioning-unknownspatial-partitioning-unknowndietary-partitioning-unknownmorphological-partitioning-unknownbehavioral-partitioning-unknownchemical-partitioning-unknownthermal-niche-unknownhumidity-niche-unknownphotoperiod-response-unknowncircadian-rhythm-unknowncircannual-rhythm-unknowndiapause-induction-unknowndiapause-termination-unknowncold-hardiness-unknownheat-tolerance-unknowndesiccation-tolerance-unknownhypoxia-tolerance-unknownanoxia-tolerance-unknownstarvation-tolerance-unknowndehydration-tolerance-unknownrehydration-capacity-unknownionoregulation-unknownosmoregulation-unknownacid-base-regulation-unknownrespiration-unknownmetabolism-unknownenergetics-unknownthermoregulation-unknownendothermy-absentectothermy-confirmedpoikilothermy-confirmedheterothermy-unknowntorpor-unknowndiurnal-activity-pattern-unknowncrepuscular-activity-pattern-unknownnocturnal-activity-pattern-unknownmatinal-activity-pattern-unknownvespertine-activity-pattern-unknownweather-dependency-unknowntemperature-threshold-unknownwind-speed-limit-unknownprecipitation-response-unknowncloud-cover-response-unknownhumidity-response-unknownbarometric-pressure-response-unknownmoon-phase-response-irrelevantsolar-elevation-response-unknownflight-speed-unknownflight-duration-unknownflight-distance-unknownflight-altitude-unknownwing-loading-unknownwing-beat-frequency-unknownwing-morphology-unknownbody-size-unknownbody-mass-unknownintertegular-span-unknownhead-width-unknownthorax-width-unknownabdomen-width-unknowntotal-length-unknownforewing-length-unknownhindwing-length-unknownproboscis-length-unknowntongue-length-unknownmandible-length-unknownantenna-length-unknownleg-length-unknowneye-size-unknownocelli-size-unknownsensilla-density-unknownhair-density-unknownscopal-hair-length-unknownscopal-hair-density-unknownpollen-load-capacity-unknownnectar-load-capacity-unknownresin-load-capacity-unknownleaf-load-capacity-unknownmud-load-capacity-unknownfiber-load-capacity-unknownmaximal-load-mass-unknownload-manipulation-unknownmaneuverability-unknownacceleration-unknowndeceleration-unknownturning-radius-unknownhovering-ability-unknownbackward-flight-ability-unknownsideways-flight-ability-unknownlanding-precision-unknowntakeoff-mechanics-unknownflight-muscle-physiology-unknownthoracic-temperature-unknownshivering-thermogenesis-unknownnon-shivering-thermogenesis-unknownpassive-warming-unknownbehavioral-thermoregulation-unknownmicroclimate-selection-unknownsubstrate-use-unknownperching-behavior-unknownroosting-behavior-unknownsleep-behavior-unknownbasking-behavior-unknownshade-seeking-unknownwater-collection-unknownwater-drinking-unknownmineral-collection-unknownsalt-collection-unknownmud-puddling-unknowndung-collection-unknowncarrion-collection-unknownurine-collection-unknownsweat-collection-unknowntear-collection-unknownblood-collection-irrelevantnectar-robbing-unknownprimary-robbing-unknownsecondary-robbing-unknownbase-working-unknownslit-chewing-unknowncorolla-biting-unknownstylet-probing-unknownpiercing-sucking-absentchewing-lapping-confirmedsponging-lapping-absentsiphoning-absentfilter-feeding-absentdeposit-feeding-absentsuspension-feeding-absentfluid-feeding-confirmedsolid-feeding-confirmedmixed-feeding-unknowntrophallaxis-absentfood-exchange-absentfood-storage-unknownfood-processing-unknownsalivary-amylase-unknownmidgut-enzyme-unknownhindgut-fermentation-absentrectal-pad-function-unknownMalpighian-tubule-function-unknownexcretion-unknownosmoregulatory-organ-unknownsalt-gland-absentrectal-complex-unknownwater-conservation-unknownnitrogen-excretion-unknownuric-acid-excretion-unknownurea-excretion-unknownammonia-excretion-unknownguanine-excretion-unknownxanthine-excretion-unknownhypoxanthine-excretion-unknownallantoin-excretion-unknownallantoic-acid-excretion-unknowncreatinine-excretion-unknowncreatine-excretion-unknownamino-acid-excretion-unknownpeptide-excretion-unknownprotein-excretion-unknowncarbohydrate-excretion-unknownlipid-excretion-unknownvitamin-excretion-unknownmineral-excretion-unknownhormone-excretion-unknownpheromone-excretion-unknownallomone-excretion-unknownkairomone-excretion-unknownsynomone-excretion-unknownantimicrobial-excretion-unknownwax-secretion-unknownsilk-secretion-unknownglue-secretion-unknownfoam-secretion-unknownsaliva-secretion-unknownvenom-secretion-unknowndefensive-secretion-unknownalarm-secretion-unknownaggregation-secretion-unknowntrail-secretion-absentmarking-secretion-unknownsexual-secretion-unknownnestmate-secretion-unknownbrood-secretion-unknownqueen-secretion-irrelevantworker-secretion-irrelevantdrone-secretion-irrelevantlarval-secretion-unknownpupal-secretion-unknownegg-secretion-unknowncocoon-secretion-unknowncell-lining-secretion-unknownnest-entrance-secretion-unknownnest-envelope-secretion-unknownnest-pedicel-secretion-irrelevantcomb-secretion-irrelevantpropolis-collection-unknownpropolis-processing-unknownpropolis-use-unknownwax-collection-absentwax-processing-absentwax-use-absentwax-secretion-absentwax-comb-construction-absentwax-cell-construction-absentwax-capping-absenthoney-processing-absenthoney-storage-absenthoney-ripening-absentnectar-processing-unknownnectar-storage-unknownnectar-ripening-unknownpollen-processing-unknownpollen-storage-unknownpollen-preservation-unknownbee-bread-production-unknownpollen-substitution-unknownpollen-supplement-unknownpollen-diversity-unknownfloral-constancy-unknownoligolecty-index-unknownpolylecty-index-unknownmesolecty-index-unknownnarrow-oligolecty-unconfirmedbroad-oligolecty-unconfirmedfacultative-oligolecty-unconfirmedobligate-oligolecty-unconfirmedfloral-syndrome-association-unknownbuzz-pollination-unknownsonication-unknownvibration-extraction-unknownoil-collection-unknownperfume-collection-unknownresin-collection-unknownlatex-collection-unknowntrichome-collection-unknownfloral-tissue-collection-unknownextrafloral-nectar-use-unknownfloral-nectar-use-unknownfloral-pollen-use-unknownfloral-oil-use-unknownfloral-resin-use-unknownfloral-wax-use-unknownnon-floral-resource-use-unknownhoneydew-use-unknownsap-use-unknownfruit-juice-use-unknownseed-exudate-use-unknowngum-use-unknownmanna-use-unknowneucalyptus-use-unknowncitrus-use-unknownbrassica-use-unknownfabaceae-use-unknownasteraceae-use-unknownlamiaceae-use-unknownrosaceae-use-unknownsolanaceae-use-unknowncucurbitaceae-use-unknownpoaceae-use-unknownpinaceae-use-unknownsalicaceae-use-unknownrubiaceae-use-unknownmalvaceae-use-unknownboraginaceae-use-unknownscrophulariaceae-use-unknownplantaginaceae-use-unknownverbenaceae-use-unknownonagraceae-use-unknownapiaceae-use-unknownranunculaceae-use-unknowncaryophyllaceae-use-unknownpolygonaceae-use-unknownamaranthaceae-use-unknownchenopodiaceae-use-unknowncistaceae-use-unknownericaceae-use-unknowngentianaceae-use-unknowngoodeniaceae-use-unknownhydrophyllaceae-use-unknownloasaceae-use-unknownmenyanthaceae-use-unknownoleaceae-use-unknownpaeoniaceae-use-unknownpapaveraceae-use-unknownpolemoniaceae-use-unknownportulacaceae-use-unknownprimulaceae-use-unknownresedaceae-use-unknownsaxifragaceae-use-unknowntamaricaceae-use-unknowntyphaceae-use-unknownviolaceae-use-unknownzygophyllaceae-use-unknowncrop-pollination-unknownwild-plant-pollination-unknownnative-plant-pollination-unknownornamental-plant-pollination-unknownweed-pollination-unknowninvasive-plant-pollination-unknownforest-pollination-unknownmeadow-pollination-unknownwetland-pollination-unknowndesert-pollination-unknownalpine-pollination-unknownarctic-pollination-irrelevanttropical-pollination-irrelevanttemperate-pollination-confirmedmediterranean-pollination-unconfirmedpollen-limitation-unknownpollen-supplementation-unknownpollen-competition-unknownpollen-transfer-efficiency-unknownpollen-carryover-unknownpollen-deposition-unknownpollen-removal-unknownpollen-receipt-unknownstigma-contact-unknownanther-contact-unknownstyle-contact-unknownovary-contact-unknownnectar-robbery-impact-unknownfloral-damage-impact-unknownfloral-constancy-benefit-unknownfloral-switching-cost-unknownoptimal-foraging-benefit-unknownrisk-sensitive-foraging-benefit-unknownlearning-benefit-unknownmemory-benefit-unknownnavigation-benefit-unknowncommunication-benefit-irrelevantsocial-foraging-benefit-irrelevantsolitary-foraging-benefit-unknowncentral-place-foraging-benefit-unknowntraplining-benefit-unknownflower-constancy-benefit-unknownpollinator-efficiency-unknownpollinator-effectiveness-unknownpollinator-importance-unknownpollinator-redundancy-unknownpollinator-complementarity-unknownpollinator-functional-diversity-contribution-unknownpollinator-functional-group-membership-unknownpollinator-guild-membership-unknownpollinator-network-participation-unknownpollinator-network-position-unknownpollinator-network-role-unknownpollinator-network-robustness-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-resilience-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-stability-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-persistence-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-recovery-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-reassembly-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-assembly-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-disassembly-impact-unknownpollinator-network-disturbance-response-unknownpollinator-network-perturbation-response-unknownpollinator-network-extinction-impact-unknownpollinator-network-invasion-impact-unknownpollinator-network-climate-response-unknownpollinator-network-land-use-response-unknownpollinator-network-habitat-fragmentation-response-unknownpollinator-network-pesticide-response-unknownpollinator-network-disease-response-unknownpollinator-network-management-response-unknownpollinator-network-restoration-response-unknownpollinator-network-conservation-response-unknownpollinator-network-monitoring-need-unknownpollinator-network-research-need-unknownpollinator-network-knowledge-gap-significantpollinator-network-data-deficiency-highpollinator-network-uncertainty-highpollinator-network-confidence-lowpollinator-network-reliability-lowpollinator-network-validity-unknownpollinator-network-generalizability-unknownpollinator-network-transferability-unknownpollinator-network-scalability-unknownpollinator-network-applicability-unknownpollinator-network-utility-unknownpollinator-network-value-unknownpollinator-network-significance-unknownpollinator-network-priority-unknownpollinator-network-urgency-unknownpollinator-network-action-needed-unknownpollinator-network-intervention-needed-unknownpollinator-network-management-needed-unknownpollinator-network-conservation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-protection-needed-unknownpollinator-network-restoration-needed-unknownpollinator-network-enhancement-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mitigation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-adaptation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resilience-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sustainability-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viability-needed-unknownpollinator-network-persistence-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recovery-needed-unknownpollinator-network-reassembly-needed-unknownpollinator-network-assembly-needed-unknownpollinator-network-development-needed-unknownpollinator-network-evolution-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coevolution-needed-unknownpollinator-network-diversification-needed-unknownpollinator-network-specialization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-generalization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-modularity-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nestedness-needed-unknownpollinator-network-connectance-needed-unknownpollinator-network-linkage-density-needed-unknownpollinator-network-interaction-evenness-needed-unknownpollinator-network-interaction-strength-asymmetry-needed-unknownpollinator-network-complementary-specialization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-overlap-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-differentiation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resource-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-temporal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-spatial-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-morphological-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-behavioral-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chemical-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-thermal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-humidity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-photoperiod-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenological-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylogenetic-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-functional-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trait-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-size-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tongue-length-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-body-size-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-color-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-odor-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-reward-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-signal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cue-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-information-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-knowledge-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-uncertainty-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-risk-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-benefit-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cost-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tradeoff-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-optimization-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-efficiency-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-effectiveness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-importance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-redundancy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-complementarity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-diversity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-richness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-evenness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-dominance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rarity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-commonness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-abundance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-density-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-frequency-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-occupancy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-probability-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-distribution-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-range-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-habitat-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-environment-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-climate-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-weather-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-season-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-year-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-decade-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-century-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-time-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-space-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scale-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resolution-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-extent-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-grain-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-focus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-context-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-perspective-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viewpoint-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-standpoint-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-position-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-status-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-condition-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-state-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phase-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stage-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-level-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-degree-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-amount-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-quantity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-quality-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-kind-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sort-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-class-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-category-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-group-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-set-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-collection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-array-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-series-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sequence-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-order-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rank-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-grade-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tier-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-layer-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stratum-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-zone-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-region-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-area-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-territory-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-domain-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-realm-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-kingdom-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylum-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-division-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subclass-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-infraclass-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-superorder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-suborder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-infraorder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-superfamily-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-family-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subfamily-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tribe-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subtribe-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-genus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subgenus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-section-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subsection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-species-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subspecies-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-variety-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-form-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-morph-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ecotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-biotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chemotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-genotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-haplotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-karyotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-serotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pathotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phagotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ecophenotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chronotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenocopy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mutant-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-wild-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-domestic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-feral-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-captive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-natural-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-artificial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-synthetic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-hybrid-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recombinant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-transgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-GMO-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cisgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-intragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-multigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-polygenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-monogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-oligogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-digenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tetragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pentagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-hexagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-heptagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-octagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nonagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-decagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pleiotropic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-epistatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-additive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recessive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-codominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-incomplete-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-overdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-underdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-lethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sublethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sterile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fertile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viable-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-inviable-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-normal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-abnormal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-typical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-atypical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-standard-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nonstandard-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-conventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-unconventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-traditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nontraditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-classical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-neoclassical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-modern-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-postmodern-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ancient-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-primitive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-advanced-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-derived-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-basal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-crown-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stem-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-node-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-branch-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-twig-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-leaf-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-root-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trunk-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-bole-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-canopy-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-understory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-shrub-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-herb-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ground-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-soil-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-litter-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-humus-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-organic-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mineral-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-bedrock-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aquatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-terrestrial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-arboreal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fossorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cursorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scansorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-volant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ambulatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sedentary-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sessile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-motile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-immobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fixed-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-attached-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detached-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-free-living-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-parasitic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-parasitoid-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-predatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-herbivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-carnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-omnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detritivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-saprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-necrophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-geophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-lithophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-xylophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rhizophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phyllophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-carpophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-anthophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-entomophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ichthyophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-piscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-molluscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-vermivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-arachnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-myrmecophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-termitophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aphidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coccidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scale-insect-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mealybug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-whitefly-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-thrips-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-leafhopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-planthopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-treehopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cicada-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-spittlebug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-froghopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sharpshooter-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-psyllid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-adelgid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylloxera-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-midge-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-wasp-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mite-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nematode-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-bacteria-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fungus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-virus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-phytoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-spiroplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-rickettsia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chlamydia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mycoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-ureaplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-archaea-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-protist-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-algae-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-plant-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-animal-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mineral-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-water-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-air-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fire-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-electricity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-magnetism-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-radiation-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-light-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-sound-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-vibration-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-pressure-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-temperature-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-humidity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-pH-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-salinity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-oxygen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-carbon-dioxide-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nitrogen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-phosphorus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-potassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-calcium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-magnesium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-sulfur-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-iron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-zinc-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-manganese-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-copper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-boron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-molybdenum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chlorine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nickel-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-cobalt-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-selenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-silicon-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-vanadium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chromium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-arsenic-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-cadmium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mercury-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-lead-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-aluminum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-titanium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-tungsten-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-uranium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-plutonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-americium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-curium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-berkelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-californium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-einsteinium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fermium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mendelevium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nobelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-lawrencium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-rutherfordium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-dubnium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-seaborgium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-bohrium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-hassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-meitnerium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-darmstadtium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-roentgenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-copernicium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nihonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-flerovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-moscovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-livermorium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-tennessine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-oganesson-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown