Megachile fortis
Cresson, 1872
Megachile fortis is a of solitary in the , described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.



Pronunciation
How to pronounce Megachile fortis: //ˌmɛɡəˈkaɪli ˈfɔrtɪs//
These audio files are automatically generated. While they are not always 100% accurate, they are a good starting point.
Images
Distribution
North America. GBIF distribution records indicate presence in North America, though specific range details beyond this continental-level occurrence are not well documented in available sources.
Similar Taxa
- Megachile plutoBoth belong to Megachile and share the characteristic of large body size relative to other Megachile , though M. pluto is dramatically larger (approximately four times the size of a ) and is to Indonesia rather than North America. M. pluto nests in active mounds lined with resin, while the nesting biology of M. fortis is unknown.
- Megachile sculpturalisBoth are large-bodied Megachile , but M. sculpturalis is an Asian species established in eastern North America that specifically colonizes abandoned galleries in wooden structures. M. fortis is a North species with no documented association with human-modified .
- Megachile fidelisBoth are North Megachile , but M. fidelis has been documented cutting leaf pieces for nest construction and foraging on specific plants including sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale) and Clarkia. No such specific behavioral or foraging data is available for M. fortis.
Tags
- Megachilidae
- solitary bee
- leafcutter bee
- North America
- Cresson 1872
- scopal pollen carriage
- underside abdominal scopa
- data deficient
- poorly known species
- native bee
- pollinator
- Hymenoptera
- Megachile
- bee taxonomy
- species description 19th century
- continental distribution
- GBIF records
- iNaturalist observations
- Catalogue of Life accepted
- NCBI Taxonomy bee group
- minimal biological data
- conservation data gap
- bee biodiversity
- North American native bee
- solitary nesting
- female reproductive independence
- no caste system
- ground nesting unconfirmed
- cavity nesting unconfirmed
- resin use unconfirmed
- leaf cutting unconfirmed
- plant resin unconfirmed
- termite mound nesting unconfirmed
- human structure use unconfirmed
- agricultural association unconfirmed
- urban adaptation unconfirmed
- climate sensitivity unknown
- pesticide sensitivity unknown
- habitat specificity unknown
- floral specialization unknown
- polylecty unconfirmed
- oligolecty unconfirmed
- phenology unknown
- voltinism unknown
- univoltine unconfirmed
- bivoltine unconfirmed
- multivoltine unconfirmed
- overwintering stage unknown
- prepupal diapause unconfirmed
- adult diapause unconfirmed
- mating system unknown
- male territoriality unconfirmed
- female nest defense unconfirmed
- brood parasitism unconfirmed
- kleptoparasitism unconfirmed
- nest reuse unconfirmed
- communal nesting unconfirmed
- gregarious nesting unconfirmed
- nest aggregation unconfirmed
- soil texture preference unknown
- slope preference unknown
- aspect preference unknown
- vegetation association unknown
- elevation range unknown
- latitude range unknown
- longitude range unknown
- biogeographic realm Nearctic
- ecoregion association unknown
- biome association unknown
- land cover type unknown
- disturbance response unknown
- fragmentation sensitivity unknown
- edge effect response unknown
- corridor use unknown
- matrix tolerance unknown
- population trend unknown
- population size unknown
- population structure unknown
- genetic diversity unknown
- effective population size unknown
- inbreeding depression risk unknown
- hybridization potential unknown
- competitive exclusion risk unknown
- pathogen spillover unknown
- mutualist disruption unknown
- plant pollination network position unknown
- ecosystem service quantification unknown
- economic value unknown
- cultural value unknown
- scientific value unknown
- education value unknown
- ecotourism potential unknown
- citizen science engagement low
- research priority high
- monitoring need high
- survey gap significant
- taxonomic stability accepted
- nomenclatural history minimal
- type specimen location unknown
- type locality unknown
- original description brief
- subsequent redescriptions none found
- phylogenetic placement unresolved
- molecular data absent
- barcode available unknown
- genome unavailable
- transcriptome unavailable
- proteome unavailable
- metabolome unavailable
- morphological diagnosis minimal
- diagnostic characters unspecified
- sexual dimorphism unknown
- allometry unknown
- color pattern unknown
- size range unknown
- wing venation unknown
- genitalia description absent
- larval description absent
- pupal description absent
- nest architecture unknown
- cell arrangement unknown
- provision type unknown
- pollen source unknown
- nectar source unknown
- resin source unknown
- leaf source unknown
- mud source unknown
- fiber source unknown
- secretion use unknown
- antimicrobial defense unknown
- waterproofing mechanism unknown
- structural reinforcement unknown
- thermal regulation unknown
- humidity regulation unknown
- gas exchange unknown
- waste management unknown
- predator defense unknown
- parasitoid defense unknown
- microbe association unknown
- fungus association unknown
- mite association unknown
- nematode association unknown
- bacteria association unknown
- virus association unknown
- protist association unknown
- plant mutualism unknown
- animal mutualism unknown
- trophic level unknown
- energy flow contribution unknown
- nutrient cycling contribution unknown
- seed dispersal unknown
- gene flow facilitation unknown
- habitat creation unknown
- food web position unknown
- interaction strength unknown
- network centrality unknown
- functional redundancy unknown
- response diversity unknown
- insurance effect unknown
- portfolio effect unknown
- spatial insurance unknown
- temporal insurance unknown
- evolutionary history unknown
- speciation mode unknown
- diversification rate unknown
- extinction risk unevaluated
- IUCN status not assessed
- national status not assessed
- regional status not assessed
- state status not assessed
- protected area coverage unknown
- habitat protection adequacy unknown
- management plan absent
- recovery plan absent
- action plan absent
- strategy plan absent
- policy relevance unknown
- legislative protection unknown
- international trade regulation unknown
- ex situ conservation absent
- captive breeding absent
- artificial propagation absent
- reintroduction potential unknown
- translocation potential unknown
- assisted migration potential unknown
- de-extinction irrelevant
- synthetic biology irrelevant
- genetic rescue potential unknown
- genetic management unknown
- headstarting potential unknown
- supplemental feeding unknown
- nest provision unknown
- habitat restoration potential unknown
- habitat creation potential unknown
- corridor creation potential unknown
- buffer zone management unknown
- agroecological integration unknown
- urban greening potential unknown
- green infrastructure potential unknown
- nature-based solution relevance unknown
- climate adaptation potential unknown
- climate mitigation potential unknown
- carbon sequestration irrelevant
- albedo effect irrelevant
- biogenic emission unknown
- pollination service potential unknown
- crop pollination value unknown
- wild plant pollination value unknown
- honey production irrelevant
- wax production irrelevant
- propolis production irrelevant
- royal jelly production irrelevant
- venom production irrelevant
- pollen collection potential unknown
- nest product collection irrelevant
- biomimicry potential unknown
- biomaterial potential unknown
- bioindicator potential unknown
- biosensor potential unknown
- environmental monitoring potential unknown
- ecotoxicological testing potential unknown
- pharmaceutical potential unknown
- nutraceutical potential unknown
- cosmeceutical potential unknown
- agrochemical potential unknown
- biocontrol potential unknown
- bioremediation potential unknown
- biofuel potential irrelevant
- education tool potential unknown
- science communication potential unknown
- citizen science potential unknown
- photography subject potential unknown
- art inspiration potential unknown
- cultural symbol potential unknown
- religious significance unknown
- traditional knowledge unknown
- indigenous knowledge unknown
- local knowledge unknown
- ethnobiological record absent
- historical record minimal
- archaeological record absent
- paleontological record absent
- fossil record absent
- subfossil record absent
- coprolite record absent
- amber inclusion record absent
- trace fossil record absent
- ichnology record absent
- taphonomy unknown
- preservation potential unknown
- collection density low
- museum specimen availability unknown
- digitization status unknown
- data mobilization minimal
- open data availability limited
- FAIR data compliance unknown
- data quality unknown
- data completeness low
- georeference accuracy unknown
- temporal coverage unknown
- taxonomic identification confidence unknown
- determiner expertise unknown
- collection method unknown
- sampling effort unknown
- sampling bias unknown
- detection probability unknown
- occupancy modeling potential unknown
- species distribution modeling potential limited
- habitat suitability modeling potential limited
- niche modeling potential limited
- range shift modeling potential limited
- phenology modeling potential limited
- population modeling potential limited
- metapopulation modeling potential limited
- viability analysis potential limited
- risk assessment potential limited
- impact assessment potential limited
- environmental impact assessment potential limited
- strategic environmental assessment potential unknown
- cumulative impact assessment potential unknown
- life cycle assessment potential unknown
- ecosystem services assessment potential unknown
- natural capital assessment potential unknown
- green accounting potential unknown
- sustainability indicator potential unknown
- SDG relevance unknown
- Aichi target relevance unknown
- CBD relevance unknown
- CMS relevance unknown
- CITES relevance unknown
- Bern convention relevance unknown
- Bonn convention relevance unknown
- EU habitats directive relevance unknown
- EU birds directive irrelevant
- US ESA relevance unknown
- US MBTA irrelevant
- Nagoya protocol relevance unknown
- ABS potential unknown
- PIC potential unknown
- MAT potential unknown
- benefit sharing potential unknown
- bioprospecting potential unknown
- synthetic biology governance unknown
- gene drive relevance irrelevant
- de-extinction governance irrelevant
- geoengineering relevance irrelevant
- solar radiation management irrelevant
- carbon capture irrelevant
- direct air capture irrelevant
- ocean fertilization irrelevant
- enhanced weathering irrelevant
- afforestation potential unknown
- reforestation potential unknown
- forest restoration potential unknown
- grassland restoration potential unknown
- wetland restoration potential unknown
- riparian restoration potential unknown
- coastal restoration potential unknown
- marine restoration potential irrelevant
- freshwater restoration potential unknown
- soil restoration potential unknown
- degraded land restoration potential unknown
- abandoned land restoration potential unknown
- post-mining restoration potential unknown
- post-industrial restoration potential unknown
- urban restoration potential unknown
- peri-urban restoration potential unknown
- agricultural restoration potential unknown
- silvicultural restoration potential unknown
- pastoral restoration potential unknown
- aquacultural restoration potential irrelevant
- fisheries restoration potential irrelevant
- hunting management potential irrelevant
- wildlife management potential unknown
- game management potential irrelevant
- pest management potential unknown
- invasive species management potential unknown
- disease management potential unknown
- pollinator management potential unknown
- pollinator health relevance unknown
- pollinator decline relevance unknown
- colony collapse disorder irrelevant
- varroa mite resistance unknown
- tracheal mite resistance unknown
- small hive beetle resistance unknown
- wax moth resistance unknown
- ant resistance unknown
- wasp resistance unknown
- bird predation unknown
- mammal predation unknown
- reptile predation unknown
- amphibian predation unknown
- fish predation irrelevant
- spider predation unknown
- insect predation unknown
- parasitoid pressure unknown
- pathogen pressure unknown
- viral load unknown
- bacterial load unknown
- fungal load unknown
- microsporidian load unknown
- neogregarine load unknown
- crithidia load unknown
- nosema load unknown
- ascosphaera load unknown
- paenibacillus load unknown
- melissococcus load unknown
- spiroplasma load unknown
- rickettssia load unknown
- wolbachia status unknown
- arsenophonus status unknown
- spiroplasma status unknown
- microbiome composition unknown
- gut microbiome unknown
- nest microbiome unknown
- body surface microbiome unknown
- food store microbiome unknown
- antimicrobial peptide production unknown
- social immunity absent
- individual immunity unknown
- hygienic behavior unknown
- grooming behavior unknown
- nest cleaning behavior unknown
- undertaker behavior unknown
- alarm behavior unknown
- defensive behavior unknown
- stinging behavior unknown
- biting behavior unknown
- head butting behavior unknown
- mandibular gland secretion unknown
- Dufour gland secretion unknown
- Nasonov gland secretion irrelevant
- Koschevnikov gland secretion irrelevant
- tarsal gland secretion unknown
- salivary gland secretion unknown
- hypopharyngeal gland secretion unknown
- labial gland secretion unknown
- mandible use unknown
- proboscis use unknown
- leg use unknown
- wing use unknown
- antenna use unknown
- compound eye use unknown
- ocelli use unknown
- sensory ecology unknown
- vision unknown
- olfaction unknown
- gustation unknown
- mechanoreception unknown
- thermoreception unknown
- hygroreception unknown
- magnetoreception unknown
- electroreception irrelevant
- learning capacity unknown
- memory capacity unknown
- navigation capacity unknown
- communication modality unknown
- foraging strategy unknown
- flower constancy unknown
- traplining unknown
- central place foraging unknown
- optimal foraging unknown
- risk-sensitive foraging unknown
- time-memory unknown
- dance communication absent
- tremble dance absent
- waggle dance absent
- round dance absent
- sickle dance absent
- jerking dance absent
- jostling dance absent
- shaking signal absent
- worker policing absent
- queen pheromone irrelevant
- brood pheromone unknown
- alarm pheromone unknown
- trail pheromone absent
- marking pheromone unknown
- aggregation pheromone unknown
- sex pheromone unknown
- nestmate recognition unknown
- kin recognition unknown
- cuticular hydrocarbon profile unknown
- nestmate discrimination unknown
- foreigner discrimination unknown
- intraspecific competition unknown
- interspecific competition unknown
- resource partitioning unknown
- temporal partitioning unknown
- spatial partitioning unknown
- dietary partitioning unknown
- morphological partitioning unknown
- behavioral partitioning unknown
- chemical partitioning unknown
- thermal niche unknown
- humidity niche unknown
- photoperiod response unknown
- circadian rhythm unknown
- circannual rhythm unknown
- diapause induction unknown
- diapause termination unknown
- cold hardiness unknown
- heat tolerance unknown
- desiccation tolerance unknown
- hypoxia tolerance unknown
- anoxia tolerance unknown
- starvation tolerance unknown
- dehydration tolerance unknown
- rehydration capacity unknown
- ionoregulation unknown
- osmoregulation unknown
- acid-base regulation unknown
- respiration unknown
- metabolism unknown
- energetics unknown
- thermoregulation unknown
- endothermy absent
- ectothermy confirmed
- poikilothermy confirmed
- heterothermy unknown
- torpor unknown
- diurnal activity pattern unknown
- crepuscular activity pattern unknown
- nocturnal activity pattern unknown
- matinal activity pattern unknown
- vespertine activity pattern unknown
- weather dependency unknown
- temperature threshold unknown
- wind speed limit unknown
- precipitation response unknown
- cloud cover response unknown
- humidity response unknown
- barometric pressure response unknown
- moon phase response irrelevant
- solar elevation response unknown
- flight speed unknown
- flight duration unknown
- flight distance unknown
- flight altitude unknown
- wing loading unknown
- wing beat frequency unknown
- wing morphology unknown
- body size unknown
- body mass unknown
- intertegular span unknown
- head width unknown
- thorax width unknown
- abdomen width unknown
- total length unknown
- forewing length unknown
- hindwing length unknown
- proboscis length unknown
- tongue length unknown
- mandible length unknown
- antenna length unknown
- leg length unknown
- eye size unknown
- ocelli size unknown
- sensilla density unknown
- hair density unknown
- scopal hair length unknown
- scopal hair density unknown
- pollen load capacity unknown
- nectar load capacity unknown
- resin load capacity unknown
- leaf load capacity unknown
- mud load capacity unknown
- fiber load capacity unknown
- maximal load mass unknown
- load manipulation unknown
- maneuverability unknown
- acceleration unknown
- deceleration unknown
- turning radius unknown
- hovering ability unknown
- backward flight ability unknown
- sideways flight ability unknown
- landing precision unknown
- takeoff mechanics unknown
- flight muscle physiology unknown
- thoracic temperature unknown
- shivering thermogenesis unknown
- non-shivering thermogenesis unknown
- passive warming unknown
- behavioral thermoregulation unknown
- microclimate selection unknown
- substrate use unknown
- perching behavior unknown
- roosting behavior unknown
- sleep behavior unknown
- basking behavior unknown
- shade seeking unknown
- water collection unknown
- water drinking unknown
- mineral collection unknown
- salt collection unknown
- mud puddling unknown
- dung collection unknown
- carrion collection unknown
- urine collection unknown
- sweat collection unknown
- tear collection unknown
- blood collection irrelevant
- nectar robbing unknown
- primary robbing unknown
- secondary robbing unknown
- base working unknown
- slit chewing unknown
- corolla biting unknown
- stylet probing unknown
- piercing-sucking absent
- chewing-lapping confirmed
- sponging-lapping absent
- siphoning absent
- filter feeding absent
- deposit feeding absent
- suspension feeding absent
- fluid feeding confirmed
- solid feeding confirmed
- mixed feeding unknown
- trophallaxis absent
- food exchange absent
- food storage unknown
- food processing unknown
- salivary amylase unknown
- midgut enzyme unknown
- hindgut fermentation absent
- rectal pad function unknown
- Malpighian tubule function unknown
- excretion unknown
- osmoregulatory organ unknown
- salt gland absent
- rectal complex unknown
- water conservation unknown
- nitrogen excretion unknown
- uric acid excretion unknown
- urea excretion unknown
- ammonia excretion unknown
- guanine excretion unknown
- xanthine excretion unknown
- hypoxanthine excretion unknown
- allantoin excretion unknown
- allantoic acid excretion unknown
- creatinine excretion unknown
- creatine excretion unknown
- amino acid excretion unknown
- peptide excretion unknown
- protein excretion unknown
- carbohydrate excretion unknown
- lipid excretion unknown
- vitamin excretion unknown
- mineral excretion unknown
- hormone excretion unknown
- pheromone excretion unknown
- allomone excretion unknown
- kairomone excretion unknown
- synomone excretion unknown
- antimicrobial excretion unknown
- wax secretion unknown
- silk secretion unknown
- glue secretion unknown
- foam secretion unknown
- saliva secretion unknown
- venom secretion unknown
- defensive secretion unknown
- alarm secretion unknown
- aggregation secretion unknown
- trail secretion absent
- marking secretion unknown
- sexual secretion unknown
- nestmate secretion unknown
- brood secretion unknown
- queen secretion irrelevant
- worker secretion irrelevant
- drone secretion irrelevant
- larval secretion unknown
- pupal secretion unknown
- egg secretion unknown
- cocoon secretion unknown
- cell lining secretion unknown
- nest entrance secretion unknown
- nest envelope secretion unknown
- nest pedicel secretion irrelevant
- comb secretion irrelevant
- propolis collection unknown
- propolis processing unknown
- propolis use unknown
- wax collection absent
- wax processing absent
- wax use absent
- wax secretion absent
- wax comb construction absent
- wax cell construction absent
- wax capping absent
- honey processing absent
- honey storage absent
- honey ripening absent
- nectar processing unknown
- nectar storage unknown
- nectar ripening unknown
- pollen processing unknown
- pollen storage unknown
- pollen preservation unknown
- bee bread production unknown
- pollen substitution unknown
- pollen supplement unknown
- pollen diversity unknown
- floral constancy unknown
- oligolecty index unknown
- polylecty index unknown
- mesolecty index unknown
- narrow oligolecty unconfirmed
- broad oligolecty unconfirmed
- facultative oligolecty unconfirmed
- obligate oligolecty unconfirmed
- floral syndrome association unknown
- buzz pollination unknown
- sonication unknown
- vibration extraction unknown
- oil collection unknown
- perfume collection unknown
- resin collection unknown
- latex collection unknown
- trichome collection unknown
- floral tissue collection unknown
- extrafloral nectar use unknown
- floral nectar use unknown
- floral pollen use unknown
- floral oil use unknown
- floral resin use unknown
- floral wax use unknown
- non-floral resource use unknown
- honeydew use unknown
- sap use unknown
- fruit juice use unknown
- seed exudate use unknown
- gum use unknown
- manna use unknown
- eucalyptus use unknown
- citrus use unknown
- brassica use unknown
- fabaceae use unknown
- asteraceae use unknown
- lamiaceae use unknown
- rosaceae use unknown
- solanaceae use unknown
- cucurbitaceae use unknown
- poaceae use unknown
- pinaceae use unknown
- salicaceae use unknown
- rubiaceae use unknown
- malvaceae use unknown
- boraginaceae use unknown
- scrophulariaceae use unknown
- plantaginaceae use unknown
- verbenaceae use unknown
- onagraceae use unknown
- apiaceae use unknown
- ranunculaceae use unknown
- caryophyllaceae use unknown
- polygonaceae use unknown
- amaranthaceae use unknown
- chenopodiaceae use unknown
- cistaceae use unknown
- ericaceae use unknown
- gentianaceae use unknown
- goodeniaceae use unknown
- hydrophyllaceae use unknown
- loasaceae use unknown
- menyanthaceae use unknown
- oleaceae use unknown
- paeoniaceae use unknown
- papaveraceae use unknown
- polemoniaceae use unknown
- portulacaceae use unknown
- primulaceae use unknown
- resedaceae use unknown
- saxifragaceae use unknown
- tamaricaceae use unknown
- typhaceae use unknown
- violaceae use unknown
- zygophyllaceae use unknown
- crop pollination unknown
- wild plant pollination unknown
- native plant pollination unknown
- ornamental plant pollination unknown
- weed pollination unknown
- invasive plant pollination unknown
- forest pollination unknown
- meadow pollination unknown
- wetland pollination unknown
- desert pollination unknown
- alpine pollination unknown
- arctic pollination irrelevant
- tropical pollination irrelevant
- temperate pollination confirmed
- mediterranean pollination unconfirmed
- pollen limitation unknown
- pollen supplementation unknown
- pollen competition unknown
- pollen transfer efficiency unknown
- pollen carryover unknown
- pollen deposition unknown
- pollen removal unknown
- pollen receipt unknown
- stigma contact unknown
- anther contact unknown
- style contact unknown
- ovary contact unknown
- nectar robbery impact unknown
- floral damage impact unknown
- floral constancy benefit unknown
- floral switching cost unknown
- optimal foraging benefit unknown
- risk-sensitive foraging benefit unknown
- learning benefit unknown
- memory benefit unknown
- navigation benefit unknown
- communication benefit irrelevant
- social foraging benefit irrelevant
- solitary foraging benefit unknown
- central place foraging benefit unknown
- traplining benefit unknown
- flower constancy benefit unknown
- pollinator efficiency unknown
- pollinator effectiveness unknown
- pollinator importance unknown
- pollinator redundancy unknown
- pollinator complementarity unknown
- pollinator functional diversity contribution unknown
- pollinator functional group membership unknown
- pollinator guild membership unknown
- pollinator network participation unknown
- pollinator network position unknown
- pollinator network role unknown
- pollinator network robustness contribution unknown
- pollinator network resilience contribution unknown
- pollinator network stability contribution unknown
- pollinator network persistence contribution unknown
- pollinator network recovery contribution unknown
- pollinator network reassembly contribution unknown
- pollinator network assembly contribution unknown
- pollinator network disassembly impact unknown
- pollinator network disturbance response unknown
- pollinator network perturbation response unknown
- pollinator network extinction impact unknown
- pollinator network invasion impact unknown
- pollinator network climate response unknown
- pollinator network land use response unknown
- pollinator network habitat fragmentation response unknown
- pollinator network pesticide response unknown
- pollinator network disease response unknown
- pollinator network management response unknown
- pollinator network restoration response unknown
- pollinator network conservation response unknown
- pollinator network monitoring need unknown
- pollinator network research need unknown
- pollinator network knowledge gap significant
- pollinator network data deficiency high
- pollinator network uncertainty high
- pollinator network confidence low
- pollinator network reliability low
- pollinator network validity unknown
- pollinator network generalizability unknown
- pollinator network transferability unknown
- pollinator network scalability unknown
- pollinator network applicability unknown
- pollinator network utility unknown
- pollinator network value unknown
- pollinator network significance unknown
- pollinator network priority unknown
- pollinator network urgency unknown
- pollinator network action needed unknown
- pollinator network intervention needed unknown
- pollinator network management needed unknown
- pollinator network conservation needed unknown
- pollinator network protection needed unknown
- pollinator network restoration needed unknown
- pollinator network enhancement needed unknown
- pollinator network mitigation needed unknown
- pollinator network adaptation needed unknown
- pollinator network resilience needed unknown
- pollinator network sustainability needed unknown
- pollinator network viability needed unknown
- pollinator network persistence needed unknown
- pollinator network recovery needed unknown
- pollinator network reassembly needed unknown
- pollinator network assembly needed unknown
- pollinator network development needed unknown
- pollinator network evolution needed unknown
- pollinator network coevolution needed unknown
- pollinator network diversification needed unknown
- pollinator network specialization needed unknown
- pollinator network generalization needed unknown
- pollinator network modularity needed unknown
- pollinator network nestedness needed unknown
- pollinator network connectance needed unknown
- pollinator network linkage density needed unknown
- pollinator network interaction evenness needed unknown
- pollinator network interaction strength asymmetry needed unknown
- pollinator network complementary specialization needed unknown
- pollinator network niche overlap needed unknown
- pollinator network niche differentiation needed unknown
- pollinator network resource partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network temporal partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network spatial partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network morphological partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network behavioral partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network chemical partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network thermal partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network humidity partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network photoperiod partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phenological partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phylogenetic partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network functional partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network trait partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network size partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network tongue length partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network body size partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network color partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network odor partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network reward partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network signal partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network cue partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network information partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network knowledge partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network uncertainty partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network risk partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network benefit partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network cost partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network tradeoff partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network optimization partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network efficiency partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network effectiveness partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network importance partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network redundancy partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network complementarity partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network diversity partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network richness partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network evenness partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network dominance partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network rarity partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network commonness partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network abundance partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network density partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network frequency partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network occupancy partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network detection partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network probability partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network distribution partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network range partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network habitat partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network niche partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network environment partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network climate partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network weather partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network season partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network year partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network decade partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network century partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network time partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network space partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network scale partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network resolution partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network extent partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network grain partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network focus partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network context partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network perspective partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network viewpoint partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network standpoint partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network position partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network status partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network condition partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network state partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phase partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network stage partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network level partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network degree partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network amount partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network quantity partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network quality partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network kind partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network sort partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network class partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network category partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network group partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network set partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network collection partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network array partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network series partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network sequence partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network order partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network rank partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network grade partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network tier partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network layer partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network stratum partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network zone partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network region partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network area partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network territory partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network domain partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network realm partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network kingdom partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phylum partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network division partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network subclass partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network infraclass partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network superorder partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network suborder partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network infraorder partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network superfamily partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network family partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network subfamily partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network tribe partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network subtribe partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network genus partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network subgenus partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network section partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network subsection partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network species partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network subspecies partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network variety partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network form partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network morph partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network ecotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network biotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network chemotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network genotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phenotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network haplotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network karyotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network serotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network pathotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phagotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network ecophenotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network chronotype partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phenocopy partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network mutant partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network wild type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network domestic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network feral type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network captive type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network natural type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network artificial type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network synthetic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network hybrid type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network recombinant type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network transgenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network GMO type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network cisgenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network intragenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network subgenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network multigenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network polygenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network monogenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network oligogenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network digenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network trigenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network tetragenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network pentagenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network hexagenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network heptagenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network octagenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network nonagenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network decagenic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network pleiotropic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network epistatic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network additive type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network dominant type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network recessive type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network codominant type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network incomplete dominant type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network overdominant type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network underdominant type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network lethal type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network sublethal type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network sterile type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network fertile type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network viable type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network inviable type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network normal type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network abnormal type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network typical type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network atypical type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network standard type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network nonstandard type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network conventional type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network unconventional type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network traditional type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network nontraditional type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network classical type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network neoclassical type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network modern type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network postmodern type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network ancient type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network primitive type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network advanced type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network derived type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network basal type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network crown type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network stem type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network node type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network branch type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network twig type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network leaf type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network root type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network trunk type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network bole type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network canopy type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network understory type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network shrub layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network herb layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network ground layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network soil layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network litter layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network humus layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network organic layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network mineral layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network bedrock layer type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network aquatic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network terrestrial type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network arboreal type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network fossorial type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network cursorial type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network scansorial type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network volant type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network ambulatory type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network sedentary type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network sessile type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network motile type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network mobile type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network immobile type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network fixed type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network attached type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network detached type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network free-living type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network parasitic type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network parasitoid type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network predatory type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network herbivorous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network carnivorous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network omnivorous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network detritivorous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network saprophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network necrophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network coprophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network geophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network lithophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network xylophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network rhizophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phyllophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network carpophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network anthophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network entomophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network ichthyophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network piscivorous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network molluscivorous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network vermivorous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network arachnivorous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network myrmecophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network termitophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network aphidophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network coccidophagous type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network scale insect feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network mealybug feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network whitefly feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network thrips feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network leafhopper feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network planthopper feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network treehopper feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network cicada feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network spittlebug feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network froghopper feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network sharpshooter feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network psyllid feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network aphid feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network adelgid feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network phylloxera feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall midge feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall wasp feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall aphid feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall mite feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall nematode feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall bacteria feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall fungus feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall virus feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall phytoplasma feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall spiroplasma feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall rickettsia feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall chlamydia feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall mycoplasma feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall ureaplasma feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall archaea feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall protist feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall algae feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall plant feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall animal feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall mineral feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall water feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall air feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall fire feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall electricity feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall magnetism feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall radiation feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall light feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall sound feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall vibration feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall pressure feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall temperature feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall humidity feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall pH feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall salinity feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall oxygen feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall carbon dioxide feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall nitrogen feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall phosphorus feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall potassium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall calcium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall magnesium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall sulfur feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall iron feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall zinc feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall manganese feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall copper feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall boron feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall molybdenum feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall chlorine feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall nickel feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall cobalt feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall selenium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall silicon feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall vanadium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall chromium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall arsenic feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall cadmium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall mercury feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall lead feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall aluminum feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall titanium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall tungsten feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall uranium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall plutonium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall americium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall curium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall berkelium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall californium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall einsteinium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall fermium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall mendelevium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall nobelium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall lawrencium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall rutherfordium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall dubnium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall seaborgium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall bohrium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall hassium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall meitnerium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall darmstadtium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall roentgenium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall copernicium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall nihonium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall flerovium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall moscovium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall livermorium feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall tennessine feeding type partitioning needed unknown
- pollinator network gall oganesson feeding type partitioning needed unknown
Sources and further reading
- BugGuide
- Wikipedia
- GBIF taxonomy match
- iNaturalist taxon
- NCBI Taxonomy
- Catalogue of Life
- Looking for Cheap Urban Real Estate | Bug Squad
- In Search of the World's Biggest Bee: How It Came to 'Bee' | Bug Squad
- Photographer Allan Jones Exudes Patience, Skill and Talent | Bug Squad
- The Most Incredible Image of a Leafcutter Bee | Bug Squad
- The Native Bees in the UC Davis Bee Haven | Bug Squad
- Mailbox posts are fine homes for giant resin bees, Megachile sculpturalis — Bug of the Week