Blog WotD About Glossary

Main Menu

Continental-distribution

Guides

Cyphomyrmex
fungus-growing ants
Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.
fungus-growing-ants attine-ants Myrmicinae Neotropical mutualism fungiculture Leucocoprineae monogyny parasitoid-wasps social-parasitism chemical-ecology alkaloid-venom nest-architecture behavioral-plasticity cytogenetics chromosome-evolution Guiana-Shield Brazil Panama Puerto-Rico Mesoamerica Argentina United-States Texas California Florida yeast-gardens mycelial-gardens rimosus-complex strigatus-complex age-polyethism trophallaxis thanatosis feigning-death Diapriidae Acanthopria Mimopriella Megalomyrmex social-parasite C.-longiscapus C.-transversus C.-laevigatus C.-rimosus C.-minutus C.-lectus C.-cornutus C.-costatus pheromones 3-octanol farnesenes trail-following alarm-signal diketopiperazines antifungal-compounds defensive-behavior colony-defense flight-response recruitment Lanchester's-laws karyotype chromosome-number rDNA microsatellites FISH chamber-depth gallery-length fire-disturbance savanna-forest-transition arboreal-nesting clay-auricles soil-nests wood-nests epiphytic-nests moss-nests coconut-nests desiccation-susceptibility moist-habitats basal-attine phylogenetics sister-group chemical-evolution venom-alkaloids behavioral-manipulation host-parasite-interaction ecosystem-engineering nutrient-cycling decomposition organic-matter insect-feces exoskeleton-substrate garden-transplantation worker-polymorphism queen-number dealate-queens alates brood-care ecdysis-assistance foraging sugar-collection plant-exudates fungal-domestication nodule-cultivation mycelium-cultivation agricultural-behavior nest-entrance funnel-structure exposed-gardens symbiont-diversity geographic-variation research-model evolutionary-biology mutualism-evolution ant-fungus-coevolution chemical-communication social-insects eusociality colony-size small-colonies slow-movement crypsis debris-mimicry predation-avoidance parasitoid-defense wasp-killing colony-abandonment resource-rescue thief-ant-defense venom-resistance toxicity-tolerance behavioral-suppression playing-dead alkaloid-manipulation fungal-secondary-metabolites antibacterial-compounds antiviral-compounds garden-protection microbial-defense nest-microclimate temperature-regulation humidity-requirements depth-effects fire-adaptation disturbance-ecology habitat-specificity substrate-specialization clay-construction soil-manipulation architectural-plasticity vertical-nesting embankment-nesting overhang-nesting pendant-nests swallow-nest-mimicry research-accessibility field-biology tropical-ecology Neotropical-myrmecology biodiversity conservation invasive-species-context native-species biological-control Integrated-Pest-Management agricultural-ecology forest-ecology savanna-ecology transitional-habitats disturbed-areas urban-ecology anthropogenic-impact climate-sensitivity habitat-limitation range-boundaries dispersal colonization establishment population-dynamics demography colony-density nest-spacing intraspecific-competition interspecific-competition territoriality resource-defense combat-behavior aggression-levels recruitment-behavior chemical-signaling alarm-pheromones trail-pheromones recognition-cues cuticular-hydrocarbons venom-composition defensive-secretions mandibular-glands Dufour's-gland metapleural-glands antibiotic-production grooming-behavior fungal-inoculation integumental-fungi yeast-growth larval-grooming garden-maintenance substrate-preparation fecal-fertilizer anal-trophallaxis crop-regurgitation fluid-application drying-behavior nodule-formation transplantation-behavior garden-establishment ceiling-gardens root-association architectural-innovation nest-site-selection microhabitat-choice moisture-requirements thermal-buffering predator-avoidance parasite-avoidance disease-resistance social-immunity collective-behavior division-of-labor task-allocation temporal-polyethism worker-age nurse-workers forager-workers soldier-caste-absence monomorphism worker-size-variation queen-worker-differentiation reproductive-caste gyne-production male-production seasonal-reproduction colony-founding claustral-founding non-claustral-founding fungal-inoculum founding-queen first-worker-generation nutritional-dependency fat-reserves metabolic-adaptation digestive-physiology enzyme-complement fungal-enzyme lignocellulose-degradation nutritional-mutualism obligate-mutualism vertical-transmission horizontal-transmission symbiont-switching cultivar-replacement garden-failure colony-mortality population-turnover generation-time longevity survivorship life-expectancy aging senescence reproductive-investment colony-growth colony-decline budding fission reproduction-mode genetic-structure relatedness mating-system nuptial-flight mate-choice sperm-storage colony-odor nestmate-recognition foreign-rejection agonistic-behavior territorial-marking boundary-defense raiding-behavior robbing-behavior cleptobiosis dulosis slavery inquilinism guest-ants myrmecophiles nest-associates commensalism inquilines parasite-tolerance host-manipulation venom-alkaloid pyrrolidine indolizidine piperidine nonanal farnesene sesquiterpene agriculture-chemical gaster-extract chemical-diversity chemical-simplicity evolutionary-precursor derived-chemistry biosynthetic-pathway semiochemical infochemical communication information-transfer colony-organization social-structure polygyny queen-condition dealation wing-shedding ovarian-development fecundity egg-laying brood-development developmental-rate temperature-dependence humidity-dependence food-availability nutritional-quality fungal-productivity garden-yield worker-production colony-efficiency energy-allocation resource-allocation foraging-efficiency search-behavior prey-detection food-retrieval transport-behavior load-size travel-speed path-integration orientation navigation homing-behavior learning memory experience individual-recognition context-dependent-behavior threat-assessment risk-management predator-inspection alarm-propagation recruitment-activation mobilization colony-response emergency-behavior panic-response controlled-response defensive-strategy offensive-strategy escalation de-escalation conflict-resolution fight-avoidance retreat-behavior surrender-signal dominance-hierarchy reproductive-skew worker-policing queen-policing egg-eating oviposition-suppression reproductive-conflict kin-conflict worker-reproduction male-production-by-workers anarchy social-parasitism-detection parasite-recognition enemy-recognition nest-intrusion nest-defense perimeter-defense chamber-defense brood-defense queen-defense self-sacrifice suicidal-defense autothysis sting-use mandible-use spraying-behavior gaster-flexion chemical-defense mechanical-defense armor cuticle-thickness pigmentation masquerade mimicry Batesian-mimicry Muellerian-mimicry aggressive-mimicry Wasmannian-mimicry myrmecophily myrmecophagy ant-plant-mutualism trophobiosis extrafloral-nectary domatia plant-ant-interaction herbivore-defense seed-dispersal pollination ecosystem-service functional-role trophic-position detritivore decomposer saprotroph necrotroph fungivore omnivore predator scavenger trophic-level energy-flow carbon-cycling nitrogen-cycling phosphorus-cycling soil-formation bioturbation aeration water-infiltration microbial-community bacteria actinomycetes Pseudonocardia disease-suppression garden-hygiene weeding-behavior pruning-behavior fungal-grooming antibiotic-application mutualist-protection agricultural-disease crop-pathology escovopsis garden-parasite competitor-fungus pathogen-defense immune-response individual-immunity grooming allogrooming self-grooming nest-cleaning refuse-management fecal-management waste-disposal midden-formation territory-size home-range foraging-range recruitment-range exploration exploitation information-use public-information private-information cue-use signal-use communication-network interaction-network social-network colony-network population-network community-ecology species-interaction apparent-competition exploitative-competition interference-competition resource-partitioning niche-differentiation habitat-filtering environmental-gradient altitudinal-distribution latitudinal-distribution continental-distribution island-distribution endemism biogeography phylogeography historical-biogeography vicariance range-expansion range-contraction refugia glacial-cycles climate-change-impact habitat-fragmentation deforestation land-use-change agricultural-intensification urbanization pollution pesticide-exposure heavy-metal-accumulation conservation-status population-viability extinction-risk protected-area reserve-design habitat-corridor connectivity metapopulation source-sink-dynamics rescue-effect mass-effect ecological-theory behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology trait-based-ecology comparative-analysis phylogenetic-comparative-methods character-evolution ancestral-state-reconstruction convergent-evolution parallel-evolution adaptive-radiation species-diversification speciation hybridization introgression gene-flow genetic-differentiation population-structure molecular-ecology genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics volatile-organic-compound cuticular-hydrocarbon glandular-secretion sting-apparatus mandible-morphology head-morphology mesosomal-morphology petiolar-morphology gastral-morphology leg-morphology antennal-morphology sensilla chemoreception mechanoreception thermoreception photoreception vision compound-eye ocelli brain-morphology neuroanatomy learning-capacity memory-capacity cognitive-ability problem-solving tool-use sequence-learning route-learning spatial-memory temporal-memory social-learning cultural-transmission tradition colony-personality behavioral-syndrome boldness exploration-tendency activity-level aggression-level foraging-tendency defensive-tendency stress-response physiological-stress thermal-stress desiccation-stress starvation-stress immune-challenge wound-healing metabolic-rate respiration energy-expenditure water-balance osmoregulation excretion Malpighian-tubules rectum hindgut midgut foregut crop proventriculus digestive-enzyme nutrient-absorption lipid-metabolism carbohydrate-metabolism protein-metabolism amino-acid-metabolism nitrogen-excretion uric-acid urea ammonia osmolyte cryoprotectant heat-shock-protein stress-protein antioxidant-defense oxidative-stress reactive-oxygen-species aging-biology senescence-theory disposable-soma antagonistic-pleiotropy mutation-accumulation life-history-theory r-K-selection bet-hedging iteroparity semelparity reproductive-effort parental-investment maternal-effect paternal-effect epigenetics DNA-methylation histone-modification non-coding-RNA gene-regulation transcription-factor signaling-pathway hormone juvenile-hormone ecdysone insulin-signaling TOR-signaling nutrient-sensing reproductive-signaling caste-determination sex-determination environmental-sex-determination genetic-sex-determination haplodiploidy arrhenotoky thelytoky parthenogenesis arrhenotokous-parthenogenesis automixis apomixis central-fusion terminal-fusion genomic-imprinting parental-conflict kin-selection inclusive-fitness Hamilton's-rule relatedness-asymmetry sex-ratio-theory local-mate-competition local-resource-competition local-resource-enhancement split-sex-ratio worker-sex-ratio queen-sex-ratio colony-sex-ratio population-sex-ratio operational-sex-ratio effective-population-size genetic-drift inbreeding inbreeding-depression outbreeding outbreeding-depression heterosis hybrid-vigor genetic-load mutation-rate effective-number-of-codons codon-usage-bias GC-content genome-size karyotype-evolution chromosomal-rearrangement fusion inversion translocation polyploidy aneuploidy chromosomal-polymorphism rDNA-cluster heterochromatin euchromatin centromere telomere nucleolus-organizer-region satellite-DNA minisatellite microsatellite simple-sequence-repeat transposable-element retrotransposon DNA-transposon horizontal-gene-transfer endosymbiont Wolbachia Cardinium Rickettsia Spiroplasma bacterial-symbiont fungal-symbiont viral-symbiont parasite pathogen disease epidemiology transmission-dynamics virulence resistance tolerance recovery immunity vaccination prophylaxis medicinal-behavior self-medication thermoregulation behavioral-thermoregulation social-thermoregulation microclimate-selection nest-temperature brood-temperature fungal-garden-temperature metabolic-heat heat-dissipation evaporative-cooling behavioral-cooling fanning ventilation chamber-design gallery-design entrance-design air-flow humidity-regulation water-collection water-storage desiccation-resistance cuticular-waterproofing spiracle-control respiratory-water-loss excretory-water-loss water-recycling metabolic-water dietary-water environmental-water rainfall-dependence seasonal-activity dry-season wet-season monsoon drought flood fire disturbance succession primary-succession secondary-succession climax-community pioneer-species habitat-specialist habitat-generalist edge-species interior-species gap-species canopy-species understory-species ground-species subterranean-species arboreal-species liana-species epiphyte-species lithophyte-species rheophyte-species aquatic-margin-species terrestrial-species fossorial-species cursorial-species scansorial-species volant-species winged-reproductive dealate ergatoid brachypterous apterous polymorphism caste-polymorphism queen-polymorphism male-polymorphism size-polymorphism allometry isometry shape-variation morphological-integration modularity evolvability constraints developmental-stability fluctuating-asymmetry directional-asymmetry antisymmetry phenotypic-plasticity reaction-norm genotype-environment-interaction grandparental-effect indirect-genetic-effect social-environment-effect colony-effect density-dependence frequency-dependence negative-frequency-dependence positive-frequency-dependence apostatic-selection anti-apostatic-selection search-image predator-learning prey-learning friend-recognition cuticular-hydrocarbon-profile gestalt-odor colony-specific-odor individual-specific-odor task-specific-odor age-specific-odor reproductive-odor queen-odor queen-pheromone primer-pheromone releaser-pheromone signal-pheromone modulatory-pheromone alarm-pheromone trail-pheromone recruitment-pheromone aggregation-pheromone sex-pheromone marking-pheromone territorial-pheromone defensive-pheromone poison-gland Dufour-gland mandibular-gland postpharyngeal-gland metapleural-gland sternal-gland tarsal-gland anal-gland rectal-gland pygidial-gland mandibular-brush tibial-spur stridulatory-organ subgenual-organ Johnston's-organ tympanal-organ hair-sensillum campaniform-sensillum basiconic-sensillum coeloconic-sensillum placoid-sensillum sensilla-trichodea sensilla-basiconica sensilla-coeloconica sensilla-ampullacea sensilla-campaniformia sensilla-placodea olfactory-receptor-neuron gustatory-receptor-neuron mechanoreceptor-neuron thermoreceptor-neuron hygroreceptor-neuron photoreceptor-neuron visual-processing olfactory-processing gustatory-processing mechanosensory-processing central-complex mushroom-body antennal-lobe optic-lobe suboesophageal-ganglion ventral-nerve-cord sympathetic-nervous-system neurosecretion neurohemal-organ corpus-cardiacum corpus-allatum prothoracic-gland ventral-gland pericardial-gland neuroendocrine-regulation hormonal-regulation pheromonal-regulation neural-regulation behavioral-regulation social-regulation environmental-regulation developmental-regulation reproductive-regulation metabolic-regulation homeostatic-regulation allostatic-regulation stress-regulation immune-regulation circadian-rhythm circannual-rhythm photoperiodism thermoperiodism biological-clock zeitgeber entrainment free-running-period phase-response-curve masking-effect arousal-threshold sleep torpor diapause quiescence dormancy aestivation hibernation cold-hardiness heat-hardiness desiccation-hardiness anoxia-hardiness starvation-hardiness radiation-hardiness pressure-hardiness gravity-perception magnetic-field-perception electric-field-perception sound-perception vibration-perception substrate-borne-signal air-borne-signal seismic-signal chemical-signal visual-signal tactile-signal auditory-signal multimodal-signal composite-signal redundant-signal amplifying-signal attenuating-signal honest-signal deceptive-signal costly-signal cheap-signal conventional-signal index-signal handicap-signal amplifier social-selection sexual-selection sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice male-male-competition female-female-competition parent-offspring-conflict sibling-conflict worker-queen-conflict worker-worker-conflict sexual-conflict antagonistic-coevolution arms-race evolutionary-dynamics community-dynamics ecosystem-dynamics biogeochemical-cycle carbon-cycle nitrogen-cycle phosphorus-cycle sulfur-cycle water-cycle trophic-transfer production-efficiency consumption-efficiency assimilation-efficiency ecological-efficiency Lindeman-efficiency 10%-rule food-chain food-web trophic-cascade top-down-control bottom-up-control wasps-control donor-control recipient-control interaction-strength interaction-web ecological-network network-topology network-metrics degree-distribution connectance nestedness compartmentalization robustness fragility resilience recovery-time return-time elasticity perturbation pulse-disturbance press-disturbance chronic-disturbance acute-disturbance catastrophic-disturbance natural-disturbance anthropogenic-disturbance habitat-destruction habitat-degradation habitat-modification habitat-loss habitat-isolation edge-effect matrix-effect permeability corridor-effect stepping-stone source-population sink-population metapopulation-dynamics extinction-debt colonization-credit relaxation-effect time-lag historical-legacy priority-effect founder-effect bottleneck-effect selection natural-selection artificial-selection directional-selection stabilizing-selection disruptive-selection balancing-selection frequency-dependent-selection density-dependent-selection r-selection K-selection c-selection s-selection a-selection bet-hedging-selection fluctuating-selection correlational-selection multivariate-selection indirect-selection correlated-response genetic-correlation phenotypic-correlation environmental-correlation correlation-matrix variance-covariance-matrix G-matrix P-matrix E-matrix M-matrix quantitative-genetics heritability narrow-sense-heritability broad-sense-heritability genetic-variance additive-genetic-variance dominance-variance epistatic-variance environmental-variance phenotypic-variance genotype-environment-interaction-variance maternal-variance paternal-variance common-environment-variance special-environment-variance measurement-error-variance response-to-selection realized-heritability predicted-response breeder's-equation selection-gradient selection-differential Lande-equation multivariate-breeder's-equation genetic-constraint evolutionary-constraint developmental-constraint functional-constraint phylogenetic-constraint historical-constraint trade-off allocation-trade-off acquisition-trade-off conversion-trade-off maintenance-trade-off reproduction-survival-trade-off growth-reproduction-trade-off immune-reproduction-trade-off stress-reproduction-trade-off foraging-predation-trade-off competition-colonization-trade-off tolerance-resistance-trade-off plasticity-canalization-trade-off generalist-specialist-trade-off speed-accuracy-trade-off exploration-exploitation-trade-off individual-colony-trade-off within-colony-trade-off between-colony-trade-off life-history-trade-off demographic-trade-off ecological-trade-off evolutionary-trade-off optimization maximization minimization satisficing marginal-value-theorem optimal-foraging-theory optimal-diet-theory central-place-foraging patch-use-theory giving-up-density giving-up-time predation-risk energetic-cost opportunity-cost handling-time search-time travel-time encounter-rate prey-density prey-profitability prey-choice diet-breadth niche-width niche-overlap niche-partitioning resource-selection habitat-selection settlement-choice nest-site-choice host-choice oviposition-choice foraging-choice path-choice route-choice central-place territory core-area edge-area boundary perimeter area volume shape configuration spatial-pattern temporal-pattern diel-pattern seasonal-pattern annual-pattern multiannual-pattern cyclical-pattern irregular-pattern random-pattern clumped-pattern uniform-pattern regular-pattern aggregated-pattern overdispersed-pattern underdispersed-pattern Poisson-distribution negative-binomial-distribution Taylor's-power-law spatial-autocorrelation temporal-autocorrelation cross-correlation spectral-analysis wavelet-analysis time-series-analysis population-time-series community-time-series ecosystem-time-series long-term-study long-term-monitoring long-term-experiment chronosequence space-for-time-substitution paleoecology paleontology fossil-record trace-fossil coprolite nest-fossil amber-inclusion subfossil quaternary holocene pleistocene neogene paleogene cretaceous mesozoic cenozoic geological-time deep-time evolutionary-time ecological-time generational-time physiological-time perception-time reaction-time decision-time memory-time learning-time developmental-time life-span colony-lifespan queen-lifespan worker-lifespan male-lifespan larval-development-time pupal-development-time egg-development-time incubation-time doubling-time half-life relaxation-time resilience-time resistance-time lag-time lead-time forecast-time prediction-time planning-time management-time conservation-time restoration-time mitigation-time adaptation-time speciation-time diversification-time extinction-time persistence-time transience-time ephemerality permanence stability instability equilibrium non-equilibrium steady-state dynamic-state transient-state asymptotic-state attractor repeller limit-cycle chaos stochasticity determinism predictability unpredictability complexity emergence self-organization pattern-formation spatial-self-organization temporal-self-organization spatiotemporal-self-organization swarm-intelligence collective-decision-making consensus-decision quorum-response wisdom-of-crowds information-cascade cultural-evolution gene-culture-coevolution niche-construction extended-phenotype extended-organism superorganism colony-as-individual colony-as-unit-of-selection group-selection multilevel-selection reciprocal-altruism by-product-mutualism amensalism competition predation herbivory parasitism parasitoidism chemical-mimicry tactile-mimicry visual-mimicry acoustic-mimicry defensive-mimicry Vavilovian-mimicry Bakerian-mimicry Gilbertian-mimicry Poultonian-mimicry Browerian-mimicry auto-mimicry intra-specific-mimicry inter-specific-mimicry molecular-mimicry cellular-mimicry tissue-mimicry organ-mimicry behavioral-mimicry reproductive-mimicry social-mimicry nest-mimicry food-mimicry predator-mimicry prey-mimicry host-mimicry guest-mimicry cleptoparasite cuckoo-parasite inquiline guest myrmecophile termitophile aphidophile coccidophile scale-insect-associate mealybug-associate whitefly-associate planthopper-associate treehopper-associate leafhopper-associate cicada-associate butterfly-associate moth-associate beetle-associate fly-associate wasp-associate bee-associate ant-associate spider-associate mite-associate tick-associate nematode-associate flatworm-associate roundworm-associate annelid-associate mollusk-associate crustacean-associate millipede-associate centipede-associate insect-associate vertebrate-associate bird-associate mammal-associate reptile-associate amphibian-associate fish-associate plant-associate fungus-associate bacteria-associate virus-associate archaea-associate protist-associate algae-associate lichen-associate bryophyte-associate pteridophyte-associate gymnosperm-associate angiosperm-associate monocot-associate dicot-associate herb-associate shrub-associate tree-associate vine-associate epiphyte-associate lithophyte-associate rheophyte-associate hydrophyte-associate xerophyte-associate mesophyte-associate hygrophyte-associate sciophyte-associate heliophyte-associate pioneer-plant-associate climax-plant-associate disturbance-plant-associate successional-plant-associate ant-plant-protection-mutualism ant-plant-food-body-mutualism ant-plant-domatia-mutualism ant-plant-extrafloral-nectary-mutualism ant-plant-seed-dispersal-mutualism ant-plant-pollination-mutualism ant-plant-agriculture-mutualism ant-fungus-mutualism ant-bacteria-mutualism ant-virus-mutualism ant-nematode-mutualism ant-mite-mutualism ant-tick-mutualism ant-spider-mutualism ant-wasp-mutualism ant-fly-mutualism ant-beetle-mutualism ant-butterfly-mutualism ant-moth-mutualism ant-bird-mutualism ant-mammal-mutualism ant-reptile-mutualism ant-amphibian-mutualism ant-fish-mutualism ant-human-mutualism ant-domestic-animal-mutualism ant-pest-mutualism ant-crop-mutualism ant-forest-mutualism ant-savanna-mutualism ant-grassland-mutualism ant-desert-mutualism ant-wetland-mutualism ant-riverine-mutualism ant-riparian-mutualism ant-montane-mutualism ant-lowland-mutualism ant-coastal-mutualism ant-island-mutualism ant-continental-mutualism ant-tropical-mutualism ant-temperate-mutualism ant-subtropical-mutualism ant-boreal-mutualism ant-austral-mutualism ant-paleotropical-mutualism ant-neotropical-mutualism ant-afrotropical-mutualism ant-oriental-mutualism ant-palearctic-mutualism ant-nearctic-mutualism ant-holarctic-mutualism ant-pan-tropical-mutualism ant-cosmopolitan-mutualism ant-endemic-mutualism ant-widespread-mutualism ant-restricted-mutualism ant-rare-mutualism ant-common-mutualism ant-abundant-mutualism ant-scarce-mutualism ant-threatened-mutualism ant-invasive-mutualism ant-native-mutualism ant-exotic-mutualism ant-introduced-mutualism ant-naturalized-mutualism ant-feral-mutualism ant-urban-mutualism ant-rural-mutualism ant-agricultural-mutualism ant-natural-mutualism ant-anthropogenic-mutualism ant-pristine-mutualism ant-degraded-mutualism ant-restored-mutualism ant-conserved-mutualism ant-managed-mutualism ant-sustainable-mutualism ant-unsustainable-mutualism ant-resilient-mutualism ant-fragile-mutualism ant-robust-mutualism ant-vulnerable-mutualism ant-resistant-mutualism ant-susceptible-mutualism ant-tolerant-mutualism ant-intolerant-mutualism ant-flexible-mutualism ant-inflexible-mutualism ant-plastic-mutualism ant-canalized-mutualism ant-adaptive-mutualism ant-maladaptive-mutualism ant-optimal-mutualism ant-suboptimal-mutualism ant-efficient-mutualism ant-inefficient-mutualism ant-productive-mutualism ant-unproductive-mutualism ant-successful-mutualism ant-unsuccessful-mutualism ant-stable-mutualism ant-unstable-mutualism ant-persistent-mutualism ant-transient-mutualism ant-obligate-mutualism ant-facultative-mutualism ant-specific-mutualism ant-generalized-mutualism ant-exclusive-mutualism ant-non-exclusive-mutualism ant-symbiotic-mutualism ant-non-symbiotic-mutualism ant-trophic-mutualism ant-defensive-mutualism ant-dispersive-mutualism ant-pollination-mutualism ant-agriculture-mutualism ant-construction-mutualism ant-nutrient-mutualism ant-protection-mutualism ant-cleaning-mutualism ant-transport-mutualism ant-storage-mutualism ant-processing-mutualism ant-consumption-mutualism ant-production-mutualism ant-exchange-mutualism ant-reciprocity-mutualism ant-by-product-mutualism ant-investment-mutualism ant-harvest-mutualism ant-cultivation-mutualism ant-domestication-mutualism ant-selection-mutualism ant-breeding-mutualism ant-engineering-mutualism ant-modification-mutualism ant-creation-mutualism ant-destruction-mutualism ant-transformation-mutualism ant-conversion-mutualism ant-utilization-mutualism ant-exploitation-mutualism ant-cooperation-mutualism ant-competition-mutualism ant-conflict-mutualism ant-resolution-mutualism ant-negotiation-mutualism ant-communication-mutualism ant-signal-mutualism ant-cue-mutualism ant-information-mutualism ant-knowledge-mutualism ant-learning-mutualism ant-memory-mutualism ant-cognition-mutualism ant-intelligence-mutualism ant-decision-mutualism ant-choice-mutualism ant-preference-mutualism ant-motivation-mutualism ant-emotion-mutualism ant-stress-mutualism ant-welfare-mutualism ant-health-mutualism ant-disease-mutualism ant-immunity-mutualism ant-resistance-mutualism ant-tolerance-mutualism ant-recovery-mutualism ant-healing-mutualism ant-therapy-mutualism ant-medicine-mutualism ant-prevention-mutualism ant-security-mutualism ant-safety-mutualism ant-risk-mutualism ant-hazard-mutualism ant-threat-mutualism ant-danger-mutualism ant-damage-mutualism ant-injury-mutualism ant-death-mutualism ant-mortality-mutualism ant-survival-mutualism ant-longevity-mutualism ant-reproduction-mutualism ant-fertility-mutualism ant-fecundity-mutualism ant-sterility-mutualism ant-virginity-mutualism ant-mating-mutualism ant-copulation-mutualism ant-insemination-mutualism ant-fertilization-mutualism ant-egg-mutualism ant-laying-mutualism ant-incubation-mutualism ant-hatching-mutualism ant-emergence-mutualism ant-eclosion-mutualism ant-molting-mutualism ant-ecdysis-mutualism ant-metamorphosis-mutualism ant-development-mutualism ant-growth-mutualism ant-differentiation-mutualism ant-maturation-mutualism ant-aging-mutualism ant-senescence-mutualism ant-decomposition-mutualism ant-recycling-mutualism ant-energy-mutualism ant-carbon-mutualism ant-nitrogen-mutualism ant-phosphorus-mutualism ant-sulfur-mutualism ant-water-mutualism ant-oxygen-mutualism ant-hydrogen-mutualism ant-mineral-mutualism ant-vitamin-mutualism ant-hormone-mutualism ant-enzyme-mutualism ant-protein-mutualism ant-lipid-mutualism ant-carbohydrate-mutualism ant-nucleic-acid-mutualism ant-DNA-mutualism ant-RNA-mutualism ant-gene-mutualism ant-genome-mutualism ant-chromosome-mutualism ant-cell-mutualism ant-tissue-mutualism ant-organ-mutualism ant-system-mutualism ant-organism-mutualism ant-individual-mutualism ant-colony-mutualism ant-population-mutualism ant-species-mutualism ant-genus-mutualism ant-family-mutualism ant-order-mutualism ant-class-mutualism ant-phylum-mutualism ant-kingdom-mutualism ant-domain-mutualism ant-life-mutualism ant-earth-mutualism ant-universe-mutualism
Leptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
Coreidae leaf-footed-bug agricultural-pest invasive-species symbiosis sexual-dimorphism conifer-pest nuisance-pest Burkholderia tachinid-parasitoid pheromone-communication building-invader misidentification Triatoma-look-alike gradual-metamorphosis seed-predator forest-pest ornamental-pest plumbing-damage public-health-confusion Chile Europe North-America South-America Asia Turkey almond-pest citrus-pest tomato-pest corn-pest overwintering-aggregation defensive-secretion pheromone-mediated-parasitism egg-parasitoid biological-control ecological-niche-modeling climate-suitability range-expansion introduction accidental-dispersal seed-orchard-pest germination-reduction empty-seed-formation cone-damage lodgepole-pine Douglas-fir western-conifer-seed-bug L.-occidentalis L.-zonatus L.-phyllopus L.-clypealis L.-australis L.-chilensis L.-oppositus male-combat femoral-weapon abdominal-gland pheromone-gland tibial-dilation leaf-like-hind-leg true-bug Hemiptera Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha Anisoscelini phytophagous plant-feeding stylet-feeding salivary-sheath overwintering diapause building-entry structural-pest nuisance-odor flight-sound droning-flight aggregation-behavior male-pheromone female-choice parasitoid-host biological-control-agent integrated-pest-management monitoring early-detection prevention invasion-biology alien-species non-native-pest global-spread climate-change niche-modeling suitable-habitat establishment-risk quarantine phytosanitary forest-health seed-production reforestation afforestation conifer-forestry pine-seed seed-viability economic-impact crop-loss yield-reduction kernel-damage fruit-damage nut-damage vector-of-disease Chagas-disease kissing-bug public-alarm misinformation education identification-tools health-system-burden pesticide-overuse urban-ecology domiciliary peridomiciliary Andean-region Patagonia Mediterranean temperate subtropical tropical agroecosystem natural-enemy predator parasite pathogen symbiont gut-microbiome soil-ingestion fitness-benefit reproductive-success sperm-morphology testicular-morphology accessory-gland pheromone-blend species-specific-odor cherry-scent vanilla-scent cinnamon-scent rose-scent olfactory-communication mate-location mate-recognition sexual-selection male-male-competition weapon-morphology allometry developmental-plasticity nymphal-instar egg-barrel egg-arrangement linear-oviposition leaf-surface plant-tissue stylet-penetration enzymatic-digestion fluid-feeding phloem-feeding xylem-feeding seed-feeding cone-feeding fruit-feeding kernel-feeding nut-feeding crop-feeding host-plant-range polyphagy oligophagy specialist generalist pest-status damage-threshold economic-injury-level management-strategy cultural-control physical-control chemical-control resistance tolerance host-plant-resistance monitoring-trap light-trap population-density distribution-map spread-rate colonization establishment population-dynamics life-table developmental-rate thermal-requirements degree-days phenology voltinism univoltine bivoltine multivoltine generation-time overwintering-site hibernaculum shelter-seeking cold-hardiness freeze-tolerance supercooling water-relations desiccation-resistance starvation-resistance dispersal-ability flight-capacity walking-behavior climbing-behavior aggregation-pheromone alarm-pheromone stink-gland metathoracic-gland dorsoabdominal-gland ventral-abdominal-gland sexual-gland morphological-defense chemical-defense mechanical-defense autotomy leg-loss predation-risk parasitism-risk parasitoid-risk pathogen-risk competition intraspecific interspecific resource-competition mating-competition sperm-competition cryptic-female-choice reproductive-isolation speciation phylogeny systematics taxonomy morphology anatomy histology ultrastructure spermatogenesis spermatozoa sperm-length nuclear-length cyst-production follicle-number testis-structure reproductive-anatomy genitalia mating-behavior copulation insemination oviposition egg-production fecundity fertility hatching-success nymphal-survival adult-longevity sex-ratio operational-sex-ratio population-sex-ratio effective-population-size genetic-diversity gene-flow population-structure phylogeography biogeography historical-biogeography vicariance dispersal range-shift range-contraction altitudinal-distribution latitudinal-distribution longitudinal-distribution island-distribution continental-distribution endemism cosmopolitanism introduced-range native-range source-population founder-population invasion-front lag-phase establishment-phase spread-phase equilibrium-phase impact-assessment risk-assessment horizon-scanning early-warning rapid-response eradication containment control management adaptation mitigation restoration conservation biodiversity ecosystem-service ecosystem-function food-web trophic-level primary-consumer herbivore fruit-predator plant-animal-interaction mutualism antagonism predation parasitism commensalism amensalism facilitation indirect-interaction trait-mediated-interaction density-mediated-interaction behavioral-ecology evolutionary-ecology functional-ecology physiological-ecology population-ecology community-ecology ecosystem-ecology landscape-ecology macroecology global-ecology applied-ecology agricultural-ecology forest-ecology conservation-biology invasion-ecology restoration-ecology pest-management conservation-biological-control augmentative-biological-control classical-biological-control parasitoid nematode fungus bacterium virus entomopathogen microbial-control sterile-insect-technique genetic-control mating-disruption attract-and-kill push-pull trap-crop border-crop refuge habitat-management cultural-practice crop-rotation tillage irrigation fertilization pruning harvest-timing sanitation residue-management weed-management cover-crop companion-planting intercropping agroforestry silviculture forest-management seed-orchard-management cone-collection seed-extraction seed-testing germination-testing seed-quality seed-vigor empty-seed insect-damage insect-injury feeding-scar puncture stylet-sheath salivary-flange symptom sign diagnosis sampling economic-threshold decision-support expert-system modeling simulation forecasting climate-model niche-model species-distribution-model habitat-suitability risk-mapping invasion-pathway introduction-vector trade transport tourism migration natural-dispersal human-mediated-dispersal accidental-introduction intentional-introduction release escape cultivation ornamental forestry agriculture horticulture urbanization globalization land-use-change habitat-fragmentation habitat-loss degradation pollution pesticide fertilizer nutrient-enrichment eutrophication acidification warming drought extreme-event disturbance succession recovery resilience stability variability uncertainty sustainable-development green-economy circular-economy bioeconomy ecosystem-approach one-health planetary-health environmental-health public-health veterinary-health plant-health food-security nutrition livelihood poverty inequality gender indigenous-knowledge traditional-knowledge local-knowledge citizen-science stakeholder-engagement policy governance regulation legislation international-cooperation capacity-building awareness communication outreach extension advisory-service research innovation technology-transfer knowledge-exchange networking partnership collaboration evaluation evidence-based-policy science-policy-interface diplomacy advocacy activism social-movement environmental-justice environmental-ethics environmental-philosophy environmental-humanities environmental-history environmental-literature environmental-art environmental-education environmental-communication science-communication risk-communication crisis-communication health-communication behavior-change pro-environmental-behavior sustainable-behavior consumption production waste recycling reuse reduction efficiency renewable clean green blue natural organic agroecology permaculture regenerative restorative healing transformative transdisciplinary interdisciplinary multidisciplinary cross-disciplinary disciplinary disciplinary-integration knowledge-integration system-thinking complexity emergence non-linearity feedback tipping-point regime-shift alternative-stable-state resilience-thinking adaptive-management adaptive-governance learning reflection participation inclusion equity justice fairness ethics values norms culture identity place sense-of-place attachment well-being quality-of-life happiness flourishing thriving sustainability sustainable development growth degrowth post-growth steady-state circular doughnut-economics planetary-boundaries safe-operating-space tipping-elements critical-transition early-warning-signal resilience-indicator sustainability-indicator benchmark target goal commitment pledge agreement treaty convention protocol framework strategy plan program project initiative campaign movement coalition alliance network platform hub center institute organization association society union federation confederation foundation trust fund bank facility mechanism instrument tool method approach technique procedure process system structure institution administration operation service delivery provision supply demand market economy finance investment funding financing resource capital asset liability income expenditure revenue cost benefit profit loss return yield outcome output input throughput productivity effectiveness performance quality standard criterion indicator metric measure assessment appraisal review audit verification validation certification accreditation recognition award prize honor distinction excellence best-practice lesson-learned experience expertise competence capacity capability skill knowledge information data evidence science discovery invention creation design testing piloting scaling mainstreaming uptake adoption diffusion dissemination publication reporting documentation archiving preservation rehabilitation reconstruction replication duplication backup security safety protection safeguarding insurance risk-management emergency-preparedness response relief humanitarian peace prosperity health employment housing infrastructure energy water food fishery aquaculture mining manufacturing industry commerce recreation heritage nature ecosystem environment climate atmosphere ocean freshwater land soil mineral biota flora fauna microorganism fungi plant animal vertebrate invertebrate arthropod insect bug Hemipteran Heteropteran pentatomomorphan coreoid coreid squash-bug boxelder-bug stink-bug shield-bug plant-bug mirid lygaeid seed-bug broad-headed-bug alydid reduviid assassin-bug triatomine bed-bug cimicid water-bug nepomorphan gerromorphan leptopodomorphan enicocephalomorphan dipsocoromorphan ceratocomboid schizopteroid peloridioid coleorrhynchan moss-bug archaeorrhynchan fulgoromorphan cicadomorphan membracoid treehopper leafhopper planthopper psyllid jumping-plant-louse whitefly aleyrodid scale-insect coccoid mealybug aphid adelgid phylloxeran sternorrhynchan thysanopteran thrips psocopteran barklouse booklouse phthirapteran louse sucking-louse chewing-louse mallophagan anopluran dermapteran earwig blattodean cockroach termite isopteran mantodean mantid phasmid stick-insect leaf-insect orthopteran grasshopper locust katydid cricket mole-cricket pygmy-mole-cricket camel-cricket cave-cricket weta ensiferan caeliferan gryllotalpid myrmecophilid tettigoniid gryllid acridid pamphagid pneumorid lentulid tristirid eumastacid proscopiid tridactylid tetrigid grouse-locust pygmy-grasshopper plecopteran stonefly embiopteran webspinner zorapteran angel-insect dictyopteran
Megachile fortis
Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.
Megachilidae solitary-bee leafcutter-bee North-America Cresson-1872 scopal-pollen-carriage underside-abdominal-scopa data-deficient poorly-known-species native-bee pollinator Hymenoptera Megachile bee-taxonomy species-description-19th-century continental-distribution GBIF-records iNaturalist-observations Catalogue-of-Life-accepted NCBI-Taxonomy-bee-group minimal-biological-data conservation-data-gap bee-biodiversity North-American-native-bee solitary-nesting female-reproductive-independence no-caste-system ground-nesting-unconfirmed cavity-nesting-unconfirmed resin-use-unconfirmed leaf-cutting-unconfirmed plant-resin-unconfirmed termite-mound-nesting-unconfirmed human-structure-use-unconfirmed agricultural-association-unconfirmed urban-adaptation-unconfirmed climate-sensitivity-unknown pesticide-sensitivity-unknown habitat-specificity-unknown floral-specialization-unknown polylecty-unconfirmed oligolecty-unconfirmed phenology-unknown voltinism-unknown univoltine-unconfirmed bivoltine-unconfirmed multivoltine-unconfirmed overwintering-stage-unknown prepupal-diapause-unconfirmed adult-diapause-unconfirmed mating-system-unknown male-territoriality-unconfirmed female-nest-defense-unconfirmed brood-parasitism-unconfirmed kleptoparasitism-unconfirmed nest-reuse-unconfirmed communal-nesting-unconfirmed gregarious-nesting-unconfirmed nest-aggregation-unconfirmed soil-texture-preference-unknown slope-preference-unknown aspect-preference-unknown vegetation-association-unknown elevation-range-unknown latitude-range-unknown longitude-range-unknown biogeographic-realm-Nearctic ecoregion-association-unknown biome-association-unknown land-cover-type-unknown disturbance-response-unknown fragmentation-sensitivity-unknown edge-effect-response-unknown corridor-use-unknown matrix-tolerance-unknown population-trend-unknown population-size-unknown population-structure-unknown genetic-diversity-unknown effective-population-size-unknown inbreeding-depression-risk-unknown hybridization-potential-unknown competitive-exclusion-risk-unknown pathogen-spillover-unknown mutualist-disruption-unknown plant-pollination-network-position-unknown ecosystem-service-quantification-unknown economic-value-unknown cultural-value-unknown scientific-value-unknown education-value-unknown ecotourism-potential-unknown citizen-science-engagement-low research-priority-high monitoring-need-high survey-gap-significant taxonomic-stability-accepted nomenclatural-history-minimal type-specimen-location-unknown type-locality-unknown original-description-brief subsequent-redescriptions-none-found phylogenetic-placement-unresolved molecular-data-absent barcode-available-unknown genome-unavailable transcriptome-unavailable proteome-unavailable metabolome-unavailable morphological-diagnosis-minimal diagnostic-characters-unspecified sexual-dimorphism-unknown allometry-unknown color-pattern-unknown size-range-unknown wing-venation-unknown genitalia-description-absent larval-description-absent pupal-description-absent nest-architecture-unknown cell-arrangement-unknown provision-type-unknown pollen-source-unknown nectar-source-unknown resin-source-unknown leaf-source-unknown mud-source-unknown fiber-source-unknown secretion-use-unknown antimicrobial-defense-unknown waterproofing-mechanism-unknown structural-reinforcement-unknown thermal-regulation-unknown humidity-regulation-unknown gas-exchange-unknown waste-management-unknown predator-defense-unknown parasitoid-defense-unknown microbe-association-unknown fungus-association-unknown mite-association-unknown nematode-association-unknown bacteria-association-unknown virus-association-unknown protist-association-unknown plant-mutualism-unknown animal-mutualism-unknown trophic-level-unknown energy-flow-contribution-unknown nutrient-cycling-contribution-unknown seed-dispersal-unknown gene-flow-facilitation-unknown habitat-creation-unknown food-web-position-unknown interaction-strength-unknown network-centrality-unknown functional-redundancy-unknown response-diversity-unknown insurance-effect-unknown portfolio-effect-unknown spatial-insurance-unknown temporal-insurance-unknown evolutionary-history-unknown speciation-mode-unknown diversification-rate-unknown extinction-risk-unevaluated IUCN-status-not-assessed national-status-not-assessed regional-status-not-assessed state-status-not-assessed protected-area-coverage-unknown habitat-protection-adequacy-unknown management-plan-absent recovery-plan-absent action-plan-absent strategy-plan-absent policy-relevance-unknown legislative-protection-unknown international-trade-regulation-unknown ex-situ-conservation-absent captive-breeding-absent artificial-propagation-absent reintroduction-potential-unknown translocation-potential-unknown assisted-migration-potential-unknown de-extinction-irrelevant synthetic-biology-irrelevant genetic-rescue-potential-unknown genetic-management-unknown headstarting-potential-unknown supplemental-feeding-unknown nest-provision-unknown habitat-restoration-potential-unknown habitat-creation-potential-unknown corridor-creation-potential-unknown buffer-zone-management-unknown agroecological-integration-unknown urban-greening-potential-unknown green-infrastructure-potential-unknown nature-based-solution-relevance-unknown climate-adaptation-potential-unknown climate-mitigation-potential-unknown carbon-sequestration-irrelevant albedo-effect-irrelevant biogenic-emission-unknown pollination-service-potential-unknown crop-pollination-value-unknown wild-plant-pollination-value-unknown honey-production-irrelevant wax-production-irrelevant propolis-production-irrelevant royal-jelly-production-irrelevant venom-production-irrelevant pollen-collection-potential-unknown nest-product-collection-irrelevant biomimicry-potential-unknown biomaterial-potential-unknown bioindicator-potential-unknown biosensor-potential-unknown environmental-monitoring-potential-unknown ecotoxicological-testing-potential-unknown pharmaceutical-potential-unknown nutraceutical-potential-unknown cosmeceutical-potential-unknown agrochemical-potential-unknown biocontrol-potential-unknown bioremediation-potential-unknown biofuel-potential-irrelevant education-tool-potential-unknown science-communication-potential-unknown citizen-science-potential-unknown photography-subject-potential-unknown art-inspiration-potential-unknown cultural-symbol-potential-unknown religious-significance-unknown traditional-knowledge-unknown indigenous-knowledge-unknown local-knowledge-unknown ethnobiological-record-absent historical-record-minimal archaeological-record-absent paleontological-record-absent fossil-record-absent subfossil-record-absent coprolite-record-absent amber-inclusion-record-absent trace-fossil-record-absent ichnology-record-absent taphonomy-unknown preservation-potential-unknown collection-density-low museum-specimen-availability-unknown digitization-status-unknown data-mobilization-minimal open-data-availability-limited FAIR-data-compliance-unknown data-quality-unknown data-completeness-low georeference-accuracy-unknown temporal-coverage-unknown taxonomic-identification-confidence-unknown determiner-expertise-unknown collection-method-unknown sampling-effort-unknown sampling-bias-unknown detection-probability-unknown occupancy-modeling-potential-unknown species-distribution-modeling-potential-limited habitat-suitability-modeling-potential-limited niche-modeling-potential-limited range-shift-modeling-potential-limited phenology-modeling-potential-limited population-modeling-potential-limited metapopulation-modeling-potential-limited viability-analysis-potential-limited risk-assessment-potential-limited impact-assessment-potential-limited environmental-impact-assessment-potential-limited strategic-environmental-assessment-potential-unknown cumulative-impact-assessment-potential-unknown life-cycle-assessment-potential-unknown ecosystem-services-assessment-potential-unknown natural-capital-assessment-potential-unknown green-accounting-potential-unknown sustainability-indicator-potential-unknown SDG-relevance-unknown Aichi-target-relevance-unknown CBD-relevance-unknown CMS-relevance-unknown CITES-relevance-unknown Bern-convention-relevance-unknown Bonn-convention-relevance-unknown EU-habitats-directive-relevance-unknown EU-birds-directive-irrelevant US-ESA-relevance-unknown US-MBTA-irrelevant Nagoya-protocol-relevance-unknown ABS-potential-unknown PIC-potential-unknown MAT-potential-unknown benefit-sharing-potential-unknown bioprospecting-potential-unknown synthetic-biology-governance-unknown gene-drive-relevance-irrelevant de-extinction-governance-irrelevant geoengineering-relevance-irrelevant solar-radiation-management-irrelevant carbon-capture-irrelevant direct-air-capture-irrelevant ocean-fertilization-irrelevant enhanced-weathering-irrelevant afforestation-potential-unknown reforestation-potential-unknown forest-restoration-potential-unknown grassland-restoration-potential-unknown wetland-restoration-potential-unknown riparian-restoration-potential-unknown coastal-restoration-potential-unknown marine-restoration-potential-irrelevant freshwater-restoration-potential-unknown soil-restoration-potential-unknown degraded-land-restoration-potential-unknown abandoned-land-restoration-potential-unknown post-mining-restoration-potential-unknown post-industrial-restoration-potential-unknown urban-restoration-potential-unknown peri-urban-restoration-potential-unknown agricultural-restoration-potential-unknown silvicultural-restoration-potential-unknown pastoral-restoration-potential-unknown aquacultural-restoration-potential-irrelevant fisheries-restoration-potential-irrelevant hunting-management-potential-irrelevant wildlife-management-potential-unknown game-management-potential-irrelevant pest-management-potential-unknown invasive-species-management-potential-unknown disease-management-potential-unknown pollinator-management-potential-unknown pollinator-health-relevance-unknown pollinator-decline-relevance-unknown colony-collapse-disorder-irrelevant varroa-mite-resistance-unknown tracheal-mite-resistance-unknown small-hive-beetle-resistance-unknown wax-moth-resistance-unknown ant-resistance-unknown wasp-resistance-unknown bird-predation-unknown mammal-predation-unknown reptile-predation-unknown amphibian-predation-unknown fish-predation-irrelevant spider-predation-unknown insect-predation-unknown parasitoid-pressure-unknown pathogen-pressure-unknown viral-load-unknown bacterial-load-unknown fungal-load-unknown microsporidian-load-unknown neogregarine-load-unknown crithidia-load-unknown nosema-load-unknown ascosphaera-load-unknown paenibacillus-load-unknown melissococcus-load-unknown spiroplasma-load-unknown rickettssia-load-unknown wolbachia-status-unknown arsenophonus-status-unknown spiroplasma-status-unknown microbiome-composition-unknown gut-microbiome-unknown nest-microbiome-unknown body-surface-microbiome-unknown food-store-microbiome-unknown antimicrobial-peptide-production-unknown social-immunity-absent individual-immunity-unknown hygienic-behavior-unknown grooming-behavior-unknown nest-cleaning-behavior-unknown undertaker-behavior-unknown alarm-behavior-unknown defensive-behavior-unknown stinging-behavior-unknown biting-behavior-unknown head-butting-behavior-unknown mandibular-gland-secretion-unknown Dufour-gland-secretion-unknown Nasonov-gland-secretion-irrelevant Koschevnikov-gland-secretion-irrelevant tarsal-gland-secretion-unknown salivary-gland-secretion-unknown hypopharyngeal-gland-secretion-unknown labial-gland-secretion-unknown mandible-use-unknown proboscis-use-unknown leg-use-unknown wing-use-unknown antenna-use-unknown compound-eye-use-unknown ocelli-use-unknown sensory-ecology-unknown vision-unknown olfaction-unknown gustation-unknown mechanoreception-unknown thermoreception-unknown hygroreception-unknown magnetoreception-unknown electroreception-irrelevant learning-capacity-unknown memory-capacity-unknown navigation-capacity-unknown communication-modality-unknown foraging-strategy-unknown flower-constancy-unknown traplining-unknown central-place-foraging-unknown optimal-foraging-unknown risk-sensitive-foraging-unknown time-memory-unknown dance-communication-absent tremble-dance-absent waggle-dance-absent round-dance-absent sickle-dance-absent jerking-dance-absent jostling-dance-absent shaking-signal-absent worker-policing-absent queen-pheromone-irrelevant brood-pheromone-unknown alarm-pheromone-unknown trail-pheromone-absent marking-pheromone-unknown aggregation-pheromone-unknown sex-pheromone-unknown nestmate-recognition-unknown kin-recognition-unknown cuticular-hydrocarbon-profile-unknown nestmate-discrimination-unknown foreigner-discrimination-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown resource-partitioning-unknown temporal-partitioning-unknown spatial-partitioning-unknown dietary-partitioning-unknown morphological-partitioning-unknown behavioral-partitioning-unknown chemical-partitioning-unknown thermal-niche-unknown humidity-niche-unknown photoperiod-response-unknown circadian-rhythm-unknown circannual-rhythm-unknown diapause-induction-unknown diapause-termination-unknown cold-hardiness-unknown heat-tolerance-unknown desiccation-tolerance-unknown hypoxia-tolerance-unknown anoxia-tolerance-unknown starvation-tolerance-unknown dehydration-tolerance-unknown rehydration-capacity-unknown ionoregulation-unknown osmoregulation-unknown acid-base-regulation-unknown respiration-unknown metabolism-unknown energetics-unknown thermoregulation-unknown endothermy-absent ectothermy-confirmed poikilothermy-confirmed heterothermy-unknown torpor-unknown diurnal-activity-pattern-unknown crepuscular-activity-pattern-unknown nocturnal-activity-pattern-unknown matinal-activity-pattern-unknown vespertine-activity-pattern-unknown weather-dependency-unknown temperature-threshold-unknown wind-speed-limit-unknown precipitation-response-unknown cloud-cover-response-unknown humidity-response-unknown barometric-pressure-response-unknown moon-phase-response-irrelevant solar-elevation-response-unknown flight-speed-unknown flight-duration-unknown flight-distance-unknown flight-altitude-unknown wing-loading-unknown wing-beat-frequency-unknown wing-morphology-unknown body-size-unknown body-mass-unknown intertegular-span-unknown head-width-unknown thorax-width-unknown abdomen-width-unknown total-length-unknown forewing-length-unknown hindwing-length-unknown proboscis-length-unknown tongue-length-unknown mandible-length-unknown antenna-length-unknown leg-length-unknown eye-size-unknown ocelli-size-unknown sensilla-density-unknown hair-density-unknown scopal-hair-length-unknown scopal-hair-density-unknown pollen-load-capacity-unknown nectar-load-capacity-unknown resin-load-capacity-unknown leaf-load-capacity-unknown mud-load-capacity-unknown fiber-load-capacity-unknown maximal-load-mass-unknown load-manipulation-unknown maneuverability-unknown acceleration-unknown deceleration-unknown turning-radius-unknown hovering-ability-unknown backward-flight-ability-unknown sideways-flight-ability-unknown landing-precision-unknown takeoff-mechanics-unknown flight-muscle-physiology-unknown thoracic-temperature-unknown shivering-thermogenesis-unknown non-shivering-thermogenesis-unknown passive-warming-unknown behavioral-thermoregulation-unknown microclimate-selection-unknown substrate-use-unknown perching-behavior-unknown roosting-behavior-unknown sleep-behavior-unknown basking-behavior-unknown shade-seeking-unknown water-collection-unknown water-drinking-unknown mineral-collection-unknown salt-collection-unknown mud-puddling-unknown dung-collection-unknown carrion-collection-unknown urine-collection-unknown sweat-collection-unknown tear-collection-unknown blood-collection-irrelevant nectar-robbing-unknown primary-robbing-unknown secondary-robbing-unknown base-working-unknown slit-chewing-unknown corolla-biting-unknown stylet-probing-unknown piercing-sucking-absent chewing-lapping-confirmed sponging-lapping-absent siphoning-absent filter-feeding-absent deposit-feeding-absent suspension-feeding-absent fluid-feeding-confirmed solid-feeding-confirmed mixed-feeding-unknown trophallaxis-absent food-exchange-absent food-storage-unknown food-processing-unknown salivary-amylase-unknown midgut-enzyme-unknown hindgut-fermentation-absent rectal-pad-function-unknown Malpighian-tubule-function-unknown excretion-unknown osmoregulatory-organ-unknown salt-gland-absent rectal-complex-unknown water-conservation-unknown nitrogen-excretion-unknown uric-acid-excretion-unknown urea-excretion-unknown ammonia-excretion-unknown guanine-excretion-unknown xanthine-excretion-unknown hypoxanthine-excretion-unknown allantoin-excretion-unknown allantoic-acid-excretion-unknown creatinine-excretion-unknown creatine-excretion-unknown amino-acid-excretion-unknown peptide-excretion-unknown protein-excretion-unknown carbohydrate-excretion-unknown lipid-excretion-unknown vitamin-excretion-unknown mineral-excretion-unknown hormone-excretion-unknown pheromone-excretion-unknown allomone-excretion-unknown kairomone-excretion-unknown synomone-excretion-unknown antimicrobial-excretion-unknown wax-secretion-unknown silk-secretion-unknown glue-secretion-unknown foam-secretion-unknown saliva-secretion-unknown venom-secretion-unknown defensive-secretion-unknown alarm-secretion-unknown aggregation-secretion-unknown trail-secretion-absent marking-secretion-unknown sexual-secretion-unknown nestmate-secretion-unknown brood-secretion-unknown queen-secretion-irrelevant worker-secretion-irrelevant drone-secretion-irrelevant larval-secretion-unknown pupal-secretion-unknown egg-secretion-unknown cocoon-secretion-unknown cell-lining-secretion-unknown nest-entrance-secretion-unknown nest-envelope-secretion-unknown nest-pedicel-secretion-irrelevant comb-secretion-irrelevant propolis-collection-unknown propolis-processing-unknown propolis-use-unknown wax-collection-absent wax-processing-absent wax-use-absent wax-secretion-absent wax-comb-construction-absent wax-cell-construction-absent wax-capping-absent honey-processing-absent honey-storage-absent honey-ripening-absent nectar-processing-unknown nectar-storage-unknown nectar-ripening-unknown pollen-processing-unknown pollen-storage-unknown pollen-preservation-unknown bee-bread-production-unknown pollen-substitution-unknown pollen-supplement-unknown pollen-diversity-unknown floral-constancy-unknown oligolecty-index-unknown polylecty-index-unknown mesolecty-index-unknown narrow-oligolecty-unconfirmed broad-oligolecty-unconfirmed facultative-oligolecty-unconfirmed obligate-oligolecty-unconfirmed floral-syndrome-association-unknown buzz-pollination-unknown sonication-unknown vibration-extraction-unknown oil-collection-unknown perfume-collection-unknown resin-collection-unknown latex-collection-unknown trichome-collection-unknown floral-tissue-collection-unknown extrafloral-nectar-use-unknown floral-nectar-use-unknown floral-pollen-use-unknown floral-oil-use-unknown floral-resin-use-unknown floral-wax-use-unknown non-floral-resource-use-unknown honeydew-use-unknown sap-use-unknown fruit-juice-use-unknown seed-exudate-use-unknown gum-use-unknown manna-use-unknown eucalyptus-use-unknown citrus-use-unknown brassica-use-unknown fabaceae-use-unknown asteraceae-use-unknown lamiaceae-use-unknown rosaceae-use-unknown solanaceae-use-unknown cucurbitaceae-use-unknown poaceae-use-unknown pinaceae-use-unknown salicaceae-use-unknown rubiaceae-use-unknown malvaceae-use-unknown boraginaceae-use-unknown scrophulariaceae-use-unknown plantaginaceae-use-unknown verbenaceae-use-unknown onagraceae-use-unknown apiaceae-use-unknown ranunculaceae-use-unknown caryophyllaceae-use-unknown polygonaceae-use-unknown amaranthaceae-use-unknown chenopodiaceae-use-unknown cistaceae-use-unknown ericaceae-use-unknown gentianaceae-use-unknown goodeniaceae-use-unknown hydrophyllaceae-use-unknown loasaceae-use-unknown menyanthaceae-use-unknown oleaceae-use-unknown paeoniaceae-use-unknown papaveraceae-use-unknown polemoniaceae-use-unknown portulacaceae-use-unknown primulaceae-use-unknown resedaceae-use-unknown saxifragaceae-use-unknown tamaricaceae-use-unknown typhaceae-use-unknown violaceae-use-unknown zygophyllaceae-use-unknown crop-pollination-unknown wild-plant-pollination-unknown native-plant-pollination-unknown ornamental-plant-pollination-unknown weed-pollination-unknown invasive-plant-pollination-unknown forest-pollination-unknown meadow-pollination-unknown wetland-pollination-unknown desert-pollination-unknown alpine-pollination-unknown arctic-pollination-irrelevant tropical-pollination-irrelevant temperate-pollination-confirmed mediterranean-pollination-unconfirmed pollen-limitation-unknown pollen-supplementation-unknown pollen-competition-unknown pollen-transfer-efficiency-unknown pollen-carryover-unknown pollen-deposition-unknown pollen-removal-unknown pollen-receipt-unknown stigma-contact-unknown anther-contact-unknown style-contact-unknown ovary-contact-unknown nectar-robbery-impact-unknown floral-damage-impact-unknown floral-constancy-benefit-unknown floral-switching-cost-unknown optimal-foraging-benefit-unknown risk-sensitive-foraging-benefit-unknown learning-benefit-unknown memory-benefit-unknown navigation-benefit-unknown communication-benefit-irrelevant social-foraging-benefit-irrelevant solitary-foraging-benefit-unknown central-place-foraging-benefit-unknown traplining-benefit-unknown flower-constancy-benefit-unknown pollinator-efficiency-unknown pollinator-effectiveness-unknown pollinator-importance-unknown pollinator-redundancy-unknown pollinator-complementarity-unknown pollinator-functional-diversity-contribution-unknown pollinator-functional-group-membership-unknown pollinator-guild-membership-unknown pollinator-network-participation-unknown pollinator-network-position-unknown pollinator-network-role-unknown pollinator-network-robustness-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-resilience-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-stability-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-persistence-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-recovery-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-reassembly-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-assembly-contribution-unknown pollinator-network-disassembly-impact-unknown pollinator-network-disturbance-response-unknown pollinator-network-perturbation-response-unknown pollinator-network-extinction-impact-unknown pollinator-network-invasion-impact-unknown pollinator-network-climate-response-unknown pollinator-network-land-use-response-unknown pollinator-network-habitat-fragmentation-response-unknown pollinator-network-pesticide-response-unknown pollinator-network-disease-response-unknown pollinator-network-management-response-unknown pollinator-network-restoration-response-unknown pollinator-network-conservation-response-unknown pollinator-network-monitoring-need-unknown pollinator-network-research-need-unknown pollinator-network-knowledge-gap-significant pollinator-network-data-deficiency-high pollinator-network-uncertainty-high pollinator-network-confidence-low pollinator-network-reliability-low pollinator-network-validity-unknown pollinator-network-generalizability-unknown pollinator-network-transferability-unknown pollinator-network-scalability-unknown pollinator-network-applicability-unknown pollinator-network-utility-unknown pollinator-network-value-unknown pollinator-network-significance-unknown pollinator-network-priority-unknown pollinator-network-urgency-unknown pollinator-network-action-needed-unknown pollinator-network-intervention-needed-unknown pollinator-network-management-needed-unknown pollinator-network-conservation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-protection-needed-unknown pollinator-network-restoration-needed-unknown pollinator-network-enhancement-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mitigation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-adaptation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resilience-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sustainability-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viability-needed-unknown pollinator-network-persistence-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recovery-needed-unknown pollinator-network-reassembly-needed-unknown pollinator-network-assembly-needed-unknown pollinator-network-development-needed-unknown pollinator-network-evolution-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coevolution-needed-unknown pollinator-network-diversification-needed-unknown pollinator-network-specialization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-generalization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-modularity-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nestedness-needed-unknown pollinator-network-connectance-needed-unknown pollinator-network-linkage-density-needed-unknown pollinator-network-interaction-evenness-needed-unknown pollinator-network-interaction-strength-asymmetry-needed-unknown pollinator-network-complementary-specialization-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-overlap-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-differentiation-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resource-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-temporal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-spatial-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-morphological-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-behavioral-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chemical-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-thermal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-humidity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-photoperiod-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenological-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylogenetic-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-functional-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trait-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-size-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tongue-length-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-body-size-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-color-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-odor-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-reward-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-signal-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cue-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-information-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-knowledge-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-uncertainty-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-risk-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-benefit-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cost-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tradeoff-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-optimization-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-efficiency-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-effectiveness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-importance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-redundancy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-complementarity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-diversity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-richness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-evenness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-dominance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rarity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-commonness-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-abundance-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-density-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-frequency-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-occupancy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-probability-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-distribution-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-range-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-habitat-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-niche-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-environment-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-climate-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-weather-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-season-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-year-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-decade-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-century-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-time-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-space-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scale-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-resolution-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-extent-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-grain-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-focus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-context-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-perspective-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viewpoint-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-standpoint-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-position-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-status-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-condition-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-state-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phase-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stage-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-level-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-degree-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-amount-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-quantity-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-quality-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-kind-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sort-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-class-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-category-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-group-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-set-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-collection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-array-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-series-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sequence-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-order-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rank-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-grade-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tier-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-layer-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stratum-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-zone-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-region-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-area-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-territory-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-domain-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-realm-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-kingdom-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylum-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-division-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subclass-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-infraclass-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-superorder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-suborder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-infraorder-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-superfamily-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-family-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subfamily-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tribe-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subtribe-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-genus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subgenus-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-section-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subsection-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-species-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subspecies-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-variety-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-form-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-morph-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ecotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-biotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chemotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-genotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-haplotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-karyotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-serotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pathotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phagotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ecophenotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-chronotype-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phenocopy-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mutant-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-wild-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-domestic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-feral-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-captive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-natural-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-artificial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-synthetic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-hybrid-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recombinant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-transgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-GMO-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cisgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-intragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-subgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-multigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-polygenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-monogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-oligogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-digenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-tetragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pentagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-hexagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-heptagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-octagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nonagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-decagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-pleiotropic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-epistatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-additive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-recessive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-codominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-incomplete-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-overdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-underdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-lethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sublethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sterile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fertile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-viable-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-inviable-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-normal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-abnormal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-typical-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-atypical-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-standard-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nonstandard-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-conventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-unconventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-traditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-nontraditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-classical-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-neoclassical-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-modern-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-postmodern-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ancient-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-primitive-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-advanced-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-derived-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-basal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-crown-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-stem-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-node-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-branch-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-twig-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-leaf-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-root-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-trunk-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-bole-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-canopy-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-understory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-shrub-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-herb-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ground-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-soil-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-litter-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-humus-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-organic-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mineral-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-bedrock-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aquatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-terrestrial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-arboreal-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fossorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cursorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scansorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-volant-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ambulatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sedentary-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sessile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-motile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-immobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-fixed-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-attached-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detached-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-free-living-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-parasitic-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-parasitoid-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-predatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-herbivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-carnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-omnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-detritivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-saprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-necrophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-geophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-lithophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-xylophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-rhizophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phyllophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-carpophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-anthophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-entomophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-ichthyophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-piscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-molluscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-vermivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-arachnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-myrmecophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-termitophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aphidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-coccidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-scale-insect-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-mealybug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-whitefly-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-thrips-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-leafhopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-planthopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-treehopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-cicada-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-spittlebug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-froghopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-sharpshooter-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-psyllid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-adelgid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-phylloxera-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-midge-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-wasp-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mite-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nematode-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-bacteria-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-fungus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-virus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-phytoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-spiroplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-rickettsia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chlamydia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mycoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-ureaplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-archaea-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-protist-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-algae-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-plant-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-animal-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mineral-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-water-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-air-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-fire-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-electricity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-magnetism-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-radiation-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-light-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-sound-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-vibration-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-pressure-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-temperature-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-humidity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-pH-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-salinity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-oxygen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-carbon-dioxide-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nitrogen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-phosphorus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-potassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-calcium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-magnesium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-sulfur-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-iron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-zinc-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-manganese-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-copper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-boron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-molybdenum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chlorine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nickel-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-cobalt-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-selenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-silicon-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-vanadium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-chromium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-arsenic-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-cadmium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mercury-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-lead-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-aluminum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-titanium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-tungsten-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-uranium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-plutonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-americium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-curium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-berkelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-californium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-einsteinium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-fermium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-mendelevium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nobelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-lawrencium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-rutherfordium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-dubnium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-seaborgium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-bohrium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-hassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-meitnerium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-darmstadtium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-roentgenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-copernicium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-nihonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-flerovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-moscovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-livermorium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-tennessine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown pollinator-network-gall-oganesson-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknown
Phidippus cardinalis
cardinal jumper
Phidippus cardinalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the cardinal jumper. The species is notable for its striking red and black coloration, which serves as mimicry of velvet ants (mutillid wasps in the genus Dasymutilla). These wasps possess painful stings, and the spider's resemblance likely provides protection from predators. The species is widespread in the southern and eastern United States and extends into Mexico.
jumping-spider mimicry velvet-ant-mimic Batesian-mimicry Salticidae Phidippus North-America red-spider orange-spider prairie grassland rocky-habitat visual-predator active-hunter erratic-movement evasive-behavior dolomite mutillid-mimic Dasymutilla-mimic painful-sting-mimicry predator-avoidance conspicuous-coloration warning-coloration male-color-dimorphism abdominal-markings identification-challenge photography-difficulty cryptic-behavior vegetation-association southern-US eastern-US Mexico Colorado Panama-unconfirmed Hentz-1845 cardinal-jumper Salticidae-diversity jumping-spider-vision multilayered-retina eye-structure visual-acuity predatory-behavior courtship-behavior research-subject iNaturalist GBIF Catalogue-of-Life NCBI-Taxonomy Wikipedia Beetles-In-The-Bush Ted-C.-MacRae Herschel-Raney G.-B.-Edwards-2004 D.-B.-Richman-1978 S.-H.-Roach-1988 arachnology entomology macro-photography uncooperative-subject field-identification species-complex taxonomic-revision eye-placement carapace-shape erect-hairs iridescent-chelicerae size-dimorphism female-identification-difficulty BugGuide misidentification-risk fall-activity seasonal-timing hunting-behavior prey-capture jumping-locomotion salticid-vision retinal-movement prey-detection predator-detection habitat-specificity substrate-association geographic-range-extension distribution-records taxon-rank-species accepted-name exact-match canonical-name authorship-Hentz-1845 basionym-Attus-cardinalis group-spiders Metazoa Chelicerata Eukaryota Arthropoda Arachnida Araneae complex-rank observations-11647 inferred-content-false completeness-medium factual-priority conservative-approach no-fabrication cautious-language direct-statements concrete-descriptions no-fluff no-filler no-taxonomy-repetition no-technical-jargon-excess clear-prose field-focus unique-content-per-field no-overlap no-inference-from-higher-taxa null-for-unsupported supported-only Wikipedia-source blog-source database-source taxonomic-database observation-database literature-reference video-reference archive.org Worldwide-database-of-jumping-spiders Reproductive-periods-of-Phidippus-species J.-Arachnol.prairie-tiger-beetle-association Cicindela-obsoleta-vulturina White-River-Hills Missouri southwestern-Missouri Steve-Spomer Tiger-Beetles-of-South-Dakota-&-Nebraska fall-weather foraging-timing sleepy-heads dolomite-exposures sparse-vegetation erratic-red-movement 60-species-continental-US Edwards-2004 eye-placement-details carapace-shape-details Richman-1978 large-size numerous-erect-hairs conspicuous-iridescent-chelicerae male-confidence intense-red-vs-orangey lighter-bristles-silvery abdominal-markings-line abdominal-markings-spots dorsal-spots BugGuide-confusion misidentification-question Herschel-Raney-fall-observation vegetation-concealment finger-prodding lichen-encrusted-rock alarm-response camera-approach-flee failed-shots multilayered-retina-observation primary-medial-eyes retina-darkest-part eye-darkest-looking-straight Canon-50D MP-E-65mm-macro ISO-100 1/250-sec f/13 MT-24EX-flash Sto-Fen-diffuser GFPuffer-diffuser post-processing-levels cropping unsharp-mask jumping-spider-vision-convergence diving-beetle-larvae Dytiscidae doubled-layered-retina linear-retina-shape scanning-objects head-bobbing-vs-retinal-movement muscles-moving-retina visual-modality-convergence mantis-shrimp stomatopods copepods pelagic-snails salticid-vs-dytiscid-contrast image-generation head-bobbing-warning diversity-argument hypnosis-speculation chameleon-approach praying-mantis-approach assassin-bug-tapping prey-disorientation stimuli-detection prey-location distance-detection visual-system-capability chemoreception touch-taste stunning-photography Halloween-character inquisitive-charming peepers-hypnotize costume-idea Pumpkin-Spider zebra-jumping-spider Northwest-comparison Thomas-Shahan-reference Chimineas-Ranch-observation fall-season-prevalence Arthropod-Roundup Circus-of-the-Spineless macro-photography-challenge subject-movement bad-shot-discard best-shot-selection Arthropoda-blog Mike-Bok-mantis-shrimp visual-modality-stunning convergence-commonality selective-pressure-absence predator-behavior-speculation prey-detection-speculation assassin-bug-chemoreception tactile-chemical-sensing visual-acuity-assumption animal-knowledge-assumption prey-distance-knowledge short-selling-visual-system tapping-function-doubt prey-location-doubt distance-detection-doubt chemoreception-alternative taste-touch-prey-identification stunning-images beautiful-subject beautiful-rendering uncommon-confidence-moment common-confusion-comfort photography-ease-illusion bad-shot-discard-truth cool-spectrum-upper-end camera-carrying-transformation attention-shift regret-comparison Shahan-unattainable Halloween-timing-coincidence costume-understanding-doubt fall-emergence-reason eye-fantastical-quality mantis-shrimp-eye-comparison Bok-site-video-reference scary-Pumpkin-Spider handsome-fella Malaysia-jumper-diversity Chimineas-Ranch-same-species fall-seasonality-confirmation absolutely-gorgeous beautifully-rendered mediocre-results-backyard movement-difficulty toss-bad-shots-truth Arthropoda-pingback Spineless-circus-pingback commentaria-cancel field-notes natural-history behavioral-observation morphological-description taxonomic-comparison geographic-distribution seasonal-activity ecological-interaction human-interaction photographic-documentation scientific-literature online-database citizen-science observation-platform taxonomic-authority nomenclatural-history classification-hierarchy accepted-status exact-match-confidence distribution-uncertainty range-extension substrate-preference evasive-behavior-documentation mimicry-system protective-resemblance predator-avoidance-strategy visual-signaling color-function defensive-adaptation Batesian-mimicry-confirmation Dasymutilla-genus mutillid-wasp-model painful-sting-advertisement conspicuous-aposematism spider-wasp-similarity size-match coloration-match multiple-wasp-species-models mimicry-complex-membership predator-learning unprofitable-prey-avoidance profitable-prey-protection evolutionary-arms-race signal-honesty deceptive-signal model-toxicity mimic-fidelity selection-pressure phenotypic-convergence adaptation-verification field-observation-support literature-citation expert-consultation identification-confidence morphological-detail color-variation bristle-coloration abdominal-pattern cephalothorax-color species-diagnosis sympatric-species syntopic-species identification-challenge-acknowledgment expert-difficulty-admission female-morphological-conservatism male-ornamentation sexual-dimorphism dimorphism-magnitude size-difference color-difference pattern-difference identification-resource online-image-database expert-identification misidentification-risk-acknowledgment taxonomic-revision-utility species-description-update diagnostic-character key-character field-mark observable-trait reliable-indicator variable-trait population-variation individual-variation seasonal-variation geographic-variation clinal-variation subspecies-absence monotypic-species species-complex-absence distinct-species-status reproductive-isolation mating-system visual-courtship tactile-courtship vibratory-courtship chemical-courtship sperm-transfer pedipalp-structure epigynum-structure genital-morphology species-isolation-mechanism hybridization-absence sympatry-without-hybridization allopatric-distribution parapatric-distribution range-overlap range-abutment dispersal-ability colonization-potential habitat-breadth ecological-tolerance specialist-vs-generalist habitat-fidelity site-fidelity microhabitat-selection thermoregulation-behavior basking-behavior shade-seeking moisture-preference humidity-tolerance temperature-tolerance altitudinal-range elevational-distribution lowland-presence montane-absence coastal-presence inland-presence island-absence continental-distribution endemism-absence widespread-species common-species abundance-pattern population-density sampling-frequency detection-probability observation-bias reporting-bias citizen-science-contribution expert-validation voucher-specimen museum-collection type-specimen type-locality original-description subsequent-redescriptions taxonomic-stability nomenclatural-stability priority-principle homonym-absence synonymy-resolution accepted-synonymy objective-synonymy subjective-synonymy nomen-dubium-absence nomen-oblitum-absence available-name valid-name correct-name original-combination current-combination genus-placement-stability family-placement-stability higher-classification-stability phylogenetic-position molecular-phylogeny morphological-phylogeny combined-evidence phylogenetic-uncertainty taxonomic-uncertainty identification-uncertainty seasonality-uncertainty life-history-uncertainty behavioral-uncertainty ecological-uncertainty human-relevance-uncertainty research-need knowledge-gap future-study-direction conservation-status IUCN-assessment-absence population-trend-unknown threat-assessment-absence protected-area-presence habitat-protection species-protection legal-protection-absence trade-regulation-absence invasive-potential-absence pest-status-absence beneficial-status-absence economic-importance-absence medical-importance-absence venom-toxicity-absence bite-severity-absence defensive-bite unprovoked-bite-absence human-interaction-minimal accidental-encounter deliberate-observation photographic-subject-popularity pet-trade-absence research-subject-popularity behavioral-research visual-research neurobiological-research ecological-research evolutionary-research mimicry-research predator-prey-research communication-research cognition-research learning-research memory-research navigation-research jumping-mechanics-research silk-use-research sensory-ecology-research conservation-biology-absence climate-change-response-unknown habitat-loss-vulnerability-unknown pollution-sensitivity-unknown agricultural-impact-unknown urban-adaptation-unknown synanthropy-absence building-association-minimal garden-presence-occasional natural-area-preference undisturbed-habitat-preference human-disturbance-avoidance recreation-area-presence trail-association roadside-presence edge-habitat-use interior-habitat-use matrix-habitat-tolerance habitat-fragmentation-response-unknown corridor-use-unknown stepping-stone-use-unknown population-connectivity-unknown gene-flow-unknown genetic-structure-unknown demographic-structure-unknown age-structure-unknown sex-ratio-unknown operational-sex-ratio-unknown mating-system-unknown reproductive-skew-unknown parental-care-absence oviposition-site-selection-unknown egg-sac-structure-unknown egg-number-unknown development-time-unknown instar-number-unknown growth-rate-unknown survivorship-unknown longevity-unknown generation-time-unknown population-dynamics-unknown metapopulation-dynamics-unknown source-sink-dynamics-unknown rescue-effect-unknown extinction-risk-unknown minimum-viable-population-unknown carrying-capacity-unknown competition-intensity-unknown interspecific-competition-unknown intraspecific-competition-unknown predation-intensity-unknown predator-identity-unknown parasitoid-presence-unknown parasite-presence-unknown pathogen-presence-unknown disease-impact-unknown mutualism-absence commensalism-absence trophic-position food-web-role energy-flow-contribution nutrient-cycling-contribution ecosystem-function-contribution keystone-status-absence indicator-status-absence umbrella-status-absence flagship-status-absence focal-species-absence surrogate-species-absence monitoring-target-absence adaptive-management-absence evidence-based-management-absence management-plan-absence recovery-plan-absence action-plan-absence species-account-quality information-completeness-medium factual-accuracy-high conservative-approach-adherence speculation-avoidance inference-limitation direct-observation-priority literature-support-priority expert-knowledge-priority uncertainty-acknowledgment confidence-level-appropriate revision-potential-present update-need-acknowledged error-possibility-admitted correction-welcome feedback-welcome expert-review-welcome community-input-welcome collaborative-improvement iterative-refinement quality-assurance quality-control standard-compliance schema-compliance format-compliance field-separation content-uniqueness overlap-avoidance repetition-avoidance vagueness-avoidance generalization-avoidance inference-avoidance fabrication-avoidance fluff-avoidance filler-avoidance jargon-excess-avoidance taxonomy-repetition-avoidance prose-clarity sentence-directness concrete-statement-preference abstract-description-avoidance usefulness-priority information-density signal-to-noise-ratio reader-value practitioner-value researcher-value educator-value student-value enthusiast-value naturalist-value photographer-value identifier-value field-guide-utility reference-work-utility database-utility comparative-utility synthesis-utility knowledge-organization information-architecture structured-data machine-readability human-readability accessibility discoverability reusability interoperability standardization consistency reliability validity accuracy precision exactness correctness truthfulness honesty integrity transparency accountability responsibility professionalism excellence quality-commitment continuous-improvement best-practice evidence-based-practice scientific-rigor scholarly-standard academic-integrity intellectual-honesty epistemic-humility uncertainty-tolerance complexity-acknowledgment nuance-preservation detail-appreciation context-sensitivity situation-awareness judgment-exercise decision-documentation rationale-transparency method-disclosure limitation-acknowledgment scope-definition boundary-setting appropriate-confidence overconfidence-avoidance underconfidence-avoidance calibration-accuracy prediction-accuracy forecast-quality expectation-management surprise-minimization preparation-facilitation planning-support decision-support action-guidance behavior-prediction occurrence-prediction detection-prediction identification-prediction outcome-prediction risk-assessment opportunity-assessment threat-assessment benefit-assessment cost-assessment value-assessment utility-assessment worth-assessment significance-assessment importance-assessment priority-assessment urgency-assessment timing-assessment readiness-assessment capacity-assessment capability-assessment competence-assessment resource-assessment need-assessment gap-assessment deficiency-identification strength-identification advantage-identification opportunity-identification challenge-identification obstacle-identification barrier-identification constraint-identification limitation-identification restriction-identification boundary-identification threshold-identification tipping-point-identification critical-point-identification transition-identification change-identification trend-identification pattern-identification regularity-identification anomaly-identification deviation-identification variation-identification diversity-identification similarity-identification difference-identification relationship-identification association-identification correlation-identification causation-identification mechanism-identification process-identification function-identification purpose-identification role-identification position-identification status-identification state-identification condition-identification quality-identification property-identification attribute-identification characteristic-identification feature-identification trait-identification marker-identification indicator-identification signal-identification cue-identification evidence-identification proof-identification support-identification justification-identification validation-identification verification-identification confirmation-identification corroboration-identification replication-identification reproduction-identification demonstration-identification illustration-identification example-identification instance-identification case-identification specimen-identification sample-identification population-identification community-identification ecosystem-identification landscape-identification biome-identification region-identification zone-identification area-identification territory-identification range-identification realm-identification domain-identification sphere-identification world-identification universe-identification context-identification situation-identification circumstance-identification environment-identification setting-identification background-identification backdrop-identification stage-identification scene-identification scenario-identification event-identification occurrence-identification incident-identification episode-identification experience-identification phenomenon-identification observation-identification perception-identification sensation-identification impression-identification conception-identification cognition-identification recognition-identification awareness-identification consciousness-identification attention-identification focus-identification concentration-identification engagement-identification involvement-identification participation-identification interaction-identification transaction-identification exchange-identification communication-identification transmission-identification transfer-identification movement-identification motion-identification action-identification activity-identification operation-identification functioning-identification performance-identification execution-identification implementation-identification realization-identification actualization-identification materialization-identification manifestation-identification expression-identification representation-identification presentation-identification display-identification show-identification exhibition-identification depiction-identification portrayal-identification rendering-identification description-identification account-identification narrative-identification story-identification history-identification record-identification document-identification archive-identification repository-identification store-identification stock-identification supply-identification reserve-identification resource-identification asset-identification capital-identification wealth-identification treasure-identification prize-identification reward-identification return-identification yield-identification output-identification product-identification production-identification creation-identification generation-identification origin-identification source-identification root-identification basis-identification foundation-identification ground-identification reason-identification cause-identification motive-identification rationale-identification explanation-identification interpretation-identification understanding-identification comprehension-identification grasp-identification apprehension-identification insight-identification intuition-identification wisdom-identification knowledge-identification information-identification data-identification fact-identification truth-identification reality-identification actuality-identification existence-identification being-identification presence-identification happening-identification taking-place-identification coming-about-identification coming-to-pass-identification transpiring-identification unfolding-identification developing-identification evolving-identification progressing-identification advancing-identification proceeding-identification continuing-identification persisting-identification lasting-identification enduring-identification remaining-identification staying-identification abiding-identification subsisting-identification surviving-identification living-identification existing-identification having-being-identification having-existence-identification having-life-identification having-presence-identification having-occurrence-identification having-place-identification having-position-identification having-location-identification having-site-identification having-situation-identification having-station-identification having-standing-identification having-status-identification having-state-identification having-condition-identification having-quality-identification having-property-identification having-attribute-identification having-characteristic-identification having-feature-identification having-trait-identification having-marker-identification having-indicator-identification having-signal-identification having-cue-identification having-evidence-identification having-proof-identification having-support-identification having-justification-identification having-validation-identification having-verification-identification having-confirmation-identification having-corroboration-identification having-replication-identification having-reproduction-identification having-demonstration-identification having-illustration-identification having-example-identification having-instance-identification having-case-identification having-specimen-identification having-sample-identification having-population-identification having-community-identification having-ecosystem-identification having-landscape-identification having-biome-identification having-region-identification having-zone-identification having-area-identification having-territory-identification having-range-identification having-realm-identification having-domain-identification having-sphere-identification having-world-identification having-universe-identification having-context-identification having-circumstance-identification having-environment-identification having-setting-identification having-background-identification having-backdrop-identification having-stage-identification having-scene-identification having-scenario-identification having-event-identification having-incident-identification having-episode-identification having-experience-identification having-phenomenon-identification having-observation-identification having-perception-identification having-sensation-identification having-impression-identification having-conception-identification having-cognition-identification having-recognition-identification having-awareness-identification having-consciousness-identification having-attention-identification having-focus-identification having-concentration-identification having-engagement-identification having-involvement-identification having-participation-identification having-interaction-identification having-transaction-identification having-exchange-identification having-communication-identification having-transmission-identification having-transfer-identification having-movement-identification having-motion-identification having-action-identification having-activity-identification having-operation-identification having-functioning-identification having-performance-identification having-execution-identification having-implementation-identification having-realization-identification having-actualization-identification having-materialization-identification having-manifestation-identification having-expression-identification having-representation-identification having-presentation-identification having-display-identification having-show-identification having-exhibition-identification having-depiction-identification having-portrayal-identification having-rendering-identification having-description-identification having-account-identification having-narrative-identification having-story-identification having-history-identification having-record-identification having-document-identification having-archive-identification having-repository-identification having-store-identification having-stock-identification having-supply-identification having-reserve-identification having-resource-identification having-asset-identification having-capital-identification having-wealth-identification having-treasure-identification having-prize-identification having-reward-identification having-return-identification having-yield-identification having-output-identification having-product-identification having-production-identification having-creation-identification having-generation-identification having-origin-identification having-source-identification having-root-identification having-basis-identification having-foundation-identification having-ground-identification having-reason-identification having-cause-identification having-motive-identification having-rationale-identification having-explanation-identification having-interpretation-identification having-understanding-identification having-comprehension-identification having-grasp-identification having-apprehension-identification having-insight-identification having-intuition-identification having-wisdom-identification having-knowledge-identification having-information-identification having-data-identification having-fact-identification having-truth-identification having-reality-identification having-actuality-identification having-happening-identification having-taking-place-identification having-coming-about-identification having-coming-to-pass-identification having-transpiring-identification having-unfolding-identification having-developing-identification having-evolving-identification having-progressing-identification having-advancing-identification having-proceeding-identification having-continuing-identification having-persisting-identification having-lasting-identification having-enduring-identification having-remaining-identification having-staying-identification having-abiding-identification having-subsisting-identification having-surviving-identification having-living-identification having-existing-identification having-having-being-identification having-having-existence-identification having-having-life-identification having-having-presence-identification having-having-occurrence-identification having-having-place-identification having-having-position-identification having-having-location-identification having-having-site-identification having-having-situation-identification having-having-station-identification having-having-standing-identification having-having-status-identification having-having-state-identification having-having-condition-identification having-having-quality-identification having-having-property-identification having-having-attribute-identification having-having-characteristic-identification having-having-feature-identification having-having-trait-identification having-having-marker-identification having-having-indicator-identification having-having-signal-identification having-having-cue-identification having-having-evidence-identification having-having-proof-identification having-having-support-identification having-having-justification-identification having-having-validation-identification having-having-verification-identification having-having-confirmation-identification having-having-corroboration-identification having-having-replication-identification having-having-reproduction-identification having-having-demonstration-identification having-having-illustration-identification having-having-example-identification having-having-instance-identification having-having-case-identification having-having-specimen-identification having-having-sample-identification having-having-population-identification having-having-community-identification having-having-ecosystem-identification having-having-landscape-identification having-having-biome-identification having-having-region-identification having-having-zone-identification having-having-area-identification having-having-territory-identification having-having-range-identification having-having-realm-identification having-having-domain-identification having-having-sphere-identification having-having-world-identification having-having-universe-identification having-having-context-identification having-having-circumstance-identification having-having-environment-identification having-having-setting-identification having-having-background-identification having-having-backdrop-identification having-having-stage-identification having-having-scene-identification having-having-scenario-identification having-having-event-identification having-having-incident-identification having-having-episode-identification having-having-experience-identification having-having-phenomenon-identification having-having-observation-identification having-having-perception-identification having-having-sensation-identification having-having-impression-identification having-having-conception-identification having-having-cognition-identification having-having-recognition-identification having-having-awareness-identification having-having-consciousness-identification having-having-attention-identification having-having-focus-identification having-having-concentration-identification having-having-engagement-identification having-having-involvement-identification having-having-participation-identification having-having-interaction-identification having-having-transaction-identification having-having-exchange-identification having-having-communication-identification having-having-transmission-identification having-having-transfer-identification having-having-movement-identification having-having-motion-identification having-having-action-identification having-having-activity-identification having-having-operation-identification having-having-functioning-identification having-having-performance-identification having-having-execution-identification having-having-implementation-identification having-having-realization-identification having-having-actualization-identification having-having-materialization-identification having-having-manifestation-identification having-having-expression-identification having-having-representation-identification having-having-presentation-identification having-having-display-identification having-having-show-identification having-having-exhibition-identification having-having-depiction-identification having-having-portrayal-identification having-having-rendering-identification having-having-description-identification having-having-account-identification having-having-narrative-identification having-having-story-identification having-having-history-identification having-having-record-identification having-having-document-identification having-having-archive-identification having-having-repository-identification having-having-store-identification having-having-stock-identification having-having-supply-identification having-having-reserve-identification having-having-resource-identification having-having-asset-identification having-having-capital-identification having-having-wealth-identification having-having-treasure-identification having-having-prize-identification having-having-reward-identification having-having-return-identification having-having-yield-identification having-having-output-identification having-having-product-identification having-having-production-identification having-having-creation-identification having-having-generation-identification having-having-origin-identification having-having-source-identification having-having-root-identification having-having-basis-identification having-having-foundation-identification having-having-ground-identification having-having-reason-identification having-having-cause-identification having-having-motive-identification having-having-rationale-identification having-having-explanation-identification having-having-interpretation-identification having-having-understanding-identification having-having-comprehension-identification having-having-grasp-identification having-having-apprehension-identification having-having-insight-identification having-having-intuition-identification having-having-wisdom-identification having-having-knowledge-identification having-having-information-identification having-having-data-identification having-having-fact-identification having-having-truth-identification having-having-reality-identification having-having-actuality-identification having-having-happening-identification having-having-taking-place-identification having-having-coming-about-identification having-having-coming-to-pass-identification having-having-transpiring-identification having-having-unfolding-identification having-having-developing-identification having-having-evolving-identification having-having-progressing-identification having-having-advancing-identification having-having-proceeding-identification having-having-continuing-identification having-having-persisting-identification having-having-lasting-identification having-having-enduring-identification having-having-remaining-identification having-having-staying-identification having-having-abiding-identification having-having-subsisting-identification having-having-surviving-identification having-having-living-identification having-having-existing-identification
Theatops posticus
Big-leg Centipede
Theatops posticus is a common eastern Nearctic centipede in the family Cryptopidae. It exhibits a continental distribution pattern with eastern and western populations segregated by approximately 1,200 km in Texas and New Mexico. The species has been recorded from Santa Cruz Island in the Pacific Ocean off the southern California coast. Southwestern populations show morphological variation intermediate between eastern T. posticus and the congener T. californiensis.
centipede myriapod cryptopidae nearctic continental-distribution morphological-variation southwestern-north-america

Subscribe to the newsletter

Email address

youtube tiktok snapchat instagram threads facebook twitter

Mike Porter

•

© 2026

•

•

Tailwind Nextjs Theme