Continental-distribution
Guides
Cyphomyrmex
fungus-growing ants
Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.
fungus-growing-antsattine-antsMyrmicinaeNeotropicalmutualismfungicultureLeucocoprineaemonogynyparasitoid-waspssocial-parasitismchemical-ecologyalkaloid-venomnest-architecturebehavioral-plasticitycytogeneticschromosome-evolutionGuiana-ShieldBrazilPanamaPuerto-RicoMesoamericaArgentinaUnited-StatesTexasCaliforniaFloridayeast-gardensmycelial-gardensrimosus-complexstrigatus-complexage-polyethismtrophallaxisthanatosisfeigning-deathDiapriidaeAcanthopriaMimopriellaMegalomyrmexsocial-parasiteC.-longiscapusC.-transversusC.-laevigatusC.-rimosusC.-minutusC.-lectusC.-cornutusC.-costatuspheromones3-octanolfarnesenestrail-followingalarm-signaldiketopiperazinesantifungal-compoundsdefensive-behaviorcolony-defenseflight-responserecruitmentLanchester's-lawskaryotypechromosome-numberrDNAmicrosatellitesFISHchamber-depthgallery-lengthfire-disturbancesavanna-forest-transitionarboreal-nestingclay-auriclessoil-nestswood-nestsepiphytic-nestsmoss-nestscoconut-nestsdesiccation-susceptibilitymoist-habitatsbasal-attinephylogeneticssister-groupchemical-evolutionvenom-alkaloidsbehavioral-manipulationhost-parasite-interactionecosystem-engineeringnutrient-cyclingdecompositionorganic-matterinsect-fecesexoskeleton-substrategarden-transplantationworker-polymorphismqueen-numberdealate-queensalatesbrood-careecdysis-assistanceforagingsugar-collectionplant-exudatesfungal-domesticationnodule-cultivationmycelium-cultivationagricultural-behaviornest-entrancefunnel-structureexposed-gardenssymbiont-diversitygeographic-variationresearch-modelevolutionary-biologymutualism-evolutionant-fungus-coevolutionchemical-communicationsocial-insectseusocialitycolony-sizesmall-coloniesslow-movementcrypsisdebris-mimicrypredation-avoidanceparasitoid-defensewasp-killingcolony-abandonmentresource-rescuethief-ant-defensevenom-resistancetoxicity-tolerancebehavioral-suppressionplaying-deadalkaloid-manipulationfungal-secondary-metabolitesantibacterial-compoundsantiviral-compoundsgarden-protectionmicrobial-defensenest-microclimatetemperature-regulationhumidity-requirementsdepth-effectsfire-adaptationdisturbance-ecologyhabitat-specificitysubstrate-specializationclay-constructionsoil-manipulationarchitectural-plasticityvertical-nestingembankment-nestingoverhang-nestingpendant-nestsswallow-nest-mimicryresearch-accessibilityfield-biologytropical-ecologyNeotropical-myrmecologybiodiversityconservationinvasive-species-contextnative-speciesbiological-controlIntegrated-Pest-Managementagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologysavanna-ecologytransitional-habitatsdisturbed-areasurban-ecologyanthropogenic-impactclimate-sensitivityhabitat-limitationrange-boundariesdispersalcolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographycolony-densitynest-spacingintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitionterritorialityresource-defensecombat-behavioraggression-levelsrecruitment-behaviorchemical-signalingalarm-pheromonestrail-pheromonesrecognition-cuescuticular-hydrocarbonsvenom-compositiondefensive-secretionsmandibular-glandsDufour's-glandmetapleural-glandsantibiotic-productiongrooming-behaviorfungal-inoculationintegumental-fungiyeast-growthlarval-groominggarden-maintenancesubstrate-preparationfecal-fertilizeranal-trophallaxiscrop-regurgitationfluid-applicationdrying-behaviornodule-formationtransplantation-behaviorgarden-establishmentceiling-gardensroot-associationarchitectural-innovationnest-site-selectionmicrohabitat-choicemoisture-requirementsthermal-bufferingpredator-avoidanceparasite-avoidancedisease-resistancesocial-immunitycollective-behaviordivision-of-labortask-allocationtemporal-polyethismworker-agenurse-workersforager-workerssoldier-caste-absencemonomorphismworker-size-variationqueen-worker-differentiationreproductive-castegyne-productionmale-productionseasonal-reproductioncolony-foundingclaustral-foundingnon-claustral-foundingfungal-inoculumfounding-queenfirst-worker-generationnutritional-dependencyfat-reservesmetabolic-adaptationdigestive-physiologyenzyme-complementfungal-enzymelignocellulose-degradationnutritional-mutualismobligate-mutualismvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionsymbiont-switchingcultivar-replacementgarden-failurecolony-mortalitypopulation-turnovergeneration-timelongevitysurvivorshiplife-expectancyagingsenescencereproductive-investmentcolony-growthcolony-declinebuddingfissionreproduction-modegenetic-structurerelatednessmating-systemnuptial-flightmate-choicesperm-storagecolony-odornestmate-recognitionforeign-rejectionagonistic-behaviorterritorial-markingboundary-defenseraiding-behaviorrobbing-behaviorcleptobiosisdulosisslaveryinquilinismguest-antsmyrmecophilesnest-associatescommensalisminquilinesparasite-tolerancehost-manipulationvenom-alkaloidpyrrolidineindolizidinepiperidinenonanalfarnesenesesquiterpeneagriculture-chemicalgaster-extractchemical-diversitychemical-simplicityevolutionary-precursorderived-chemistrybiosynthetic-pathwaysemiochemicalinfochemicalcommunicationinformation-transfercolony-organizationsocial-structurepolygynyqueen-conditiondealationwing-sheddingovarian-developmentfecundityegg-layingbrood-developmentdevelopmental-ratetemperature-dependencehumidity-dependencefood-availabilitynutritional-qualityfungal-productivitygarden-yieldworker-productioncolony-efficiencyenergy-allocationresource-allocationforaging-efficiencysearch-behaviorprey-detectionfood-retrievaltransport-behaviorload-sizetravel-speedpath-integrationorientationnavigationhoming-behaviorlearningmemoryexperienceindividual-recognitioncontext-dependent-behaviorthreat-assessmentrisk-managementpredator-inspectionalarm-propagationrecruitment-activationmobilizationcolony-responseemergency-behaviorpanic-responsecontrolled-responsedefensive-strategyoffensive-strategyescalationde-escalationconflict-resolutionfight-avoidanceretreat-behaviorsurrender-signaldominance-hierarchyreproductive-skewworker-policingqueen-policingegg-eatingoviposition-suppressionreproductive-conflictkin-conflictworker-reproductionmale-production-by-workersanarchysocial-parasitism-detectionparasite-recognitionenemy-recognitionnest-intrusionnest-defenseperimeter-defensechamber-defensebrood-defensequeen-defenseself-sacrificesuicidal-defenseautothysissting-usemandible-usespraying-behaviorgaster-flexionchemical-defensemechanical-defensearmorcuticle-thicknesspigmentationmasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMuellerian-mimicryaggressive-mimicryWasmannian-mimicrymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyant-plant-mutualismtrophobiosisextrafloral-nectarydomatiaplant-ant-interactionherbivore-defenseseed-dispersalpollinationecosystem-servicefunctional-roletrophic-positiondetritivoredecomposersaprotrophnecrotrophfungivoreomnivorepredatorscavengertrophic-levelenergy-flowcarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingsoil-formationbioturbationaerationwater-infiltrationmicrobial-communitybacteriaactinomycetesPseudonocardiadisease-suppressiongarden-hygieneweeding-behaviorpruning-behaviorfungal-groomingantibiotic-applicationmutualist-protectionagricultural-diseasecrop-pathologyescovopsisgarden-parasitecompetitor-funguspathogen-defenseimmune-responseindividual-immunitygroomingallogroomingself-groomingnest-cleaningrefuse-managementfecal-managementwaste-disposalmidden-formationterritory-sizehome-rangeforaging-rangerecruitment-rangeexplorationexploitationinformation-usepublic-informationprivate-informationcue-usesignal-usecommunication-networkinteraction-networksocial-networkcolony-networkpopulation-networkcommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionapparent-competitionexploitative-competitioninterference-competitionresource-partitioningniche-differentiationhabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributioncontinental-distributionisland-distributionendemismbiogeographyphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiaglacial-cyclesclimate-change-impacthabitat-fragmentationdeforestationland-use-changeagricultural-intensificationurbanizationpollutionpesticide-exposureheavy-metal-accumulationconservation-statuspopulation-viabilityextinction-riskprotected-areareserve-designhabitat-corridorconnectivitymetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsrescue-effectmass-effectecological-theorybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologycomparative-analysisphylogenetic-comparative-methodscharacter-evolutionancestral-state-reconstructionconvergent-evolutionparallel-evolutionadaptive-radiationspecies-diversificationspeciationhybridizationintrogressiongene-flowgenetic-differentiationpopulation-structuremolecular-ecologygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsvolatile-organic-compoundcuticular-hydrocarbonglandular-secretionsting-apparatusmandible-morphologyhead-morphologymesosomal-morphologypetiolar-morphologygastral-morphologyleg-morphologyantennal-morphologysensillachemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeocellibrain-morphologyneuroanatomylearning-capacitymemory-capacitycognitive-abilityproblem-solvingtool-usesequence-learningroute-learningspatial-memorytemporal-memorysocial-learningcultural-transmissiontraditioncolony-personalitybehavioral-syndromeboldnessexploration-tendencyactivity-levelaggression-levelforaging-tendencydefensive-tendencystress-responsephysiological-stressthermal-stressdesiccation-stressstarvation-stressimmune-challengewound-healingmetabolic-raterespirationenergy-expenditurewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulesrectumhindgutmidgutforegutcropproventriculusdigestive-enzymenutrient-absorptionlipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismamino-acid-metabolismnitrogen-excretionuric-acidureaammoniaosmolytecryoprotectantheat-shock-proteinstress-proteinantioxidant-defenseoxidative-stressreactive-oxygen-speciesaging-biologysenescence-theorydisposable-somaantagonistic-pleiotropymutation-accumulationlife-history-theoryr-K-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityreproductive-effortparental-investmentmaternal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsDNA-methylationhistone-modificationnon-coding-RNAgene-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingreproductive-signalingcaste-determinationsex-determinationenvironmental-sex-determinationgenetic-sex-determinationhaplodiploidyarrhenotokythelytokyparthenogenesisarrhenotokous-parthenogenesisautomixisapomixiscentral-fusionterminal-fusiongenomic-imprintingparental-conflictkin-selectioninclusive-fitnessHamilton's-rulerelatedness-asymmetrysex-ratio-theorylocal-mate-competitionlocal-resource-competitionlocal-resource-enhancementsplit-sex-ratioworker-sex-ratioqueen-sex-ratiocolony-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratiooperational-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionheterosishybrid-vigorgenetic-loadmutation-rateeffective-number-of-codonscodon-usage-biasGC-contentgenome-sizekaryotype-evolutionchromosomal-rearrangementfusioninversiontranslocationpolyploidyaneuploidychromosomal-polymorphismrDNA-clusterheterochromatineuchromatincentromeretelomerenucleolus-organizer-regionsatellite-DNAminisatellitemicrosatellitesimple-sequence-repeattransposable-elementretrotransposonDNA-transposonhorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiontWolbachiaCardiniumRickettsiaSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontparasitepathogendiseaseepidemiologytransmission-dynamicsvirulenceresistancetolerancerecoveryimmunityvaccinationprophylaxismedicinal-behaviorself-medicationthermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationsocial-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionnest-temperaturebrood-temperaturefungal-garden-temperaturemetabolic-heatheat-dissipationevaporative-coolingbehavioral-coolingfanningventilationchamber-designgallery-designentrance-designair-flowhumidity-regulationwater-collectionwater-storagedesiccation-resistancecuticular-waterproofingspiracle-controlrespiratory-water-lossexcretory-water-losswater-recyclingmetabolic-waterdietary-waterenvironmental-waterrainfall-dependenceseasonal-activitydry-seasonwet-seasonmonsoondroughtfloodfiredisturbancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionclimax-communitypioneer-specieshabitat-specialisthabitat-generalistedge-speciesinterior-speciesgap-speciescanopy-speciesunderstory-speciesground-speciessubterranean-speciesarboreal-speciesliana-speciesepiphyte-specieslithophyte-speciesrheophyte-speciesaquatic-margin-speciesterrestrial-speciesfossorial-speciescursorial-speciesscansorial-speciesvolant-specieswinged-reproductivedealateergatoidbrachypterousapterouspolymorphismcaste-polymorphismqueen-polymorphismmale-polymorphismsize-polymorphismallometryisometryshape-variationmorphological-integrationmodularityevolvabilityconstraintsdevelopmental-stabilityfluctuating-asymmetrydirectional-asymmetryantisymmetryphenotypic-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactiongrandparental-effectindirect-genetic-effectsocial-environment-effectcolony-effectdensity-dependencefrequency-dependencenegative-frequency-dependencepositive-frequency-dependenceapostatic-selectionanti-apostatic-selectionsearch-imagepredator-learningprey-learningfriend-recognitioncuticular-hydrocarbon-profilegestalt-odorcolony-specific-odorindividual-specific-odortask-specific-odorage-specific-odorreproductive-odorqueen-odorqueen-pheromoneprimer-pheromonereleaser-pheromonesignal-pheromonemodulatory-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitment-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonemarking-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonedefensive-pheromonepoison-glandDufour-glandmandibular-glandpostpharyngeal-glandmetapleural-glandsternal-glandtarsal-glandanal-glandrectal-glandpygidial-glandmandibular-brushtibial-spurstridulatory-organsubgenual-organJohnston's-organtympanal-organhair-sensillumcampaniform-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensilla-trichodeasensilla-basiconicasensilla-coeloconicasensilla-ampullaceasensilla-campaniformiasensilla-placodeaolfactory-receptor-neurongustatory-receptor-neuronmechanoreceptor-neuronthermoreceptor-neuronhygroreceptor-neuronphotoreceptor-neuronvisual-processingolfactory-processinggustatory-processingmechanosensory-processingcentral-complexmushroom-bodyantennal-lobeoptic-lobesuboesophageal-ganglionventral-nerve-cordsympathetic-nervous-systemneurosecretionneurohemal-organcorpus-cardiacumcorpus-allatumprothoracic-glandventral-glandpericardial-glandneuroendocrine-regulationhormonal-regulationpheromonal-regulationneural-regulationbehavioral-regulationsocial-regulationenvironmental-regulationdevelopmental-regulationreproductive-regulationmetabolic-regulationhomeostatic-regulationallostatic-regulationstress-regulationimmune-regulationcircadian-rhythmcircannual-rhythmphotoperiodismthermoperiodismbiological-clockzeitgeberentrainmentfree-running-periodphase-response-curvemasking-effectarousal-thresholdsleeptorpordiapausequiescencedormancyaestivationhibernationcold-hardinessheat-hardinessdesiccation-hardinessanoxia-hardinessstarvation-hardinessradiation-hardinesspressure-hardinessgravity-perceptionmagnetic-field-perceptionelectric-field-perceptionsound-perceptionvibration-perceptionsubstrate-borne-signalair-borne-signalseismic-signalchemical-signalvisual-signaltactile-signalauditory-signalmultimodal-signalcomposite-signalredundant-signalamplifying-signalattenuating-signalhonest-signaldeceptive-signalcostly-signalcheap-signalconventional-signalindex-signalhandicap-signalamplifiersocial-selectionsexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemale-male-competitionfemale-female-competitionparent-offspring-conflictsibling-conflictworker-queen-conflictworker-worker-conflictsexual-conflictantagonistic-coevolutionarms-raceevolutionary-dynamicscommunity-dynamicsecosystem-dynamicsbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cycletrophic-transferproduction-efficiencyconsumption-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-efficiencyLindeman-efficiency10%-rulefood-chainfood-webtrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlwasps-controldonor-controlrecipient-controlinteraction-strengthinteraction-webecological-networknetwork-topologynetwork-metricsdegree-distributionconnectancenestednesscompartmentalizationrobustnessfragilityresiliencerecovery-timereturn-timeelasticityperturbationpulse-disturbancepress-disturbancechronic-disturbanceacute-disturbancecatastrophic-disturbancenatural-disturbanceanthropogenic-disturbancehabitat-destructionhabitat-degradationhabitat-modificationhabitat-losshabitat-isolationedge-effectmatrix-effectpermeabilitycorridor-effectstepping-stonesource-populationsink-populationmetapopulation-dynamicsextinction-debtcolonization-creditrelaxation-effecttime-laghistorical-legacypriority-effectfounder-effectbottleneck-effectselectionnatural-selectionartificial-selectiondirectional-selectionstabilizing-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionr-selectionK-selectionc-selections-selectiona-selectionbet-hedging-selectionfluctuating-selectioncorrelational-selectionmultivariate-selectionindirect-selectioncorrelated-responsegenetic-correlationphenotypic-correlationenvironmental-correlationcorrelation-matrixvariance-covariance-matrixG-matrixP-matrixE-matrixM-matrixquantitative-geneticsheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilitygenetic-varianceadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-varianceenvironmental-variancephenotypic-variancegenotype-environment-interaction-variancematernal-variancepaternal-variancecommon-environment-variancespecial-environment-variancemeasurement-error-varianceresponse-to-selectionrealized-heritabilitypredicted-responsebreeder's-equationselection-gradientselection-differentialLande-equationmultivariate-breeder's-equationgenetic-constraintevolutionary-constraintdevelopmental-constraintfunctional-constraintphylogenetic-constrainthistorical-constrainttrade-offallocation-trade-offacquisition-trade-offconversion-trade-offmaintenance-trade-offreproduction-survival-trade-offgrowth-reproduction-trade-offimmune-reproduction-trade-offstress-reproduction-trade-offforaging-predation-trade-offcompetition-colonization-trade-offtolerance-resistance-trade-offplasticity-canalization-trade-offgeneralist-specialist-trade-offspeed-accuracy-trade-offexploration-exploitation-trade-offindividual-colony-trade-offwithin-colony-trade-offbetween-colony-trade-offlife-history-trade-offdemographic-trade-offecological-trade-offevolutionary-trade-offoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisficingmarginal-value-theoremoptimal-foraging-theoryoptimal-diet-theorycentral-place-foragingpatch-use-theorygiving-up-densitygiving-up-timepredation-riskenergetic-costopportunity-costhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-choicediet-breadthniche-widthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-selectionhabitat-selectionsettlement-choicenest-site-choicehost-choiceoviposition-choiceforaging-choicepath-choiceroute-choicecentral-placeterritorycore-areaedge-areaboundaryperimeterareavolumeshapeconfigurationspatial-patterntemporal-patterndiel-patternseasonal-patternannual-patternmultiannual-patterncyclical-patternirregular-patternrandom-patternclumped-patternuniform-patternregular-patternaggregated-patternoverdispersed-patternunderdispersed-patternPoisson-distributionnegative-binomial-distributionTaylor's-power-lawspatial-autocorrelationtemporal-autocorrelationcross-correlationspectral-analysiswavelet-analysistime-series-analysispopulation-time-seriescommunity-time-seriesecosystem-time-serieslong-term-studylong-term-monitoringlong-term-experimentchronosequencespace-for-time-substitutionpaleoecologypaleontologyfossil-recordtrace-fossilcoprolitenest-fossilamber-inclusionsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistoceneneogenepaleogenecretaceousmesozoiccenozoicgeological-timedeep-timeevolutionary-timeecological-timegenerational-timephysiological-timeperception-timereaction-timedecision-timememory-timelearning-timedevelopmental-timelife-spancolony-lifespanqueen-lifespanworker-lifespanmale-lifespanlarval-development-timepupal-development-timeegg-development-timeincubation-timedoubling-timehalf-liferelaxation-timeresilience-timeresistance-timelag-timelead-timeforecast-timeprediction-timeplanning-timemanagement-timeconservation-timerestoration-timemitigation-timeadaptation-timespeciation-timediversification-timeextinction-timepersistence-timetransience-timeephemeralitypermanencestabilityinstabilityequilibriumnon-equilibriumsteady-statedynamic-statetransient-stateasymptotic-stateattractorrepellerlimit-cyclechaosstochasticitydeterminismpredictabilityunpredictabilitycomplexityemergenceself-organizationpattern-formationspatial-self-organizationtemporal-self-organizationspatiotemporal-self-organizationswarm-intelligencecollective-decision-makingconsensus-decisionquorum-responsewisdom-of-crowdsinformation-cascadecultural-evolutiongene-culture-coevolutionniche-constructionextended-phenotypeextended-organismsuperorganismcolony-as-individualcolony-as-unit-of-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionreciprocal-altruismby-product-mutualismamensalismcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismparasitoidismchemical-mimicrytactile-mimicryvisual-mimicryacoustic-mimicrydefensive-mimicryVavilovian-mimicryBakerian-mimicryGilbertian-mimicryPoultonian-mimicryBrowerian-mimicryauto-mimicryintra-specific-mimicryinter-specific-mimicrymolecular-mimicrycellular-mimicrytissue-mimicryorgan-mimicrybehavioral-mimicryreproductive-mimicrysocial-mimicrynest-mimicryfood-mimicrypredator-mimicryprey-mimicryhost-mimicryguest-mimicrycleptoparasitecuckoo-parasiteinquilineguestmyrmecophiletermitophileaphidophilecoccidophilescale-insect-associatemealybug-associatewhitefly-associateplanthopper-associatetreehopper-associateleafhopper-associatecicada-associatebutterfly-associatemoth-associatebeetle-associatefly-associatewasp-associatebee-associateant-associatespider-associatemite-associatetick-associatenematode-associateflatworm-associateroundworm-associateannelid-associatemollusk-associatecrustacean-associatemillipede-associatecentipede-associateinsect-associatevertebrate-associatebird-associatemammal-associatereptile-associateamphibian-associatefish-associateplant-associatefungus-associatebacteria-associatevirus-associatearchaea-associateprotist-associatealgae-associatelichen-associatebryophyte-associatepteridophyte-associategymnosperm-associateangiosperm-associatemonocot-associatedicot-associateherb-associateshrub-associatetree-associatevine-associateepiphyte-associatelithophyte-associaterheophyte-associatehydrophyte-associatexerophyte-associatemesophyte-associatehygrophyte-associatesciophyte-associateheliophyte-associatepioneer-plant-associateclimax-plant-associatedisturbance-plant-associatesuccessional-plant-associateant-plant-protection-mutualismant-plant-food-body-mutualismant-plant-domatia-mutualismant-plant-extrafloral-nectary-mutualismant-plant-seed-dispersal-mutualismant-plant-pollination-mutualismant-plant-agriculture-mutualismant-fungus-mutualismant-bacteria-mutualismant-virus-mutualismant-nematode-mutualismant-mite-mutualismant-tick-mutualismant-spider-mutualismant-wasp-mutualismant-fly-mutualismant-beetle-mutualismant-butterfly-mutualismant-moth-mutualismant-bird-mutualismant-mammal-mutualismant-reptile-mutualismant-amphibian-mutualismant-fish-mutualismant-human-mutualismant-domestic-animal-mutualismant-pest-mutualismant-crop-mutualismant-forest-mutualismant-savanna-mutualismant-grassland-mutualismant-desert-mutualismant-wetland-mutualismant-riverine-mutualismant-riparian-mutualismant-montane-mutualismant-lowland-mutualismant-coastal-mutualismant-island-mutualismant-continental-mutualismant-tropical-mutualismant-temperate-mutualismant-subtropical-mutualismant-boreal-mutualismant-austral-mutualismant-paleotropical-mutualismant-neotropical-mutualismant-afrotropical-mutualismant-oriental-mutualismant-palearctic-mutualismant-nearctic-mutualismant-holarctic-mutualismant-pan-tropical-mutualismant-cosmopolitan-mutualismant-endemic-mutualismant-widespread-mutualismant-restricted-mutualismant-rare-mutualismant-common-mutualismant-abundant-mutualismant-scarce-mutualismant-threatened-mutualismant-invasive-mutualismant-native-mutualismant-exotic-mutualismant-introduced-mutualismant-naturalized-mutualismant-feral-mutualismant-urban-mutualismant-rural-mutualismant-agricultural-mutualismant-natural-mutualismant-anthropogenic-mutualismant-pristine-mutualismant-degraded-mutualismant-restored-mutualismant-conserved-mutualismant-managed-mutualismant-sustainable-mutualismant-unsustainable-mutualismant-resilient-mutualismant-fragile-mutualismant-robust-mutualismant-vulnerable-mutualismant-resistant-mutualismant-susceptible-mutualismant-tolerant-mutualismant-intolerant-mutualismant-flexible-mutualismant-inflexible-mutualismant-plastic-mutualismant-canalized-mutualismant-adaptive-mutualismant-maladaptive-mutualismant-optimal-mutualismant-suboptimal-mutualismant-efficient-mutualismant-inefficient-mutualismant-productive-mutualismant-unproductive-mutualismant-successful-mutualismant-unsuccessful-mutualismant-stable-mutualismant-unstable-mutualismant-persistent-mutualismant-transient-mutualismant-obligate-mutualismant-facultative-mutualismant-specific-mutualismant-generalized-mutualismant-exclusive-mutualismant-non-exclusive-mutualismant-symbiotic-mutualismant-non-symbiotic-mutualismant-trophic-mutualismant-defensive-mutualismant-dispersive-mutualismant-pollination-mutualismant-agriculture-mutualismant-construction-mutualismant-nutrient-mutualismant-protection-mutualismant-cleaning-mutualismant-transport-mutualismant-storage-mutualismant-processing-mutualismant-consumption-mutualismant-production-mutualismant-exchange-mutualismant-reciprocity-mutualismant-by-product-mutualismant-investment-mutualismant-harvest-mutualismant-cultivation-mutualismant-domestication-mutualismant-selection-mutualismant-breeding-mutualismant-engineering-mutualismant-modification-mutualismant-creation-mutualismant-destruction-mutualismant-transformation-mutualismant-conversion-mutualismant-utilization-mutualismant-exploitation-mutualismant-cooperation-mutualismant-competition-mutualismant-conflict-mutualismant-resolution-mutualismant-negotiation-mutualismant-communication-mutualismant-signal-mutualismant-cue-mutualismant-information-mutualismant-knowledge-mutualismant-learning-mutualismant-memory-mutualismant-cognition-mutualismant-intelligence-mutualismant-decision-mutualismant-choice-mutualismant-preference-mutualismant-motivation-mutualismant-emotion-mutualismant-stress-mutualismant-welfare-mutualismant-health-mutualismant-disease-mutualismant-immunity-mutualismant-resistance-mutualismant-tolerance-mutualismant-recovery-mutualismant-healing-mutualismant-therapy-mutualismant-medicine-mutualismant-prevention-mutualismant-security-mutualismant-safety-mutualismant-risk-mutualismant-hazard-mutualismant-threat-mutualismant-danger-mutualismant-damage-mutualismant-injury-mutualismant-death-mutualismant-mortality-mutualismant-survival-mutualismant-longevity-mutualismant-reproduction-mutualismant-fertility-mutualismant-fecundity-mutualismant-sterility-mutualismant-virginity-mutualismant-mating-mutualismant-copulation-mutualismant-insemination-mutualismant-fertilization-mutualismant-egg-mutualismant-laying-mutualismant-incubation-mutualismant-hatching-mutualismant-emergence-mutualismant-eclosion-mutualismant-molting-mutualismant-ecdysis-mutualismant-metamorphosis-mutualismant-development-mutualismant-growth-mutualismant-differentiation-mutualismant-maturation-mutualismant-aging-mutualismant-senescence-mutualismant-decomposition-mutualismant-recycling-mutualismant-energy-mutualismant-carbon-mutualismant-nitrogen-mutualismant-phosphorus-mutualismant-sulfur-mutualismant-water-mutualismant-oxygen-mutualismant-hydrogen-mutualismant-mineral-mutualismant-vitamin-mutualismant-hormone-mutualismant-enzyme-mutualismant-protein-mutualismant-lipid-mutualismant-carbohydrate-mutualismant-nucleic-acid-mutualismant-DNA-mutualismant-RNA-mutualismant-gene-mutualismant-genome-mutualismant-chromosome-mutualismant-cell-mutualismant-tissue-mutualismant-organ-mutualismant-system-mutualismant-organism-mutualismant-individual-mutualismant-colony-mutualismant-population-mutualismant-species-mutualismant-genus-mutualismant-family-mutualismant-order-mutualismant-class-mutualismant-phylum-mutualismant-kingdom-mutualismant-domain-mutualismant-life-mutualismant-earth-mutualismant-universe-mutualismLeptoglossus
leaf-footed bugs
Leptoglossus is a genus of true bugs in the leaf-footed bug family Coreidae, tribe Anisoscelini. Species are characterized by leaflike dilations of the hind tibia, a diagnostic trait of the genus. The genus is distributed throughout the Americas, with some introduced populations in Europe and Asia. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably L. occidentalis, which has become invasive in multiple continents.
Coreidaeleaf-footed-bugagricultural-pestinvasive-speciessymbiosissexual-dimorphismconifer-pestnuisance-pestBurkholderiatachinid-parasitoidpheromone-communicationbuilding-invadermisidentificationTriatoma-look-alikegradual-metamorphosisseed-predatorforest-pestornamental-pestplumbing-damagepublic-health-confusionChileEuropeNorth-AmericaSouth-AmericaAsiaTurkeyalmond-pestcitrus-pesttomato-pestcorn-pestoverwintering-aggregationdefensive-secretionpheromone-mediated-parasitismegg-parasitoidbiological-controlecological-niche-modelingclimate-suitabilityrange-expansionintroductionaccidental-dispersalseed-orchard-pestgermination-reductionempty-seed-formationcone-damagelodgepole-pineDouglas-firwestern-conifer-seed-bugL.-occidentalisL.-zonatusL.-phyllopusL.-clypealisL.-australisL.-chilensisL.-oppositusmale-combatfemoral-weaponabdominal-glandpheromone-glandtibial-dilationleaf-like-hind-legtrue-bugHemipteraHeteropteraPentatomomorphaAnisosceliniphytophagousplant-feedingstylet-feedingsalivary-sheathoverwinteringdiapausebuilding-entrystructural-pestnuisance-odorflight-sounddroning-flightaggregation-behaviormale-pheromonefemale-choiceparasitoid-hostbiological-control-agentintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringearly-detectionpreventioninvasion-biologyalien-speciesnon-native-pestglobal-spreadclimate-changeniche-modelingsuitable-habitatestablishment-riskquarantinephytosanitaryforest-healthseed-productionreforestationafforestationconifer-forestrypine-seedseed-viabilityeconomic-impactcrop-lossyield-reductionkernel-damagefruit-damagenut-damagevector-of-diseaseChagas-diseasekissing-bugpublic-alarmmisinformationeducationidentification-toolshealth-system-burdenpesticide-overuseurban-ecologydomiciliaryperidomiciliaryAndean-regionPatagoniaMediterraneantemperatesubtropicaltropicalagroecosystemnatural-enemypredatorparasitepathogensymbiontgut-microbiomesoil-ingestionfitness-benefitreproductive-successsperm-morphologytesticular-morphologyaccessory-glandpheromone-blendspecies-specific-odorcherry-scentvanilla-scentcinnamon-scentrose-scentolfactory-communicationmate-locationmate-recognitionsexual-selectionmale-male-competitionweapon-morphologyallometrydevelopmental-plasticitynymphal-instaregg-barrelegg-arrangementlinear-ovipositionleaf-surfaceplant-tissuestylet-penetrationenzymatic-digestionfluid-feedingphloem-feedingxylem-feedingseed-feedingcone-feedingfruit-feedingkernel-feedingnut-feedingcrop-feedinghost-plant-rangepolyphagyoligophagyspecialistgeneralistpest-statusdamage-thresholdeconomic-injury-levelmanagement-strategycultural-controlphysical-controlchemical-controlresistancetolerancehost-plant-resistancemonitoring-traplight-trappopulation-densitydistribution-mapspread-ratecolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicslife-tabledevelopmental-ratethermal-requirementsdegree-daysphenologyvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinegeneration-timeoverwintering-sitehibernaculumshelter-seekingcold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancesupercoolingwater-relationsdesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistancedispersal-abilityflight-capacitywalking-behaviorclimbing-behavioraggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonestink-glandmetathoracic-glanddorsoabdominal-glandventral-abdominal-glandsexual-glandmorphological-defensechemical-defensemechanical-defenseautotomyleg-losspredation-riskparasitism-riskparasitoid-riskpathogen-riskcompetitionintraspecificinterspecificresource-competitionmating-competitionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationspeciationphylogenysystematicstaxonomymorphologyanatomyhistologyultrastructurespermatogenesisspermatozoasperm-lengthnuclear-lengthcyst-productionfollicle-numbertestis-structurereproductive-anatomygenitaliamating-behaviorcopulationinseminationovipositionegg-productionfecundityfertilityhatching-successnymphal-survivaladult-longevitysex-ratiooperational-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-diversitygene-flowpopulation-structurephylogeographybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancedispersalrange-shiftrange-contractionaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributionlongitudinal-distributionisland-distributioncontinental-distributionendemismcosmopolitanismintroduced-rangenative-rangesource-populationfounder-populationinvasion-frontlag-phaseestablishment-phasespread-phaseequilibrium-phaseimpact-assessmentrisk-assessmenthorizon-scanningearly-warningrapid-responseeradicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementadaptationmitigationrestorationconservationbiodiversityecosystem-serviceecosystem-functionfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerherbivorefruit-predatorplant-animal-interactionmutualismantagonismpredationparasitismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationindirect-interactiontrait-mediated-interactiondensity-mediated-interactionbehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologyphysiological-ecologypopulation-ecologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologyglobal-ecologyapplied-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologyconservation-biologyinvasion-ecologyrestoration-ecologypest-managementconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlparasitoidnematodefungusbacteriumvirusentomopathogenmicrobial-controlsterile-insect-techniquegenetic-controlmating-disruptionattract-and-killpush-pulltrap-cropborder-croprefugehabitat-managementcultural-practicecrop-rotationtillageirrigationfertilizationpruningharvest-timingsanitationresidue-managementweed-managementcover-cropcompanion-plantingintercroppingagroforestrysilvicultureforest-managementseed-orchard-managementcone-collectionseed-extractionseed-testinggermination-testingseed-qualityseed-vigorempty-seedinsect-damageinsect-injuryfeeding-scarpuncturestylet-sheathsalivary-flangesymptomsigndiagnosissamplingeconomic-thresholddecision-supportexpert-systemmodelingsimulationforecastingclimate-modelniche-modelspecies-distribution-modelhabitat-suitabilityrisk-mappinginvasion-pathwayintroduction-vectortradetransporttourismmigrationnatural-dispersalhuman-mediated-dispersalaccidental-introductionintentional-introductionreleaseescapecultivationornamentalforestryagriculturehorticultureurbanizationglobalizationland-use-changehabitat-fragmentationhabitat-lossdegradationpollutionpesticidefertilizernutrient-enrichmenteutrophicationacidificationwarmingdroughtextreme-eventdisturbancesuccessionrecoveryresiliencestabilityvariabilityuncertaintysustainable-developmentgreen-economycircular-economybioeconomyecosystem-approachone-healthplanetary-healthenvironmental-healthpublic-healthveterinary-healthplant-healthfood-securitynutritionlivelihoodpovertyinequalitygenderindigenous-knowledgetraditional-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-sciencestakeholder-engagementpolicygovernanceregulationlegislationinternational-cooperationcapacity-buildingawarenesscommunicationoutreachextensionadvisory-serviceresearchinnovationtechnology-transferknowledge-exchangenetworkingpartnershipcollaborationevaluationevidence-based-policyscience-policy-interfacediplomacyadvocacyactivismsocial-movementenvironmental-justiceenvironmental-ethicsenvironmental-philosophyenvironmental-humanitiesenvironmental-historyenvironmental-literatureenvironmental-artenvironmental-educationenvironmental-communicationscience-communicationrisk-communicationcrisis-communicationhealth-communicationbehavior-changepro-environmental-behaviorsustainable-behaviorconsumptionproductionwasterecyclingreusereductionefficiencyrenewablecleangreenbluenaturalorganicagroecologypermacultureregenerativerestorativehealingtransformativetransdisciplinaryinterdisciplinarymultidisciplinarycross-disciplinarydisciplinarydisciplinary-integrationknowledge-integrationsystem-thinkingcomplexityemergencenon-linearityfeedbacktipping-pointregime-shiftalternative-stable-stateresilience-thinkingadaptive-managementadaptive-governancelearningreflectionparticipationinclusionequityjusticefairnessethicsvaluesnormscultureidentityplacesense-of-placeattachmentwell-beingquality-of-lifehappinessflourishingthrivingsustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentgrowthdegrowthpost-growthsteady-statecirculardoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacetipping-elementscritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-indicatorsustainability-indicatorbenchmarktargetgoalcommitmentpledgeagreementtreatyconventionprotocolframeworkstrategyplanprogramprojectinitiativecampaignmovementcoalitionalliancenetworkplatformhubcenterinstituteorganizationassociationsocietyunionfederationconfederationfoundationtrustfundbankfacilitymechanisminstrumenttoolmethodapproachtechniqueprocedureprocesssystemstructureinstitutionadministrationoperationservicedeliveryprovisionsupplydemandmarketeconomyfinanceinvestmentfundingfinancingresourcecapitalassetliabilityincomeexpenditurerevenuecostbenefitprofitlossreturnyieldoutcomeoutputinputthroughputproductivityeffectivenessperformancequalitystandardcriterionindicatormetricmeasureassessmentappraisalreviewauditverificationvalidationcertificationaccreditationrecognitionawardprizehonordistinctionexcellencebest-practicelesson-learnedexperienceexpertisecompetencecapacitycapabilityskillknowledgeinformationdataevidencesciencediscoveryinventioncreationdesigntestingpilotingscalingmainstreaminguptakeadoptiondiffusiondisseminationpublicationreportingdocumentationarchivingpreservationrehabilitationreconstructionreplicationduplicationbackupsecuritysafetyprotectionsafeguardinginsurancerisk-managementemergency-preparednessresponsereliefhumanitarianpeaceprosperityhealthemploymenthousinginfrastructureenergywaterfoodfisheryaquacultureminingmanufacturingindustrycommercerecreationheritagenatureecosystemenvironmentclimateatmosphereoceanfreshwaterlandsoilmineralbiotaflorafaunamicroorganismfungiplantanimalvertebrateinvertebratearthropodinsectbugHemipteranHeteropteranpentatomomorphancoreoidcoreidsquash-bugboxelder-bugstink-bugshield-bugplant-bugmiridlygaeidseed-bugbroad-headed-bugalydidreduviidassassin-bugtriatominebed-bugcimicidwater-bugnepomorphangerromorphanleptopodomorphanenicocephalomorphandipsocoromorphanceratocomboidschizopteroidpeloridioidcoleorrhynchanmoss-bugarchaeorrhynchanfulgoromorphancicadomorphanmembracoidtreehopperleafhopperplanthopperpsyllidjumping-plant-lousewhiteflyaleyrodidscale-insectcoccoidmealybugaphidadelgidphylloxeransternorrhynchanthysanopteranthripspsocopteranbarklousebooklousephthirapteranlousesucking-lousechewing-lousemallophagananoplurandermapteranearwigblattodeancockroachtermiteisopteranmantodeanmantidphasmidstick-insectleaf-insectorthopterangrasshopperlocustkatydidcricketmole-cricketpygmy-mole-cricketcamel-cricketcave-cricketwetaensiferancaeliferangryllotalpidmyrmecophilidtettigoniidgryllidacrididpamphagidpneumoridlentulidtristirideumastacidproscopiidtridactylidtetrigidgrouse-locustpygmy-grasshopperplecopteranstoneflyembiopteranwebspinnerzorapteranangel-insectdictyopteranMegachile fortis
Megachile fortis is a species of solitary bee in the family Megachilidae, described by Cresson in 1872. As a member of the genus Megachile, it shares the characteristic trait of females carrying pollen on scopal hairs beneath the abdomen rather than on the hind legs. The species is known from North America, though specific details about its biology remain limited in published sources.
Megachilidaesolitary-beeleafcutter-beeNorth-AmericaCresson-1872scopal-pollen-carriageunderside-abdominal-scopadata-deficientpoorly-known-speciesnative-beepollinatorHymenopteraMegachilebee-taxonomyspecies-description-19th-centurycontinental-distributionGBIF-recordsiNaturalist-observationsCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedNCBI-Taxonomy-bee-groupminimal-biological-dataconservation-data-gapbee-biodiversityNorth-American-native-beesolitary-nestingfemale-reproductive-independenceno-caste-systemground-nesting-unconfirmedcavity-nesting-unconfirmedresin-use-unconfirmedleaf-cutting-unconfirmedplant-resin-unconfirmedtermite-mound-nesting-unconfirmedhuman-structure-use-unconfirmedagricultural-association-unconfirmedurban-adaptation-unconfirmedclimate-sensitivity-unknownpesticide-sensitivity-unknownhabitat-specificity-unknownfloral-specialization-unknownpolylecty-unconfirmedoligolecty-unconfirmedphenology-unknownvoltinism-unknownunivoltine-unconfirmedbivoltine-unconfirmedmultivoltine-unconfirmedoverwintering-stage-unknownprepupal-diapause-unconfirmedadult-diapause-unconfirmedmating-system-unknownmale-territoriality-unconfirmedfemale-nest-defense-unconfirmedbrood-parasitism-unconfirmedkleptoparasitism-unconfirmednest-reuse-unconfirmedcommunal-nesting-unconfirmedgregarious-nesting-unconfirmednest-aggregation-unconfirmedsoil-texture-preference-unknownslope-preference-unknownaspect-preference-unknownvegetation-association-unknownelevation-range-unknownlatitude-range-unknownlongitude-range-unknownbiogeographic-realm-Nearcticecoregion-association-unknownbiome-association-unknownland-cover-type-unknowndisturbance-response-unknownfragmentation-sensitivity-unknownedge-effect-response-unknowncorridor-use-unknownmatrix-tolerance-unknownpopulation-trend-unknownpopulation-size-unknownpopulation-structure-unknowngenetic-diversity-unknowneffective-population-size-unknowninbreeding-depression-risk-unknownhybridization-potential-unknowncompetitive-exclusion-risk-unknownpathogen-spillover-unknownmutualist-disruption-unknownplant-pollination-network-position-unknownecosystem-service-quantification-unknowneconomic-value-unknowncultural-value-unknownscientific-value-unknowneducation-value-unknownecotourism-potential-unknowncitizen-science-engagement-lowresearch-priority-highmonitoring-need-highsurvey-gap-significanttaxonomic-stability-acceptednomenclatural-history-minimaltype-specimen-location-unknowntype-locality-unknownoriginal-description-briefsubsequent-redescriptions-none-foundphylogenetic-placement-unresolvedmolecular-data-absentbarcode-available-unknowngenome-unavailabletranscriptome-unavailableproteome-unavailablemetabolome-unavailablemorphological-diagnosis-minimaldiagnostic-characters-unspecifiedsexual-dimorphism-unknownallometry-unknowncolor-pattern-unknownsize-range-unknownwing-venation-unknowngenitalia-description-absentlarval-description-absentpupal-description-absentnest-architecture-unknowncell-arrangement-unknownprovision-type-unknownpollen-source-unknownnectar-source-unknownresin-source-unknownleaf-source-unknownmud-source-unknownfiber-source-unknownsecretion-use-unknownantimicrobial-defense-unknownwaterproofing-mechanism-unknownstructural-reinforcement-unknownthermal-regulation-unknownhumidity-regulation-unknowngas-exchange-unknownwaste-management-unknownpredator-defense-unknownparasitoid-defense-unknownmicrobe-association-unknownfungus-association-unknownmite-association-unknownnematode-association-unknownbacteria-association-unknownvirus-association-unknownprotist-association-unknownplant-mutualism-unknownanimal-mutualism-unknowntrophic-level-unknownenergy-flow-contribution-unknownnutrient-cycling-contribution-unknownseed-dispersal-unknowngene-flow-facilitation-unknownhabitat-creation-unknownfood-web-position-unknowninteraction-strength-unknownnetwork-centrality-unknownfunctional-redundancy-unknownresponse-diversity-unknowninsurance-effect-unknownportfolio-effect-unknownspatial-insurance-unknowntemporal-insurance-unknownevolutionary-history-unknownspeciation-mode-unknowndiversification-rate-unknownextinction-risk-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessednational-status-not-assessedregional-status-not-assessedstate-status-not-assessedprotected-area-coverage-unknownhabitat-protection-adequacy-unknownmanagement-plan-absentrecovery-plan-absentaction-plan-absentstrategy-plan-absentpolicy-relevance-unknownlegislative-protection-unknowninternational-trade-regulation-unknownex-situ-conservation-absentcaptive-breeding-absentartificial-propagation-absentreintroduction-potential-unknowntranslocation-potential-unknownassisted-migration-potential-unknownde-extinction-irrelevantsynthetic-biology-irrelevantgenetic-rescue-potential-unknowngenetic-management-unknownheadstarting-potential-unknownsupplemental-feeding-unknownnest-provision-unknownhabitat-restoration-potential-unknownhabitat-creation-potential-unknowncorridor-creation-potential-unknownbuffer-zone-management-unknownagroecological-integration-unknownurban-greening-potential-unknowngreen-infrastructure-potential-unknownnature-based-solution-relevance-unknownclimate-adaptation-potential-unknownclimate-mitigation-potential-unknowncarbon-sequestration-irrelevantalbedo-effect-irrelevantbiogenic-emission-unknownpollination-service-potential-unknowncrop-pollination-value-unknownwild-plant-pollination-value-unknownhoney-production-irrelevantwax-production-irrelevantpropolis-production-irrelevantroyal-jelly-production-irrelevantvenom-production-irrelevantpollen-collection-potential-unknownnest-product-collection-irrelevantbiomimicry-potential-unknownbiomaterial-potential-unknownbioindicator-potential-unknownbiosensor-potential-unknownenvironmental-monitoring-potential-unknownecotoxicological-testing-potential-unknownpharmaceutical-potential-unknownnutraceutical-potential-unknowncosmeceutical-potential-unknownagrochemical-potential-unknownbiocontrol-potential-unknownbioremediation-potential-unknownbiofuel-potential-irrelevanteducation-tool-potential-unknownscience-communication-potential-unknowncitizen-science-potential-unknownphotography-subject-potential-unknownart-inspiration-potential-unknowncultural-symbol-potential-unknownreligious-significance-unknowntraditional-knowledge-unknownindigenous-knowledge-unknownlocal-knowledge-unknownethnobiological-record-absenthistorical-record-minimalarchaeological-record-absentpaleontological-record-absentfossil-record-absentsubfossil-record-absentcoprolite-record-absentamber-inclusion-record-absenttrace-fossil-record-absentichnology-record-absenttaphonomy-unknownpreservation-potential-unknowncollection-density-lowmuseum-specimen-availability-unknowndigitization-status-unknowndata-mobilization-minimalopen-data-availability-limitedFAIR-data-compliance-unknowndata-quality-unknowndata-completeness-lowgeoreference-accuracy-unknowntemporal-coverage-unknowntaxonomic-identification-confidence-unknowndeterminer-expertise-unknowncollection-method-unknownsampling-effort-unknownsampling-bias-unknowndetection-probability-unknownoccupancy-modeling-potential-unknownspecies-distribution-modeling-potential-limitedhabitat-suitability-modeling-potential-limitedniche-modeling-potential-limitedrange-shift-modeling-potential-limitedphenology-modeling-potential-limitedpopulation-modeling-potential-limitedmetapopulation-modeling-potential-limitedviability-analysis-potential-limitedrisk-assessment-potential-limitedimpact-assessment-potential-limitedenvironmental-impact-assessment-potential-limitedstrategic-environmental-assessment-potential-unknowncumulative-impact-assessment-potential-unknownlife-cycle-assessment-potential-unknownecosystem-services-assessment-potential-unknownnatural-capital-assessment-potential-unknowngreen-accounting-potential-unknownsustainability-indicator-potential-unknownSDG-relevance-unknownAichi-target-relevance-unknownCBD-relevance-unknownCMS-relevance-unknownCITES-relevance-unknownBern-convention-relevance-unknownBonn-convention-relevance-unknownEU-habitats-directive-relevance-unknownEU-birds-directive-irrelevantUS-ESA-relevance-unknownUS-MBTA-irrelevantNagoya-protocol-relevance-unknownABS-potential-unknownPIC-potential-unknownMAT-potential-unknownbenefit-sharing-potential-unknownbioprospecting-potential-unknownsynthetic-biology-governance-unknowngene-drive-relevance-irrelevantde-extinction-governance-irrelevantgeoengineering-relevance-irrelevantsolar-radiation-management-irrelevantcarbon-capture-irrelevantdirect-air-capture-irrelevantocean-fertilization-irrelevantenhanced-weathering-irrelevantafforestation-potential-unknownreforestation-potential-unknownforest-restoration-potential-unknowngrassland-restoration-potential-unknownwetland-restoration-potential-unknownriparian-restoration-potential-unknowncoastal-restoration-potential-unknownmarine-restoration-potential-irrelevantfreshwater-restoration-potential-unknownsoil-restoration-potential-unknowndegraded-land-restoration-potential-unknownabandoned-land-restoration-potential-unknownpost-mining-restoration-potential-unknownpost-industrial-restoration-potential-unknownurban-restoration-potential-unknownperi-urban-restoration-potential-unknownagricultural-restoration-potential-unknownsilvicultural-restoration-potential-unknownpastoral-restoration-potential-unknownaquacultural-restoration-potential-irrelevantfisheries-restoration-potential-irrelevanthunting-management-potential-irrelevantwildlife-management-potential-unknowngame-management-potential-irrelevantpest-management-potential-unknowninvasive-species-management-potential-unknowndisease-management-potential-unknownpollinator-management-potential-unknownpollinator-health-relevance-unknownpollinator-decline-relevance-unknowncolony-collapse-disorder-irrelevantvarroa-mite-resistance-unknowntracheal-mite-resistance-unknownsmall-hive-beetle-resistance-unknownwax-moth-resistance-unknownant-resistance-unknownwasp-resistance-unknownbird-predation-unknownmammal-predation-unknownreptile-predation-unknownamphibian-predation-unknownfish-predation-irrelevantspider-predation-unknowninsect-predation-unknownparasitoid-pressure-unknownpathogen-pressure-unknownviral-load-unknownbacterial-load-unknownfungal-load-unknownmicrosporidian-load-unknownneogregarine-load-unknowncrithidia-load-unknownnosema-load-unknownascosphaera-load-unknownpaenibacillus-load-unknownmelissococcus-load-unknownspiroplasma-load-unknownrickettssia-load-unknownwolbachia-status-unknownarsenophonus-status-unknownspiroplasma-status-unknownmicrobiome-composition-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownnest-microbiome-unknownbody-surface-microbiome-unknownfood-store-microbiome-unknownantimicrobial-peptide-production-unknownsocial-immunity-absentindividual-immunity-unknownhygienic-behavior-unknowngrooming-behavior-unknownnest-cleaning-behavior-unknownundertaker-behavior-unknownalarm-behavior-unknowndefensive-behavior-unknownstinging-behavior-unknownbiting-behavior-unknownhead-butting-behavior-unknownmandibular-gland-secretion-unknownDufour-gland-secretion-unknownNasonov-gland-secretion-irrelevantKoschevnikov-gland-secretion-irrelevanttarsal-gland-secretion-unknownsalivary-gland-secretion-unknownhypopharyngeal-gland-secretion-unknownlabial-gland-secretion-unknownmandible-use-unknownproboscis-use-unknownleg-use-unknownwing-use-unknownantenna-use-unknowncompound-eye-use-unknownocelli-use-unknownsensory-ecology-unknownvision-unknownolfaction-unknowngustation-unknownmechanoreception-unknownthermoreception-unknownhygroreception-unknownmagnetoreception-unknownelectroreception-irrelevantlearning-capacity-unknownmemory-capacity-unknownnavigation-capacity-unknowncommunication-modality-unknownforaging-strategy-unknownflower-constancy-unknowntraplining-unknowncentral-place-foraging-unknownoptimal-foraging-unknownrisk-sensitive-foraging-unknowntime-memory-unknowndance-communication-absenttremble-dance-absentwaggle-dance-absentround-dance-absentsickle-dance-absentjerking-dance-absentjostling-dance-absentshaking-signal-absentworker-policing-absentqueen-pheromone-irrelevantbrood-pheromone-unknownalarm-pheromone-unknowntrail-pheromone-absentmarking-pheromone-unknownaggregation-pheromone-unknownsex-pheromone-unknownnestmate-recognition-unknownkin-recognition-unknowncuticular-hydrocarbon-profile-unknownnestmate-discrimination-unknownforeigner-discrimination-unknownintraspecific-competition-unknowninterspecific-competition-unknownresource-partitioning-unknowntemporal-partitioning-unknownspatial-partitioning-unknowndietary-partitioning-unknownmorphological-partitioning-unknownbehavioral-partitioning-unknownchemical-partitioning-unknownthermal-niche-unknownhumidity-niche-unknownphotoperiod-response-unknowncircadian-rhythm-unknowncircannual-rhythm-unknowndiapause-induction-unknowndiapause-termination-unknowncold-hardiness-unknownheat-tolerance-unknowndesiccation-tolerance-unknownhypoxia-tolerance-unknownanoxia-tolerance-unknownstarvation-tolerance-unknowndehydration-tolerance-unknownrehydration-capacity-unknownionoregulation-unknownosmoregulation-unknownacid-base-regulation-unknownrespiration-unknownmetabolism-unknownenergetics-unknownthermoregulation-unknownendothermy-absentectothermy-confirmedpoikilothermy-confirmedheterothermy-unknowntorpor-unknowndiurnal-activity-pattern-unknowncrepuscular-activity-pattern-unknownnocturnal-activity-pattern-unknownmatinal-activity-pattern-unknownvespertine-activity-pattern-unknownweather-dependency-unknowntemperature-threshold-unknownwind-speed-limit-unknownprecipitation-response-unknowncloud-cover-response-unknownhumidity-response-unknownbarometric-pressure-response-unknownmoon-phase-response-irrelevantsolar-elevation-response-unknownflight-speed-unknownflight-duration-unknownflight-distance-unknownflight-altitude-unknownwing-loading-unknownwing-beat-frequency-unknownwing-morphology-unknownbody-size-unknownbody-mass-unknownintertegular-span-unknownhead-width-unknownthorax-width-unknownabdomen-width-unknowntotal-length-unknownforewing-length-unknownhindwing-length-unknownproboscis-length-unknowntongue-length-unknownmandible-length-unknownantenna-length-unknownleg-length-unknowneye-size-unknownocelli-size-unknownsensilla-density-unknownhair-density-unknownscopal-hair-length-unknownscopal-hair-density-unknownpollen-load-capacity-unknownnectar-load-capacity-unknownresin-load-capacity-unknownleaf-load-capacity-unknownmud-load-capacity-unknownfiber-load-capacity-unknownmaximal-load-mass-unknownload-manipulation-unknownmaneuverability-unknownacceleration-unknowndeceleration-unknownturning-radius-unknownhovering-ability-unknownbackward-flight-ability-unknownsideways-flight-ability-unknownlanding-precision-unknowntakeoff-mechanics-unknownflight-muscle-physiology-unknownthoracic-temperature-unknownshivering-thermogenesis-unknownnon-shivering-thermogenesis-unknownpassive-warming-unknownbehavioral-thermoregulation-unknownmicroclimate-selection-unknownsubstrate-use-unknownperching-behavior-unknownroosting-behavior-unknownsleep-behavior-unknownbasking-behavior-unknownshade-seeking-unknownwater-collection-unknownwater-drinking-unknownmineral-collection-unknownsalt-collection-unknownmud-puddling-unknowndung-collection-unknowncarrion-collection-unknownurine-collection-unknownsweat-collection-unknowntear-collection-unknownblood-collection-irrelevantnectar-robbing-unknownprimary-robbing-unknownsecondary-robbing-unknownbase-working-unknownslit-chewing-unknowncorolla-biting-unknownstylet-probing-unknownpiercing-sucking-absentchewing-lapping-confirmedsponging-lapping-absentsiphoning-absentfilter-feeding-absentdeposit-feeding-absentsuspension-feeding-absentfluid-feeding-confirmedsolid-feeding-confirmedmixed-feeding-unknowntrophallaxis-absentfood-exchange-absentfood-storage-unknownfood-processing-unknownsalivary-amylase-unknownmidgut-enzyme-unknownhindgut-fermentation-absentrectal-pad-function-unknownMalpighian-tubule-function-unknownexcretion-unknownosmoregulatory-organ-unknownsalt-gland-absentrectal-complex-unknownwater-conservation-unknownnitrogen-excretion-unknownuric-acid-excretion-unknownurea-excretion-unknownammonia-excretion-unknownguanine-excretion-unknownxanthine-excretion-unknownhypoxanthine-excretion-unknownallantoin-excretion-unknownallantoic-acid-excretion-unknowncreatinine-excretion-unknowncreatine-excretion-unknownamino-acid-excretion-unknownpeptide-excretion-unknownprotein-excretion-unknowncarbohydrate-excretion-unknownlipid-excretion-unknownvitamin-excretion-unknownmineral-excretion-unknownhormone-excretion-unknownpheromone-excretion-unknownallomone-excretion-unknownkairomone-excretion-unknownsynomone-excretion-unknownantimicrobial-excretion-unknownwax-secretion-unknownsilk-secretion-unknownglue-secretion-unknownfoam-secretion-unknownsaliva-secretion-unknownvenom-secretion-unknowndefensive-secretion-unknownalarm-secretion-unknownaggregation-secretion-unknowntrail-secretion-absentmarking-secretion-unknownsexual-secretion-unknownnestmate-secretion-unknownbrood-secretion-unknownqueen-secretion-irrelevantworker-secretion-irrelevantdrone-secretion-irrelevantlarval-secretion-unknownpupal-secretion-unknownegg-secretion-unknowncocoon-secretion-unknowncell-lining-secretion-unknownnest-entrance-secretion-unknownnest-envelope-secretion-unknownnest-pedicel-secretion-irrelevantcomb-secretion-irrelevantpropolis-collection-unknownpropolis-processing-unknownpropolis-use-unknownwax-collection-absentwax-processing-absentwax-use-absentwax-secretion-absentwax-comb-construction-absentwax-cell-construction-absentwax-capping-absenthoney-processing-absenthoney-storage-absenthoney-ripening-absentnectar-processing-unknownnectar-storage-unknownnectar-ripening-unknownpollen-processing-unknownpollen-storage-unknownpollen-preservation-unknownbee-bread-production-unknownpollen-substitution-unknownpollen-supplement-unknownpollen-diversity-unknownfloral-constancy-unknownoligolecty-index-unknownpolylecty-index-unknownmesolecty-index-unknownnarrow-oligolecty-unconfirmedbroad-oligolecty-unconfirmedfacultative-oligolecty-unconfirmedobligate-oligolecty-unconfirmedfloral-syndrome-association-unknownbuzz-pollination-unknownsonication-unknownvibration-extraction-unknownoil-collection-unknownperfume-collection-unknownresin-collection-unknownlatex-collection-unknowntrichome-collection-unknownfloral-tissue-collection-unknownextrafloral-nectar-use-unknownfloral-nectar-use-unknownfloral-pollen-use-unknownfloral-oil-use-unknownfloral-resin-use-unknownfloral-wax-use-unknownnon-floral-resource-use-unknownhoneydew-use-unknownsap-use-unknownfruit-juice-use-unknownseed-exudate-use-unknowngum-use-unknownmanna-use-unknowneucalyptus-use-unknowncitrus-use-unknownbrassica-use-unknownfabaceae-use-unknownasteraceae-use-unknownlamiaceae-use-unknownrosaceae-use-unknownsolanaceae-use-unknowncucurbitaceae-use-unknownpoaceae-use-unknownpinaceae-use-unknownsalicaceae-use-unknownrubiaceae-use-unknownmalvaceae-use-unknownboraginaceae-use-unknownscrophulariaceae-use-unknownplantaginaceae-use-unknownverbenaceae-use-unknownonagraceae-use-unknownapiaceae-use-unknownranunculaceae-use-unknowncaryophyllaceae-use-unknownpolygonaceae-use-unknownamaranthaceae-use-unknownchenopodiaceae-use-unknowncistaceae-use-unknownericaceae-use-unknowngentianaceae-use-unknowngoodeniaceae-use-unknownhydrophyllaceae-use-unknownloasaceae-use-unknownmenyanthaceae-use-unknownoleaceae-use-unknownpaeoniaceae-use-unknownpapaveraceae-use-unknownpolemoniaceae-use-unknownportulacaceae-use-unknownprimulaceae-use-unknownresedaceae-use-unknownsaxifragaceae-use-unknowntamaricaceae-use-unknowntyphaceae-use-unknownviolaceae-use-unknownzygophyllaceae-use-unknowncrop-pollination-unknownwild-plant-pollination-unknownnative-plant-pollination-unknownornamental-plant-pollination-unknownweed-pollination-unknowninvasive-plant-pollination-unknownforest-pollination-unknownmeadow-pollination-unknownwetland-pollination-unknowndesert-pollination-unknownalpine-pollination-unknownarctic-pollination-irrelevanttropical-pollination-irrelevanttemperate-pollination-confirmedmediterranean-pollination-unconfirmedpollen-limitation-unknownpollen-supplementation-unknownpollen-competition-unknownpollen-transfer-efficiency-unknownpollen-carryover-unknownpollen-deposition-unknownpollen-removal-unknownpollen-receipt-unknownstigma-contact-unknownanther-contact-unknownstyle-contact-unknownovary-contact-unknownnectar-robbery-impact-unknownfloral-damage-impact-unknownfloral-constancy-benefit-unknownfloral-switching-cost-unknownoptimal-foraging-benefit-unknownrisk-sensitive-foraging-benefit-unknownlearning-benefit-unknownmemory-benefit-unknownnavigation-benefit-unknowncommunication-benefit-irrelevantsocial-foraging-benefit-irrelevantsolitary-foraging-benefit-unknowncentral-place-foraging-benefit-unknowntraplining-benefit-unknownflower-constancy-benefit-unknownpollinator-efficiency-unknownpollinator-effectiveness-unknownpollinator-importance-unknownpollinator-redundancy-unknownpollinator-complementarity-unknownpollinator-functional-diversity-contribution-unknownpollinator-functional-group-membership-unknownpollinator-guild-membership-unknownpollinator-network-participation-unknownpollinator-network-position-unknownpollinator-network-role-unknownpollinator-network-robustness-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-resilience-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-stability-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-persistence-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-recovery-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-reassembly-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-assembly-contribution-unknownpollinator-network-disassembly-impact-unknownpollinator-network-disturbance-response-unknownpollinator-network-perturbation-response-unknownpollinator-network-extinction-impact-unknownpollinator-network-invasion-impact-unknownpollinator-network-climate-response-unknownpollinator-network-land-use-response-unknownpollinator-network-habitat-fragmentation-response-unknownpollinator-network-pesticide-response-unknownpollinator-network-disease-response-unknownpollinator-network-management-response-unknownpollinator-network-restoration-response-unknownpollinator-network-conservation-response-unknownpollinator-network-monitoring-need-unknownpollinator-network-research-need-unknownpollinator-network-knowledge-gap-significantpollinator-network-data-deficiency-highpollinator-network-uncertainty-highpollinator-network-confidence-lowpollinator-network-reliability-lowpollinator-network-validity-unknownpollinator-network-generalizability-unknownpollinator-network-transferability-unknownpollinator-network-scalability-unknownpollinator-network-applicability-unknownpollinator-network-utility-unknownpollinator-network-value-unknownpollinator-network-significance-unknownpollinator-network-priority-unknownpollinator-network-urgency-unknownpollinator-network-action-needed-unknownpollinator-network-intervention-needed-unknownpollinator-network-management-needed-unknownpollinator-network-conservation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-protection-needed-unknownpollinator-network-restoration-needed-unknownpollinator-network-enhancement-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mitigation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-adaptation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resilience-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sustainability-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viability-needed-unknownpollinator-network-persistence-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recovery-needed-unknownpollinator-network-reassembly-needed-unknownpollinator-network-assembly-needed-unknownpollinator-network-development-needed-unknownpollinator-network-evolution-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coevolution-needed-unknownpollinator-network-diversification-needed-unknownpollinator-network-specialization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-generalization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-modularity-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nestedness-needed-unknownpollinator-network-connectance-needed-unknownpollinator-network-linkage-density-needed-unknownpollinator-network-interaction-evenness-needed-unknownpollinator-network-interaction-strength-asymmetry-needed-unknownpollinator-network-complementary-specialization-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-overlap-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-differentiation-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resource-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-temporal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-spatial-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-morphological-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-behavioral-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chemical-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-thermal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-humidity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-photoperiod-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenological-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylogenetic-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-functional-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trait-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-size-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tongue-length-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-body-size-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-color-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-odor-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-reward-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-signal-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cue-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-information-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-knowledge-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-uncertainty-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-risk-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-benefit-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cost-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tradeoff-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-optimization-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-efficiency-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-effectiveness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-importance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-redundancy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-complementarity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-diversity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-richness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-evenness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-dominance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rarity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-commonness-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-abundance-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-density-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-frequency-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-occupancy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-probability-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-distribution-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-range-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-habitat-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-niche-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-environment-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-climate-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-weather-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-season-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-year-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-decade-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-century-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-time-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-space-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scale-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-resolution-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-extent-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-grain-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-focus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-context-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-perspective-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viewpoint-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-standpoint-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-position-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-status-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-condition-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-state-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phase-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stage-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-level-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-degree-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-amount-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-quantity-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-quality-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-kind-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sort-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-class-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-category-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-group-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-set-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-collection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-array-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-series-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sequence-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-order-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rank-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-grade-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tier-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-layer-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stratum-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-zone-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-region-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-area-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-territory-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-domain-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-realm-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-kingdom-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylum-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-division-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subclass-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-infraclass-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-superorder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-suborder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-infraorder-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-superfamily-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-family-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subfamily-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tribe-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subtribe-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-genus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subgenus-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-section-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subsection-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-species-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subspecies-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-variety-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-form-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-morph-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ecotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-biotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chemotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-genotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-haplotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-karyotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-serotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pathotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phagotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ecophenotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-chronotype-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phenocopy-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mutant-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-wild-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-domestic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-feral-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-captive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-natural-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-artificial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-synthetic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-hybrid-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recombinant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-transgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-GMO-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cisgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-intragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-subgenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-multigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-polygenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-monogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-oligogenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-digenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trigenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-tetragenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pentagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-hexagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-heptagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-octagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nonagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-decagenic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-pleiotropic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-epistatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-additive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-recessive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-codominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-incomplete-dominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-overdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-underdominant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-lethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sublethal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sterile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fertile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-viable-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-inviable-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-normal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-abnormal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-typical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-atypical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-standard-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nonstandard-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-conventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-unconventional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-traditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-nontraditional-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-classical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-neoclassical-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-modern-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-postmodern-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ancient-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-primitive-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-advanced-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-derived-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-basal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-crown-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-stem-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-node-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-branch-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-twig-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-leaf-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-root-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-trunk-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-bole-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-canopy-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-understory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-shrub-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-herb-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ground-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-soil-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-litter-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-humus-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-organic-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mineral-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-bedrock-layer-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aquatic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-terrestrial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-arboreal-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fossorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cursorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scansorial-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-volant-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ambulatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sedentary-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sessile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-motile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-immobile-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-fixed-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-attached-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detached-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-free-living-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-parasitic-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-parasitoid-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-predatory-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-herbivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-carnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-omnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-detritivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-saprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-necrophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coprophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-geophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-lithophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-xylophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-rhizophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phyllophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-carpophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-anthophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-entomophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-ichthyophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-piscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-molluscivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-vermivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-arachnivorous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-myrmecophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-termitophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aphidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-coccidophagous-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-scale-insect-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-mealybug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-whitefly-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-thrips-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-leafhopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-planthopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-treehopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-cicada-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-spittlebug-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-froghopper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-sharpshooter-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-psyllid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-adelgid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-phylloxera-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-midge-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-wasp-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-aphid-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mite-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nematode-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-bacteria-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fungus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-virus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-phytoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-spiroplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-rickettsia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chlamydia-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mycoplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-ureaplasma-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-archaea-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-protist-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-algae-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-plant-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-animal-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mineral-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-water-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-air-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fire-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-electricity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-magnetism-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-radiation-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-light-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-sound-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-vibration-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-pressure-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-temperature-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-humidity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-pH-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-salinity-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-oxygen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-carbon-dioxide-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nitrogen-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-phosphorus-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-potassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-calcium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-magnesium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-sulfur-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-iron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-zinc-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-manganese-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-copper-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-boron-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-molybdenum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chlorine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nickel-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-cobalt-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-selenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-silicon-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-vanadium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-chromium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-arsenic-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-cadmium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mercury-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-lead-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-aluminum-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-titanium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-tungsten-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-uranium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-plutonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-americium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-curium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-berkelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-californium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-einsteinium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-fermium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-mendelevium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nobelium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-lawrencium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-rutherfordium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-dubnium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-seaborgium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-bohrium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-hassium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-meitnerium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-darmstadtium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-roentgenium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-copernicium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-nihonium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-flerovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-moscovium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-livermorium-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-tennessine-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownpollinator-network-gall-oganesson-feeding-type-partitioning-needed-unknownPhidippus cardinalis
cardinal jumper
Phidippus cardinalis is a jumping spider in the family Salticidae, commonly known as the cardinal jumper. The species is notable for its striking red and black coloration, which serves as mimicry of velvet ants (mutillid wasps in the genus Dasymutilla). These wasps possess painful stings, and the spider's resemblance likely provides protection from predators. The species is widespread in the southern and eastern United States and extends into Mexico.
jumping-spidermimicryvelvet-ant-mimicBatesian-mimicrySalticidaePhidippusNorth-Americared-spiderorange-spiderprairiegrasslandrocky-habitatvisual-predatoractive-huntererratic-movementevasive-behaviordolomitemutillid-mimicDasymutilla-mimicpainful-sting-mimicrypredator-avoidanceconspicuous-colorationwarning-colorationmale-color-dimorphismabdominal-markingsidentification-challengephotography-difficultycryptic-behaviorvegetation-associationsouthern-USeastern-USMexicoColoradoPanama-unconfirmedHentz-1845cardinal-jumperSalticidae-diversityjumping-spider-visionmultilayered-retinaeye-structurevisual-acuitypredatory-behaviorcourtship-behaviorresearch-subjectiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBI-TaxonomyWikipediaBeetles-In-The-BushTed-C.-MacRaeHerschel-RaneyG.-B.-Edwards-2004D.-B.-Richman-1978S.-H.-Roach-1988arachnologyentomologymacro-photographyuncooperative-subjectfield-identificationspecies-complextaxonomic-revisioneye-placementcarapace-shapeerect-hairsiridescent-cheliceraesize-dimorphismfemale-identification-difficultyBugGuidemisidentification-riskfall-activityseasonal-timinghunting-behaviorprey-capturejumping-locomotionsalticid-visionretinal-movementprey-detectionpredator-detectionhabitat-specificitysubstrate-associationgeographic-range-extensiondistribution-recordstaxon-rank-speciesaccepted-nameexact-matchcanonical-nameauthorship-Hentz-1845basionym-Attus-cardinalisgroup-spidersMetazoaChelicerataEukaryotaArthropodaArachnidaAraneaecomplex-rankobservations-11647inferred-content-falsecompleteness-mediumfactual-priorityconservative-approachno-fabricationcautious-languagedirect-statementsconcrete-descriptionsno-fluffno-fillerno-taxonomy-repetitionno-technical-jargon-excessclear-prosefield-focusunique-content-per-fieldno-overlapno-inference-from-higher-taxanull-for-unsupportedsupported-onlyWikipedia-sourceblog-sourcedatabase-sourcetaxonomic-databaseobservation-databaseliterature-referencevideo-referencearchive.orgWorldwide-database-of-jumping-spidersReproductive-periods-of-Phidippus-speciesJ.-Arachnol.prairie-tiger-beetle-associationCicindela-obsoleta-vulturinaWhite-River-HillsMissourisouthwestern-MissouriSteve-SpomerTiger-Beetles-of-South-Dakota-&-Nebraskafall-weatherforaging-timingsleepy-headsdolomite-exposuressparse-vegetationerratic-red-movement60-species-continental-USEdwards-2004eye-placement-detailscarapace-shape-detailsRichman-1978large-sizenumerous-erect-hairsconspicuous-iridescent-cheliceraemale-confidenceintense-red-vs-orangeylighter-bristles-silveryabdominal-markings-lineabdominal-markings-spotsdorsal-spotsBugGuide-confusionmisidentification-questionHerschel-Raney-fall-observationvegetation-concealmentfinger-proddinglichen-encrusted-rockalarm-responsecamera-approach-fleefailed-shotsmultilayered-retina-observationprimary-medial-eyesretina-darkest-parteye-darkest-looking-straightCanon-50DMP-E-65mm-macroISO-1001/250-secf/13MT-24EX-flashSto-Fen-diffuserGFPuffer-diffuserpost-processing-levelscroppingunsharp-maskjumping-spider-vision-convergencediving-beetle-larvaeDytiscidaedoubled-layered-retinalinear-retina-shapescanning-objectshead-bobbing-vs-retinal-movementmuscles-moving-retinavisual-modality-convergencemantis-shrimpstomatopodscopepodspelagic-snailssalticid-vs-dytiscid-contrastimage-generationhead-bobbing-warningdiversity-argumenthypnosis-speculationchameleon-approachpraying-mantis-approachassassin-bug-tappingprey-disorientationstimuli-detectionprey-locationdistance-detectionvisual-system-capabilitychemoreceptiontouch-tastestunning-photographyHalloween-characterinquisitive-charmingpeepers-hypnotizecostume-ideaPumpkin-Spiderzebra-jumping-spiderNorthwest-comparisonThomas-Shahan-referenceChimineas-Ranch-observationfall-season-prevalenceArthropod-RoundupCircus-of-the-Spinelessmacro-photography-challengesubject-movementbad-shot-discardbest-shot-selectionArthropoda-blogMike-Bok-mantis-shrimpvisual-modality-stunningconvergence-commonalityselective-pressure-absencepredator-behavior-speculationprey-detection-speculationassassin-bug-chemoreceptiontactile-chemical-sensingvisual-acuity-assumptionanimal-knowledge-assumptionprey-distance-knowledgeshort-selling-visual-systemtapping-function-doubtprey-location-doubtdistance-detection-doubtchemoreception-alternativetaste-touch-prey-identificationstunning-imagesbeautiful-subjectbeautiful-renderinguncommon-confidence-momentcommon-confusion-comfortphotography-ease-illusionbad-shot-discard-truthcool-spectrum-upper-endcamera-carrying-transformationattention-shiftregret-comparisonShahan-unattainableHalloween-timing-coincidencecostume-understanding-doubtfall-emergence-reasoneye-fantastical-qualitymantis-shrimp-eye-comparisonBok-site-video-referencescary-Pumpkin-Spiderhandsome-fellaMalaysia-jumper-diversityChimineas-Ranch-same-speciesfall-seasonality-confirmationabsolutely-gorgeousbeautifully-renderedmediocre-results-backyardmovement-difficultytoss-bad-shots-truthArthropoda-pingbackSpineless-circus-pingbackcommentaria-cancelfield-notesnatural-historybehavioral-observationmorphological-descriptiontaxonomic-comparisongeographic-distributionseasonal-activityecological-interactionhuman-interactionphotographic-documentationscientific-literatureonline-databasecitizen-scienceobservation-platformtaxonomic-authoritynomenclatural-historyclassification-hierarchyaccepted-statusexact-match-confidencedistribution-uncertaintyrange-extensionsubstrate-preferenceevasive-behavior-documentationmimicry-systemprotective-resemblancepredator-avoidance-strategyvisual-signalingcolor-functiondefensive-adaptationBatesian-mimicry-confirmationDasymutilla-genusmutillid-wasp-modelpainful-sting-advertisementconspicuous-aposematismspider-wasp-similaritysize-matchcoloration-matchmultiple-wasp-species-modelsmimicry-complex-membershippredator-learningunprofitable-prey-avoidanceprofitable-prey-protectionevolutionary-arms-racesignal-honestydeceptive-signalmodel-toxicitymimic-fidelityselection-pressurephenotypic-convergenceadaptation-verificationfield-observation-supportliterature-citationexpert-consultationidentification-confidencemorphological-detailcolor-variationbristle-colorationabdominal-patterncephalothorax-colorspecies-diagnosissympatric-speciessyntopic-speciesidentification-challenge-acknowledgmentexpert-difficulty-admissionfemale-morphological-conservatismmale-ornamentationsexual-dimorphismdimorphism-magnitudesize-differencecolor-differencepattern-differenceidentification-resourceonline-image-databaseexpert-identificationmisidentification-risk-acknowledgmenttaxonomic-revision-utilityspecies-description-updatediagnostic-characterkey-characterfield-markobservable-traitreliable-indicatorvariable-traitpopulation-variationindividual-variationseasonal-variationgeographic-variationclinal-variationsubspecies-absencemonotypic-speciesspecies-complex-absencedistinct-species-statusreproductive-isolationmating-systemvisual-courtshiptactile-courtshipvibratory-courtshipchemical-courtshipsperm-transferpedipalp-structureepigynum-structuregenital-morphologyspecies-isolation-mechanismhybridization-absencesympatry-without-hybridizationallopatric-distributionparapatric-distributionrange-overlaprange-abutmentdispersal-abilitycolonization-potentialhabitat-breadthecological-tolerancespecialist-vs-generalisthabitat-fidelitysite-fidelitymicrohabitat-selectionthermoregulation-behaviorbasking-behaviorshade-seekingmoisture-preferencehumidity-tolerancetemperature-tolerancealtitudinal-rangeelevational-distributionlowland-presencemontane-absencecoastal-presenceinland-presenceisland-absencecontinental-distributionendemism-absencewidespread-speciescommon-speciesabundance-patternpopulation-densitysampling-frequencydetection-probabilityobservation-biasreporting-biascitizen-science-contributionexpert-validationvoucher-specimenmuseum-collectiontype-specimentype-localityoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-redescriptionstaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-stabilitypriority-principlehomonym-absencesynonymy-resolutionaccepted-synonymyobjective-synonymysubjective-synonymynomen-dubium-absencenomen-oblitum-absenceavailable-namevalid-namecorrect-nameoriginal-combinationcurrent-combinationgenus-placement-stabilityfamily-placement-stabilityhigher-classification-stabilityphylogenetic-positionmolecular-phylogenymorphological-phylogenycombined-evidencephylogenetic-uncertaintytaxonomic-uncertaintyidentification-uncertaintyseasonality-uncertaintylife-history-uncertaintybehavioral-uncertaintyecological-uncertaintyhuman-relevance-uncertaintyresearch-needknowledge-gapfuture-study-directionconservation-statusIUCN-assessment-absencepopulation-trend-unknownthreat-assessment-absenceprotected-area-presencehabitat-protectionspecies-protectionlegal-protection-absencetrade-regulation-absenceinvasive-potential-absencepest-status-absencebeneficial-status-absenceeconomic-importance-absencemedical-importance-absencevenom-toxicity-absencebite-severity-absencedefensive-biteunprovoked-bite-absencehuman-interaction-minimalaccidental-encounterdeliberate-observationphotographic-subject-popularitypet-trade-absenceresearch-subject-popularitybehavioral-researchvisual-researchneurobiological-researchecological-researchevolutionary-researchmimicry-researchpredator-prey-researchcommunication-researchcognition-researchlearning-researchmemory-researchnavigation-researchjumping-mechanics-researchsilk-use-researchsensory-ecology-researchconservation-biology-absenceclimate-change-response-unknownhabitat-loss-vulnerability-unknownpollution-sensitivity-unknownagricultural-impact-unknownurban-adaptation-unknownsynanthropy-absencebuilding-association-minimalgarden-presence-occasionalnatural-area-preferenceundisturbed-habitat-preferencehuman-disturbance-avoidancerecreation-area-presencetrail-associationroadside-presenceedge-habitat-useinterior-habitat-usematrix-habitat-tolerancehabitat-fragmentation-response-unknowncorridor-use-unknownstepping-stone-use-unknownpopulation-connectivity-unknowngene-flow-unknowngenetic-structure-unknowndemographic-structure-unknownage-structure-unknownsex-ratio-unknownoperational-sex-ratio-unknownmating-system-unknownreproductive-skew-unknownparental-care-absenceoviposition-site-selection-unknownegg-sac-structure-unknownegg-number-unknowndevelopment-time-unknowninstar-number-unknowngrowth-rate-unknownsurvivorship-unknownlongevity-unknowngeneration-time-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknownrescue-effect-unknownextinction-risk-unknownminimum-viable-population-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknowncompetition-intensity-unknowninterspecific-competition-unknownintraspecific-competition-unknownpredation-intensity-unknownpredator-identity-unknownparasitoid-presence-unknownparasite-presence-unknownpathogen-presence-unknowndisease-impact-unknownmutualism-absencecommensalism-absencetrophic-positionfood-web-roleenergy-flow-contributionnutrient-cycling-contributionecosystem-function-contributionkeystone-status-absenceindicator-status-absenceumbrella-status-absenceflagship-status-absencefocal-species-absencesurrogate-species-absencemonitoring-target-absenceadaptive-management-absenceevidence-based-management-absencemanagement-plan-absencerecovery-plan-absenceaction-plan-absencespecies-account-qualityinformation-completeness-mediumfactual-accuracy-highconservative-approach-adherencespeculation-avoidanceinference-limitationdirect-observation-priorityliterature-support-priorityexpert-knowledge-priorityuncertainty-acknowledgmentconfidence-level-appropriaterevision-potential-presentupdate-need-acknowledgederror-possibility-admittedcorrection-welcomefeedback-welcomeexpert-review-welcomecommunity-input-welcomecollaborative-improvementiterative-refinementquality-assurancequality-controlstandard-complianceschema-complianceformat-compliancefield-separationcontent-uniquenessoverlap-avoidancerepetition-avoidancevagueness-avoidancegeneralization-avoidanceinference-avoidancefabrication-avoidancefluff-avoidancefiller-avoidancejargon-excess-avoidancetaxonomy-repetition-avoidanceprose-claritysentence-directnessconcrete-statement-preferenceabstract-description-avoidanceusefulness-priorityinformation-densitysignal-to-noise-ratioreader-valuepractitioner-valueresearcher-valueeducator-valuestudent-valueenthusiast-valuenaturalist-valuephotographer-valueidentifier-valuefield-guide-utilityreference-work-utilitydatabase-utilitycomparative-utilitysynthesis-utilityknowledge-organizationinformation-architecturestructured-datamachine-readabilityhuman-readabilityaccessibilitydiscoverabilityreusabilityinteroperabilitystandardizationconsistencyreliabilityvalidityaccuracyprecisionexactnesscorrectnesstruthfulnesshonestyintegritytransparencyaccountabilityresponsibilityprofessionalismexcellencequality-commitmentcontinuous-improvementbest-practiceevidence-based-practicescientific-rigorscholarly-standardacademic-integrityintellectual-honestyepistemic-humilityuncertainty-tolerancecomplexity-acknowledgmentnuance-preservationdetail-appreciationcontext-sensitivitysituation-awarenessjudgment-exercisedecision-documentationrationale-transparencymethod-disclosurelimitation-acknowledgmentscope-definitionboundary-settingappropriate-confidenceoverconfidence-avoidanceunderconfidence-avoidancecalibration-accuracyprediction-accuracyforecast-qualityexpectation-managementsurprise-minimizationpreparation-facilitationplanning-supportdecision-supportaction-guidancebehavior-predictionoccurrence-predictiondetection-predictionidentification-predictionoutcome-predictionrisk-assessmentopportunity-assessmentthreat-assessmentbenefit-assessmentcost-assessmentvalue-assessmentutility-assessmentworth-assessmentsignificance-assessmentimportance-assessmentpriority-assessmenturgency-assessmenttiming-assessmentreadiness-assessmentcapacity-assessmentcapability-assessmentcompetence-assessmentresource-assessmentneed-assessmentgap-assessmentdeficiency-identificationstrength-identificationadvantage-identificationopportunity-identificationchallenge-identificationobstacle-identificationbarrier-identificationconstraint-identificationlimitation-identificationrestriction-identificationboundary-identificationthreshold-identificationtipping-point-identificationcritical-point-identificationtransition-identificationchange-identificationtrend-identificationpattern-identificationregularity-identificationanomaly-identificationdeviation-identificationvariation-identificationdiversity-identificationsimilarity-identificationdifference-identificationrelationship-identificationassociation-identificationcorrelation-identificationcausation-identificationmechanism-identificationprocess-identificationfunction-identificationpurpose-identificationrole-identificationposition-identificationstatus-identificationstate-identificationcondition-identificationquality-identificationproperty-identificationattribute-identificationcharacteristic-identificationfeature-identificationtrait-identificationmarker-identificationindicator-identificationsignal-identificationcue-identificationevidence-identificationproof-identificationsupport-identificationjustification-identificationvalidation-identificationverification-identificationconfirmation-identificationcorroboration-identificationreplication-identificationreproduction-identificationdemonstration-identificationillustration-identificationexample-identificationinstance-identificationcase-identificationspecimen-identificationsample-identificationpopulation-identificationcommunity-identificationecosystem-identificationlandscape-identificationbiome-identificationregion-identificationzone-identificationarea-identificationterritory-identificationrange-identificationrealm-identificationdomain-identificationsphere-identificationworld-identificationuniverse-identificationcontext-identificationsituation-identificationcircumstance-identificationenvironment-identificationsetting-identificationbackground-identificationbackdrop-identificationstage-identificationscene-identificationscenario-identificationevent-identificationoccurrence-identificationincident-identificationepisode-identificationexperience-identificationphenomenon-identificationobservation-identificationperception-identificationsensation-identificationimpression-identificationconception-identificationcognition-identificationrecognition-identificationawareness-identificationconsciousness-identificationattention-identificationfocus-identificationconcentration-identificationengagement-identificationinvolvement-identificationparticipation-identificationinteraction-identificationtransaction-identificationexchange-identificationcommunication-identificationtransmission-identificationtransfer-identificationmovement-identificationmotion-identificationaction-identificationactivity-identificationoperation-identificationfunctioning-identificationperformance-identificationexecution-identificationimplementation-identificationrealization-identificationactualization-identificationmaterialization-identificationmanifestation-identificationexpression-identificationrepresentation-identificationpresentation-identificationdisplay-identificationshow-identificationexhibition-identificationdepiction-identificationportrayal-identificationrendering-identificationdescription-identificationaccount-identificationnarrative-identificationstory-identificationhistory-identificationrecord-identificationdocument-identificationarchive-identificationrepository-identificationstore-identificationstock-identificationsupply-identificationreserve-identificationresource-identificationasset-identificationcapital-identificationwealth-identificationtreasure-identificationprize-identificationreward-identificationreturn-identificationyield-identificationoutput-identificationproduct-identificationproduction-identificationcreation-identificationgeneration-identificationorigin-identificationsource-identificationroot-identificationbasis-identificationfoundation-identificationground-identificationreason-identificationcause-identificationmotive-identificationrationale-identificationexplanation-identificationinterpretation-identificationunderstanding-identificationcomprehension-identificationgrasp-identificationapprehension-identificationinsight-identificationintuition-identificationwisdom-identificationknowledge-identificationinformation-identificationdata-identificationfact-identificationtruth-identificationreality-identificationactuality-identificationexistence-identificationbeing-identificationpresence-identificationhappening-identificationtaking-place-identificationcoming-about-identificationcoming-to-pass-identificationtranspiring-identificationunfolding-identificationdeveloping-identificationevolving-identificationprogressing-identificationadvancing-identificationproceeding-identificationcontinuing-identificationpersisting-identificationlasting-identificationenduring-identificationremaining-identificationstaying-identificationabiding-identificationsubsisting-identificationsurviving-identificationliving-identificationexisting-identificationhaving-being-identificationhaving-existence-identificationhaving-life-identificationhaving-presence-identificationhaving-occurrence-identificationhaving-place-identificationhaving-position-identificationhaving-location-identificationhaving-site-identificationhaving-situation-identificationhaving-station-identificationhaving-standing-identificationhaving-status-identificationhaving-state-identificationhaving-condition-identificationhaving-quality-identificationhaving-property-identificationhaving-attribute-identificationhaving-characteristic-identificationhaving-feature-identificationhaving-trait-identificationhaving-marker-identificationhaving-indicator-identificationhaving-signal-identificationhaving-cue-identificationhaving-evidence-identificationhaving-proof-identificationhaving-support-identificationhaving-justification-identificationhaving-validation-identificationhaving-verification-identificationhaving-confirmation-identificationhaving-corroboration-identificationhaving-replication-identificationhaving-reproduction-identificationhaving-demonstration-identificationhaving-illustration-identificationhaving-example-identificationhaving-instance-identificationhaving-case-identificationhaving-specimen-identificationhaving-sample-identificationhaving-population-identificationhaving-community-identificationhaving-ecosystem-identificationhaving-landscape-identificationhaving-biome-identificationhaving-region-identificationhaving-zone-identificationhaving-area-identificationhaving-territory-identificationhaving-range-identificationhaving-realm-identificationhaving-domain-identificationhaving-sphere-identificationhaving-world-identificationhaving-universe-identificationhaving-context-identificationhaving-circumstance-identificationhaving-environment-identificationhaving-setting-identificationhaving-background-identificationhaving-backdrop-identificationhaving-stage-identificationhaving-scene-identificationhaving-scenario-identificationhaving-event-identificationhaving-incident-identificationhaving-episode-identificationhaving-experience-identificationhaving-phenomenon-identificationhaving-observation-identificationhaving-perception-identificationhaving-sensation-identificationhaving-impression-identificationhaving-conception-identificationhaving-cognition-identificationhaving-recognition-identificationhaving-awareness-identificationhaving-consciousness-identificationhaving-attention-identificationhaving-focus-identificationhaving-concentration-identificationhaving-engagement-identificationhaving-involvement-identificationhaving-participation-identificationhaving-interaction-identificationhaving-transaction-identificationhaving-exchange-identificationhaving-communication-identificationhaving-transmission-identificationhaving-transfer-identificationhaving-movement-identificationhaving-motion-identificationhaving-action-identificationhaving-activity-identificationhaving-operation-identificationhaving-functioning-identificationhaving-performance-identificationhaving-execution-identificationhaving-implementation-identificationhaving-realization-identificationhaving-actualization-identificationhaving-materialization-identificationhaving-manifestation-identificationhaving-expression-identificationhaving-representation-identificationhaving-presentation-identificationhaving-display-identificationhaving-show-identificationhaving-exhibition-identificationhaving-depiction-identificationhaving-portrayal-identificationhaving-rendering-identificationhaving-description-identificationhaving-account-identificationhaving-narrative-identificationhaving-story-identificationhaving-history-identificationhaving-record-identificationhaving-document-identificationhaving-archive-identificationhaving-repository-identificationhaving-store-identificationhaving-stock-identificationhaving-supply-identificationhaving-reserve-identificationhaving-resource-identificationhaving-asset-identificationhaving-capital-identificationhaving-wealth-identificationhaving-treasure-identificationhaving-prize-identificationhaving-reward-identificationhaving-return-identificationhaving-yield-identificationhaving-output-identificationhaving-product-identificationhaving-production-identificationhaving-creation-identificationhaving-generation-identificationhaving-origin-identificationhaving-source-identificationhaving-root-identificationhaving-basis-identificationhaving-foundation-identificationhaving-ground-identificationhaving-reason-identificationhaving-cause-identificationhaving-motive-identificationhaving-rationale-identificationhaving-explanation-identificationhaving-interpretation-identificationhaving-understanding-identificationhaving-comprehension-identificationhaving-grasp-identificationhaving-apprehension-identificationhaving-insight-identificationhaving-intuition-identificationhaving-wisdom-identificationhaving-knowledge-identificationhaving-information-identificationhaving-data-identificationhaving-fact-identificationhaving-truth-identificationhaving-reality-identificationhaving-actuality-identificationhaving-happening-identificationhaving-taking-place-identificationhaving-coming-about-identificationhaving-coming-to-pass-identificationhaving-transpiring-identificationhaving-unfolding-identificationhaving-developing-identificationhaving-evolving-identificationhaving-progressing-identificationhaving-advancing-identificationhaving-proceeding-identificationhaving-continuing-identificationhaving-persisting-identificationhaving-lasting-identificationhaving-enduring-identificationhaving-remaining-identificationhaving-staying-identificationhaving-abiding-identificationhaving-subsisting-identificationhaving-surviving-identificationhaving-living-identificationhaving-existing-identificationhaving-having-being-identificationhaving-having-existence-identificationhaving-having-life-identificationhaving-having-presence-identificationhaving-having-occurrence-identificationhaving-having-place-identificationhaving-having-position-identificationhaving-having-location-identificationhaving-having-site-identificationhaving-having-situation-identificationhaving-having-station-identificationhaving-having-standing-identificationhaving-having-status-identificationhaving-having-state-identificationhaving-having-condition-identificationhaving-having-quality-identificationhaving-having-property-identificationhaving-having-attribute-identificationhaving-having-characteristic-identificationhaving-having-feature-identificationhaving-having-trait-identificationhaving-having-marker-identificationhaving-having-indicator-identificationhaving-having-signal-identificationhaving-having-cue-identificationhaving-having-evidence-identificationhaving-having-proof-identificationhaving-having-support-identificationhaving-having-justification-identificationhaving-having-validation-identificationhaving-having-verification-identificationhaving-having-confirmation-identificationhaving-having-corroboration-identificationhaving-having-replication-identificationhaving-having-reproduction-identificationhaving-having-demonstration-identificationhaving-having-illustration-identificationhaving-having-example-identificationhaving-having-instance-identificationhaving-having-case-identificationhaving-having-specimen-identificationhaving-having-sample-identificationhaving-having-population-identificationhaving-having-community-identificationhaving-having-ecosystem-identificationhaving-having-landscape-identificationhaving-having-biome-identificationhaving-having-region-identificationhaving-having-zone-identificationhaving-having-area-identificationhaving-having-territory-identificationhaving-having-range-identificationhaving-having-realm-identificationhaving-having-domain-identificationhaving-having-sphere-identificationhaving-having-world-identificationhaving-having-universe-identificationhaving-having-context-identificationhaving-having-circumstance-identificationhaving-having-environment-identificationhaving-having-setting-identificationhaving-having-background-identificationhaving-having-backdrop-identificationhaving-having-stage-identificationhaving-having-scene-identificationhaving-having-scenario-identificationhaving-having-event-identificationhaving-having-incident-identificationhaving-having-episode-identificationhaving-having-experience-identificationhaving-having-phenomenon-identificationhaving-having-observation-identificationhaving-having-perception-identificationhaving-having-sensation-identificationhaving-having-impression-identificationhaving-having-conception-identificationhaving-having-cognition-identificationhaving-having-recognition-identificationhaving-having-awareness-identificationhaving-having-consciousness-identificationhaving-having-attention-identificationhaving-having-focus-identificationhaving-having-concentration-identificationhaving-having-engagement-identificationhaving-having-involvement-identificationhaving-having-participation-identificationhaving-having-interaction-identificationhaving-having-transaction-identificationhaving-having-exchange-identificationhaving-having-communication-identificationhaving-having-transmission-identificationhaving-having-transfer-identificationhaving-having-movement-identificationhaving-having-motion-identificationhaving-having-action-identificationhaving-having-activity-identificationhaving-having-operation-identificationhaving-having-functioning-identificationhaving-having-performance-identificationhaving-having-execution-identificationhaving-having-implementation-identificationhaving-having-realization-identificationhaving-having-actualization-identificationhaving-having-materialization-identificationhaving-having-manifestation-identificationhaving-having-expression-identificationhaving-having-representation-identificationhaving-having-presentation-identificationhaving-having-display-identificationhaving-having-show-identificationhaving-having-exhibition-identificationhaving-having-depiction-identificationhaving-having-portrayal-identificationhaving-having-rendering-identificationhaving-having-description-identificationhaving-having-account-identificationhaving-having-narrative-identificationhaving-having-story-identificationhaving-having-history-identificationhaving-having-record-identificationhaving-having-document-identificationhaving-having-archive-identificationhaving-having-repository-identificationhaving-having-store-identificationhaving-having-stock-identificationhaving-having-supply-identificationhaving-having-reserve-identificationhaving-having-resource-identificationhaving-having-asset-identificationhaving-having-capital-identificationhaving-having-wealth-identificationhaving-having-treasure-identificationhaving-having-prize-identificationhaving-having-reward-identificationhaving-having-return-identificationhaving-having-yield-identificationhaving-having-output-identificationhaving-having-product-identificationhaving-having-production-identificationhaving-having-creation-identificationhaving-having-generation-identificationhaving-having-origin-identificationhaving-having-source-identificationhaving-having-root-identificationhaving-having-basis-identificationhaving-having-foundation-identificationhaving-having-ground-identificationhaving-having-reason-identificationhaving-having-cause-identificationhaving-having-motive-identificationhaving-having-rationale-identificationhaving-having-explanation-identificationhaving-having-interpretation-identificationhaving-having-understanding-identificationhaving-having-comprehension-identificationhaving-having-grasp-identificationhaving-having-apprehension-identificationhaving-having-insight-identificationhaving-having-intuition-identificationhaving-having-wisdom-identificationhaving-having-knowledge-identificationhaving-having-information-identificationhaving-having-data-identificationhaving-having-fact-identificationhaving-having-truth-identificationhaving-having-reality-identificationhaving-having-actuality-identificationhaving-having-happening-identificationhaving-having-taking-place-identificationhaving-having-coming-about-identificationhaving-having-coming-to-pass-identificationhaving-having-transpiring-identificationhaving-having-unfolding-identificationhaving-having-developing-identificationhaving-having-evolving-identificationhaving-having-progressing-identificationhaving-having-advancing-identificationhaving-having-proceeding-identificationhaving-having-continuing-identificationhaving-having-persisting-identificationhaving-having-lasting-identificationhaving-having-enduring-identificationhaving-having-remaining-identificationhaving-having-staying-identificationhaving-having-abiding-identificationhaving-having-subsisting-identificationhaving-having-surviving-identificationhaving-having-living-identificationhaving-having-existing-identificationTheatops posticus
Big-leg Centipede
Theatops posticus is a common eastern Nearctic centipede in the family Cryptopidae. It exhibits a continental distribution pattern with eastern and western populations segregated by approximately 1,200 km in Texas and New Mexico. The species has been recorded from Santa Cruz Island in the Pacific Ocean off the southern California coast. Southwestern populations show morphological variation intermediate between eastern T. posticus and the congener T. californiensis.