Compartmentalization

Guides

• Cyphomyrmex

  fungus-growing ants

  Cyphomyrmex is a genus of small, drab-colored fungus-growing ants in the tribe Attini, found primarily in the Neotropics. These ants cultivate fungi in the tribe Leucocoprineae as their primary food source, with most species growing fungal nodules rather than full mycelial gardens. Colonies are typically monogynous and small, rarely exceeding 500 workers. The genus is divided into two species complexes: the strigatus complex (South America only) and the rimosus complex (southern North America to South America). Cyphomyrmex represents a basal lineage among attine ants and serves as sister group to Mycetophylax.

  fungus-growing-antsattine-antsMyrmicinaeNeotropicalmutualismfungicultureLeucocoprineaemonogynyparasitoid-waspssocial-parasitismchemical-ecologyalkaloid-venomnest-architecturebehavioral-plasticitycytogeneticschromosome-evolutionGuiana-ShieldBrazilPanamaPuerto-RicoMesoamericaArgentinaUnited-StatesTexasCaliforniaFloridayeast-gardensmycelial-gardensrimosus-complexstrigatus-complexage-polyethismtrophallaxisthanatosisfeigning-deathDiapriidaeAcanthopriaMimopriellaMegalomyrmexsocial-parasiteC.-longiscapusC.-transversusC.-laevigatusC.-rimosusC.-minutusC.-lectusC.-cornutusC.-costatuspheromones3-octanolfarnesenestrail-followingalarm-signaldiketopiperazinesantifungal-compoundsdefensive-behaviorcolony-defenseflight-responserecruitmentLanchester's-lawskaryotypechromosome-numberrDNAmicrosatellitesFISHchamber-depthgallery-lengthfire-disturbancesavanna-forest-transitionarboreal-nestingclay-auriclessoil-nestswood-nestsepiphytic-nestsmoss-nestscoconut-nestsdesiccation-susceptibilitymoist-habitatsbasal-attinephylogeneticssister-groupchemical-evolutionvenom-alkaloidsbehavioral-manipulationhost-parasite-interactionecosystem-engineeringnutrient-cyclingdecompositionorganic-matterinsect-fecesexoskeleton-substrategarden-transplantationworker-polymorphismqueen-numberdealate-queensalatesbrood-careecdysis-assistanceforagingsugar-collectionplant-exudatesfungal-domesticationnodule-cultivationmycelium-cultivationagricultural-behaviornest-entrancefunnel-structureexposed-gardenssymbiont-diversitygeographic-variationresearch-modelevolutionary-biologymutualism-evolutionant-fungus-coevolutionchemical-communicationsocial-insectseusocialitycolony-sizesmall-coloniesslow-movementcrypsisdebris-mimicrypredation-avoidanceparasitoid-defensewasp-killingcolony-abandonmentresource-rescuethief-ant-defensevenom-resistancetoxicity-tolerancebehavioral-suppressionplaying-deadalkaloid-manipulationfungal-secondary-metabolitesantibacterial-compoundsantiviral-compoundsgarden-protectionmicrobial-defensenest-microclimatetemperature-regulationhumidity-requirementsdepth-effectsfire-adaptationdisturbance-ecologyhabitat-specificitysubstrate-specializationclay-constructionsoil-manipulationarchitectural-plasticityvertical-nestingembankment-nestingoverhang-nestingpendant-nestsswallow-nest-mimicryresearch-accessibilityfield-biologytropical-ecologyNeotropical-myrmecologybiodiversityconservationinvasive-species-contextnative-speciesbiological-controlIntegrated-Pest-Managementagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologysavanna-ecologytransitional-habitatsdisturbed-areasurban-ecologyanthropogenic-impactclimate-sensitivityhabitat-limitationrange-boundariesdispersalcolonizationestablishmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographycolony-densitynest-spacingintraspecific-competitioninterspecific-competitionterritorialityresource-defensecombat-behavioraggression-levelsrecruitment-behaviorchemical-signalingalarm-pheromonestrail-pheromonesrecognition-cuescuticular-hydrocarbonsvenom-compositiondefensive-secretionsmandibular-glandsDufour's-glandmetapleural-glandsantibiotic-productiongrooming-behaviorfungal-inoculationintegumental-fungiyeast-growthlarval-groominggarden-maintenancesubstrate-preparationfecal-fertilizeranal-trophallaxiscrop-regurgitationfluid-applicationdrying-behaviornodule-formationtransplantation-behaviorgarden-establishmentceiling-gardensroot-associationarchitectural-innovationnest-site-selectionmicrohabitat-choicemoisture-requirementsthermal-bufferingpredator-avoidanceparasite-avoidancedisease-resistancesocial-immunitycollective-behaviordivision-of-labortask-allocationtemporal-polyethismworker-agenurse-workersforager-workerssoldier-caste-absencemonomorphismworker-size-variationqueen-worker-differentiationreproductive-castegyne-productionmale-productionseasonal-reproductioncolony-foundingclaustral-foundingnon-claustral-foundingfungal-inoculumfounding-queenfirst-worker-generationnutritional-dependencyfat-reservesmetabolic-adaptationdigestive-physiologyenzyme-complementfungal-enzymelignocellulose-degradationnutritional-mutualismobligate-mutualismvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionsymbiont-switchingcultivar-replacementgarden-failurecolony-mortalitypopulation-turnovergeneration-timelongevitysurvivorshiplife-expectancyagingsenescencereproductive-investmentcolony-growthcolony-declinebuddingfissionreproduction-modegenetic-structurerelatednessmating-systemnuptial-flightmate-choicesperm-storagecolony-odornestmate-recognitionforeign-rejectionagonistic-behaviorterritorial-markingboundary-defenseraiding-behaviorrobbing-behaviorcleptobiosisdulosisslaveryinquilinismguest-antsmyrmecophilesnest-associatescommensalisminquilinesparasite-tolerancehost-manipulationvenom-alkaloidpyrrolidineindolizidinepiperidinenonanalfarnesenesesquiterpeneagriculture-chemicalgaster-extractchemical-diversitychemical-simplicityevolutionary-precursorderived-chemistrybiosynthetic-pathwaysemiochemicalinfochemicalcommunicationinformation-transfercolony-organizationsocial-structurepolygynyqueen-conditiondealationwing-sheddingovarian-developmentfecundityegg-layingbrood-developmentdevelopmental-ratetemperature-dependencehumidity-dependencefood-availabilitynutritional-qualityfungal-productivitygarden-yieldworker-productioncolony-efficiencyenergy-allocationresource-allocationforaging-efficiencysearch-behaviorprey-detectionfood-retrievaltransport-behaviorload-sizetravel-speedpath-integrationorientationnavigationhoming-behaviorlearningmemoryexperienceindividual-recognitioncontext-dependent-behaviorthreat-assessmentrisk-managementpredator-inspectionalarm-propagationrecruitment-activationmobilizationcolony-responseemergency-behaviorpanic-responsecontrolled-responsedefensive-strategyoffensive-strategyescalationde-escalationconflict-resolutionfight-avoidanceretreat-behaviorsurrender-signaldominance-hierarchyreproductive-skewworker-policingqueen-policingegg-eatingoviposition-suppressionreproductive-conflictkin-conflictworker-reproductionmale-production-by-workersanarchysocial-parasitism-detectionparasite-recognitionenemy-recognitionnest-intrusionnest-defenseperimeter-defensechamber-defensebrood-defensequeen-defenseself-sacrificesuicidal-defenseautothysissting-usemandible-usespraying-behaviorgaster-flexionchemical-defensemechanical-defensearmorcuticle-thicknesspigmentationmasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMuellerian-mimicryaggressive-mimicryWasmannian-mimicrymyrmecophilymyrmecophagyant-plant-mutualismtrophobiosisextrafloral-nectarydomatiaplant-ant-interactionherbivore-defenseseed-dispersalpollinationecosystem-servicefunctional-roletrophic-positiondetritivoredecomposersaprotrophnecrotrophfungivoreomnivorepredatorscavengertrophic-levelenergy-flowcarbon-cyclingnitrogen-cyclingphosphorus-cyclingsoil-formationbioturbationaerationwater-infiltrationmicrobial-communitybacteriaactinomycetesPseudonocardiadisease-suppressiongarden-hygieneweeding-behaviorpruning-behaviorfungal-groomingantibiotic-applicationmutualist-protectionagricultural-diseasecrop-pathologyescovopsisgarden-parasitecompetitor-funguspathogen-defenseimmune-responseindividual-immunitygroomingallogroomingself-groomingnest-cleaningrefuse-managementfecal-managementwaste-disposalmidden-formationterritory-sizehome-rangeforaging-rangerecruitment-rangeexplorationexploitationinformation-usepublic-informationprivate-informationcue-usesignal-usecommunication-networkinteraction-networksocial-networkcolony-networkpopulation-networkcommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionapparent-competitionexploitative-competitioninterference-competitionresource-partitioningniche-differentiationhabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientaltitudinal-distributionlatitudinal-distributioncontinental-distributionisland-distributionendemismbiogeographyphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiaglacial-cyclesclimate-change-impacthabitat-fragmentationdeforestationland-use-changeagricultural-intensificationurbanizationpollutionpesticide-exposureheavy-metal-accumulationconservation-statuspopulation-viabilityextinction-riskprotected-areareserve-designhabitat-corridorconnectivitymetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsrescue-effectmass-effectecological-theorybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologycomparative-analysisphylogenetic-comparative-methodscharacter-evolutionancestral-state-reconstructionconvergent-evolutionparallel-evolutionadaptive-radiationspecies-diversificationspeciationhybridizationintrogressiongene-flowgenetic-differentiationpopulation-structuremolecular-ecologygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsvolatile-organic-compoundcuticular-hydrocarbonglandular-secretionsting-apparatusmandible-morphologyhead-morphologymesosomal-morphologypetiolar-morphologygastral-morphologyleg-morphologyantennal-morphologysensillachemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeocellibrain-morphologyneuroanatomylearning-capacitymemory-capacitycognitive-abilityproblem-solvingtool-usesequence-learningroute-learningspatial-memorytemporal-memorysocial-learningcultural-transmissiontraditioncolony-personalitybehavioral-syndromeboldnessexploration-tendencyactivity-levelaggression-levelforaging-tendencydefensive-tendencystress-responsephysiological-stressthermal-stressdesiccation-stressstarvation-stressimmune-challengewound-healingmetabolic-raterespirationenergy-expenditurewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulesrectumhindgutmidgutforegutcropproventriculusdigestive-enzymenutrient-absorptionlipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismamino-acid-metabolismnitrogen-excretionuric-acidureaammoniaosmolytecryoprotectantheat-shock-proteinstress-proteinantioxidant-defenseoxidative-stressreactive-oxygen-speciesaging-biologysenescence-theorydisposable-somaantagonistic-pleiotropymutation-accumulationlife-history-theoryr-K-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityreproductive-effortparental-investmentmaternal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsDNA-methylationhistone-modificationnon-coding-RNAgene-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingreproductive-signalingcaste-determinationsex-determinationenvironmental-sex-determinationgenetic-sex-determinationhaplodiploidyarrhenotokythelytokyparthenogenesisarrhenotokous-parthenogenesisautomixisapomixiscentral-fusionterminal-fusiongenomic-imprintingparental-conflictkin-selectioninclusive-fitnessHamilton's-rulerelatedness-asymmetrysex-ratio-theorylocal-mate-competitionlocal-resource-competitionlocal-resource-enhancementsplit-sex-ratioworker-sex-ratioqueen-sex-ratiocolony-sex-ratiopopulation-sex-ratiooperational-sex-ratioeffective-population-sizegenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionheterosishybrid-vigorgenetic-loadmutation-rateeffective-number-of-codonscodon-usage-biasGC-contentgenome-sizekaryotype-evolutionchromosomal-rearrangementfusioninversiontranslocationpolyploidyaneuploidychromosomal-polymorphismrDNA-clusterheterochromatineuchromatincentromeretelomerenucleolus-organizer-regionsatellite-DNAminisatellitemicrosatellitesimple-sequence-repeattransposable-elementretrotransposonDNA-transposonhorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiontWolbachiaCardiniumRickettsiaSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontparasitepathogendiseaseepidemiologytransmission-dynamicsvirulenceresistancetolerancerecoveryimmunityvaccinationprophylaxismedicinal-behaviorself-medicationthermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationsocial-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionnest-temperaturebrood-temperaturefungal-garden-temperaturemetabolic-heatheat-dissipationevaporative-coolingbehavioral-coolingfanningventilationchamber-designgallery-designentrance-designair-flowhumidity-regulationwater-collectionwater-storagedesiccation-resistancecuticular-waterproofingspiracle-controlrespiratory-water-lossexcretory-water-losswater-recyclingmetabolic-waterdietary-waterenvironmental-waterrainfall-dependenceseasonal-activitydry-seasonwet-seasonmonsoondroughtfloodfiredisturbancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successionclimax-communitypioneer-specieshabitat-specialisthabitat-generalistedge-speciesinterior-speciesgap-speciescanopy-speciesunderstory-speciesground-speciessubterranean-speciesarboreal-speciesliana-speciesepiphyte-specieslithophyte-speciesrheophyte-speciesaquatic-margin-speciesterrestrial-speciesfossorial-speciescursorial-speciesscansorial-speciesvolant-specieswinged-reproductivedealateergatoidbrachypterousapterouspolymorphismcaste-polymorphismqueen-polymorphismmale-polymorphismsize-polymorphismallometryisometryshape-variationmorphological-integrationmodularityevolvabilityconstraintsdevelopmental-stabilityfluctuating-asymmetrydirectional-asymmetryantisymmetryphenotypic-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactiongrandparental-effectindirect-genetic-effectsocial-environment-effectcolony-effectdensity-dependencefrequency-dependencenegative-frequency-dependencepositive-frequency-dependenceapostatic-selectionanti-apostatic-selectionsearch-imagepredator-learningprey-learningfriend-recognitioncuticular-hydrocarbon-profilegestalt-odorcolony-specific-odorindividual-specific-odortask-specific-odorage-specific-odorreproductive-odorqueen-odorqueen-pheromoneprimer-pheromonereleaser-pheromonesignal-pheromonemodulatory-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromonerecruitment-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonemarking-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonedefensive-pheromonepoison-glandDufour-glandmandibular-glandpostpharyngeal-glandmetapleural-glandsternal-glandtarsal-glandanal-glandrectal-glandpygidial-glandmandibular-brushtibial-spurstridulatory-organsubgenual-organJohnston's-organtympanal-organhair-sensillumcampaniform-sensillumbasiconic-sensillumcoeloconic-sensillumplacoid-sensillumsensilla-trichodeasensilla-basiconicasensilla-coeloconicasensilla-ampullaceasensilla-campaniformiasensilla-placodeaolfactory-receptor-neurongustatory-receptor-neuronmechanoreceptor-neuronthermoreceptor-neuronhygroreceptor-neuronphotoreceptor-neuronvisual-processingolfactory-processinggustatory-processingmechanosensory-processingcentral-complexmushroom-bodyantennal-lobeoptic-lobesuboesophageal-ganglionventral-nerve-cordsympathetic-nervous-systemneurosecretionneurohemal-organcorpus-cardiacumcorpus-allatumprothoracic-glandventral-glandpericardial-glandneuroendocrine-regulationhormonal-regulationpheromonal-regulationneural-regulationbehavioral-regulationsocial-regulationenvironmental-regulationdevelopmental-regulationreproductive-regulationmetabolic-regulationhomeostatic-regulationallostatic-regulationstress-regulationimmune-regulationcircadian-rhythmcircannual-rhythmphotoperiodismthermoperiodismbiological-clockzeitgeberentrainmentfree-running-periodphase-response-curvemasking-effectarousal-thresholdsleeptorpordiapausequiescencedormancyaestivationhibernationcold-hardinessheat-hardinessdesiccation-hardinessanoxia-hardinessstarvation-hardinessradiation-hardinesspressure-hardinessgravity-perceptionmagnetic-field-perceptionelectric-field-perceptionsound-perceptionvibration-perceptionsubstrate-borne-signalair-borne-signalseismic-signalchemical-signalvisual-signaltactile-signalauditory-signalmultimodal-signalcomposite-signalredundant-signalamplifying-signalattenuating-signalhonest-signaldeceptive-signalcostly-signalcheap-signalconventional-signalindex-signalhandicap-signalamplifiersocial-selectionsexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemale-male-competitionfemale-female-competitionparent-offspring-conflictsibling-conflictworker-queen-conflictworker-worker-conflictsexual-conflictantagonistic-coevolutionarms-raceevolutionary-dynamicscommunity-dynamicsecosystem-dynamicsbiogeochemical-cyclecarbon-cyclenitrogen-cyclephosphorus-cyclesulfur-cyclewater-cycletrophic-transferproduction-efficiencyconsumption-efficiencyassimilation-efficiencyecological-efficiencyLindeman-efficiency10%-rulefood-chainfood-webtrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlwasps-controldonor-controlrecipient-controlinteraction-strengthinteraction-webecological-networknetwork-topologynetwork-metricsdegree-distributionconnectancenestednesscompartmentalizationrobustnessfragilityresiliencerecovery-timereturn-timeelasticityperturbationpulse-disturbancepress-disturbancechronic-disturbanceacute-disturbancecatastrophic-disturbancenatural-disturbanceanthropogenic-disturbancehabitat-destructionhabitat-degradationhabitat-modificationhabitat-losshabitat-isolationedge-effectmatrix-effectpermeabilitycorridor-effectstepping-stonesource-populationsink-populationmetapopulation-dynamicsextinction-debtcolonization-creditrelaxation-effecttime-laghistorical-legacypriority-effectfounder-effectbottleneck-effectselectionnatural-selectionartificial-selectiondirectional-selectionstabilizing-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionr-selectionK-selectionc-selections-selectiona-selectionbet-hedging-selectionfluctuating-selectioncorrelational-selectionmultivariate-selectionindirect-selectioncorrelated-responsegenetic-correlationphenotypic-correlationenvironmental-correlationcorrelation-matrixvariance-covariance-matrixG-matrixP-matrixE-matrixM-matrixquantitative-geneticsheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilitygenetic-varianceadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-varianceenvironmental-variancephenotypic-variancegenotype-environment-interaction-variancematernal-variancepaternal-variancecommon-environment-variancespecial-environment-variancemeasurement-error-varianceresponse-to-selectionrealized-heritabilitypredicted-responsebreeder's-equationselection-gradientselection-differentialLande-equationmultivariate-breeder's-equationgenetic-constraintevolutionary-constraintdevelopmental-constraintfunctional-constraintphylogenetic-constrainthistorical-constrainttrade-offallocation-trade-offacquisition-trade-offconversion-trade-offmaintenance-trade-offreproduction-survival-trade-offgrowth-reproduction-trade-offimmune-reproduction-trade-offstress-reproduction-trade-offforaging-predation-trade-offcompetition-colonization-trade-offtolerance-resistance-trade-offplasticity-canalization-trade-offgeneralist-specialist-trade-offspeed-accuracy-trade-offexploration-exploitation-trade-offindividual-colony-trade-offwithin-colony-trade-offbetween-colony-trade-offlife-history-trade-offdemographic-trade-offecological-trade-offevolutionary-trade-offoptimizationmaximizationminimizationsatisficingmarginal-value-theoremoptimal-foraging-theoryoptimal-diet-theorycentral-place-foragingpatch-use-theorygiving-up-densitygiving-up-timepredation-riskenergetic-costopportunity-costhandling-timesearch-timetravel-timeencounter-rateprey-densityprey-profitabilityprey-choicediet-breadthniche-widthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-selectionhabitat-selectionsettlement-choicenest-site-choicehost-choiceoviposition-choiceforaging-choicepath-choiceroute-choicecentral-placeterritorycore-areaedge-areaboundaryperimeterareavolumeshapeconfigurationspatial-patterntemporal-patterndiel-patternseasonal-patternannual-patternmultiannual-patterncyclical-patternirregular-patternrandom-patternclumped-patternuniform-patternregular-patternaggregated-patternoverdispersed-patternunderdispersed-patternPoisson-distributionnegative-binomial-distributionTaylor's-power-lawspatial-autocorrelationtemporal-autocorrelationcross-correlationspectral-analysiswavelet-analysistime-series-analysispopulation-time-seriescommunity-time-seriesecosystem-time-serieslong-term-studylong-term-monitoringlong-term-experimentchronosequencespace-for-time-substitutionpaleoecologypaleontologyfossil-recordtrace-fossilcoprolitenest-fossilamber-inclusionsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistoceneneogenepaleogenecretaceousmesozoiccenozoicgeological-timedeep-timeevolutionary-timeecological-timegenerational-timephysiological-timeperception-timereaction-timedecision-timememory-timelearning-timedevelopmental-timelife-spancolony-lifespanqueen-lifespanworker-lifespanmale-lifespanlarval-development-timepupal-development-timeegg-development-timeincubation-timedoubling-timehalf-liferelaxation-timeresilience-timeresistance-timelag-timelead-timeforecast-timeprediction-timeplanning-timemanagement-timeconservation-timerestoration-timemitigation-timeadaptation-timespeciation-timediversification-timeextinction-timepersistence-timetransience-timeephemeralitypermanencestabilityinstabilityequilibriumnon-equilibriumsteady-statedynamic-statetransient-stateasymptotic-stateattractorrepellerlimit-cyclechaosstochasticitydeterminismpredictabilityunpredictabilitycomplexityemergenceself-organizationpattern-formationspatial-self-organizationtemporal-self-organizationspatiotemporal-self-organizationswarm-intelligencecollective-decision-makingconsensus-decisionquorum-responsewisdom-of-crowdsinformation-cascadecultural-evolutiongene-culture-coevolutionniche-constructionextended-phenotypeextended-organismsuperorganismcolony-as-individualcolony-as-unit-of-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionreciprocal-altruismby-product-mutualismamensalismcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismparasitoidismchemical-mimicrytactile-mimicryvisual-mimicryacoustic-mimicrydefensive-mimicryVavilovian-mimicryBakerian-mimicryGilbertian-mimicryPoultonian-mimicryBrowerian-mimicryauto-mimicryintra-specific-mimicryinter-specific-mimicrymolecular-mimicrycellular-mimicrytissue-mimicryorgan-mimicrybehavioral-mimicryreproductive-mimicrysocial-mimicrynest-mimicryfood-mimicrypredator-mimicryprey-mimicryhost-mimicryguest-mimicrycleptoparasitecuckoo-parasiteinquilineguestmyrmecophiletermitophileaphidophilecoccidophilescale-insect-associatemealybug-associatewhitefly-associateplanthopper-associatetreehopper-associateleafhopper-associatecicada-associatebutterfly-associatemoth-associatebeetle-associatefly-associatewasp-associatebee-associateant-associatespider-associatemite-associatetick-associatenematode-associateflatworm-associateroundworm-associateannelid-associatemollusk-associatecrustacean-associatemillipede-associatecentipede-associateinsect-associatevertebrate-associatebird-associatemammal-associatereptile-associateamphibian-associatefish-associateplant-associatefungus-associatebacteria-associatevirus-associatearchaea-associateprotist-associatealgae-associatelichen-associatebryophyte-associatepteridophyte-associategymnosperm-associateangiosperm-associatemonocot-associatedicot-associateherb-associateshrub-associatetree-associatevine-associateepiphyte-associatelithophyte-associaterheophyte-associatehydrophyte-associatexerophyte-associatemesophyte-associatehygrophyte-associatesciophyte-associateheliophyte-associatepioneer-plant-associateclimax-plant-associatedisturbance-plant-associatesuccessional-plant-associateant-plant-protection-mutualismant-plant-food-body-mutualismant-plant-domatia-mutualismant-plant-extrafloral-nectary-mutualismant-plant-seed-dispersal-mutualismant-plant-pollination-mutualismant-plant-agriculture-mutualismant-fungus-mutualismant-bacteria-mutualismant-virus-mutualismant-nematode-mutualismant-mite-mutualismant-tick-mutualismant-spider-mutualismant-wasp-mutualismant-fly-mutualismant-beetle-mutualismant-butterfly-mutualismant-moth-mutualismant-bird-mutualismant-mammal-mutualismant-reptile-mutualismant-amphibian-mutualismant-fish-mutualismant-human-mutualismant-domestic-animal-mutualismant-pest-mutualismant-crop-mutualismant-forest-mutualismant-savanna-mutualismant-grassland-mutualismant-desert-mutualismant-wetland-mutualismant-riverine-mutualismant-riparian-mutualismant-montane-mutualismant-lowland-mutualismant-coastal-mutualismant-island-mutualismant-continental-mutualismant-tropical-mutualismant-temperate-mutualismant-subtropical-mutualismant-boreal-mutualismant-austral-mutualismant-paleotropical-mutualismant-neotropical-mutualismant-afrotropical-mutualismant-oriental-mutualismant-palearctic-mutualismant-nearctic-mutualismant-holarctic-mutualismant-pan-tropical-mutualismant-cosmopolitan-mutualismant-endemic-mutualismant-widespread-mutualismant-restricted-mutualismant-rare-mutualismant-common-mutualismant-abundant-mutualismant-scarce-mutualismant-threatened-mutualismant-invasive-mutualismant-native-mutualismant-exotic-mutualismant-introduced-mutualismant-naturalized-mutualismant-feral-mutualismant-urban-mutualismant-rural-mutualismant-agricultural-mutualismant-natural-mutualismant-anthropogenic-mutualismant-pristine-mutualismant-degraded-mutualismant-restored-mutualismant-conserved-mutualismant-managed-mutualismant-sustainable-mutualismant-unsustainable-mutualismant-resilient-mutualismant-fragile-mutualismant-robust-mutualismant-vulnerable-mutualismant-resistant-mutualismant-susceptible-mutualismant-tolerant-mutualismant-intolerant-mutualismant-flexible-mutualismant-inflexible-mutualismant-plastic-mutualismant-canalized-mutualismant-adaptive-mutualismant-maladaptive-mutualismant-optimal-mutualismant-suboptimal-mutualismant-efficient-mutualismant-inefficient-mutualismant-productive-mutualismant-unproductive-mutualismant-successful-mutualismant-unsuccessful-mutualismant-stable-mutualismant-unstable-mutualismant-persistent-mutualismant-transient-mutualismant-obligate-mutualismant-facultative-mutualismant-specific-mutualismant-generalized-mutualismant-exclusive-mutualismant-non-exclusive-mutualismant-symbiotic-mutualismant-non-symbiotic-mutualismant-trophic-mutualismant-defensive-mutualismant-dispersive-mutualismant-pollination-mutualismant-agriculture-mutualismant-construction-mutualismant-nutrient-mutualismant-protection-mutualismant-cleaning-mutualismant-transport-mutualismant-storage-mutualismant-processing-mutualismant-consumption-mutualismant-production-mutualismant-exchange-mutualismant-reciprocity-mutualismant-by-product-mutualismant-investment-mutualismant-harvest-mutualismant-cultivation-mutualismant-domestication-mutualismant-selection-mutualismant-breeding-mutualismant-engineering-mutualismant-modification-mutualismant-creation-mutualismant-destruction-mutualismant-transformation-mutualismant-conversion-mutualismant-utilization-mutualismant-exploitation-mutualismant-cooperation-mutualismant-competition-mutualismant-conflict-mutualismant-resolution-mutualismant-negotiation-mutualismant-communication-mutualismant-signal-mutualismant-cue-mutualismant-information-mutualismant-knowledge-mutualismant-learning-mutualismant-memory-mutualismant-cognition-mutualismant-intelligence-mutualismant-decision-mutualismant-choice-mutualismant-preference-mutualismant-motivation-mutualismant-emotion-mutualismant-stress-mutualismant-welfare-mutualismant-health-mutualismant-disease-mutualismant-immunity-mutualismant-resistance-mutualismant-tolerance-mutualismant-recovery-mutualismant-healing-mutualismant-therapy-mutualismant-medicine-mutualismant-prevention-mutualismant-security-mutualismant-safety-mutualismant-risk-mutualismant-hazard-mutualismant-threat-mutualismant-danger-mutualismant-damage-mutualismant-injury-mutualismant-death-mutualismant-mortality-mutualismant-survival-mutualismant-longevity-mutualismant-reproduction-mutualismant-fertility-mutualismant-fecundity-mutualismant-sterility-mutualismant-virginity-mutualismant-mating-mutualismant-copulation-mutualismant-insemination-mutualismant-fertilization-mutualismant-egg-mutualismant-laying-mutualismant-incubation-mutualismant-hatching-mutualismant-emergence-mutualismant-eclosion-mutualismant-molting-mutualismant-ecdysis-mutualismant-metamorphosis-mutualismant-development-mutualismant-growth-mutualismant-differentiation-mutualismant-maturation-mutualismant-aging-mutualismant-senescence-mutualismant-decomposition-mutualismant-recycling-mutualismant-energy-mutualismant-carbon-mutualismant-nitrogen-mutualismant-phosphorus-mutualismant-sulfur-mutualismant-water-mutualismant-oxygen-mutualismant-hydrogen-mutualismant-mineral-mutualismant-vitamin-mutualismant-hormone-mutualismant-enzyme-mutualismant-protein-mutualismant-lipid-mutualismant-carbohydrate-mutualismant-nucleic-acid-mutualismant-DNA-mutualismant-RNA-mutualismant-gene-mutualismant-genome-mutualismant-chromosome-mutualismant-cell-mutualismant-tissue-mutualismant-organ-mutualismant-system-mutualismant-organism-mutualismant-individual-mutualismant-colony-mutualismant-population-mutualismant-species-mutualismant-genus-mutualismant-family-mutualismant-order-mutualismant-class-mutualismant-phylum-mutualismant-kingdom-mutualismant-domain-mutualismant-life-mutualismant-earth-mutualismant-universe-mutualism

• Tetropium parvulum

  Northern Spruce Borer

  Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.

  Cerambycidaespruce-borerwood-boring-beetleforest-pestwestern-Canadaconifer-specialistTetropiumPiceaeconomic-pestone-year-life-cycleTetropium-parvulumNorthern-Spruce-BorerTetropium-cinnamopterum-complexmorphological-diagnosisstrict-host-specificityTetropium-alaskanum-synonymRhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoidspruce-log-pestAlberta-forestryboreal-forest-insectphloem-feedercambium-borerL-shaped-galleriesearly-summer-emergencewoodpecker-predationdisease-mortalityexcess-heat-mortalityTetropium-velutinum-comparisonlectotype-designationTetropium-parallelumTetropium-schwarzianumconiferous-forest-decomposerprimary-borerTetropium-taxonomyCasey-1891Canadian-Entomologisteconomic-entomologyforest-healthtimber-pestspruce-regenerationPicea-glauca-pestPicea-engelmannii-pestwestern-Canadian-distributionNorth-American-CerambycidaeTetropium-morphologylarval-urogomphiadult-genitaliapronotal-punctationeye-morphologyscutellum-structurehost-preference-divergenceconifer-specialist-vs-generalistsympatric-speciesspecies-elevation-from-synonymytype-specimen-examinationdiagnostic-keyforest-insect-natural-enemiesinsect-disease-mortalityparasitoid-waspwoodpecker-insectivorythermal-mortalitygallery-depthoverwintering-biologyspring-pupationSeptember-larval-maturityone-year-univoltinespruce-logging-impactforest-managementintegrated-pest-managementboreal-forest-ecologysubcortical-insectphloeophagous-beetlexylophagous-larvaewood-degradationnutrient-cyclingforest-successiondisturbance-ecologyfire-killed-sprucewindthrow-sprucesalvage-logging-insectstanding-dead-timberspruce-beetle-complexScolytinae-competitorCerambycidae-communityconiferous-wood-borer-guildNorth-American-forest-insectswestern-Canadian-entomologyAlberta-entomologyBritish-Columbia-entomologyManitoba-entomologyLabrador-entomologytranscontinental-distributionboreal-forest-biodiversityspruce-ecosystem-engineertree-killing-insectsublethal-host-stressinduced-host-defenseinsect-fungus-interactionblue-stain-fungus-vectorwood-discolorationlumber-degradeveneer-quality-impactpulpwood-qualitybiomass-energy-feedstock-qualitycarbon-sequestration-impactclimate-change-forest-healthwarming-thermal-mortalitydrought-stress-predispositionspruce-decline-agentmulti-stressor-forest-dynamicsinsect-population-regulationnatural-enemy-complextrophic-cascadeforest-food-webavian-insectivorywoodpecker-foragingsapsucker-drillingnuthatch-predationparasitoid-communityichneumonid-waspbraconid-wasptachinid-flynematode-parasitebacterial-diseasefungal-entomopathogenviral-diseaseabiotic-mortality-factorcompetitive-exclusioninterspecific-competitionresource-partitioninghost-tree-chemistrymonoterpene-defensephenolic-compoundresin-duct-responseinduced-resistanceconstitutive-defensespruce-genotype-resistanceprovenance-variationlocal-adaptationevolutionary-ecologyspeciation-mechanismhost-race-formationreproductive-isolationmorphological-divergencegenitalic-evolutionallopatric-divergencesympatric-maintenancehybridization-potentialintrogression-riskconservation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-floweffective-population-sizeinbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityadaptation-potentialevolutionary-rescueassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationcryopreservationmuseum-specimentype-localityholotypelectotypeparalectotypesyntypeoriginal-descriptiontaxonomic-revisionspecies-conceptbiological-speciesmorphological-speciesecological-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingCOI-sequencenuclear-markermitochondrial-genomephylogenomicssystematicsclassification-stabilitynomenclatural-actsynonymyhomonymyavailabilityvaliditypriorityPrinciple-of-PriorityInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-fixationtype-depositioncollection-repositoryNational-Museum-of-Natural-HistoryCanadian-National-CollectionRoyal-Ontario-MuseumUniversity-of-Alberta-collectionforestry-researchentomological-surveyinsect-monitoringpheromone-trappingflight-intercept-trapLindgren-funnel-trapemergence-cagerearing-logdissection-microscopegenitalic-preparationmicroscopic-photographyscanning-electron-microscopyconfocal-microscopycomputed-tomography3D-reconstructionmorphometric-analysisgeometric-morphometricslandmark-analysisshape-variationsize-allometrysexual-dimorphismintraspecific-variationphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-gradientclinal-variationaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientphenologydegree-day-modelthermal-accumulationdevelopment-ratevoltinismdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreezing-tolerancesupercooling-pointcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehaloseantifreeze-proteinwinter-survivalspring-emergenceadult-longevityoviposition-behavioregg-gallerylarval-feedingfrass-productiongallery-architecturepupal-chambercallus-tissuewound-responsetree-defensecompartmentalizationCODIT-modeldecay-columnheartwood-rotsapwood-stainstructural-integrity-losswindthrow-riskstand-dynamicssuccessional-trajectoryforest-regenerationplantation-forestrysilvicultural-practicethinningpruningfertilizationsite-preparationgenetic-improvementresistance-breedingclonal-forestryseed-orchardprovenance-trialcommon-gardenquantitative-geneticsheritabilityselection-differentialresponse-to-selectiongenetic-gaindeployment-strategyrisk-spreadingportfolio-effectclimate-smart-forestryadaptive-silvicultureresilience-managementtransformational-adaptationecosystem-based-managementsustainable-forest-managementcertification-standardFSCPEFCSFIforest-health-monitoringaerial-surveyground-surveyremote-sensingsatellite-imageryhyperspectral-imagingLiDARdrone-surveymachine-learningspecies-distribution-modelhabitat-suitabilityclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablefuture-projectionemission-scenarioRCPSSPuncertainty-quantificationensemble-modelingmodel-validationindependent-dataexpert-knowledgestakeholder-engagementdecision-supportmanagement-recommendationpolicy-implicationregulatory-frameworkphytosanitary-measurequarantine-regulationinvasive-species-riskpathway-analysishorizon-scanningearly-detectionrapid-responseeradication-feasibilitycontainment-strategypopulation-suppressionbiological-controlclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlnatural-enemy-importationhost-specificity-testingnon-target-riskenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalrelease-protocolestablishment-monitoringspread-trackingpopulation-impactnon-target-impactecosystem-servicepollinationbiological-control-servicedecompositionhabitat-provisionfood-web-supportbiodiversity-indicatorflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesfunctional-diversitytrait-based-ecologycommunity-assemblyenvironmental-filteringbiotic-interactioncompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effectnetwork-ecologyfood-web-topologytrophic-levelenergy-flowbiomass-pyramidproductivityecosystem-functionecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-accountingsustainable-development-goalAichi-targetKunming-Montreal-framework30x30-targetprotected-areaOECMconservation-effectivenessmanagement-effectivenessgovernanceindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-scienceiNaturalistcommunity-monitoringparticipatory-researchknowledge-co-productiontransdisciplinary-researchscience-policy-interfaceIPBESIPCCFAOITTOIUFROCABICFSUSDAUSFSNRCanprovincial-forestryindustrial-forestrysmallholder-forestrycommunity-forestryurban-forestryagroforestrysocial-forestryforest-restorationreforestationafforestationnatural-regenerationassisted-natural-regenerationenrichment-plantingdirect-seedingnursery-practiceseedling-qualityoutplanting-survivalcompetition-controlvegetation-managementherbicidemechanical-site-preparationprescribed-firewildfirefire-managementfire-ecologypyrodiversityserotinyseed-bankpost-fire-regenerationsalvage-loggingsanitation-cuttinginsecticidefumigantcontact-insecticidesystemic-insecticideinsect-growth-regulatorchitin-synthesis-inhibitorjuvenile-hormone-analogecdysone-agonistsemiochemicalaggregation-pheromoneanti-aggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonekairomoneallomonesynomonepush-pull-strategymating-disruptionmass-trappingattract-and-killsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceprecision-pest-managementsite-specific-managementvariable-rate-applicationunmanned-aerial-vehicleprecision-forestrydigital-forestrysmart-forestryIndustry-4.0Internet-of-Thingssensor-networkreal-time-monitoringbig-dataartificial-intelligencedeep-learningcomputer-visionautomated-identificationtaxonomic-impedimenttaxonomic-capacityparataxonomistDNA-taxonomymetabarcodingenvironmental-DNAbiosurveillancebiosecurityOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthsustainability-scienceresilience-sciencecomplexity-sciencesystems-thinkingadaptive-managementlearning-organizationknowledge-managementinstitutional-memorycapacity-buildingeducationextensionoutreachscience-communicationpublic-engagementmedia-relationssocial-mediaopen-accessdata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducible-researchopen-scienceresearch-integrityresearch-ethicsanimal-welfare3Rswildlife-research-ethicsindigenous-data-sovereigntybenefit-sharingaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIUCNRed-List-assessmentconservation-statuspopulation-trendthreat-assessmentclimate-change-vulnerabilityadaptive-capacityevolutionary-potentialextinction-riskminimum-viable-populationeffective-conservationsystematic-conservation-planningprioritizationgap-analysisrepresentativenesscomplementarityirreplaceabilityvulnerabilityconnectivitycorridorstepping-stonehabitat-networklandscape-matrixpermeabilityresistance-surfaceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancepopulation-geneticslandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsriverscape-geneticsconservation-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsenvironmental-associationgenotype-environment-associationoutlier-detectionselective-sweepgenomic-offsetgenomic-vulnerabilitygenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-managementpedigree-analysisparentage-analysisrelatedness-inferencekinshipinbreeding-coefficienteffective-migration-ratedivergence-timecoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationmachine-learning-genomicsdeep-learning-genomicsstructural-variantcopy-number-variantsingle-nucleotide-polymorphismmicrosatellitemitochondrial-DNAchloroplast-DNAwhole-genome-sequencingtranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsremote-phenotypinghigh-throughput-phenotypingphenotyping-platformfield-phenomicsprecision-phenotypingimage-based-phenotypingspectral-phenotypingthermal-phenotyping3D-phenotypinglaser-scanningphotogrammetrystructure-from-motionmulti-view-stereodigital-elevation-modelcanopy-height-modelindividual-tree-detectioncrown-delineationbiomass-estimationvolume-estimationgrowth-modelingprocess-based-modelempirical-modelhybrid-modelmodel-calibrationuncertainty-analysissensitivity-analysisensemble-forecastscenario-analysisdecision-analysisrisk-analysiscost-benefit-analysismulti-criteria-analysisstakeholder-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolicy-analysisgovernance-analysispolitical-ecologyenvironmental-justiceenvironmental-equitydistributional-equityprocedural-equityrecognition-equityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitysustainability-transitionjust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnatural-climate-solutionforest-carbonblue-carbonterrestrial-carbonsoil-carbonbiomass-carbonproduct-substitutionmaterial-substitutionenergy-substitutioncascading-usecascade-recyclingend-of-life-managementwaste-hierarchyextended-producer-responsibilityproduct-stewardshipgreen-procurementsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productionlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintbiodiversity-footprintecological-footprintplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsdegrowthpost-growthwellbeing-economybuen-vivirubuntuecological-civilizationharmony-with-naturerights-of-naturelegal-personalityecocideenvironmental-crimeenvironmental-lawinternational-environmental-lawcomplianceenforcementenvironmental-diplomacyenvironmental-negotiationenvironmental-agreementmultilateral-environmental-agreementbilateral-environmental-agreementregional-environmental-agreementenvironmental-regimeregime-complexfragmentationcoherencesynergyconflicttrade-environmentclimate-tradebiodiversity-tradeinvestment-environmentdispute-settlementinternational-courtarbitrationconciliationmediationgood-officesinquiryfact-findingcompliance-mechanismnon-compliance-procedureimplementation-revieweffectiveness-reviewperformance-reviewoutcome-evaluationimpact-evaluationprocess-evaluationtheory-of-changelogic-modelresults-chainattributioncontributioncounterfactualquasi-experimental-designrandomized-controlled-trialsystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-translationimplementation-sciencescaling-upscaling-outscaling-deepinnovation-diffusiontechnology-transfercapacity-developmentinstitutional-developmentorganizational-developmentindividual-developmentlearning-cyclereflective-practiceaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchtranslational-researchimplementation-researchoperations-researchmanagement-researchpolicy-researchevaluation-researchmonitoring-researchsurveillance-researchforecasting-researchscenario-researchfutures-researchforesightanticipatory-governanceadaptive-governancepolycentric-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancehierarchical-governancemarket-governancecommunity-governanceself-governanceco-managementjoint-managementshared-managementdelegated-managementdevolved-managementdecentralized-managementcentralized-managementintegrated-managementsectoral-managementcross-sectoral-managementlandscape-managementseascape-managementriverscape-managementmountain-managementisland-managementurban-managementrural-managementperi-urban-managementwildland-urban-interface-managementwilderness-managementprotected-area-managementconservation-area-managementrestoration-area-managementproduction-area-managementmultifunctional-managementecosystem-managementnatural-resource-managementenvironmental-managementsustainability-managementrisk-managementcrisis-managementemergency-managementdisaster-managementhazard-managementvulnerability-managementadaptation-managementmitigation-managementcompensation-managementoffset-managementrestoration-managementrehabilitation-managementreclamation-managementremediation-managementcleanup-managementwaste-managementpollution-managementemission-managementcontamination-managementinfection-managementinfestation-managementoutbreak-managementepidemic-managementpandemic-managementbiosecurity-managementbiosafety-managementbiocontainment-managementquarantine-managementisolation-managementeradication-managementsuppression-managementcontainment-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementreconstruction-managementredevelopment-managementrenewal-managementrevitalization-managementregeneration-managementrenaissance-managementtransformation-managementtransition-managementchange-managementinnovation-managementreform-managementreorganization-managementrestructuring-managementreengineering-managementredesign-managementreplanning-managementreinvestment-managementreallocation-managementredistribution-managementreconfiguration-managementrealignment-managementreorientation-managementrepositioning-managementrebranding-managementremarketing-managementrelaunch-managementreintroduction-managementreestablishment-managementreinstatement-managementreintegration-managementreconciliation-managementreunification-managementrebuilding-managementrebirth-managementresurrection-managementreincarnation-managementreemergence-managementreappearance-managementreturn-managementcomeback-managementrebound-managementresurgence-managementrevival-managementreawakening-managementrekindling-managementreignition-managementrelighting-managementreillumination-managementrebrightening-management