Landscape-management
Guides
Blissus occiduus
Western Chinch Bug
Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.
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ere-spherecollective-sphere-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphereTetropium parvulum
Northern Spruce Borer
Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.
Cerambycidaespruce-borerwood-boring-beetleforest-pestwestern-Canadaconifer-specialistTetropiumPiceaeconomic-pestone-year-life-cycleTetropium-parvulumNorthern-Spruce-BorerTetropium-cinnamopterum-complexmorphological-diagnosisstrict-host-specificityTetropium-alaskanum-synonymRhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoidspruce-log-pestAlberta-forestryboreal-forest-insectphloem-feedercambium-borerL-shaped-galleriesearly-summer-emergencewoodpecker-predationdisease-mortalityexcess-heat-mortalityTetropium-velutinum-comparisonlectotype-designationTetropium-parallelumTetropium-schwarzianumconiferous-forest-decomposerprimary-borerTetropium-taxonomyCasey-1891Canadian-Entomologisteconomic-entomologyforest-healthtimber-pestspruce-regenerationPicea-glauca-pestPicea-engelmannii-pestwestern-Canadian-distributionNorth-American-CerambycidaeTetropium-morphologylarval-urogomphiadult-genitaliapronotal-punctationeye-morphologyscutellum-structurehost-preference-divergenceconifer-specialist-vs-generalistsympatric-speciesspecies-elevation-from-synonymytype-specimen-examinationdiagnostic-keyforest-insect-natural-enemiesinsect-disease-mortalityparasitoid-waspwoodpecker-insectivorythermal-mortalitygallery-depthoverwintering-biologyspring-pupationSeptember-larval-maturityone-year-univoltinespruce-logging-impactforest-managementintegrated-pest-managementboreal-forest-ecologysubcortical-insectphloeophagous-beetlexylophagous-larvaewood-degradationnutrient-cyclingforest-successiondisturbance-ecologyfire-killed-sprucewindthrow-sprucesalvage-logging-insectstanding-dead-timberspruce-beetle-complexScolytinae-competitorCerambycidae-communityconiferous-wood-borer-guildNorth-American-forest-insectswestern-Canadian-entomologyAlberta-entomologyBritish-Columbia-entomologyManitoba-entomologyLabrador-entomologytranscontinental-distributionboreal-forest-biodiversityspruce-ecosystem-engineertree-killing-insectsublethal-host-stressinduced-host-defenseinsect-fungus-interactionblue-stain-fungus-vectorwood-discolorationlumber-degradeveneer-quality-impactpulpwood-qualitybiomass-energy-feedstock-qualitycarbon-sequestration-impactclimate-change-forest-healthwarming-thermal-mortalitydrought-stress-predispositionspruce-decline-agentmulti-stressor-forest-dynamicsinsect-population-regulationnatural-enemy-complextrophic-cascadeforest-food-webavian-insectivorywoodpecker-foragingsapsucker-drillingnuthatch-predationparasitoid-communityichneumonid-waspbraconid-wasptachinid-flynematode-parasitebacterial-diseasefungal-entomopathogenviral-diseaseabiotic-mortality-factorcompetitive-exclusioninterspecific-competitionresource-partitioninghost-tree-chemistrymonoterpene-defensephenolic-compoundresin-duct-responseinduced-resistanceconstitutive-defensespruce-genotype-resistanceprovenance-variationlocal-adaptationevolutionary-ecologyspeciation-mechanismhost-race-formationreproductive-isolationmorphological-divergencegenitalic-evolutionallopatric-divergencesympatric-maintenancehybridization-potentialintrogression-riskconservation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-floweffective-population-sizeinbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityadaptation-potentialevolutionary-rescueassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationcryopreservationmuseum-specimentype-localityholotypelectotypeparalectotypesyntypeoriginal-descriptiontaxonomic-revisionspecies-conceptbiological-speciesmorphological-speciesecological-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingCOI-sequencenuclear-markermitochondrial-genomephylogenomicssystematicsclassification-stabilitynomenclatural-actsynonymyhomonymyavailabilityvaliditypriorityPrinciple-of-PriorityInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-fixationtype-depositioncollection-repositoryNational-Museum-of-Natural-HistoryCanadian-National-CollectionRoyal-Ontario-MuseumUniversity-of-Alberta-collectionforestry-researchentomological-surveyinsect-monitoringpheromone-trappingflight-intercept-trapLindgren-funnel-trapemergence-cagerearing-logdissection-microscopegenitalic-preparationmicroscopic-photographyscanning-electron-microscopyconfocal-microscopycomputed-tomography3D-reconstructionmorphometric-analysisgeometric-morphometricslandmark-analysisshape-variationsize-allometrysexual-dimorphismintraspecific-variationphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-gradientclinal-variationaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientphenologydegree-day-modelthermal-accumulationdevelopment-ratevoltinismdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreezing-tolerancesupercooling-pointcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehaloseantifreeze-proteinwinter-survivalspring-emergenceadult-longevityoviposition-behavioregg-gallerylarval-feedingfrass-productiongallery-architecturepupal-chambercallus-tissuewound-responsetree-defensecompartmentalizationCODIT-modeldecay-columnheartwood-rotsapwood-stainstructural-integrity-losswindthrow-riskstand-dynamicssuccessional-trajectoryforest-regenerationplantation-forestrysilvicultural-practicethinningpruningfertilizationsite-preparationgenetic-improvementresistance-breedingclonal-forestryseed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te-Bayesian-computationmachine-learning-genomicsdeep-learning-genomicsstructural-variantcopy-number-variantsingle-nucleotide-polymorphismmicrosatellitemitochondrial-DNAchloroplast-DNAwhole-genome-sequencingtranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsremote-phenotypinghigh-throughput-phenotypingphenotyping-platformfield-phenomicsprecision-phenotypingimage-based-phenotypingspectral-phenotypingthermal-phenotyping3D-phenotypinglaser-scanningphotogrammetrystructure-from-motionmulti-view-stereodigital-elevation-modelcanopy-height-modelindividual-tree-detectioncrown-delineationbiomass-estimationvolume-estimationgrowth-modelingprocess-based-modelempirical-modelhybrid-modelmodel-calibrationuncertainty-analysissensitivity-analysisensemble-forecastscenario-analysisdecision-analysisrisk-analysiscost-benefit-analysismulti-criteria-analysisstakeholder-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolicy-analysisgovernance-analysispolitical-ecologyenvironmental-justiceenvironmental-equitydistributional-equityprocedural-equityrecognition-equityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitysustainability-transitionjust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnatural-climate-solutionforest-carbonblue-carbonterrestrial-carbonsoil-carbonbiomass-carbonproduct-substitutionmaterial-substitutionenergy-substitutioncascading-usecascade-recyclingend-of-life-managementwaste-hierarchyextended-producer-responsibilityproduct-stewardshipgreen-procurementsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productionlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintbiodiversity-footprintecological-footprintplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsdegrowthpost-growthwellbeing-economybuen-vivirubuntuecological-civilizationharmony-with-naturerights-of-naturelegal-personalityecocideenvironmental-crimeenvironmental-lawinternational-environmental-lawcomplianceenforcementenvironmental-diplomacyenvironmental-negotiationenvironmental-agreementmultilateral-environmental-agreementbilateral-environmental-agreementregional-environmental-agreementenvironmental-regimeregime-complexfragmentationcoherencesynergyconflicttrade-environmentclimate-tradebiodiversity-tradeinvestment-environmentdispute-settlementinternational-courtarbitrationconciliationmediationgood-officesinquiryfact-findingcompliance-mechanismnon-compliance-procedureimplementation-revieweffectiveness-reviewperformance-reviewoutcome-evaluationimpact-evaluationprocess-evaluationtheory-of-changelogic-modelresults-chainattributioncontributioncounterfactualquasi-experimental-designrandomized-controlled-trialsystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-translationimplementation-sciencescaling-upscaling-outscaling-deepinnovation-diffusiontechnology-transfercapacity-developmentinstitutional-developmentorganizational-developmentindividual-developmentlearning-cyclereflective-practiceaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchtranslational-researchimplementation-researchoperations-researchmanagement-researchpolicy-researchevaluation-researchmonitoring-researchsurveillance-researchforecasting-researchscenario-researchfutures-researchforesightanticipatory-governanceadaptive-governancepolycentric-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancehierarchical-governancemarket-governancecommunity-governanceself-governanceco-managementjoint-managementshared-managementdelegated-managementdevolved-managementdecentralized-managementcentralized-managementintegrated-managementsectoral-managementcross-sectoral-managementlandscape-managementseascape-managementriverscape-managementmountain-managementisland-managementurban-managementrural-managementperi-urban-managementwildland-urban-interface-managementwilderness-managementprotected-area-managementconservation-area-managementrestoration-area-managementproduction-area-managementmultifunctional-managementecosystem-managementnatural-resource-managementenvironmental-managementsustainability-managementrisk-managementcrisis-managementemergency-managementdisaster-managementhazard-managementvulnerability-managementadaptation-managementmitigation-managementcompensation-managementoffset-managementrestoration-managementrehabilitation-managementreclamation-managementremediation-managementcleanup-managementwaste-managementpollution-managementemission-managementcontamination-managementinfection-managementinfestation-managementoutbreak-managementepidemic-managementpandemic-managementbiosecurity-managementbiosafety-managementbiocontainment-managementquarantine-managementisolation-managementeradication-managementsuppression-managementcontainment-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementreconstruction-managementredevelopment-managementrenewal-managementrevitalization-managementregeneration-managementrenaissance-managementtransformation-managementtransition-managementchange-managementinnovation-managementreform-managementreorganization-managementrestructuring-managementreengineering-managementredesign-managementreplanning-managementreinvestment-managementreallocation-managementredistribution-managementreconfiguration-managementrealignment-managementreorientation-managementrepositioning-managementrebranding-managementremarketing-managementrelaunch-managementreintroduction-managementreestablishment-managementreinstatement-managementreintegration-managementreconciliation-managementreunification-managementrebuilding-managementrebirth-managementresurrection-managementreincarnation-managementreemergence-managementreappearance-managementreturn-managementcomeback-managementrebound-managementresurgence-managementrevival-managementreawakening-managementrekindling-managementreignition-managementrelighting-managementreillumination-managementrebrightening-managementTortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic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