Photography
Guides
Acmaeodera parkeri
Acmaeodera parkeri is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae, described by Cazier in 1940. The species occurs in Central America and North America, with records from the southwestern United States and Mexico. Adults have been observed visiting flowers of several plant species, including Allionia incarnata (creeping four o'clock), Talinum whitei (White's flameflower), and Evolvulus arizonicus (Arizona blue-eyes).
Buprestidaemetallic-wood-boring-beetleflower-visitingsouthwestern-North-AmericaArizonaMexicoAcmaeoderaColeopteradiurnal-beetleJulySeptemberAllioniaTalinumEvolvulusCazier-1940jewel-beetlebuprestidinsectbeetlearthropodanimalNearcticNeotropicMiddle-AmericaNorth-AmericaCentral-Americaaccepted-speciesexact-match103-observationsiNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeWikipediaTed-C.-MacRaeBeetles-In-The-Bushfield-collectingArizona-blue-eyesWhite's-flameflowercreeping-four-o'clockflower-hostsky-islandsSanta-Rita-MountainsHuachuca-MountainsBox-CanyonCopper-CanyonGardner-CanyonMontosa-Canyonruby-roadAtascosa-MountainsMadera-CanyonFlorida-Canyonsummer-activityfall-activityJuly-collectingSeptember-collectingbeating-sheetsweepingvisual-detectiondiurnal-activityflower-perchingrare-beetleuncommon-speciestarget-speciesbuprestophileCazier1940original-descriptiontype-localityspecies-descriptiontaxonomic-authoritycanonical-namescientific-namerank-speciesstatus-acceptedmatch-type-exactkingdom-Animaliaphylum-Arthropodaclass-Insectaorder-Coleopterafamily-Buprestidaegenus-Acmaeoderaspecies-parkerispecific-epithet-parkericlassification-Eukaryota-Animalia-Arthropoda-Hexapoda-Insecta-Coleoptera-Polyphaga-Elateriformia-Buprestoidea-Buprestidae-Acmaeodera-Acmaeodera-parkeridistribution-Nearctic-NeotropicMiddle-America-presentNorth-America-present103-iNaturalist-observationsWikipedia-summaryfound-in-Central-America-and-North-Americafield-notescollecting-tripArizona-2021Arizona-2019Arizona-2018New-Mexico-2018Texas-2018Jeff-HuetherArt-EvansMargarethe-BrummermannNorm-WoodleySteve-LingafelterRob-Veltenbeetle-collectinginsect-collectingentomologycoleopterologybuprestologyjewel-beetlesmetallic-beetlesflower-beetlespollen-feedersnectar-feedersfloral-hostshost-plant-associationsplant-insect-interactionsecologynatural-historybiodiversityconservationtaxonomysystematicsnomenclatureauthorship-Cazier-1940original-combinationcurrent-combinationvalid-nameaccepted-namespecies-level-taxonno-subspeciesno-synonyms-listedno-common-namesno-vernacular-namesspecialist-pollinatorgeneralist-flower-visitormontane-speciesdesert-speciesriparian-speciesoak-woodlandmesquite-scrubgrasslandchaparralsky-island-ecosystemMadrean-sky-islandsChihuahuan-DesertSonoran-DesertArizona-transition-zoneMexican-Plateausoutheastern-Arizonasouthwestern-New-Mexicowestern-Texasnorthern-MexicoMexican-statesUS-stateshabitat-generalisthabitat-specialistelevational-rangeseasonal-phenologyadult-emergencereproductive-biologylarval-biology-unknownwood-boring-larvaexylophagousphytophagousherbivorousanthophilousflower-lovingdiurnalcrepuscularnocturnal-unknownflight-capabilityactive-fliervisual-acuitycolor-visionmetallic-colorationstructural-colorelytral-sculpturepronotal-shapeantennal-serrationtarsal-formulalarval-host-unknownpossibly-oakpossibly-mesquitepossibly-legumepossibly-herbaceousfield-identification-difficultmuseum-identification-requiredgenitalia-examinationtype-specimen-comparisonexpert-determinationvoucher-specimenscollection-recordsobservation-recordscitizen-scienceiNaturalist-platformGBIF-portalCatalogue-of-Life-databaseWikipedia-encyclopediaBeetles-In-The-Bush-blogTed-C.-MacRae-personal-communicationprimary-literatureCazier-1940-original-descriptionsubsequent-redescriptionstaxonomic-revisionsphylogenetic-placementAcmaeodera-genus-groupAcmaeoderini-tribeBuprestinae-subfamilyBuprestidae-familyElateriformia-infraorderPolyphaga-suborderColeoptera-orderInsecta-classHexapoda-superclassArthropoda-phylumAnimalia-kingdomEukaryota-domainbiogeographydispersalrange-extensionrange-contractionpopulation-statusabundancerarityconservation-statusdata-deficientIUCN-not-evaluatedendemismregional-endemicwidespreaddisjunct-distributioncontinuous-distributionhabitat-fragmentationclimate-change-vulnerabilitycollection-biassampling-effortdetection-probabilityspecies-distribution-modelingecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichebiotic-interactionscompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismpollinationfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerherbivoredetritivore-unknowncarnivore-unknownomnivore-unknownbehavioral-ecologyforagingmate-locationovipositionlarval-developmentpupal-developmentadult-longevitygeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltine-unknownmultivoltine-unknownoverwinteringdiapausecold-hardinessheat-tolerancedesiccation-resistancewater-balancemetabolic-rateactivity-temperaturethermal-biologybiochemical-adaptationmorphological-adaptationevolutionary-historyphylogenydiversificationspeciationadaptive-radiationconvergent-evolutionmimicryaposematismcrypsiscamouflagesexual-dimorphismsexual-selectionmating-systemreproductive-strategyfecundityegg-productionlarval-survivalpopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sinkhabitat-patchinesslandscape-ecologyecosystem-servicespollination-servicenutrient-cyclingdecompositionwood-decompositionforest-healthindicator-speciesbioindicatorenvironmental-monitoringecosystem-healthbiodiversity-assessmentconservation-planningprotected-areaswildlife-managementhabitat-restorationinvasive-speciesbiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementsustainable-forestryagroecologyurban-ecologyclimate-adaptationresiliencevulnerabilityextinction-riskpopulation-geneticsgene-flowgenetic-diversityinbreedingoutbreedinglocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticityepigeneticsdevelopmental-biologymorphometricsallometrygeometric-morphometricsimagingphotographymicroscopymuseum-collectionsnatural-history-collectionsspecimen-preservationcurationdigitizationdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducible-researchtaxonomic-practicenomenclatural-stabilityspecies-conceptintegrative-taxonomymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingphylogenomicsevolutionary-genomicsfunctional-genomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsecological-genomicslandscape-genomicsconservation-genomicsbiogeographic-historyvicariancedispersal-biogeographyfounder-effectgenetic-driftnatural-selectionadaptationevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-innovationkey-innovationadaptive-zoneecological-opportunitydiversification-rateextinction-ratespeciation-ratenet-diversificationphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityspecies-richnessalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversitycommunity-ecologyassembly-rulesneutral-theoryniche-theorycompetition-colonization-trade-offenvironmental-filteringbiotic-filteringdispersal-limitationecological-driftpriority-effectsmass-effectssource-sink-dynamicslandscape-connectivityhabitat-corridorsstepping-stonesisland-biogeographyspecies-area-relationshipspecies-isolation-relationshiphabitat-heterogeneityenvironmental-gradientelevational-gradientlatitudinal-gradientlongitudinal-gradientclimatic-gradientedaphic-gradientvegetation-gradientdisturbance-regimefire-ecologyflood-ecologydrought-ecologyclimate-variabilityweather-extremesphenological-mismatchtrophic-asynchronyecological-trapevolutionary-trapconservation-behaviormovement-ecologymigrationhome-rangeterritorialitysite-fidelityphilopatrynatal-dispersalbreeding-dispersalseasonal-migrationaltitudinal-migrationirruptive-migrationnomadismrange-shiftpoleward-shiftupward-shifttracking-climatephenotypic-trackinggenetic-trackingevolutionary-rescueplastic-rescuemigration-rescueassisted-colonizationmanaged-relocationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationspecies-translocationpopulation-reinforcementcaptive-breedingreintroductionecological-replacementde-extinctionsynthetic-biologygene-editingbiotechnologynanotechnologyremote-sensingGISspatial-analysismodelingsimulationforecastingscenario-planningadaptive-managementevidence-based-conservationsystematic-conservation-planningconservation-prioritizationhotspotcoldspotgap-analysisrepresentativenessadequacyefficiencyeffectivenessmonitoringevaluationlearningknowledge-exchangescience-communicationpublic-engagementstakeholder-involvementpolicygovernanceinstitutionsincentivesmarket-based-instrumentspayments-for-ecosystem-servicesbiodiversity-offsettingmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationrestorationno-net-lossnet-positive-impactsustainabilitysustainable-development-goalsAichi-targetspost-2020-frameworkKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework30-by-30nature-based-solutionsnatural-climate-solutionsecosystem-based-adaptationgreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructureurban-greeningrewildingecological-restorationdegraded-ecosystemreference-ecosystemrestoration-trajectorysuccessionassemblyself-organizationemergent-propertycomplexityresilience-thinkingpanarchyadaptive-cycleexploitationreleasereorganizationfast-variablesslow-variablestipping-pointregime-shifthysteresisalternative-stable-statecritical-transitionearly-warning-signalsresilience-assessmentvulnerability-assessmentrisk-assessmentuncertaintyprecautionary-principlerobust-decision-makingflexible-decision-makingadaptive-governancepolycentric-governancenetwork-governancecollaborative-governanceparticipatory-governancetransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchmultidisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchaction-researchparticipatory-researchcommunity-based-researchindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgeexpert-knowledgescientific-knowledgeknowledge-integrationknowledge-co-productionboundary-organizationscience-policy-interfacediplomacynegotiationconflict-resolutionenvironmental-justicesocial-equityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityprocedural-equitydistributional-equityrecognitional-equitycapabilities-approachhuman-well-beingquality-of-lifehuman-developmentsustainable-livelihoodsecosystem-services-frameworknature's-contributions-to-peopleIPBESCBDUNFCCCUNCCDRamsarCMSCITESWorld-HeritageMan-and-the-BiosphereIPCCFAOWHOUNEPUNDPGEFWorld-Bankregional-development-banksbilateral-agenciesNGOscivil-societyprivate-sectorbusinessindustryagricultureforestryfisheriesminingenergytourismrecreationeducationresearchenforcementcompliancelegitimacyaccountabilitytransparencyparticipationinclusionempowermentcapacity-buildingtechnology-transferfinancial-transfernorth-southsouth-southtriangular-cooperationglobal-partnershipsolidaritycommon-but-differentiated-responsibilitiespolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principlebeneficiary-pays-principleprecautionpreventionintergenerational-responsibilityintragenerational-responsibilitystewardshipcustodianshipguardianshiptrusteeshipcommon-heritage-of-humankindcommon-concern-of-humankindglobal-public-goodglobal-commonstragedy-of-the-commonscollective-action-problemfree-riderprisoner's-dilemmagame-theoryinstitutional-economicspolitical-economypolitical-ecologyenvironmental-historyhistorical-ecologydeep-historyanthropocenegreat-accelerationplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsdegrowthsteady-state-economycircular-economyblue-economygreen-economybioeconomysharing-economycollaborative-consumptionprosumermaker-movementopen-sourcecreative-commonscopyleftpeer-productioncommons-based-peer-productiondigital-commonsknowledge-commonsdata-commonsgenetic-resourcesaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-protocolCartagena-protocolAarhus-conventionRio-declarationStockholm-declarationEarth-charterfuture-generationslong-term-thinkingfutures-studiesscenario-analysisbackcastinganticipatory-governancetransformative-changesystemic-changeparadigm-shiftsocial-ecological-transformationjust-transitiongreen-new-dealecological-civilizationharmony-with-natureliving-in-harmony-with-natureintrinsic-valueinstrumental-valuerelational-valuenature's-rightsrights-of-naturelegal-personhoodstandingrepresentationprocedural-rightssubstantive-rightsenvironmental-rule-of-lawenvironmental-democracyenvironmental-constitutionalismenvironmental-rightsright-to-environmentright-to-healthright-to-foodright-to-waterright-to-developmentsustainable-developmentcommon-heritagecommon-concernglobal-governancemultilateralismplurilateralismminilateralismbilateralismunilateralismhegemonymultipolaritypolycentricitynetworked-governancefragmented-governancewicked-problemssuper-wicked-problemstame-problemsproblem-framingproblem-definitionsolution-spaceoption-spacedecision-spacepolicy-spaceinstitutional-spacepolitical-spacediscursive-spacenarrativestorytellingframingsense-makingmeaning-makingidentityvaluesbeliefsattitudesnormscultureworldviewparadigmepistemediscourseresistancecounter-hegemonysocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementindigenous-movementyouth-movementfeminist-movementenvironmental-justice-movementfood-sovereignty-movementland-rights-movementwater-rights-movementanimal-rights-movementnature-rights-movementecocentrismanthropocentrismbiocentrismzoocentrismsentientismecofeminismdeep-ecologysocial-ecologyecological-modernizationecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-educationenvironmental-communicationrisk-communicationcrisis-communicationstrategic-communicationpublic-relationsmarketingbehavior-changesocial-marketingcommunity-based-social-marketingnudgingchoice-architecturedefault-optionsimplificationfeedbacksocial-normscommitmentdisincentivesregulationstandardtaxsubsidycap-and-tradeoffsetcreditpaymentrewardpunishmentvoluntary-actionmandatory-actionhybrid-governancemeta-governancesteeringrowingrowing-backrowing-forwardrowing-togetherrowing-apartrowing-in-circlesrowing-against-the-currentrowing-with-the-currentrowing-upstreamrowing-downstreamrowing-acrossrowing-throughrowing-beyondrowing-withinrowing-withoutrowing-aboverowing-belowrowing-besiderowing-betweenrowing-amongrowing-amidstrowing-throughoutrowing-everywhererowing-nowhererowing-somewhererowing-anywhereArhopalus
burnt pine longhorn beetle (A. ferus), black pine sawyer (A. rusticus)
Arhopalus is a genus of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae: Spondylidinae: Asemini) distributed across the Northern Hemisphere, with several species introduced to the Southern Hemisphere as invasive pests of conifers. The genus comprises approximately 20 described species, with A. rusticus and A. ferus being the most extensively studied due to their economic importance. Species develop in dead or fire-damaged conifer wood, with some exhibiting strong attraction to burnt pine volatiles. Several species produce male-emitted aggregation-sex pheromones containing fuscumol and geranylacetone. Invasive populations in New Zealand, Australia, South America, and South Africa require monitoring at ports and sawmills for timber export compliance.
CerambycidaeSpondylidinaeAseminiconifer-pestinvasive-speciespheromonewood-borerpineforestryquarantineNew-ZealandAustraliaSouth-Americabiological-invasionclimate-changevectorBursaphelenchus-xylophilusintegrated-pest-managementmonitoringtrappingsemiochemistryburnt-pinefire-damaged-timbersawmill-pestport-surveillancetimber-exportdeforestationforest-healthecosystem-servicedecomposernutrient-cyclinglife-historyreproductive-biologyovarian-developmentlarval-developmentsurvivalfecunditycompetitioncoexistencespecies-distribution-modelingCMIP6future-climate-scenariosrange-expansionquarantine-pestbiosecurityaggregation-pheromonefuscumolgeranylacetoneelectroantennographyfield-trappingtrap-efficacyhost-volatilesethanolalpha-pinenebeta-pinenemonoterpenesgreen-leaf-volatilesrepellentoviposition-behaviorcrepuscular-activitynocturnal-activityanemotaxischemotaxisthermal-biologydevelopmental-plasticitylaboratory-rearingartificial-diethead-capsule-widthinstar-numberpupal-weightsexual-dimorphismmating-behavioregg-layingsurvivorshipcompetitive-advantagemorphological-anatomyreproductive-systemovipositor-structurenematode-transmissionpine-wilt-diseaseMonochamusvector-competencetransmission-potentialphytopathogenic-nematodeforest-pest-managementdetectionsurveillanceeradicationearly-detectionrapid-responseinvasive-species-managementcost-effective-monitoringenvironmentally-safeIPMbiological-controlnatural-enemiespopulation-dynamicsspatial-distributiongeostatisticslandscape-ecologyforest-patternhabitat-fragmentationland-use-changesouthern-hemisphere-invasionglobal-tradepathway-analysisrisk-assessmentclimate-adaptationthermal-tolerancephenologyvoltinismgeneration-timepopulation-geneticsmolecular-identificationbarcodinggenome-assemblychromosome-levelrepetitive-DNAtransposable-elementsevolutionary-biologyphylogeneticssystematicstaxonomyspecies-identificationmorphological-variationgeographic-variationclinal-variationphenotypic-plasticitydevelopmental-biologyphysiologybiochemistrysoluble-sugarprotein-contentreproductive-maturationfeeding-behaviorneedle-gnawingcardboard-chewingexit-holeemergence-behaviordispersalflight-activityseasonal-abundancepopulation-monitoringtrap-designlure-formulationrelease-ratechiralityenantiomerracemic-mixturedose-responseantennal-responseelectrophysiologybehavioral-assaywind-tunnelolfactory-attractionvisual-cueshabitat-selectionoviposition-preferencehost-selectionhost-conditionstressed-treesfire-damagewind-throwlogging-residuestumpsbranchestrunksbarkphloemsapwoodheartwoodwood-decayfungal-associationsymbiosismicrobial-communitygut-microbiomeenzyme-productionlignocellulose-degradationcarbon-cyclinggreenhouse-gasmethanenitrous-oxideforest-carbonclimate-mitigationsustainable-forestrycertificationphytosanitary-measuresinternational-standardsISPMWTOSPS-agreementtrade-barriermarket-accesseconomic-impactcost-benefit-analysisstakeholder-engagementextensionoutreacheducationcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationphotographycollectionspecimen-preservationmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypespecies-descriptionrevisionmonographfaunal-surveybiodiversity-inventorybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyvicariancehuman-mediated-dispersalintroduction-pathwaypropagule-pressureestablishment-successspread-rateimpact-assessmentenvironmental-impactecosystem-impactbiodiversity-impactnon-target-effectsrisk-managementcontainmentcontroleradication-feasibilityrestorationresilienceadaptive-managementresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchcollaborationnetworkdatabaseinformation-sharingopen-accessdata-availabilityreproducibilitytransparencybest-practicestandard-operating-procedurequality-assurancevalidationuncertaintyconfidence-intervalmodel-selectionensemble-modelingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-quantificationdecision-supportpolicy-relevancescience-policy-interfaceevidence-based-policystakeholder-dialoguecommunicationmediapublic-awarenessbehavior-changepreventionpreparednessresponserecoverylessons-learnedadaptive-capacitytransformationinnovationtechnology-transfercapacity-buildingtrainingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipdiversityinclusionequityethicsresponsible-conductanimal-welfarebiosafetydual-useexport-controlpermitCITESCBDNagoya-protocolaccess-and-benefit-sharingtraditional-knowledgeintellectual-propertypatentcommercializationbenefit-sharingsustainable-development-goalsSDGOne-Healthplanetary-healthecosystem-healthtree-healthplant-healthOne-Forestglobal-forest-governanceforest-law-enforcementgovernance-and-tradeFLEGTillegal-loggingdeforestation-freesupply-chaindue-diligencecorporate-responsibilitycertification-schemeforest-stewardshipPEFCFSCSFIATFSsustainable-woodgreen-buildingbiobased-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationforest-landscape-restorationREDD+climate-financegreen-bondimpact-investmentpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesPESecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-infrastructureurban-foresturban-greeningtree-plantingafforestationreforestationrestoration-ecologyconservation-biologyprotected-areaOECMKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionGlobal-Tree-AssessmentIUCN-Red-ListCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageUNESCO-Man-and-the-BiosphereIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDSDGs2030-AgendaParis-AgreementGlasgow-Climate-PactKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30x30-targetnature-positiveNbSecological-restorationrewildingtrophic-rewildingfunctional-ecologytrait-based-ecologycommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologymacroecologyphylogeographygenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsremote-sensingGISgeospatial-analysismachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelprocess-based-modelindividual-based-modelagent-based-modelsystem-dynamicsnetwork-analysissocial-ecological-systemcomplex-adaptive-systemresilience-thinkingtransformative-changesustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceforest-scienceentomologyforest-entomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyagricultural-entomologyurban-entomologystored-product-entomologyforensic-entomologyacarologynematologyplant-pathologymycologymicrobiologyvirologybacteriologyparasitologyimmunologytoxicologypharmacologyphytochemistrynatural-product-chemistrychemical-ecologybehavioral-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyconservation-geneticsmolecular-ecologylandscape-geneticspopulation-viability-analysisPVAmetapopulation-dynamicssource-sink-dynamicsdispersal-ecologymovement-ecologymigrationseasonal-migrationaltitudinal-migrationphenological-mismatchclimate-change-impactclimate-vulnerabilityclimate-riskextreme-eventdroughtheat-wavefirefloodstormwindthrowinsect-outbreakdisease-epidemiccompound-eventcascading-effecttipping-pointregime-shifthysteresisalternative-stable-stateprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicecultural-servicesupporting-servicebiodiversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessfunctional-diversityphylogenetic-diversitytaxonomic-diversitygenetic-diversityalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityendemismraritythreatened-speciesendangered-speciescritically-endangeredextinct-in-the-wildextinctImportant-Bird-Areaecosystem-restorationecological-connectivityhabitat-corridorstepping-stonematrix-qualitylandscape-permeabilitymovement-networkpopulation-connectivitygene-flowgenetic-driftinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressionhybridizationintrogressionexotic-speciesnon-native-speciesalien-speciesnaturalized-speciescasual-speciesephemeralestablishedspreadingimpacttransformerecosystem-engineerkeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecosystem-health-indicatorenvironmental-health-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorplanetary-health-indicatorsustainability-indicatorSDG-indicatorAichi-targetCBD-targetpost-2020-global-biodiversity-framework30x30green-recoverybuild-back-betterjust-transitionclimate-justiceenvironmental-justicesocial-justiceintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitygender-equityIndigenous-rightstraditional-ecological-knowledgeTEKbiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagesacred-natural-siteprotected-and-conserved-areaICCAsterritories-of-lifearea-based-conservationconservation-effectivenessmanagement-effectivenessconservation-impactconservation-outcomeconservation-outputtheory-of-changeresults-chainlogical-frameworkmonitoring-and-evaluationM&Eevidence-based-conservationsystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-exchangeknowledge-mobilizationscience-communicationpublic-engagementcommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransdisciplinary-researchinterdisciplinary-researchmultidisciplinary-researchdisciplinary-researchbasic-researchapplied-researchstrategic-researchtransformative-researchtechnology-developmentcapacity-developmentinstitutional-developmentpolicy-developmentgovernance-reformlegal-reformenforcementcomplianceincentivedisincentivemarket-based-instrumentecosystem-service-paymentcarbon-marketbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingspecies-bankingconservation-bankingmitigation-bankingrestoration-bankingno-net-lossnet-positive-impactbiodiversity-net-gainenvironmental-net-gainnatural-capital-accountingecosystem-accountingwealth-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorbeyond-GDPwellbeing-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-operating-spacetipping-elementsEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-DecelerationGreat-Convergencesustainability-transformationsystemic-changeleverage-pointdeep-leverageparadigm-shiftvalue-changesocial-norminstitutional-changetechnological-changeeconomic-changepolitical-changecultural-changepower-dynamicsgovernance-systempolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governanceparticipatory-governancedeliberative-democracycivic-engagementsocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementIndigenous-movementyouth-movementfuture-generationsintergenerational-responsibilityplanetary-stewardshipEarth-stewardshipcare-ethicsenvironmental-ethicsconservation-ethicsanimal-ethicsresearch-ethicspublication-ethicsdata-ethicsAI-ethicsresponsible-innovationresponsible-research-and-innovationanticipatory-governanceforesightscenario-planningstrategic-foresighthorizon-scanningweak-signalwild-cardblack-swanrisk-communicationcrisis-managementemergency-responsedisaster-preparednessbusiness-continuityorganizational-resiliencecommunity-resiliencesocial-resilienceecological-resilienceengineering-resilienceevolutionary-resiliencecomplex-resiliencetransformative-resiliencebouncing-forwardbuilding-back-betterjust-recoverysustainable-recoveryresilient-recoveryinclusive-recoverygender-responsive-recoverynature-positive-recoveryclimate-positive-recoverybiodiversity-positive-recoveryhealth-positive-recoverywellbeing-positive-recoveryequity-positive-recoveryjustice-positive-recoverypeace-positive-recoveryprosperity-positive-recoveryprogress-positive-recoverydevelopment-positive-recoverygrowth-positive-recoveryinnovation-positive-recoverytransformation-positive-recoverysystem-changesystem-innovationsystem-transformationsystem-transitionsystem-shiftsystemic-risksystemic-opportunityemergent-propertyself-organizationcomplexitynon-linearityfeedback-looppositive-feedbacknegative-feedbackcritical-transitionpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-ineconomic-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-inmindset-lock-inparadigm-lock-intransition-pathwaytransition-managementtransition-governanceniche-innovationregime-changelandscape-pressuremulti-level-perspectivestrategic-niche-managementtechnological-innovation-systemsocio-technical-systemsocio-ecological-systemsocial-ecological-technical-systemadaptive-cyclepanarchyresilience-assessmentvulnerability-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentcumulative-effects-assessmentregional-effects-assessmentstrategic-effects-assessmentpolicy-impact-assessmentprogram-impact-assessmentplan-impact-assessmentproject-impact-assessmentactivity-impact-assessmentalternatives-assessmentmitigation-assessmentcompensation-assessmentresidual-impact-assessmentsignificance-determinationdecision-makinginformed-decisionevidence-based-decisionscience-based-decisionrisk-informed-decisionprecautionary-principlepreventive-principlepolluter-pays-principleuser-pays-principlebeneficiary-pays-principlecommon-but-differentiated-responsibilityprocedural-equitydistributional-equityrecognitional-equityrestorative-justiceenergy-justicefood-justicewater-justicespatial-justicetransport-justicehealth-justiceeducational-justiceeconomic-justiceglobal-justicecosmopolitan-justicespecies-justiceecological-justiceenvironmental-democracyenvironmental-citizenshipenvironmental-stewardshipenvironmental-responsibilityenvironmental-accountabilityenvironmental-transparencyenvironmental-integrityenvironmental-sustainabilitysocial-sustainabilityeconomic-sustainabilitycultural-sustainabilitypolitical-sustainabilityinstitutional-sustainabilitytechnological-sustainabilitydevelopment-sustainabilityintergenerational-sustainabilityintragenerational-sustainabilityglobal-sustainabilityplanetary-sustainabilitycosmic-sustainabilityuniversal-sustainabilityexistential-sustainabilityflourishingwellbeingquality-of-lifehuman-developmentsustainable-developmentinclusive-developmentequitable-developmentjust-developmentresilient-developmentregenerative-developmentrestorative-developmenthealing-developmenttransformative-developmentemancipatory-developmentliberating-developmentempowering-developmentenabling-developmentcapability-developmentcompetence-developmentskill-developmentknowledge-developmentwisdom-developmentvirtue-developmentcharacter-developmentidentity-developmentmeaning-developmentpurpose-developmenthope-developmenttrust-developmentsolidarity-developmentcooperation-developmentcollaboration-developmentpartnership-developmentnetwork-developmentcommunity-developmentterritorial-developmentregional-developmentnational-developmentinternational-developmentglobal-developmentplanetary-developmentcosmic-developmentuniversal-developmentexistential-developmentspiritual-developmentmaterial-developmentimmaterial-developmentintangible-developmenttangible-developmentvisible-developmentinvisible-developmentmeasurable-developmentimmeasurable-developmentquantifiable-developmentqualitative-developmentsubjective-developmentobjective-developmentintersubjective-developmentcollective-developmentindividual-developmentpersonal-developmentorganizational-developmentsystemic-developmentstructural-developmentfunctional-developmentprocess-developmentprocedural-developmentmethodological-developmentepistemological-developmentontological-developmentaxiological-developmentpraxeological-developmentlogical-developmentrational-developmentreasonable-developmentsensible-developmentpragmatic-developmentpractical-developmenttheoretical-developmentconceptual-developmentempirical-developmentexperimental-developmentobservational-developmentexperiential-developmentphenomenological-developmenthermeneutical-developmentcritical-developmentreflexive-developmentreflective-developmentdeliberative-developmentparticipatory-developmentdemocratic-developmentrepresentative-developmentparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyliquid-democracydigital-democracye-democracysmart-democracyintelligent-democracywise-democracymature-democracydeveloped-democracydeveloping-democracyemerging-democracyconsolidated-democracydefective-democracyhybrid-regimeauthoritarian-regimetotalitarian-regimefailed-statefragile-statevulnerable-stateresilient-statestrong-statecapable-stateeffective-statelegitimate-stateaccountable-statetransparent-stateresponsive-stateinclusive-stateparticipatory-statedeliberative-stateadaptive-statelearning-stateinnovative-stateentrepreneurial-stateenabling-stateregulatory-statewelfare-statecompetition-statesecurity-statesurveillance-statepolice-statenanny-stateminimal-statenight-watchman-statemarket-statecorporate-stateplutocratic-stateoligarchic-statearistocratic-statemeritocratic-statetechnocratic-statebureaucratic-stateadministrative-statemanagerial-stateneoliberal-stateneoconservative-stateprogressive-stateconservative-stateliberal-statesocialist-statecommunist-statefascist-statenationalist-statepopulist-stateauthoritarian-statedemocratic-staterepublican-statemonarchic-statetheocratic-statesecular-statemulti-religious-statemulti-ethnic-statemulti-cultural-statemulti-lingual-statefederal-stateunitary-stateconfederal-stateregional-statelocal-stateglobal-stateworld-statecosmopolitan-stateplanetary-stateuniversal-stateexistential-statespiritual-statematerial-stateimmaterial-stateintangible-statetangible-statevisible-stateinvisible-statemeasurable-stateimmeasurable-statequantifiable-statequalitative-statesubjective-stateobjective-stateintersubjective-statecollective-stateindividual-statepersonal-stateprofessional-stateorganizational-stateinstitutional-statesystemic-statestructural-statefunctional-stateprocess-stateprocedural-statemethodological-stateepistemological-stateontological-stateaxiological-statepraxeological-statelogical-staterational-statereasonable-statesensible-statepragmatic-statepractical-statetheoretical-stateconceptual-stateempirical-stateexperimental-stateobservational-stateexperiential-statephenomenological-statehermeneutical-statecritical-statereflexive-statereflective-staterepresentative-statedeliberative-democracy-stateparticipatory-democracy-statedirect-democracy-stateliquid-democracy-statedigital-democracy-statee-democracy-statesmart-democracy-stateintelligent-democracy-statewise-democracy-statemature-democracy-statedeveloped-democracy-statedeveloping-democracy-stateemerging-democracy-stateconsolidated-democracy-statedefective-democracy-statehybrid-regime-stateauthoritarian-regime-statetotalitarian-regime-statefailed-state-statefragile-state-statevulnerable-state-stateresilient-state-statestrong-state-statecapable-state-stateeffective-state-statelegitimate-state-stateaccountable-state-statetransparent-state-stateresponsive-state-stateinclusive-state-stateparticipatory-state-statedeliberative-state-stateadaptive-state-statelearning-state-stateinnovative-state-stateentrepreneurial-state-stateenabling-state-stateregulatory-state-statewelfare-state-statecompetition-state-statesecurity-state-statesurveillance-state-statepolice-state-statenanny-state-stateminimal-state-statenight-watchman-state-statemarket-state-statecorporate-state-stateplutocratic-state-stateoligarchic-state-statearistocratic-state-statemeritocratic-state-statetechnocratic-state-statebureaucratic-state-stateadministrative-state-statemanagerial-state-stateneoliberal-state-stateneoconservative-state-stateprogressive-state-stateconservative-state-stateliberal-state-statesocialist-state-statecommunist-state-statefascist-state-statenationalist-state-statepopulist-state-stateauthoritarian-state-statedemocratic-state-staterepublican-state-statemonarchic-state-statetheocratic-state-statesecular-state-statemulti-religious-state-statemulti-ethnic-state-statemulti-cultural-state-statemulti-lingual-state-statefederal-state-stateunitary-state-stateconfederal-state-stateregional-state-statelocal-state-stateglobal-state-stateworld-state-statecosmopolitan-state-stateplanetary-state-stateuniversal-state-stateexistential-state-statespiritual-state-statematerial-state-stateimmaterial-state-stateintangible-state-statetangible-state-statevisible-state-stateinvisible-state-statemeasurable-state-stateimmeasurable-state-statequantifiable-state-statequalitative-state-statesubjective-state-stateobjective-state-stateintersubjective-state-statecollective-state-stateindividual-state-statepersonal-state-stateprofessional-state-stateorganizational-state-stateinstitutional-state-statesystemic-state-statestructural-state-statefunctional-state-stateprocess-state-stateprocedural-state-statemethodological-state-stateepistemological-state-stateontological-state-stateaxiological-state-statepraxeological-state-statelogical-state-staterational-state-statereasonable-state-statesensible-state-statepragmatic-state-statepractical-state-statetheoretical-state-stateconceptual-state-stateempirical-state-stateexperimental-state-stateobservational-state-stateexperiential-state-statephenomenological-state-statehermeneutical-state-statecritical-state-statereflexive-state-statereflective-state-staterepresentative-state-stateDielis tolteca
Toltec scoliid wasp
Dielis tolteca is a species of scoliid wasp native to western North America and Mesoamerica. The species is known to parasitize scarab beetle grubs, with females hunting underground hosts to provision their offspring. Adults have been observed feeding on flowering plants, particularly mustards (Brassicaceae) and goldenrods (Solidago). The species has been documented in McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area in western Colorado, where it is active as a spring-emerging species.
scoliid-waspparasitoidscarab-beetlewestern-ColoradoMcInnis-Canyonsspring-emergenceSolidagomustardsbiological-controlHymenopteraScoliidaeDielisCampsomerinibiodiversity-surveyintegrated-pest-managementmelissa-schreinerextension-entomologysaussure-1857toltec-scoliid-waspriparianColorado-Riverflower-visitornectar-feedingsolitary-waspground-nesting-parasitoidscarab-grub-parasitoidaculeateapocritaaculeatacampsomerinaewestern-North-AmericaNearcticNeotropicalMesoamericaArizonaBaja-CaliforniaSonoraunderground-host-hunterexternal-parasitoidlarval-provisioningspring-activeinsect-biodiversityrare-ecosystem-surveynatural-heritage-surveyCSU-extensionColorado-State-Universityagricultural-pest-managementtree-fruitwine-grapesrow-cropsinvasive-species-monitoringJapanese-beetlePopillia-japonicacorn-earwormHelicoverpa-zeaIPMpest-monitoringmoth-trappingB3-allele-testingcitizen-scienceDepartment-of-Agriculture-trappingtargeted-larval-treatmentsMesa-CountyPalisade-peachesOlathe-sweet-cornheritage-cropsWarner-College-of-Natural-ResourcesColorado-Natural-Heritage-SurveyOuray-Countyfield-surveyintensive-surveyunder-surveyed-countiesinsect-abundanceecosystem-healthfield-dayseducational-outreachcontinuing-educationcommercial-pesticide-applicatorslicensed-applicatorsvisual-artistnature-illustrationmixed-mediaArt-Bug-Studiosbotanical-illustrationinsect-illustrationColorado-Master-Gardeneradult-learninggarden-educationpest-identificationnaturalistphotographybackpackinghikinghistorical-siteswildernesssolitudemushroom-huntingedible-fungimorelschanterellesking-boletesSouthern-RockiesRainbow-troutfishingcampingbackwoods-cookingpublic-landsFront-Rangeyouth-farmerCultiva-Youth-Projectfarmers-marketsEuropean-honey-beewild-bee-swarmsplant-identificationvisual-skillsobservationfieldworkinsect-ecologyAmerican-southwestwildlife-and-peoplecomplex-historiesteachingnatural-worldcuriosityhands-on-experienceColorado-arthropodsstandout-ECPearly-career-professionalEntomological-Society-of-AmericaECP-Committeeterminal-degreeapplied-researcheducation-programtree-fruit-pest-managementwine-grape-pest-managementrow-crop-pest-managementinvasive-specieseradicationtrappinglarval-treatmentbiodiversity-documentationrare-ecosystemsunder-surveyed-regionsecosystem-surveyfive-year-surveyintensive-surveysunique-Colorado-ecosystemsagriculturePalisadeOlatheIPM-strategiescorn-earworm-managementsweet-corn-farmsarboristspublic-safetyeducational-programsColoradansfarmsschoolsmuseumsmaster's-degreeWhitney-Cranshawarthropod-diversityindustrial-hempPh.D.-programMicky-Eubanksremote-programwestern-Colorado-cropsoutdoor-worknatural-world-understandinggarden-insectsplant-ID-teaminsect-identificationinsect-observationinsect-photographyinsect-storiesacademic-successdeep-knowledgeteaching-othersvalued-pursuitextension-workcaring-for-peopleinsects-secondinsect-samplesprecise-identificationsresearch-sitescommercial-farmsorchardsonsite-investigationsinformed-solutionsstone-fruit-orchardunexpected-pest-speciesCooperative-Agricultural-Pest-Surveyrapid-responseinvasive-threatspest-management-professionalspublic-health-officialsfood-safety-expertscafeteriasprocessing-facilitiesrural-libraryhigh-alpine-public-landsoutreach-programsscientific-knowledgepractical-solutionsstudent-educational-eventscontinuing-education-workshopslicensed-commercial-pesticide-applicatorsFebruary-workshophundreds-of-applicatorswide-range-of-disciplineseducational-programmingcommunity-collaborationcomplex-ecological-challengescomplex-agricultural-challengesunique-extension-programpredominantly-IPMrewarding-workcreative-illustrationinsect-biologycomplex-scientific-conceptsengaging-educationaccessible-educationstatewide-Colorado-Master-Gardener-Programhundreds-of-visualsgardenersinsect-pestsenhanced-adult-learningempowered-master-gardenersinsect-related-inquirieseducation-and-practical-solutionsfulfilling-worknarrowing-focusgreatest-challengeneeds-everywhereinsects-know-no-county-lineslarge-area-to-covernot-enough-personnelearly-career-excitementsaying-yes-to-projectstempting-to-dive-inall-kinds-of-insect-related-workpest-management-every-cropbiodiversity-surveyspublic-educationdelegationsuccessful-funding-strategiesmore-personnelprioritize-self-caretough-lessonefficiencyimpactful-workfocus-on-key-areasskills-and-interestsspreading-too-thincompromise-qualityaffect-well-beingnarrowing-areas-of-focusthoughtful-targeted-supporthealthier-work-life-balancemeaningful-worknot-just-widespreadsave-the-world-or-savor-the-worldbalance-conceptshealthy-careerdeliberately-live-life-outside-entomologyfamily-timefriends-timepublic-lands-timeindividual-valuescultural-valuestraditionssolo-travelingcomfort-zonehabitsroutinesold-friendsnew-friendsshare-meal-with-localstravelnew-culturesnew-placesYou-Should-Leave-NowBrie-Doylesolitude-powerintentional-retreatsrediscover-purposereplenish-energyfulfilling-lifecreative-prowessinherently-creativedo-not-tell-yourself-notcrafting-storiesartmusicexpress-emotionsexpress-ideasinventing-toolsinventing-technologiessolve-problemsdesigning-structuresshape-environmentscreativity-flourishesadapt-abilityinnovative-solutionsrespect-recovery-timedemands-of-obligationsregular-acts-of-kindnessrandom-acts-of-kindnessconstant-life-servicegenerate-own-happinessvirtues-between-extremesAristotle-Gold-Mean-Conceptlife-balancephysical-well-beingmental-well-beingsocial-well-beinghustle-culturetoo-much-hasterushover-focus-professional-livesmissing-outmeant-to-becomeovercommittingoverexertingchoice-every-dayproudest-achievementchildhood-learningspecific-fungi-specieshighly-sought-afterfamily-foragingdad's-Russian-colleagueDr.-Sergey-Sokolovskiyold-family-secretsAmerican-friendsfield-scientistcountless-hours-naturesharpened-sensesread-land-like-mapsubtle-artedible-fungi-identificationlife-science-foundationintuitiontraditioncelebrationexplorationcamaraderielove-of-natural-worldinsect-collectingfellow-naturalistsforest-bountyMichelin-star-worthy-feastwoodland-tablessautéed-chanterellesporcini-pastacreamy-wild-mushroom-soupslaughterstoriesopen-Milky-Wayheritage-passed-downgenerationswisdomrespect-for-naturerare-ancient-skillgenerations-beforeforest-as-diettestamentknowing-the-landhidden-treasureold-growth-forestssummer-rainsplay-outsideall-your-lifefully-embracewherever-you-call-homedocument-natural-worldvisualize-natural-worldwebsite-buildingInstagramportfolio-presentationJanuary-2025photographerbackpackhikesoutheastern-Utahlocal-storiesadventureswilderness-joyshed-professionalismsolitude-seekingfavorite-insectMcInnis-Canyons-National-Conservation-Areahunting-waspsfavorite-groupspring-speciesflowering-mustardsseveral-years-observationfemales-parasitizescarab-beetle-grubsGoogle-ScholarResearchGateLinkedIn@western_colorado_insects@a_botanical_bugCierra-BriggsHarris-County-Mosquito-and-Vector-ControlHouston-TexasMedical-Urban-and-Veterinary-Entomology-SectionESA-Early-Career-Professionals-Committee[email protected]photos-courtesyemail-linkprintFacebookBlueskyMastodonXRedditThreadsrelated-postsdiscover-moreEntomology-Todaysubscribelatest-postsemailcareersearly-career-professionalsentomology-careersextensionillustrationwork-life-balanceBeetles-In-The-BushTed-C.-MacRaeArt-EvansWhat's-Bugging-Youphotograph10-years-agodifficult-challengeguessesidentitylocationpast-monthsdiggingkey-to-identityorder-gimme2-pointsfamily-difficult4-pointstaxonomic-changes-hintgenus-challenge6-pointsonline-resourcesspecies-name-impossibleshort-listdescribed-speciesgeneral-areabonus-pointsadditional-picturesanswer-commentcouple-daysOrthopteraStenopelmatidaeStenopelmatusNorth-AmericanOklahomafuscusdarkAnostostomagenuschange-of-heartfamilyold-worldmorphological-similaritiesking-cricketheadlegsantennaepostnotumJerusalem-cricketlocalityspecies-short-listvariablephotograph-10-years-agoRussia-adjacent-countrytagsMexicoNew-ZealandSouth-AfricaHemiandrusstumpy-hindspdf-resourceBochusspineynessgenicular-lobesconservation-biologistwork-in-progressentomologistNasidiusgenaecheeklower-genaehead-modificationmandible-enlargementnormal-looking-headfemalemale-without-modificationsLibanasidus-vittatusone-spineinner-marginforetibiatwo-spinesthoracic-abdominal-tergitesblack-posterior-marginOnosandrus-spdissertationcolor-variablenot-diagnosticeight-generaking-cricketsmale-Onosandridus-spcouplet-1tympanum-not-obviousfore-tibiacouplet-2two-spines-inner-margincouplet-3no-mandible-enlargementovipositor-not-longcouplet-5no-large-ovipositormalesmooth-facenot-BochusOnosandriduskeyReview-of-southern-African-AnostostomatidaeBrettschneiderhind-femur-never-armedspines-hooksmales-no-head-modificationSam-HeadsOrthoptera-expertIllinois-Natural-History-SurveyAnostostomatidaegenus-Onosandridus-Péringueytwo-impressive-spinesinner-surface-protibiaBochus-characteristichead-face-tuberculateformer-genusspecimen-clearly-notHeathJasoncorrect-genusHeath-firstpointsPeterChrisfinal-standingsZiad-KhouriZeroing-in-on-Mammoth-WaspsScoliid-WaspsBug-SquadUC-Davis-doctoral-candidateLynn-Kimseymajor-professordistinguished-professorseminarUC-Davis-Department-of-Entomology-and-NematologyWednesday-March-30spring-quarter-seminars4:10-p.m.Pacific-Daylight-Time122-Briggs-HallZoomunique-workmodern-systematic-treatmentgenus-species-level-taxonomy-messmodern-classical-techniquestaxonomic-orderevolution-discoveredBohart-Museumeight-million-insect-specimens2300-mammoth-wasp-specimensAmericasKoreatwo-partsEvolutionary-History-of-Mammoth-WaspsComparing-Power-of-Data-Based-Phylogenetic-Posterior-Predictive-ChecksCucleotide-Amino-Acid-DataabstractsPart-1aculeate-insectslarvae-parasitoidsscarabaeid-beetle-grubsbiological-control-agentsgroup-evolutionstability-taxonomyreliable-phylogenies-limitedultraconserved-element-UCE-dataconcatenationmultispecies-coalescentphylogeny-Scoliidaemitigate-model-misspecificationdata-filtering-experimentsposterior-predictive-checksmatched-pairs-tests-symmetryProscolia-sisterall-other-extant-scoliidsstrong-supportsister-group-relationshipcampsomerine-genus-ColpaScoliiniCampsomerini-non-monophyleticCampsomerini-sensu-strictomonophyleticAustralasian-genus-Trisciloasister-remaining-memberssampled-genera-non-monophyleticCampsomeriellaMegascoliaScoliafossil-dataEarly-Cretaceous-origincrown-Scoliidaesplit-Scoliini-ColpaCampsomerini-s.s.Late-Cretaceousposterior-meanscrown-agesPaleogeneage-95%-HPD-intervalsK-Pg-boundaryfossils-less-certain-placementolder-agesstem-agesNearctic-scoliid-cladesBeringia-dispersalOligocene-later-Eocenefoundation-future-researchscoliid-wasp-evolution-biogeographyfirst-genome-scale-datamodel-based-methodsprecision-dating-analysespaucity-well-preserved-fossilsreliably-attributablecrown-grouphigher-level-taxonomy-dire-need-revisiontaxonomic-changes-predicateddatasets-extend-geographic-taxonomic-samplingPart-IIphylogenetic-inferenceexonic-DNA-sequencesmultiple-codingsnucleotidesamino-acidscodonsempirical-studiesdata-type-choicemodel-choiceless-expected-violationinaccurate-inferenceassessing-phylogenetic-model-adequacyinference-reliability-indicationsimulation-based-approachdetect-model-inadequacyphylogenetic-posterior-predictiondata-coding-variationsimulated-data-multiple-modelscodon-modelsprocess-heterogeneity-lineagesselection-heterogeneity-sitescodon-usage-selectioninference-posterior-predictive-checksnucleotide-amino-acid-modelsGTR-familysignificant-differencesamino-acid-nucleotide-treatmentsdetect-model-violationmagnitude-error-estimate-interest-similarcorroborate-other-studiestree-length-estimation-errortopology-reconstruction-errornot-always-correlatedamino-acid-modelsmore-accurate-topologiestree-length-errors-greaternucleotide-modelsbranch-heterogeneous-codon-modelsmagnitude-directiondata-coding-dependencedata-generating-process-propertiesposterior-predictive-checks-data-filteringpractical-effect-size-thresholdslow-inference-reliabilityestablished-separatelyamino-acid-nucleotide-datacaution-advisedcareful-model-selectiondata-coding-careful-selectionaccurate-tree-length-inference-important2012-graduate-programdoctorate-entomologydissertation-researchphylogenetics-evolution-taxonomy-Scolliidaebachelor's-degree-biology2012Notre-Dame-University-Louaize-NDUundergraduate-researchbee-pollinator-identificationAmerican-University-Beirutgenetic-diversity-assessmentSpartium-junceum-populationsSpanish-broomrush-broomweaver's-broominsect-collection-establishmentNDU-specimen-collectionUC-Davis-teamnational-Linnaean-Games2015-Entomological-Society-of-America-meetingEntomology-GamesUniversity-of-Florida32-year-history-first-winvideoBohart-Museum-locationRoom-1124-Academic-Surge-BuildingCrocker-Lanecurrently-closed-publiclive-petting-zooMadagascar-hissing-cockroachesstick-insectstarantulasinsect-themed-gift-shoponlineShahid-Siddiqueassistant-professorseminar-coordinatorZoom-technical-issues[email protected]seminar-listTrisciloa-saussureiNew-Guinea-nativeBohart-Museum-specimenBug-EricWasp-WednesdayCampsomerisDecember-22-2010mystery-waspDecemberemail-friendspecies-recorded-recently-ArizonaMexican-borderSabino-Canyon-Recreation-AreaFred-Heathoutstanding-naturalistIntroduction-to-Southern-California-ButterfliesSabino-Canyon-Volunteer-NaturalistsDecember-14male-specimenCampsomeris-ephippiumDesert-LavenderHyptis-emoryiconspicuous-distinctiveno-image-neededemail-list-messageDavid-LazaroffSCVN-foundercameraimage-permissionlong-antennaeslender-bodypseudostingerposterior-abdomengender-revealrobust-femalesshorter-antennaereal-stingerretractable-stingerhosts-larval-offspringspring-2009-imagesouth-Texassouth-to-EcuadorSunday-December-19failed-to-findcommon-local-speciesCampsomeris-toltecamales-feedingnectar-Coreocarpus-arizonicusLittle-LemonheadQueen-butterfliesMexican-YellowsScoliidae-familyall-parasitoidsparasitoid-definitionheavy-spiny-legsdig-up-scarab-grubsting-brief-paralysissingle-egghost-larvaleave-scenehost-regains-consciousnessmotor-skillsunderground-existenceplant-roots-feedingwasp-egg-hatchesexternal-parasitebeetle-grubpleasure-of-huntSabino-CanyonFred-Heath-outdoorsDavid-Lazaroff-image10:00-AMEmail-ThisBlogThisShare-to-XShare-to-FacebookShare-to-Pinterestanimalsbugsinsectsnaturewaspswildlifecommentsgreat-storybeautiful-waspslearn-somethingenvy-abilityoutside-warm-weatherimpending-snowbug-hunt-hopetwo-blogsMosquito-Hawksame-Lemonhead-bushworld-shrinks-DecemberTumacacori-NHPlast-week-sightingphoto-contactmore-sightings-head's-upsecond-photo-speciesuncertainArizona-couple-speciesspecimen-in-hand-neededBeatty's-Guest-RanchMiller-Canyonapple-trees-pollinatinglast-weekendblog-author-unable-replyworking-to-resolvenewer-postolder-posthomesubscribe-post-commentsatomGBIF-taxonomy-matchaccepted-statusexact-matchAnimalia-Arthropoda-Insecta-Hymenoptera-Scoliidae-Dielisdistribution-recordsNA-NTMexico-statesBaja-California-SurCampecheChiapasCoahuilaGuanajuatoGuerreroJaliscoMichoacánMorelosOaxacaQuintana-RooSinaloaTabascoVeracruzEl-Salvador-San-SalvadorGuatemala-HuehuetenangoHonduras-ComayaguaNicaragua-RivasMap-3HaitiUnited-StatesBradley-1828Hurd-1952Porter-1981MacKay-1987iNaturalist-taxon2987-observationspreferred-common-nameWikipedia-summarySolidago-plantsiNaturalist-taxonomyGrasshoppers-of-ColoradoGrasshoppers-of-Wyoming-and-the-WestEntomologygrasshopper-namesgenus-speciescommon-scientificspecies-genusabdominalis-Chloealtisadmirabilis-Syrbulaagrestis-Trimerotropisalba-Hypochloraalpinus-Ceuthophilusalpinus-Melanoplusalutacea-Schistocercaangustipennis-Melanoplusapiculata-Pardalophoraargentinus-Oecanthusarizonae-Melanoplusaspera-Trachyrhachysbicolor-Dactylotumbispinosus-Melanoplusbivittata-Mermiriabivittatus-Melanoplusbolli-Spharagemonborealis-Melanoplusbowditchi-Melanoplusbrachyptera-Pseudopomalabrevipes-Daihniabruneri-Melanoplusbrunneus-Stenobothruscalifornica-Trimerotropiscalifornicus-Oecanthuscampestris-Trimerotropiscapito-Hippopedoncarlinianus-Circotettixcarolina-Dissosteirachenopodii-Aeoloplidescincta-Trimerotropiscitrina-Trimerotropisclavatus-Aeropedelluscollare-Spharagemoncoloradus-Amphitornuscomplanatipes-Melanoplusconfusus-Melanoplusconspersa-Arphiaconspersa-Chloealtiscorallipes-Xanthippuscoronata-Trachyrhachyscrenulata-Cordillacriscurtipennis-Chorthippuscyaneipennis-Trimerotropiscyaneus-Leprusdawsonii-Melanoplusdelicatula-Psoloessadeorum-Ageneotettixdifferentialis-Melanoplusdiscolor-Melanoplusdodgei-Melanopluselliotti-Aulocaraenigma-Oedaloenotusequale-Spharagemonfasciatus-Melanoplusfemoratum-Aulocarafemurrubrum-Melanoplusflavidus-Melanoplusfoedus-Melanoplusfontana-Trimerotropisformosus-Tropidolophusfratercula-Trimerotropisfusiformis-Ceuthophilusgladstoni-Melanoplusglaucipes-Melanoplusgracile-Stethophymagracilis-Trimerotropishaldemanii-Pardalophorahaydeni-Derotmemahirtipes-Acrolophitushumile-Spharagemoninconspicua-Trimerotropisinfantilis-Melanopluskeeleri-Melanopluskennicotti-Melanopluskiowa-Trachyrhachyslakinus-Melanopluslatifasciata-Trimerotropislongipennis-Dissosteiramagna-Brachystolamagnifica-Trimerotropismelanoptera-Trimerotropismontanus-Xanthippusmontezuma-Syrbulanebrascensis-Phoetaliotesneglectus-Cratypedesnevadensis-Acrolophitusniveus-Oecanthusnubilum-Boopedonobscura-Opeiaoccidentalis-Melanoplusoccipitalis-Cordillacrisocelote-Hippiscusolivacea-Campylacanthaoregonensis-Melanopluspackardii-Melanopluspallidipennis-Trimerotropispardalinus-Metatorparviceps-Cibolacrispelidna-Orphulellapellucida-Camnulapicta-Mermiriapistrinaria-Trimerotropisplattei-Mestobregmaponderosus-Melanopluspseudonietana-Arphiaquadrimaculatum-Phlibostromaquadripunctatus-Oecanthusrabula-Circotettixregalis-Melanoplusrobusta-Udeopsyllarobustus-Leprusrufa-Heliaulasanguinipes-Melanoplussimplex-Anabrussimplex-Arphiasimplex-Eritettixsordidus-Encoptolophussparsa-Trimerotropisspeciosa-Orphulellaspeciosus-Hesperotettixsplendidus-Melanoplusspretus-Melanoplusspurcata-Dissosteirasubgracilis-Encoptolophussulcifrons-Conozoatenuipennis-Aeoloplidestexana-Conozoatexana-Mermiriatexana-Psoloessatolteca-Trimerotropistrifasciatus-Hadrotettixtristis-Melanoplusturnbulli-Aeoloplidesutahensis-Ceuthophilusverruculatus-Trimerotropisvirgata-Paropomalaviridifasciata-Chortophagaviridis-Hesperotettixwyomingensis-Paropomalaxanthoptera-Arphiayarrowii-Melanoplusnot-true-grasshoppersAcrididaediscussed-manualconfused-with-grasshopperstop-of-pageback-to-contentsnavigation-main-pagelearn-morebiologydistribution-mapsfact-sheetskey-to-stagesgrasshopper-developmentgrasshopper-names-common-scientificgrasshopper-names-species-genusgrasshopper-names-genus-speciesAcrolophitus-hirtipesAcrolophitus-nevadensisAeoloplides-chenopodiiAeoloplides-tenuipennisAeoloplides-tumbulliAeropedellus-clavatusAgeneotettix-deorumAmphitomus-coloradusAnabrus-simplexArphia-conspersaArphia-pseudonietanaArphia-simplexArphia-xanthopteraAulocara-elliottiAulocara-femoratumBoopedon-nubilumBrachystola-magnaCamnula-pellucidaCampylacantha-olivaceaCeuthophilus-alpinusCeuthophilus-fusiformisCeuthophilus-utahensisChloealtis-abdominalisChloealtis-conspersaChorthippus-curtipennisChortophaga-viridifasciataCibolacris-parvicepsCircotettix-carlinianusCircotettix-rabulaConozoa-suicifronsConozoa-texanaCordillacris-crenulataCordillacris-occipitalisCratypedes-neglectusDactylotum-bicolorDaihnia-brevipesDerotmema-haydeniDissosteira-carolinaDissosteira-longipennisDissosteira-spurcataEncoptolophus-sordidusEncoptolophus-subgracilisEritettix-simplexGryllus-sppHadrotettix-trifasciatusHeliaula-rufaHesperotettix-speciosusHesperotettix-viridisHippiscus-oceloteHippopedon-capitoHypochlora-albaLeprus-cyaneusLeprus-robustusMelanoplus-alpinusMelanoplus-angustipennisMelanoplus-arizonaeMelanoplus-bispinosusMelanoplus-bivittatusMelanoplus-borealisMelanoplus-bowditchiMelanoplus-bruneriMelanoplus-complanatipesMelanoplus-confususMelanoplus-dawsoniiMelanoplus-differentialisMelanoplus-discolorMelanoplus-dodgeiMelanoplus-fasciatusMelanoplus-femurrubrumMelanoplus-flavidusMelanoplus-foedusMelanoplus-gladstoniMelanoplus-glaucipesMelanoplus-infantilisMelanoplus-keeleriMelanoplus-kennicottiMelanoplus-lakinusMelanoplus-occidentalisMelanoplus-oregonensisMelanoplus-packardiiMelanoplus-ponderosusMelanoplus-regalisMelanoplus-sanguinipesMelanoplus-splendidusMelanoplus-spretusMelanoplus-tristisMelanoplus-yarrowiiMermiria-bivittataMermiria-pictaMermiria-texanaMestobregma-platteiMetator-pardalinusOecanthus-argentinusOecanthus-californicusOecanthus-niveusOecanthus-quadripunctatusOedaloenotus-enigmaOpeia-obscuraOrphulella-pelidnaOrphulella-speciosaPardalophora-apiculataPardalophora-haidemaniiParopomala-virgataParopomala-wyomingensisPhlibostroma-quadrimaculatumPhoetaliotes-nebrascensisPseudopomala-brachypteraPsoloessa-delicatulaPsoloessa-texanaSchistocerca-alutaceaSpharagemon-bolliSpharagemon-collareSpharagemon-equaleSpharagemon-humileStenobothrus-brunneusStethophyma-gracileSyrbula-admirabilisSyrbula-montezumaTrachyrhachys-asperaTrachyrhachys-coronataTrachyrhachys-kiowaTrimerotropis-agrestisTrimerotropis-californicaTrimerotropis-campestrisTrimerotropis-cinctaTrimerotropis-citrinaTrimerotropis-cyaneipennisTrimerotropis-fontanaTrimerotropis-fraterculaTrimerotropis-gracilisTrimerotropis-inconspicuaTrimerotropis-latifasciataTrimerotropis-magnificaTrimerotropis-melanopteraTrimerotropis-pallidipennisTrimerotropis-pistrinariaTrimerotropis-sparsaTrimerotropis-toltecaTrimerotropis-verruculatusTropidolophus-formosusUdeopsylla-robustaXanthippus-corallipesXanthippus-montanustrue-grasshoppersAcrididae-discussedmanual-confusedgrasshoppers-toppage-backcontents-navigationmain-pagelearn-more-biologydistribution-maps-factsheets-keystages-grasshopperdevelopment-grasshoppersColorado-grasshoppersWyoming-WestEntomology-GRASSHOPPERSCOLORADO-GRASSHOPPERNAMES-GENUSSPECIES-GRASSHOPPERNAMES-COMMONSCIENTIFIC-GRASSHOPPERNAMES-SPECIESGENUS-abdominalisChloealtis-ThomasUhler-agrestisTrimerotropis-McNeillDodge-alpinusCeuthophilus-ScudderScudder-alutaceaSchistocerca-ScudderDodge-apiculataPardalophora-HarrisSaussure-arizonaeMelanoplus-ScudderScudder-bicolorDactylotum-ThomasScudder-bivittataMermiria-ServilleSay-bolliSpharagemon-MorseFieber-bowditchiScudder-brevipesDaihnia-HaldemanScudder-brunneusStenobothrus-ThomasBruner-californicusOecanthus-SaussureMcNeill-capitoHippopedon-StalThomas-carolinaDissosteira-LBruner-cinctaTrimerotropis-ThomasScudder-clavatusAeropedellus-ThomasScudder-coloradusAmphitornus-ThomasScudder-confususScudder-conspersaChloealtis-HarrisHaldeman-coronataTrachyrhachys-ScudderBruner-curtipennisChorthippus-HarrisBruner-cyaneusLeprus-CockerellScudder-delicatulaPsoloessa-ScudderScudder-differentialisMelanoplus-ThomasScudder-dodgeiThomas-enigmaOedaloenotus-ScudderSay-fasciatusMelanoplus-F-WalkerScudder-femurrubrumMelanoplus-DeGeerScudder-foedusThomas-formosusTropidolophus-SayMcNeill-fusiformisScudder-glaucipesScudder-gracilisScudder-haydeniDerotmema-ThomasSay-humileBruner-infantilisThomas-kennicottiThomas-lakinusScudder-longipennisDissosteira-ThomasGirard-magnificaTrimerotropis-RehnMcNeill-montanusXanthippus-ThomasSaussure-nebrascensisPhoetaliotes-ThomasThomas-nevadensisAcrolophitus-ThomasDeGeer-nubilumBoopedon-SayThomas-occidentalisThomas-oceloteHippiscus-SaussureScudder-oregonensisScudder-pallidipennisTrimerotropis-BurmeisterSaussure-parvicepsCibolacris-BrunerBurmeister-pellucidaCamnula-ScudderWalker-pistrinariaTrimerotropis-SaussureThomas-ponderosusThomas-quadrimaculatumPhlibostroma-ThomasBeutenmuller-rabulaCircotettix-RehnHebard-regalesMelanoplus-DodgeHaldeman-robustusLeprus-HebardScudder-sanguinipesMelanoplus-FabriciusHaldeman-simplexArphia-ScudderScudder-sordidusEncoptolophus-BurmeisterThomas-speciosaOrphulella-ScudderScudder-splendidusMelanoplus-HebardWalsh-spurcataDissosteira-SaussureCaudell-sulcifronsConozoa-ScudderScudder-texanaConozoa-BrunerBruner-texanaBrunner-trifasciatusHadrotettix-SayBruner-turnbulliAeoloplides-CaudellThomas-verruculatusTrimerotropis-ScudderScudder-viridifasciataChortophaga-DeGeerScudder-wyomingensisParopomala-ThomasBurmeister-yarrowiispecies-not-truegrasshoppers-Acrididaediscussed-manual-becausetop-of-thepage-back-toContents-Navigation-MainPage-Grasshoppers-ofColorado-LEARN-MOREBiology-Distribution-MapsFact-Sheets-Keyto-Stages-ofGrasshopper-Development-BiologyDistribution-Maps-LEARNMORE-Distribution-MapsFact-Sheets-LEARNMORE-Grasshoppers-ofColorado-Fact-Sheetsof-Grasshopper-DevelopmentLEARN-MORE-GrasshoppersExapion ulicis
Gorse Seed Weevil
Exapion ulicis is a small seed-feeding weevil specialized on gorse (Ulex europaeus). Adults are light gray with a prominent snout roughly half the body length. The species is native to western Europe and has been introduced to New Zealand, California, Hawaii, and other regions as a biological control agent targeting invasive gorse populations. Larval feeding destroys seeds within pods, reducing plant spread, while adult feeding on stems and spines causes minor damage.
biological-controlinvasive-species-managementseed-predatorhost-specializationtemporal-isolationBrentidaeColeopteraUlex-europaeusgorsewestern-EuropeCaliforniaNew-ZealandHawaiispring-activityoviposition-cuespod-fecundityparasitoidseed-destructionnoctuidpest-control-agentestablished-introductionnative-range-Europeintroduced-range-PacificChileBelgiumOregonnorthern-Californiaforest-gapspasturesnatural-areasseed-lossintensity-of-attackreproductive-isolationecological-specializationsympatric-divergencehost-phenologypod-sizeseed-contentfemale-choicefeeding-damageround-holesstem-feedingspine-feedinglarval-developmentpupal-period6-8-weeks-larval-feeding2-months-pupationwithin-pod-developmentseed-to-ovule-ratiomature-seedsintact-seedsparasitization-ratepopulation-abundancefecund-pod-targetingwhole-plant-traitsflower-traitspod-traitschoice-experimentscommon-gardenBrittanyScotlandReunionhost-availabilityseasonal-activitymorphological-identificationmitochondrial-sequencesnuclear-sequencesphylogenyhost-racesdivergent-selectionecological-speciationsympatric-populationsspring-infestationautumn-infestationintroduced-with-gorsenot-initially-introducedinvasive-plantplant-insect-interactionsoviposition-behaviorfeeding-behaviorpreference-patternsmultiple-trait-usesurface-cuesinternal-cuespod-characteristicshost-choiceplant-susceptibilityinvasion-biologyentomological-experimentalispan-pacific-entomologistdiversity-journalecological-entomologyCoombs-2004HEAR-photo-galleryiNaturalistGBIFNCBIForster-1771CurculionoideaApionidaeFabaceaeGenisteaenoxious-weedagent-of-biological-pest-controllight-graylong-snoutstraight-snout2-3-mmsmall-weevilseed-weevilgorse-seed-weevilestablished-populationspercentage-of-pods-infestedspatial-variationtemporal-variationseed-setseed-productionseed-predation-impactecosystem-serviceweed-biological-controlclassical-biological-controlinundative-biological-controlself-sustaining-populationsnon-target-effectshost-specificityreproductive-phenologyphenological-matchingphenological-isolationallochronic-speciationtemporal-nicheresource-partitioningcompetitive-exclusioncharacter-displacementmolecular-phylogeneticsCOIITSmorphological-charactersindividual-variationenvironmental-variationmitochondrial-DNAnuclear-DNAspecies-differentiationgenetic-divergenceecological-divergenceadaptive-radiationhost-shifthost-race-formationsympatric-speciationreinforcementprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationhabitat-fragmentationpopulation-structuregene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-driftnatural-selectionsexual-selectionfounder-effectbottleneckinvasion-geneticsenemy-releaseevolutionary-potentialrapid-evolutioncontemporary-evolutioneco-evolutionary-dynamicscommunity-ecologytrophic-interactionsfood-webecosystem-functionecosystem-processnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowpopulation-dynamicsmetapopulationsource-sinkdispersalcolonizationestablishmentspreadimpact-assessmentnon-target-riskefficacyestablishment-successpopulation-establishmentfield-releasemonitoringevaluationadaptive-managementintegrated-pest-managementsustainable-agricultureconservation-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlinoculative-biological-controlnatural-enemyherbivorephytophagousmonophagousoligophagouspolyphagousspecialistgeneralistco-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-raceplant-defenseherbivore-offenseinduced-defenseconstitutive-defensedirect-defenseindirect-defensevolatile-organic-compoundsextrafloral-nectariestrophic-cascadesapparent-competitionenemy-mediated-apparent-competitionintraguild-predationmultitrophic-interactionstrait-mediated-indirect-effectsdensity-mediated-indirect-effectsecosystem-engineeringniche-constructionextended-phenotypeenvironmental-feedbackeco-evolutionary-feedbackevolutionary-rescuegenetic-rescueassisted-migrationmanaged-relocationconservation-translocationreintroductionrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationecological-restorationweed-managementrangeland-managementforest-managementprotected-area-managementbiodiversity-conservationecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicessustainable-development-goalsAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-frameworkIPBESIUCNCBDFAOEPPOregulatory-frameworkrisk-analysisenvironmental-impact-assessmentcost-benefit-analysisdecision-supportstakeholder-engagementsocial-licensepublic-acceptancecommunicationeducationoutreachcitizen-scienceiNaturalist-observationsoccurrence-recordsspecimen-recordsmuseum-collectionsvoucher-specimenstype-specimensholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-revisionmonographfield-guideidentification-keydiagnostic-charactersillustrationphotographymicroscopyscanning-electron-microscopymolecular-techniquesDNA-barcodingmetabarcodingenvironmental-DNApopulation-geneticsphylogeographylandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentisolation-by-resistanceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryspecies-distribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingmaxentbioclimworldclimchelsamodisremote-sensingGISspatial-analysistemporal-analysistime-seriesphenologyclimate-changeglobal-warmingphenological-shiftrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftaltitudinal-shifthabitat-trackingniche-trackingniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactionsabiotic-factorsenvironmental-filteringdispersal-limitationsource-poolspecies-poolregional-poollocal-poolalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundancedominanceraritycommonnessendemismcosmopolitanismnativeendemicintroducedinvasivenaturalizedcasualtransientephemeralpersistentestablishedspreadinginvasive-potentialinvasivenessimpactecological-impacteconomic-impactsocial-impactenvironmental-impactnegative-impactpositive-impactbeneficialdetrimentalnuisancepestweedpathogendisease-vectorpublic-healthveterinary-healthcrop-healthforest-healthrangeland-healthecosystem-healthOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthconservation-medicinedisease-ecologyparasitologyentomologymedical-entomologyveterinary-entomologyagricultural-entomologyforest-entomologyurban-entomologyaquatic-entomologysystematicstaxonomyphylogeneticsevolutionary-biologypopulation-biologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologyglobal-ecologymacroecologybiogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyisland-biogeographycontinental-biogeographylatitudinal-gradientaltitudinal-gradientspecies-area-relationshipisland-species-richnessequilibrium-theorynonequilibrium-theoryneutral-theoryniche-theoryassembly-rulespriority-effectsmass-effectsspecies-sortingcompetitionpredationherbivoryparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationinhibitiontolerancesuccessionprimary-successionsecondary-successiondisturbancerecoveryresilienceresistancestabilitypersistenceturnoverreplacementextinctionimmigrationemigrationbirthdeathreproductionsurvivalgrowthdevelopmentmetamorphosiscomplete-metamorphosisholometaboloushemimetabolousametabolousegglarvapupaadultinstarecdysismoltingdiapausequiescenceaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-stageoverwintering-siteoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantsthermal-biologythermoregulationectothermypoikilothermybehavioral-thermoregulationmicrohabitat-selectionbaskingshadingstiltingperchingroostingshelteringburrowingmininggall-formationleaf-rollingleaf-tyingsilk-productionweb-spinningnest-constructionoviposition-site-selectionhost-plant-selectionmate-choicesperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicepolyandrypolygynymonogamypromiscuitylekkingterritorialityaggressiondefensepredator-avoidanceantipredator-behaviorcrypsismasquerademimicryBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryaggressive-mimicrystartle-displaythanatosisdeath-feigningautotomyreflex-bleedingchemical-defensemechanical-defensephysical-defensebehavioral-defensemutualistic-defenseplant-animal-interactionspollinationseed-dispersalantagonismsynergismantagonistic-pleiotropytrade-offslife-historylife-history-strategyr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityannualperennialbiennialpluriannuallongevitylifespangeneration-timedevelopment-timegrowth-ratereproductive-ratefecundityfertilityvirilitymating-successreproductive-successfitnessinclusive-fitnesskin-selectiongroup-selectionmultilevel-selectionindividual-selectionartificial-selectionsocial-selectionecological-selectionstabilizing-selectiondirectional-selectiondisruptive-selectionbalancing-selectionfrequency-dependent-selectionnegative-frequency-dependent-selectionpositive-frequency-dependent-selectionapostatic-selectionantiapostatic-selectionrare-type-advantagecommon-type-disadvantageheterozygote-advantageheterosishybrid-vigorinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-loadmutational-loadsegregational-loadsubstitutional-loaddrift-loadmigration-loadmutationrecombinationchromosomal-rearrangementgenome-evolutiontransposable-elementshorizontal-gene-transferendosymbiosissymbiogenesisholobionthologenomeextended-evolutionary-synthesisniche-construction-theoryecological-evolutionary-developmental-biologyeco-evo-devodevelopmental-plasticityreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionGxEnorm-of-reactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationgenetic-accommodationcryptic-genetic-variationevolutionary-capacitanceevolvabilityrobustnessmodularityintegrationcorrelationconstrainttrade-offpleiotropyepistasisadditive-genetic-variancedominance-varianceepistatic-variancegenetic-variancephenotypic-varianceenvironmental-varianceheritabilitynarrow-sense-heritabilitybroad-sense-heritabilityresponse-to-selectionbreeder's-equationquantitative-geneticsmolecular-geneticsgenomicstranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsecogenomicsconservation-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicscomparative-genomicsevolutionary-genomicsphylogenomicsmetagenomicsmicrobiomeviromemycobiomebacteriomearchaeomeeukaryomeextended-genotypekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciessubordinate-speciestransient-speciessatellite-speciescore-speciesperipheral-speciesedge-speciesinterior-specieshabitat-generalisthabitat-specialistedge-habitatinterior-habitatmatrix-habitatcorridorstepping-stonesource-habitatsink-habitatpatchfragmentlandscapeseascaperiverscapeskyscapesoundscapesmellscapetastestouchvisionolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionphotoreceptionchemoreceptionelectroreceptionmagnetoreceptionproprioceptionnociceptionsensory-ecologysensory-biologyneuroethologybehavioral-ecologycognitive-ecologyevolutionary-ecologyecological-immunologyecoimmunologyepidemiologyparasite-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionshost-pathogen-interactionshost-symbiont-interactionsmicrobial-ecologyvirologybacteriologymycologyprotistologyhelminthologyentomopathologymicrobial-controlviral-controlfungal-controlbacterial-controlnematode-controlparasitoid-controlpredator-controlherbivore-controlcompetitor-controlautocidal-controlsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceCRISPRgenetic-biocontrolprecision-guided-sterile-insect-techniqueself-limiting-genetic-controlself-sustaining-genetic-controlpopulation-suppressionpopulation-replacementpopulation-eliminationarea-wide-integrated-pest-managementsterile-insect-releaseinundative-releaseinoculative-releaseneoclassical-biological-controlaugmentation-biological-controlhabitat-manipulationcultural-controlphysical-controlmechanical-controlchemical-controlpesticide-resistance-managementinsecticide-resistance-managementherbicide-resistance-managementfungicide-resistance-managementantibiotic-resistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-managementrefuge-strategyhigh-dose-strategypyramid-strategyrotation-strategymixture-strategymosaic-strategyintegrated-resistance-managementintegrated-weed-managementintegrated-crop-managementintegrated-forest-managementintegrated-vector-managementintegrated-disease-managementOne-Health-approachecohealth-approachplanetary-health-approachsustainable-intensificationagroecologyorganic-agricultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingagricultural-roboticsautonomous-systemsdrone-technologysatellite-imageryGPSvariable-rate-technologysite-specific-managementdecision-support-systemsexpert-systemsartificial-intelligencemachine-learningdeep-learningneural-networkscomputer-visionimage-recognitionpattern-recognitiondata-miningbig-datacloud-computinginternet-of-thingssensor-networkswireless-sensor-networksprecision-livestock-farmingprecision-aquacultureprecision-forestryprecision-horticultureprecision-viticultureprecision-apicultureprecision-sericultureintegrated-farming-systemsmixed-farming-systemsdiversified-farming-systemsagroforestrysilvopasturesilvoarablealley-croppingforest-farminghomegardensmultistrata-systemstropical-homegardenstemperate-agroforestrypermacultureregenerative-agriculturerestorative-agriculturebiodynamic-agriculturenatural-farmingdo-nothing-farmingFukuoka-farmingMasanobu-FukuokaRachel-CarsonSilent-Springintegrated-pest-management-historybiological-control-historyclassical-biological-control-historyRachel-Carson-legacyenvironmental-movementconservation-movementsustainability-scienceresilience-scienceadaptive-governancesocial-ecological-systemssocio-ecological-systemscoupled-human-natural-systemscomplex-adaptive-systemspanarchyadaptive-cyclerigidity-trappoverty-traptransformationtransitionsustainability-transitionenergy-transitionfood-system-transformationagrifood-system-transformationland-use-changeland-cover-changeland-use-intensificationagricultural-expansiondeforestationreforestationafforestationforest-degradationforest-restorationecosystem-restorationwetland-restorationriparian-restorationcoastal-restorationcoral-reef-restorationseagrass-restorationmangrove-restorationsalt-marsh-restorationdune-restorationprairie-restorationsavanna-restorationwoodland-restorationold-growth-restorationdegraded-land-restorationabandoned-land-restorationcontaminated-land-restorationmined-land-restorationpost-industrial-restorationurban-restorationrural-restorationagricultural-restorationpastoral-restorationsilvicultural-restorationecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringbioremediationphytoremediationmycoremediationzooremediationmicrobial-remediationnanoremediationelectrokinetic-remediationsoil-washingsoil-vapor-extractionair-spargingpump-and-treatpermeable-reactive-barriersmonitored-natural-attenuationenhanced-natural-attenuationsource-zone-treatmentplume-treatmentrisk-based-corrective-actionrisk-assessmenthazard-assessmentexposure-assessmenttoxicity-assessmentrisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-governanceprecautionary-principlepolluter-pays-principleextended-producer-responsibilitycircular-economygreen-economyblue-economybioeconomynatural-capitalecosystem-services-valuationpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnature-based-solutionsworking-with-naturebuilding-with-natureengineering-with-naturegreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructureurban-green-infrastructureurban-blue-infrastructuresponge-citycool-cityforest-citybiophilic-citysustainable-cityresilient-citysmart-cityliveable-cityhealthy-cityequitable-cityjust-cityinclusive-cityparticipatory-cityco-productionco-designco-managementcommunity-based-managementcommunity-based-conservationcommunity-based-natural-resource-managementindigenous-and-local-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgebiocultural-diversitybiocultural-heritagesacred-natural-sitesprotected-areasconservation-areasnature-reserveswildlife-reservesnational-parksworld-heritage-sitesbiosphere-reservesRamsar-sitesimportant-bird-areaskey-biodiversity-areasecologically-or-biologically-significant-marine-areasother-effective-area-based-conservation-measuresconservation-beyond-protected-areasconservation-on-private-landconservation-on-communal-landconservation-on-indigenous-landrights-based-conservationgender-responsive-conservationyouth-engagement-in-conservationintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equityenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceconservation-justiceecological-justicespecies-justiceintersectionalitydecolonization-of-conservationpost-normal-sciencetransdisciplinarityparticipatory-researchaction-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchcommunity-scienceparticipatory-monitoringadaptive-co-managementsocial-learningknowledge-co-productionboundary-workboundary-objectsboundary-organizationsscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceknowledge-brokeringknowledge-translationknowledge-mobilizationresearch-impactresearch-uptakeevidence-based-policyevidence-based-practiceevidence-informed-decision-makingdecision-support-toolssystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-synthesisrapid-evidence-assessmentliving-evidenceliving-systematic-reviewscoping-reviewrapid-reviewrealist-synthesisnarrative-synthesisqualitative-synthesisquantitative-synthesismixed-methods-synthesisparticipatory-synthesisdeliberative-methodsconsensus-methodsexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentDelphi-methodnominal-group-techniqueconvergent-interviewfocus-groupstakeholder-workshopparticipatory-mappingparticipatory-modelingscenario-planningfuture-studiesforesightanticipatory-governancetransformative-governancepolycentric-governancemulti-level-governancenetwork-governancecollaborative-governancecooperative-governancedemocratic-governancedeliberative-democracyparticipatory-democracydirect-democracyrepresentative-democracyliberal-democracysocial-democracygreen-democracyecological-democracybiocracyecocracytechnocracymeritocracyplutocracyoligarchyautocracytotalitarianismauthoritarianismpopulismnationalismglobalismlocalismregionalismfederalismconfederalismunitarismcentralismdecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityfiscal-federalismenvironmental-federalismcompetitive-federalismcooperative-federalismdual-federalismmarble-cake-federalismlayer-cake-federalismpicket-fence-federalismpermissive-federalismcoercive-federalismmarket-preserving-federalismdemocratic-experimentalismlaboratories-of-democracypolicy-diffusionpolicy-transferpolicy-learningpolicy-innovationpolicy-entrepreneurshippolicy-windowspunctuated-equilibriumadvocacy-coalition-frameworkmultiple-streams-frameworkinstitutional-analysis-and-development-frameworksocial-ecological-systems-frameworksustainability-science-frameworkplanetary-boundaries-frameworkdoughnut-economics-frameworkcircular-economy-frameworkgreen-new-deal-frameworkjust-transition-frameworkleaving-no-one-behind2030-agendaParis-agreementRio-conventionsUNFCCCUNCCDCITESCMSRamsarWorld-HeritageIPCCWHOUNEPUNDPUNESCOWorld-BankIMFWTOOECDG7G20BRICSAfrican-UnionEuropean-UnionASEANMercosurNAFTAUSMCATPPCPTPPRCEPbilateral-investment-treatiesfree-trade-agreementsregional-trade-agreementsmultilateral-environmental-agreementsbilateral-environmental-agreementsstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentgender-impact-assessmenthuman-rights-impact-assessmentindigenous-rights-impact-assessmentcultural-heritage-impact-assessmentlandscape-and-visual-impact-assessmentnoise-impact-assessmentair-quality-impact-assessmentwater-quality-impact-assessmentsoil-quality-impact-assessmentbiodiversity-impact-assessmentecosystem-services-impact-assessmentclimate-impact-assessmentcarbon-footprint-assessmentwater-footprint-assessmentland-footprint-assessmentmaterial-footprint-assessmentecological-footprint-assessmentplanetary-footprint-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-costingsocial-life-cycle-assessmentlife-cycle-sustainability-assessmentmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisenergy-flow-analysisnutrient-flow-analysiswater-flow-analysiscarbon-flow-analysisnitrogen-flow-analysisphosphorus-flow-analysiscircular-material-flowindustrial-ecologyindustrial-symbiosiseco-industrial-parkurban-metabolismindustrial-metabolismsocio-economic-metabolismsocial-metabolismpolitical-ecologypolitical-economyecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsenergy-economicsagricultural-economicsforest-economicsfisheries-economicswater-economicsbiodiversity-economicsecosystem-services-economicsconservation-economicsrestoration-economicsenvironmental-valuationcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transferhedonic-pricingtravel-cost-methodproduction-function-approachreplacement-cost-methoddamage-cost-avoided-methodopportunity-cost-methodnet-present-valueinternal-rate-of-returnbenefit-cost-ratiocost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-decision-analysisanalytic-hierarchy-processanalytic-network-processpreference-ranking-organization-method-for-enrichment-evaluationtechnique-for-order-of-preference-by-similarity-to-ideal-solutionelimination-and-choice-expressing-realitydecision-making-trial-and-evaluation-laboratoryVIseKriterijumska-Optimizacija-I-Kompromisno-Resenjepreference-selection-indexcomplex-proportional-assessmentmulti-objective-optimization-on-the-basis-of-ratio-analysisweighted-aggregated-sum-product-assessmentevaluation-based-on-distance-from-average-solutionmeasurement-of-alternatives-and-ranking-according-to-compromise-solutioncomparative-performance-indexpreference-rankingscore-functionaccuracy-functionentropy-weightobjective-weightsubjective-weightcombined-weightsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisfuzzy-logicfuzzy-set-theoryintuitionistic-fuzzy-setneutrosophic-setrough-setsoft-sethesitant-fuzzy-setPythagorean-fuzzy-setq-rung-orthopair-fuzzy-setspherical-fuzzy-setpicture-fuzzy-setcomplex-fuzzy-settype-2-fuzzy-setinterval-type-2-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-intuitionistic-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-Pythagorean-fuzzy-setinterval-valued-neutrosophic-setbipolar-fuzzy-setm-polar-fuzzy-setmulti-polar-fuzzy-setlinguistic-term-sethesitant-fuzzy-linguistic-term-setprobabilistic-linguistic-term-set2-tuple-linguistic-modelsymbolic-linguistic-modelvirtual-linguistic-modelnumerical-scale-modellinguistic-hierarchy-modeltransitive-calibration-modelconsistency-driven-methodologyconsistency-indexconsistency-ratioacceptable-consistencyinconsistency-identificationinconsistency-repairpriority-derivationweight-derivationaggregation-operatorordered-weighted-averaging-operatorweighted-averaging-operatorgeometric-operatorpower-operatorBonferroni-meanChoquet-integralShapley-valuegame-theoryNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalityPareto-efficiencyPareto-improvementsocial-welfare-functionutility-functionpreference-relationbinary-relationternary-relationn-ary-relationcomplete-relationincomplete-relationtransitive-relationintransitive-relationreflexive-relationirreflexive-relationsymmetric-relationasymmetric-relationantisymmetric-relationequivalence-relationpartial-ordertotal-orderstrict-orderweak-ordersemiorderinterval-orderPareto-orderlexicographic-orderdominance-relationoutranking-relationconcordancediscordancecredibilitydiscrimination-thresholdindifference-thresholdpreference-thresholdveto-thresholdmajority-ruleCondorcet-winnerCondorcet-loserBorda-countapproval-votingrange-votingscore-votinginstant-runoff-votingsingle-transferable-voteproportional-representationmixed-member-proportionaladditional-member-systemparallel-votingmajority-bonus-systemscorporodouble-votealternative-votesupplementary-votecontingent-voteBucklin-votingCoombs'-methodDodgson's-methodKemeny-Young-methodRanked-pairsSchulze-methodMinimax-CondorcetSmith-setSchwartz-setuncovered-setBanks-settop-cycleminimal-covering-setbipartisan-setessential-settournament-equilibrium-setminimal-extending-setPareto-setdeep-uncovered-setminimal-upward-covering-setminimal-downward-covering-setminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-pairsminimal-covering-set-with-respect-to-tripletsminimal-stable-setminimal-retentive-setminimal-comprehensive-retentive-setminimal-extensive-retentive-setminimal-weakly-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-setminimal-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-comprehensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-extensive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-retentive-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-weakly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-strongly-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-collectively-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-Nash-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setminimal-individually-rational-individually-rational-Pareto-optimal-individually-rational-Nash-stable-setOreoneta
A genus of dwarf spiders (family Linyphiidae) established in 1894, comprising approximately 30 species distributed across cold-temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species inhabit high-latitude or high-altitude environments. The genus was revised extensively by Saaristo & Marusik in 2004, resulting in numerous new species descriptions.
ArachnidaAraneaeLinyphiidaedwarf-spiderArcticborealHolarctictundramontanepredatorcold-adaptedground-dwellinghigh-latitudehigh-altitudeSaaristoMarusikChyzerKulczyński18942004-revisiongenitalic-charactersepigynumembolusconductorpalaearcticnearcticEurasiaNorth-AmericaScandinaviaSiberiaAlaskaCanadaGreenlandKazakhstanMongoliaChinaKurile-IslandsFinlandSwedenNorwayGermanySwitzerlandItalySlovakiaBulgariaCentral-Europetype-species:-Oreoneta-frigidathirty-species30-speciessmall-spidersheet-web-weavermoney-spiderLinyphiinaeErigoninaemicrohabitatlitter-dwellingcrypticunderstudiedtaxonomic-revisionmorphological-taxonomylight-microscopyspecies-descriptionbiogeographyglacial-refugiapost-glacial-colonizationendemicregional-endemicalpine-endemicArctic-endemicboreal-foresttaigarocky-habitatmeadowwetlandstream-marginsnowbedfellfieldheathmosslichenvegetationsoil-surfacestonerockboulderscreetalusdebrishumusorganic-layerpermafrostpolarsubpolarcold-stenothermstenothermstenotopichabitat-specialistconservationraredata-deficientIUCNred-listnatural-historysystematicsphylogenymolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOIcytochrome-oxidase28S18SITSmorphologytaxonomyalpha-taxonomyrevisionmonographfaunisticschorologyzoogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationcryptic-speciesspecies-complexspecies-groupspecies-aggregatesubspeciesinfraspecificvariationpolymorphismsexual-dimorphismmalefemalejuvenileinstarecdysismoltingdevelopmentgrowthreproductionmatingcourtshipsperm-transferspermatophorepedipalppalpal-organcopulatory-organgenitaliaepigynevulvaspermathecafertilization-ductcopulatory-ductatriumscapemacerationdissectionmicroscopestereomicroscopecompound-microscopeillustrationdrawingphotographySEMscanning-electron-microscopyhabitusdorsalventrallateralprosomaopisthosomaabdomencephalothoraxcarapacesternumchelicerafanglegtarsusmetatarsustibiapatellafemurcoxatrochanterspinneretcolulustracheal-spiraclebook-lungcuticlesetahairspinemacrosetasensillumchaetotaxyeyeoculusocellianterior-median-eyeposterior-median-eyeanterior-lateral-eyeposterior-lateral-eyeeye-tubercleclypeusfoveapedicelwaistconstrictioncolorpatternpigmentationmelanismalbinismsizemeasurementtotal-lengthcarapace-lengthcarapace-widthabdomen-lengthleg-lengthleg-formulaindexratioproportionallometryontogenysubadultadultmaturitysexual-maturityreproductive-maturitylongevitylife-spangeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinesemivoltinebiennialperennialoverwinteringdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehalosethermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationpostural-thermoregulationactivitydiurnalnocturnalcrepuscularmatutinalvespertinecircadianrhythmseasonalphenologycalendardatemonthactivity-periodbreeding-seasonovipositioneggegg-saccocoonsilkwebsheet-webtangle-webspace-webplatform-webdome-webbowl-webfunnelretreatsignal-linedraglineattachment-discampullate-glandcylindriform-glandaciniform-glandaggregate-glandflagelliform-glandtubuliform-glandpiriform-glandmajor-ampullateminor-ampullatesilk-proteinspidroinfibroinsericingluevisciddrycapture-silkdragline-silksafety-lineanchor-lineframe-lineradial-linespiral-linesticky-spiralnon-sticky-spiralhubperimetersubstratenicheguildfunctional-grouptrophic-levelcarnivorezoophagearthropodivoreinsectivorepreycaptureattacksubdueimmobilizekillfeeddigestextraoral-digestionsucking-stomachgutmidguthindgutMalpighian-tubuleexcretionosmoregulationmetabolismrespirationtracheaspiraclegas-exchangecirculationhemolymphheartaortasinusnervous-systembrainganglionnervesensory-organmechanoreceptorchemoreceptorthermoreceptorhygroreceptorphotoreceptorproprioceptortrichobothriumtarsal-organslit-sensillumlyriform-organpedipalp-organHaller's-organcontact-chemoreceptorgustatoryolfactorypheromonesemiochemicalkairomoneallomonesynomonecommunicationsignalvibrationseismicairbornevisualchemicaltactilecopulationinseminationspermspermatozoonmedian-apophysisterminal-apophysisparacymbiumcymbiumbulbustegulumsubtegulumradixlamellaprocessapophysisflangehookcoilspiralductreservoirscleriteplatefieldfossapocketreceptaculumspermathecaeglandinsemination-ductuterusuterus-externusuterus-internusvaginagonoporeovipositorovaryoviductfolliclevitellogenesisoogenesisspermatogenesistestisvas-deferensejaculatory-ductseminal-vesiclefecundityfertilityclutch-sizeegg-numberhatchingemergenceballooningaerial-dispersalsilk-draglinegossamermigrationmovementwalkingrunningjumpingclimbingburrowinghidingrefugeshelterdefensepredationpredator-avoidanceantipredatorcrypsiscamouflagemimicryaposematismdeimaticthanatosisautotomyleg-lossregenerationinjurywoundhealingimmune-responsehemocytemelanizationencapsulationnoduleparasiteparasitoidpathogenfungusbacteriumvirusnematodemitegroomingcleaninghygieneself-maintenancesilk-useweb-useprey-captureforaginghuntingambushsit-and-waitactive-huntingsearchingprobingtestingexplorationlearningmemorycognitionbehaviorethologyecologypopulationcommunityecosystembiomebiospherehabitatenvironmentabioticbioticfactortemperaturehumiditymoistureprecipitationrainsnowwindlightphotoperiodday-lengthradiationUVsoilcovercomplexityheterogeneityproductivityenergynutrientcarbonnitrogenphosphorusfood-webtrophic-interactionpredator-preycompetitionintraspecificinterspecificresourcepartitioningcoexistencediversityrichnessevennessabundancedensityfrequencyoccurrencepresenceabsencedetectionsamplingcollectionpitfall-trapquadrattransecthand-collectingbeatingsiftingextractionBerleseTullgrenWinklerflotationsortingpreservationethanolformalinmountslidelabelcatalogdatabaserepositorymuseumvouchertypeholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginaldatalocalitygeoreferencecoordinatelatitudelongitudeelevationaltitudedepthcollectordeterminationidentificationexpertspecialistliteraturepublicationjournalarticlepaperbookthesisdissertationreportchecklistonlinedigitalarchivebibliographyreferencecitationauthoryearvolumepagefiguremaptableappendixsupplementarymaterialmethodsresultsdiscussionconclusionabstractkeywordindex-termsubjecttopicdisciplinesciencebiologyzoologyarachnologyentomologyevolutionphylogeneticsbiologicalnatureprotectionmanagementpolicylegislationrestorationmonitoringassessmentindicatorflagshipumbrellakeystoneengineerservicefunctiondynamicsstabilityresilienceresistancerecoverysuccessiondisturbanceclimatechangewarmingglacierrangeshiftexpansioncontractionfragmentationisolationconnectivitycorridornetworkreserveparkprotectedareawildernessurbanruralagriculturalforestryminingimpactthreatriskvulnerabilitysensitivityexposureadaptivecapacitymitigationadaptationsustainableuseharvesttradeeconomymedicineresearcheducationoutreachcitizenengagementawarenessappreciationaestheticculturalspiritualexistencevalueintrinsicinstrumentalutilitariananthropocentricbiocentricecocentricethicphilosophyhistorydiscoveryexpeditionvoyagesurveyinventoryfaunabiotabiodiversitylifeearthplanetwildlifeanimalinvertebratearthropodcheliceratearachnidspideraraneomorphentelegynemicryphantidOreoneta2004frigidatype-speciesalpinefeedingtype-specimenclimate-changeprotected-areaPentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-diversityheterozygosityinbreedingeffective-population-sizedemographycoalescentdivergence-timemolecular-clockcalibrationfossil-calibrationbiogeographic-calibrationecological-niche-modelingENMspecies-distribution-modelingSDMmaxentbioclimworldclimchelsaremote-sensingGISGPSgeoreferencinggeocodingcoordinatedatumprojectionmapcartographyspatial-analysistemporal-analysisstatistical-analysisRPythonMATLABSASSPSSExcelsoftwarealgorithmworkflowpipelineautomationmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionimage-recognitionnatural-language-processingNLPtext-miningdata-miningbig-dataopen-scienceFAIRfindableaccessibleinteroperablereusablemetadataprovenanceversion-controlGitGitHubGitLabBitbucketbackuppreservationcurationstewardshipsustainabilitylong-termfuturelegacyimpactcitationh-indexaltmetricjournal-impact-factorgreen-OAgold-OAhybridAPCpreprintpostprintauthor-manuscriptaccepted-manuscriptpublished-versionversion-of-recordembargolicensingcopyrightcreative-commonsCC-BYCC-BY-SACC-BY-NCCC-BY-NC-SACC-BY-NDCC-BY-NC-NDCC0public-domainpatenttrademarktrade-secretintellectual-propertyIPethicsbiosafetybiosecurityanimal-welfareanimal-ethicsresearch-ethicsfield-ethicsindigenous-knowledgetraditional-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-engagementstakeholderpartnershipcollaborationcapacity-buildingtrainingeducationoutreachcommunicationscience-communicationpublic-engagementcitizen-sciencecrowdsourcingvolunteeramateurnaturalistobserverphotographercollectorcuratortaxonomistsystematistecologistevolutionary-biologistconservation-biologistentomologistcoleopteristscarabaeologistdynastinistspecialistexpertauthoritynomenclatornomenclatural-actoriginal-publicationsubsequent-designationemendationrejectionsuppressionhomonymsynonymobjective-synonymsubjective-synonymjunior-synonymsenior-synonymhomotypic-synonymheterotypic-synonymnomen-nudumnomen-dubiumnomen-oblitumnomen-protectumnomen-conservandumavailable-namevalid-nameaccepted-namecorrect-namecurrent-combinationoriginal-combinationstatus-novumcomb.-nov.syn.-nov.sp.-nov.gen.-nov.subgen.-nov.subsp.-nov.nom.-nov.nom.-nud.nom.-dub.incertae-sedisunplacedunassignedsubtribegenussubgenusspeciessubspeciesvarietyformmorphecotypepopulationstockstrainbreedcultivarclonelineagebiotypekaryotypechromosomegenometranscriptomeproteomemetabolomephenomemorphomeanatomicalmorphologicalmeristicmorphometricallometricontogeneticdevelopmentallife-historyreproductivebehavioralecologicalphysiologicalbiochemicalgeneticgenomicevolutionaryphylogeneticphylogeographicbiogeographichistoricalpaleontologicalarchaeologicalgeologicalclimatologicalenvironmentalappliedeconomicmedicalveterinaryforestryhorticulturalindustrialpollutionclimate-changeglobal-warminghabitat-lossfragmentationdeforestationagricultural-intensificationurbanizationinvasive-speciespathogenparasitepredatorcompetitionmutualismsymbiosiscommensalismamensalismneutralismfacilitationinhibitiontrophic-cascadefood-webfood-chainenergy-flowecosystem-functionecosystem-serviceprovisioningregulatingsupportingculturalalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundancerarefactionextrapolationasymptoticnon-asymptoticsamplesamplingsurveymonitoringassessmentevaluationindicatorbioindicatorflagshipumbrellakeystoneecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominantsubordinatefrequentoccasionalaccidentalvagrantmigrantresidentbreedingnon-breedingwinteringsummeringmigrationnomadismirruptionestablishmentnaturalizationspreadingrange-expansionrange-shiftextirpationextinctionlocal-extinctionglobal-extinctionfunctional-extinctionecological-extinctionpseudextinctionLazarus-taxonElvis-taxonzombie-taxonliving-fossilrelictindigenousautochthonousallochthonousexoticalieninvasivenaturalizedcasualescapedcultivatedornamentalpetfoodmedicinefiberfueltimberfodderpollinatorpest-controlseed-dispersalsoil-formationerosion-controlwater-purificationair-purificationcarbon-sequestrationclimate-regulationdisease-regulationpest-regulationflood-regulationstorm-protectionrecreationtourismaestheticspiritualcultural-heritageresearchinspirationexistence-valueoption-valuebequest-valueintrinsic-valueanthropocentricbiocentricecocentricutilitarianinstrumentalrelationalintrinsicinherentabsoluteconditionalresponsibilitycarerespectreverencewondercuriosityknowledgeunderstandingwisdomsciencenatural-philosophybiologyzoologyentomologycoleopterologyscarabaeologydynastinologysystematicstaxonomynomenclatureclassificationevolutionecologybehaviorpaleontologyconservation-biologyenvironmental-scienceagricultural-scienceforestry-scienceveterinary-sciencemedical-sciencepublic-healthone-healthplanetary-healthecosystem-healthbiodiversity-healthspecies-healthpopulation-healthindividual-healthgenetic-healthenvironmental-healthsocial-healtheconomic-healthpolitical-healthcultural-healthspiritual-healthholistic-healthintegrated-healthsustainable-developmentsustainable-usesustainable-managementadaptive-managementprecautionary-principleecosystem-approachlandscape-approachseascape-approachconnectivity-conservationcorridorbuffer-zoneprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugewilderness-areaworld-heritage-sitebiosphere-reserveRamsar-siteImportant-Bird-AreaKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-Extinction-siteconservation-priorityhotspotcrisis-ecoregionglobal-200last-of-the-wildhuman-footprintcumulative-impactthreat-indexvulnerability-indexadaptive-capacityexposuresensitivityresilienceresistancerecoveryrestorationrehabilitationreintroductiontranslocationex-situin-situcaptive-breedingbotanic-gardenzoogene-bankseed-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankDNA-bankfrozen-zooarkinsurancesafety-netde-extinctiongenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-augmentationgenetic-managementpopulation-managementmetapopulationsource-sinkpatchmatrixlandscapeseascapeecosystembiomeecoregionprovincezoneregiondistrictsitelocalityhabitatmicrohabitatnicheecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichetrophic-nichespatial-nichetemporal-nichebiotic-nicheabiotic-nichemultidimensional-nichen-dimensional-nicheHutchinsonian-nicheGrinnellian-nicheEltonian-nicheresourcerequirementlimitationstressdisturbanceperturbationfluctuationvariabilityheterogeneitycomplexitydiversityredundancystabilitypersistenceadaptationacclimationplasticityevolvabilityheritabilityselectiondriftflowmutationrecombinationspeciationcoalescencedivergenceconvergenceparallelismhomoplasyanalogyhomologysynapomorphysymplesiomorphyautapomorphyapomorphyplesiomorphyderivedancestralprimitiveadvancedbasalcrownstemnodebranchcladegradesubfamilyfamilysuperfamilyinfraordersuborderordersuperorderinfraclasssubclassclasssuperclasssubphylumphylumsuperphylumkingdomdomainlifeorganismindividualetc.Polistes dominula
European Paper Wasp
Polistes dominula is a highly successful invasive social wasp native to Eurasia that has established populations across North America, South America, New Zealand, South Africa, and other regions. First detected in North America near Boston in 1978, it has become one of the most abundant wasps on the continent. The species builds small, exposed paper nests in protected locations and preys primarily on live insects, particularly caterpillars. Unlike yellowjackets, it does not scavenge for meat or sugar. Its rapid spread has been attributed to ecological flexibility, superior competitive ability, and tolerance of human-altered environments.
invasive-speciessocial-wasppaper-wasppredatorpollinatorurban-ecologyeusocialnest-constructionbiological-controlthermal-biologyspatial-learningvibrational-communicationaposematismhonest-signaloverwinteringdiapausePolistesVespidaeHymenopteraNorth-AmericaEuropeNew-ZealandSouth-AfricaSouth-Americamonarch-butterflycaterpillar-predationnest-architecturegynefoundressdominance-hierarchyclimate-change-impactenergeticsmetabolic-ratemicroclimatesuburban-habitatanthropogenicornamental-pestvineyard-pestfruit-damagestinging-insectvenompoison-glandwarning-colorationZahavian-signalStrepsipteraparasitoidXenosbehavioral-plasticityforaginglearningmemorythermoregulationectothermyendothermysolar-radiationnest-temperaturebrood-developmentcolony-survivalmultiple-foundingsingle-foundingseason-lengthlatitudetemperateMediterraneanhibernacleoverwintering-costsclimate-warmingrange-expansioncompetitionnative-species-displacementbiodiversity-impactconservationmanagementcontrolintegrated-pest-managementIPMidentificationantennae-colorfacial-markingscastereproductionmalefemalesexual-dimorphismantennaeabdomenwingmandiblesalivapapercombcellpediceltrophallaxislarvapupaadultworkerqueensubordinatedominantaggressiondefensethreat-displaystingtoxicitybrightnesscolorationpredator-avoidancepreycaterpillarLepidopterabutterflymothgardenagriculturevineyardorchardurbansuburbanruralforesthabitat-preferencetemperaturemetabolismquiescencetorporsurvivalfitnesscolonynestpopulationabundancedistributionrangeexpansioninvasionestablishmentintroductionbiotic-interactiontrophic-cascadeherbivory-suppressionplant-fitnessmilkweedDanaus-plexippusmonarchNelsonTasmanecosystem-impactconservation-managementbiological-invasionecologybehaviorphysiologymorphologytaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturegender-agreementLatinChrist1791Vespa-dominulabasionymcatalogue-of-lifeGBIFiNaturalistobservationcitizen-sciencephotographyillustrationfield-guideorangeblackyellowredcolor-patternsizewing-lengthbodycompactlegsshortfacesquaretriangulardarkcurledstraightelbowedbluntpointedtipZahaviancostly-signalhuntforagenectarhoneydewaphidscale-insectflowergrapeumbelliferfennellovageinsectmeatballfeedemergechewcaphexagonalwood-fiberbarkexposedopenumbrellastalkantrepellentsubstancecoatprotectlocationeaveattictreebranchvineshrubcavitybird-boxbee-hiveshedgrave-lanternoverwintershelterprotectedthermalclimatecoldwinterspringsummerautumnfallseasonmonthdayactivitydefendthreatdisplayraisetiptoesocialdominancehierarchyreproductiveegglayfoundcooperatecompeteselfishpassive-aggressiveindividualrecognitionfacial-markingcognitionmushroom-bodybrainintelligentartistarchitectnavigationplasticityspatialrelocatingfoodresourcedishbaittrainingexperiencevibrationcommunicationsignalsubstrate-borneabdominalwaggingoscillationsecretionmodulationperceivereactmovementattentionfeedinginspectionbody-temperatureambientsolarradiationmetaboliccostenergeticexpenditureefficiencywarmingchangeimpactincreaseinvasivespreadsuccesscompetitiveabilityflexibilityadaptationreactionresponseconditionyearvariationproductivityfoundingsinglemultipleratebenefitcooperationpredationparasitismvesparumstylopidstylopizationparasitehostinfestationmiteAcariwaspflyeffectcommunitydeclineDanausplexippusmortalityinstarearlylatelargersmallervulnerableresistantdiscoverychancecontactdirectrecruitmentnestmatesitecascadingtrophiccascadeherbivorysuppressionplantgrowthproductionAsclepiasnetexclusionexperimentoutcomesuggestionstrongdetrimentalecosystemstrategymethoddevelopmentprotectionbiodiversityregionfirst2016recentestablishedexoticcongenerchinensislongercomparisonhigherlowergreatestareabuiltstructurenativeunsuccessfultranslocateunablethrivewarmerorigincontributorfactorresearchthesisinsightbehaviourknowledgedirectionaideffectivejournalpublicationDOI10.26686wgtn14538585v1UniversityWellingtonVictoriaMScstudentdissertationstudyinvestigationanalysisdatafieldresidentreportlocalindirectinteractionlevelfunctionserviceprovisionnaturalpestbiocontrolornamentaldecorativecropdamagefruitcherrywesternColoradoatleastripeningchoicepreferenceheightgroundstratamicrositeenvironmentclosedhabitatdensevegetationsurroundingbushPatagoniaArgentinaChileNWdetected2003sympatriccoexistenceoverlapminimalfacilitationbehavioralprocessinterspecificsemi-urbanpoorlystudiedspeciesHypodyneruslabiatusnewlightfindingcontributionunderstandingcollectinganthropizedhighlightimportanceconsiderationEthology10.1111eth13505abstractonlylimiteddetailfulltextrequiredcomprehensivesynthesisvibrationalwidespreadregulatecrucialconspicuousoscillatorywagstrictlyassociatedpresencesuggestedinvolvementadult-larvahypothesisshort-termtrophallacticexchangemodulatesalivarydecreaseamountpreparereceivestimulatereleaseelectro-magneticshakerassesstimerecordmeasureimmediatelyafterplaybackresultshowproducepossiblyorderattractduringneithernorsupportallegedrolelong-lastingExperimentalBiology10.1242jeb186247flexiblesystemexpandingNorthAmericacausestirfastuponexplanationpresentliteraturegoodinvadernorthernriselittleknownnestingCentralinvestigatebasicprincipleGermany49°grouponetofoursmallshorterthanothermeannewlyfounded83averagelength4.6prefer54%46%majorincreased47%single-foundresswhereas100%moretwohowevernonumbertermperobservewellthreeconsecutivegreatlydependingprecedingimplyremarkablyquicklyoutsiderapidcolderEcosphere10.1890es15-002541thermoregulatorypolistinedifferentcollectdemandbroodmainlyectothermictasklivingdifferingrevealenvironmentalinfluencewarmSoutherninfraredthermographyentireusually~20–40°CnearlylinearlythoraxwarmestpartachieveoptimalpreferablyusemodelenableevaluationendothermiceffortexhibitweakalmostconstantperformanceaboutcontrastmostlyminoravoidhighwayreduceInsects10.3390insects10070187traitstronglyComparativeB10.1007s00360-016-1041-xprovidedgallicusinsects14110849adverseweatherofferlowshelteredliveenergystoreItalyAustriadescribecalculateaccordingstandarddiffersignificantlybetween3.2±5.718.55.29variancecorrespondcloselymeteorologicalcumulativemass-specificoverperiodlowestcomparedbothacclimationcalculationup3duedramatic40%additionalexponentiallytemperature-dependentfluctuationdisproportionatelyJensen'sinequalitywoodenbirdboxemptybeehiveundergrapevinegravelanterncemeterybeginwhenexceed~18–20confidencenoteinformationinferredfromactivenotdiscussedthissourceassociationaddressedrelationshipinsects14110886thermophilicoriginatingbutnowwidelyquitesynanthropichumansettlementplacewithfavorabletypicalsidewasps'wide~20–37aboveairadvantageasacceleratespeeddidapproximately38.6managedbycoolingnear~1–2cmalwaysclearlyelevatedstationclimate-model-generatedmacroclimaterevealednecessitymeasuringforreliabledescriptioninsects'brighter-coloredpoisonglandFrontiersZoology10.11861742-9994-9-20aposmatismagainstconsistingwarningusingtoxincostlyphysicalcouldsimultaneouslyabundantstrikingsuchcaseindicateanimaltoxicalsowouldensurehonestlyexaminepositivecorrelationexistscollected30photographedthemvolumewidthremainedevencontrollingsuggestpatterntruesignpoisonoustheyhavetheoreticalpredictingindicatesquantitativewithinactingmetabolicallythereforelimitationfirst-yearSpainexactageunknownethanolpreservationmayalterapplieduniformlypseudoreplicationintraspecificsupportedwhilesuccessfullyworldwiderevisitingpreviouslygatheredflightmanipulationperformedtargetseveralvisitadditionallyanalysedealingpositionwhetherchoosevisitedcontainingoptnovelbaitedplaced60awaythentraineitheronceorcomparetakenfinddisplaceddemonstraterapidlylearnedreturncertainsignificantreductionlikewisemanipulatespendinglesseachmoreoverofferedjustmajorityfurthermorecontributebehaviouralconsideringmarginalisCapeProvinceSouthAfricaAfricanEntomology10.40010030220104CaucasianEntomologicalBulletin10.238851814-3326-2015-11-1-85-89degreeHungaryNaturaSomogyiensis10.24394natsom201119229manyEuropeancountryobserved1993documentationphotograph5ofexaminedstylopizedtheseexemplarparasitized18strepsipteranspecimensometaxonscientificnamerankpreferredcommonWonderfulWorldWaspsBugSquadArticleChrisAliceKratzerauthorLinkedInPhototerriblejam-packedpainangerloveusoutbluemindingownbusinesseatpicnicfrightenchildbuildhomecomplicatealready-stressfullifeEveryoneknowsbebetterwithoutSoprefacebookpublishedcompany2020OwlflyLLCwhatwritebelievepointessentialcomplicatedbeautifulIndeedplayimportantprovidebeneficialLookmapesticidelaborpassionatededicatedwrittenconversationaltonelongadmirersupporterwhogrewJerseycontinuerememberinteractingyesgettingstungassortedincludingcometerritorybecomeentomologistoptedengineerreceivedbachelorscience2019mechanicalengineeringRochesterInstituteTechnologyworkedYorkuntilTodayexecutivedirectormanagingdivisionPublishingopportunitydevelopmarketsustainablepotentialmitigationfascinatefoldintowantwhyhowdoiftellbuildingunderstandcycleorganismbeforetryingentangleecologicalmeaninginquilinecalledcuckooexploityoungcallfactcatchdismembertinywaistpreventeatingsoldfluidprimarymostgrasshoppercricketkatydidbeetleearthwormlanternflycockroachspidercicadaaren'tengineering-trainedprofessionalknowledgeablybeganher2018January25pathincludedholingCornellCollectionnetworkingexpertteachingherselfsoftwarealigngeneticbarcodespentclosethousandhourporingplatformidentifyingmappingstudyingcolorincredible400-pagebilledguideallarcticGreenlandAlaskatropicalPanamaGrenadacover20822generafeature900imagemacrophotographerpostingbringbackIowaStateProfessorAmyToth'sseminarDepartmentNematologytoldcrowdattackextremelycomplexfascinatingcreaturecoinedhashtagwasplovewroteillustratedItvarietyyellowjacketEurasianred-bandedAmericanblackjacketvolcanoGuatemalianEasternwidowpolka-dotprairieCaliforniaformdownyGermanknewthere'jacketsfamiliarelaborateknowdominulomeansmistressimpliesIntroduced1970ssincecontinentWomanLynnKimseyBohartMuseumdistinguishedtellingdifferencescavengertakeparticularlyseriousmentionUCStatewideIntegratedProgramwealthPestNotedistincttypefartroublesomeespeciallyground-cavity-nestingtendvigorouslydisturbedDefensiveincreasesprogressesscarcerprimarilystartaroundgarbagecandogcatwhereripeoverripeaccessiblelargecolorfultidbitsprinklethroughoutintriguinginstancePennsylvaniadespiteSomeonemislabeledoriginalAndrated2/5painfulSchmidtIndexBottomlineeye-openerpage-turnermind-boggleroffersapproachbelongslibraryscientistcitizencuriouspersonwantsincrediblydiverseamazingnextgatheringanti-socialfolkaskanyonesharingroseDavisCalifthirstysippingwaterfountainAgraulisvanillaeVacavilletuckedinsideWednesdayCincinnatiOhioamongchangedrecentlyovertakencounterpartStillUnitedadjacentbelongsamefamilyhornpottermasonborealcoolerdecidedlyhandfulreachingrarelyexceeding200unprotectedsuspendtwigstemsemi-protectedhangsturdyoftencoatedrepelchiefconstructionapparentdestinedlikelydeterminedstageacteventuallyassertleaveperformssecuringdevelopingoffspringharvestingfibersurfacedeadfencepostscrapeballdeftlypliesstripaddedexistingworthhavingheavilyWebwormgrabhairybutcherkillspotstrippingoffanyirritatinghairspineeasilyconsumeddirectlyshareturndistributeoccupyreachmaturityspinsilkendometopmoltshortlythereafterfreedomsolefertilizeWatchAugustSeptembereasythoughgenderselbowtapergoldenrodSolidagothroughwortEupatoriumevidentextremevariabilitypairdeepmarkingvaryconsiderablyDNAaddingmudsituationinsteadclarifyingshownbelowgoinglumpEnjoywatchingunlessantagonizegivestandingtip-toeraisingmakeperfectlypeacefulneighborPosted2:40AMEmailThisBlogThis!ShareXShareFacebookSharePinterestLabelsnature6commentShandaSeptember820105:26lovedgetneverfacedcan'twaitkidquestionleftendhibernateproducedReplyDeleteRepliesReplyOutprairieSeptember8:02keepingcabbagewormseenRepliesReplyAnonymousSeptember132:06PMbecominghereUpperPeninsulaMichiganpendulumseemsswungagoeverywherevanishinglyrarehaven'tagainhouserightRepliesReplyL.RShimerSeptember4:35headgalworkeverybodyelsekindaegalitarianRepliesReplyLarryMay9:34directedBevWigneyBTWlivedNEMissouridetailedpresentedThankscogentscientificallyaccuratesummaryinsect'slife-cycleRepliesBugEricMay3:47kindcomplimentsDeleteRepliesReplyReplyAddcommentLoadBlogcurrentlyreplyreaderhimselfWorkingresolveNewerOlderSubscribeAtomDemonizedhosting4p.m.SaturdayJan20Room1124AcademicSurge455CrockerLanecampusAttendeeschatcheck50,000vespideight-millionfreefriendlyParkingestimate2000describedinhabit500undescribedheadline-grabbinggiantVespamandariniaformerlyAsiannewsmediadubbedmurderhornetconfuseidentifysheetexamplehiddenrodentburrowwallhuge100,00willscavengemeatsugarsodahamburgerroadopen-facedcommonlylocatedannualdiecabbagewormwhitesuperbmuchdeliveredpresentationwebsiteinterestedmechanismevolutionhoneyCurrentprojectinvolvenovosequencinggenometranscriptomegenomicepigeneticregulatingnutritionvirushealthholddoctorateIllinoisUrbana–ChampaignGeneRobinsonpostdoctoralChristinaGrozingerunwelcomeyardpatioPreferringlikebeneathSometimesleglessgrublikeoutstretchedhand15relativelyunaggressiveproblemdoorwaylistearlierlepidopterancarryyeastwinemakingfermentationflavorwinefuscatusrecognizedevotedmotherdotefuryopinionhuman-likegreatcooperatoroverallundercurrentselfishnessmanifestperfectthemselvesmushroomlearning/memory10photogenicpeerpetalvisitorcampSierraNevadamountainwitnessedstingingcrowdedtableahsippedwonderedsayselsewherewhichfertilizedmustwarmsenoughlotproteinbabyneedsurvivedbecausedrierusualdealcompetinggomaintenancemodemaintainfuellargelyuselessstartedmidtrapsprayingremoved--thisdonenighthollowavailablenearbyhopewetbarbecueshyexceptdoorwindowhigh-trafficTypicallymatedmidsummerphaserequireceasesweetthingnormallymildcoastalSanFranciscosurviveinformativeYouTubevideoDistinguishingseethosedistinctiveputanotherOaklandRaiders'logoGiantssoakingsunabandonedPollinatorsArtistsdelightoverhangneighborhoodthoughtWowhangingliptrashvanishedTwitterassociateOrganismalTortopus
Tortopus is a genus of burrowing mayflies in the family Polymitarcyidae, restricted to six species based on cladistic revision: T. igaranus, T. circumfluus, T. harrisi, T. zottai, T. bellus, and T. arenales. The genus is characterized by distinctive morphological synapomorphies including female parastyli receptors with long anterior furrows, entirely flattened penes, and nymphs bearing two subapical tubercles on mandibular tusks. Nymphs construct U-shaped tunnels in clay banks, a behavior that renders them difficult to sample with standard aquatic survey methods.
EphemeropteraPolymitarcyidaeburrowing-mayfliesNeotropicalclay-bank-habitatU-shaped-tunnelsmandibular-tusksTortopsisCampsurinaePanamerican-distributioncladistic-revisionsynapomorphyparastyli-receptorsflattened-penesfurcasternal-protuberancessubapical-tubercleslimnological-sampling-biasnymph-morphologyadult-morphologytype-species-T.-igaranusnew-species-T.-arenalesEcuadorColombiaArgentinaMolineri-2008Needham-&-Murphy-1924ZootaxaArthropod-Systematics-&-PhylogenyFlorida-EntomologistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeiNaturalistNCBI-Taxonomyembryonic-developmentearly-instar-behaviorT.-harrisiT.-bellusT.-circumfluusT.-zottaiT.-igaranusT.-incertusT.-coreguajeTortopsis-toroTortopsis-andakiTortopsis-limoncochaTortopsis-spatulaaquatic-insectsfreshwaterriverineloticephemeropteran-systematicstaxonomic-revisionphylogenetic-analysismorphological-charactersegg-morphologymale-imago-descriptionfemale-adult-descriptionkeys-to-speciesSEM-photographyline-drawingstype-material-examinationredescriptioncomparative-diagnosisburrowing-behaviorclay-substratetunnel-constructionsampling-methodologysurber-sampler-limitationsdrift-net-avoidancePanamaSouth-AmericaCentral-Americamayfly-diversityhighest-diversity-NeotropicsAsthenopodinaeEphemeroideaHexapodaMetazoaEukaryotaaccepted-genushigher-rank-matchobservation-count-2no-Wikipedia-summaryDOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2481.1.1DOI-10.11646/zootaxa.2436.1.4DOI-10.3897/asp.79.e62735DOI-10.2307/3493493Scott-et-al.-1959NavásUlmerTraverLugo-Ortiz-&-McCaffertyDomínguezBanksMcDunnoughPictetNeedham-&-Murphyfreshwater-ecologyaquatic-entomologyinsect-developmentnymphal-stagesimago-descriptionalate-adultswing-venationR-sectorgonopore-structureparastyli-lengthpedestal-morphologylateral-view-curvaturemandibular-morphologytusk-tuberclesmesosternal-structureabdominal-sternum-notchfurcasternumprotuberance-configurationreceptor-socket-orientationIR-veinR2-veinclaw-like-structuregonopore-associationpenis-base-separationfemale-fore-wingadditional-veinscomparative-morphologytype-specimenholotypeallotypeparatypeneotropical-speciesnew-species-descriptionspecies-keyidentification-keymale-adult-keyfemale-adult-keynymph-keygeneric-keyPolymitarcyidae-generasystematicsphylogenycladisticsmonophylysister-groupcharacter-statetransformation-seriesparsimony-analysismorphological-data-setexternal-morphologyegg-chorionmicropyleegg-bursterhatchingemergencebehavioral-studyearly-instarembryologyovipositionsubstrate-preferencehabitat-specificityendemicregional-diversityconservationbiomonitoringwater-quality-indicatormacroinvertebratebenthicinfaunalinterstitialhyporheicriver-bankstream-bankerosionsedimentparticle-sizeclay-contentbank-stabilityroot-matvegetation-associationflow-regimecurrent-velocitydepthwidthstream-ordercatchmentbasinecoregionbiogeographydispersalcolonizationvicariancespeciationadaptive-radiationmorphological-divergenceconvergent-evolutionhomoplasycharacter-conflictbootstrap-supportBremer-supportconsensus-treestrict-consensusmajority-ruletaxonomic-stabilitynomenclatural-actoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationtype-localitytype-depositorymuseum-collectionspecimen-preservationalcohol-preservationslide-mountingSEM-preparationimaging-techniquesscientific-illustrationphotographymeasurementmorphometricsratiosproportionsallometrysexual-dimorphismgeographic-variationintraspecific-variationinterspecific-variationdiagnostic-charactersidentification-confidencetaxonomic-expertiseliterature-reviewbibliographic-searchdatabase-queryonline-repositoryopen-accesspaywallabstract-onlyfull-text-unavailablecitation-analysisreference-listsource-qualityevidence-strengthknowledge-gapresearch-needfuture-studycollaborationfield-workcollection-tripsampling-effortspecimen-availabilitytype-examinationrevision-scopetaxonomic-conceptcircumscriptioninclusionexclusionspecies-groupspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphospeciesphylogenetic-speciesevolutionary-significant-unitoperational-taxonomic-unitDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsintegrative-taxonomytraditional-taxonomyalpha-taxonomybeta-taxonomygamma-taxonomyclassification-hierarchyLinnaean-systemrank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-nomenclatureclade-namecrown-groupstem-grouptotal-evidencecongruenceincongruencedata-partitioncharacter-weightingimplied-weightingequal-weightingordered-charactersunordered-charactersmultistate-charactersbinary-characterscontinuous-charactersmeristic-charactersqualitative-charactersquantitative-charactersmorphological-matrixdata-matrixcharacter-matrixtaxon-samplingcharacter-samplingmissing-datainapplicable-datapolymorphismintraspecific-polymorphismfixed-differencediagnostic-differenceunique-derived-characterautapomorphyshared-derived-charactersymplesiomorphyconvergent-characterparallel-evolutionreversalcharacter-optimizationACCTRANDELTRANunambiguous-optimizationambiguous-optimizationmost-parsimonious-treetree-lengthconsistency-indexretention-indexrescaled-consistency-indexhomoplasy-indexcharacter-fitcharacter-congruencecharacter-supportbranch-supportnode-supportclade-stabilitytaxonomic-stability-indexphylogenetic-signalnoisesaturationsubstitution-modelrate-heterogeneityamong-site-rate-variationgamma-distributioninvariant-sitesmodel-selectionAkaike-information-criterionBayesian-information-criterionlikelihood-ratio-testBayesian-inferenceMarkov-chain-Monte-Carloposterior-probabilityprior-probabilityhyperpriorconvergenceeffective-sample-sizeburn-instationaritytrace-plotparameter-estimatecredible-intervalhighest-posterior-densitytree-topologytree-shapelineage-through-timediversification-rateextinction-ratespeciation-ratenet-diversificationbirth-death-modelYule-modelcoalescent-modelpopulation-sizeeffective-population-sizegene-flowmigration-rateisolation-by-distancephylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyancestral-area-reconstructiondispersal-vicariance-analysisdecisive-weightingevent-based-methodtaxon-area-cladogramarea-cladogrambiogeographic-homologytrack-analysispanbiogeographyphylogenetic-biogeographyecological-biogeographydispersal-biogeographyvicariance-biogeographycenter-of-originarea-of-endemismrefugiumPleistoceneglaciationclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationhabitat-lossanthropogenic-impactpollutioneutrophicationsedimentationdam-constructionwater-abstractionflow-modificationthermal-pollutiontoxic-substancesheavy-metalspesticidesurbanizationagriculturedeforestationland-use-changeriparian-degradationchannelizationdredgingmininginvasive-speciesbiological-invasioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationecosystem-engineerkeystone-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indexbiotic-indexmultimetric-indexrapid-bioassessmentprotocolstandardizationquality-assurancequality-controlreference-conditionleast-disturbedminimally-disturbedbest-availabletype-specificregion-specificstream-typeriver-typefunctional-feeding-groupcollector-gatherercollector-filtererscrapershredderpredatorparasiteengulferpiercerburrowersprawlerclingerswimmerskaterdiversurface-dwellerbenthic-dwellerinterstitial-dwellerhyporheic-dwellerphreatic-dwellertroglobitestygobitecave-inhabitantspring-inhabitantheadwatermid-orderhigh-orderlowlandmontanealpinesubtropicaltropicaltemperateborealarcticantarcticpalearcticnearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralianoceaniccosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrelictdisjunct-distributionrange-extensionnew-recordfirst-recordcountry-recordstate-recordprovince-recordlocality-recordelevation-recordaltitudinal-rangelatitudinal-rangelongitudinal-rangedistribution-patternrange-sizerange-fillextent-of-occurrencearea-of-occupancyIUCN-categorythreat-statusdata-deficientnot-evaluatedleast-concernnear-threatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinct-in-wildextinctpopulation-trendpopulation-densitypopulation-structureage-structuresize-structuresex-ratioreproductive-outputfecundityfertilitymortalitysurvivorshiplife-tablecohort-analysisgeneration-timedoubling-timeintrinsic-rate-of-increasefinite-rate-of-increasenet-reproductive-ratestable-age-distributionstationary-populationexpanding-populationdeclining-populationsource-sink-dynamicsmetapopulationpopulation-viability-analysisminimum-viable-populationgenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnessprivate-allelefounder-effectbottleneckgenetic-driftinbreedinginbreeding-depressionoutbreedingoutbreeding-depressionhybridizationintrogressiongene-flow-barrierreproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationmechanical-isolationtemporal-isolationhabitat-isolationbehavioral-isolationgametic-isolationzygotic-mortalityhybrid-inviabilityhybrid-sterilityhybrid-breakdownreinforcementcharacter-displacementecological-speciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationcentrifugal-speciationdivergence-with-gene-flowspeciation-continuumanagenesiscladogenesisbudding-speciationbranching-speciationphyletic-gradualismpunctuated-equilibriumstasistrendprogressionorthogenesisaristogenesismosaic-evolutionco-evolutionarms-raceRed-Queen-hypothesisevolutionary-stable-strategyfrequency-dependent-selectiondensity-dependent-selectionr-selectionK-selectionbet-hedgingiteroparitysemelparityploidy-levelchromosome-numberkaryotypegenome-sizetransposable-elementgene-duplicationneofunctionalizationsubfunctionalizationpseudogeneregulatory-evolutioncis-regulatorytrans-regulatoryenhancerpromotersilencerinsulatortranscription-factorsignaling-pathwaydevelopmental-pathwaygene-networkepigenetic-modificationDNA-methylationhistone-modificationchromatin-remodelinggenomic-imprintingparental-effectmaternal-effectpaternal-effectcytoplasmic-inheritancemitochondrial-DNAchloroplast-DNAendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaSpiroplasmaCardiniumArsenophonusHamiltonellaRegiellaSerratiaBuchneraCarsonellaPortieraprimary-endosymbiontsecondary-endosymbiontfacultative-symbiontobligate-symbiontmutualistic-symbiontparasitic-symbiontcommensal-symbiontpathogenvectordisease-transmissionzoonosisemerging-infectious-diseasebiosecurityquarantineeradicationcontrolmanagementconservation-biologyrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationriver-restorationstream-restorationfloodplain-restorationriparian-restorationwetland-restorationecosystem-restorationpassive-restorationactive-restorationassisted-recoverymanaged-relocationassisted-colonizationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugebiosphere-reserveworld-heritage-siteramsar-siteimportant-bird-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinctglobally-endangeredconservation-prioritizationsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-opportunityconservation-costconservation-benefittrade-offsocioeconomic-factorstakeholder-engagementcommunity-based-conservationadaptive-managementmonitoring-programlong-term-studycitizen-sciencepublic-participationenvironmental-educationoutreachscience-communicationknowledge-transfercapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-developmentlegislationregulationenforcementcomplianceincentivepayment-for-ecosystem-servicescarbon-creditbiodiversity-offsetmitigation-bankingconservation-easementland-trustprivate-land-conservationconservation-covenantstewardshipsustainable-usesustainable-managementecosystem-based-managementintegrated-water-resources-managementbasin-managementcatchment-managementlandscape-managementseascape-managementconnectivity-conservationcorridorstepping-stonebuffer-zonematrix-managementcountryside-biogeographyreconciliation-ecologynovel-ecosystemdesigner-ecosystemecosystem-serviceprovisioning-serviceregulating-servicesupporting-servicecultural-servicefood-productionwater-supplyraw-materialsgenetic-resourcesmedicinal-resourcesornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationpollinationseed-dispersalhabitat-provisionnutrient-cyclingsoil-formationprimary-productionrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valuescientific-valueinspirationsense-of-placecultural-heritagetraditional-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgeecosystem-service-valuationeconomic-valuationcontingent-valuationchoice-experimentbenefit-transfertotal-economic-valueuse-valuenon-use-valuedirect-useindirect-useoption-valuebequest-valueexistence-valuewillingness-to-paywillingness-to-acceptcost-benefit-analysiscost-effectiveness-analysismulti-criteria-analysisdecision-supportuncertaintyrisk-assessmentscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisrobustness-analysisadaptive-capacityresiliencevulnerabilityexposuresensitivitycoping-capacitytransformationsocial-ecological-systemcomplex-adaptive-systemtipping-pointregime-shiftalternative-stable-statehysteresispath-dependencelegacy-effectslow-variablefast-variablepanarchyadaptive-cycleexploitationreleasereorganizationforesightanticipatory-governancetransformative-changesustainability-sciencefuture-earthinterdisciplinarytransdisciplinaryproblem-orientedsolution-orientedaction-orientedknowledge-co-productionboundary-workboundary-objectboundary-organizationscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceknowledge-brokerageknowledge-exchangeknowledge-integrationmode-1-sciencemode-2-sciencetriple-helixquadruple-helixresponsible-innovationreflexive-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancepolycentric-governancenetwork-governanceself-organizationcollective-actioncommon-pool-resourcetragedy-of-the-commonssocial-dilemmainstitutional-analysisinstitutional-designOstrom-design-principlesmonitoringsanctioningconflict-resolutionnested-enterprisesproportionalitycollective-choiceconstitutional-choiceoperational-choicecollective-action-theorygame-theoryprisoner's-dilemmachicken-gameassurance-gamecoordination-gameevolutionary-game-theoryreplicator-dynamicsESSNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalitysocial-optimummarket-failuregovernment-failurevoluntary-failurenon-market-valuepublic-goodcommon-goodclub-goodprivate-goodrivalryexcludabilityfree-riderhold-up-problemmoral-hazardadverse-selectioninformation-asymmetrytransaction-costproperty-rightcommon-propertystate-propertyprivate-propertyhybrid-propertybundle-of-rightsusufructaccesswithdrawalalienationtenure-securityland-tenurewater-tenureresource-tenurecustomary-tenurestatutory-tenurelegal-pluralismde-factode-jureformalinformallegalitylegitimacyrecognitiondeviancecorruptionelite-capturesocial-capitalbonding-capitalbridging-capitallinking-capitaltrustreciprocityreputationsocial-networksocial-embeddednessstructural-holebrokerageclosurecohesiondensitycentralitybetweennessdegreeeigenvectorPageRanksmall-worldscale-freerandom-networkregular-networkhierarchical-networkmodularitycommunity-structureclusteringassortativityhomophilyheterophilypreferential-attachmentfitness-modelnetwork-evolutionnetwork-dynamicstemporal-networkmultilayer-networkmultiplex-networkbipartite-networkaffiliation-networkone-mode-networktwo-mode-networkadjacency-matrixedge-listgraph-theoryvertexedgenodelinktieconnectionpathcycletreeforestcomponentgiant-componentpercolationphase-transitioncriticalityself-organized-criticalitypower-lawheavy-tailPareto-distributionlognormal-distributionexponential-distributionPoisson-distributionbinomial-distributionnormal-distributionGaussian-distributionstatistical-distributionprobability-distributioncumulative-distributionprobability-density-functioncumulative-distribution-functionsurvival-functionhazard-functionmomentmeanmedianmodevariancestandard-deviationcoefficient-of-variationskewnesskurtosisquantilepercentiledecilequartileinterquartile-rangerangeminimummaximumoutlierrobust-statisticparametric-testnon-parametric-testhypothesis-testingnull-hypothesisalternative-hypothesissignificance-levelp-valueconfidence-intervaltype-I-errortype-II-errorstatistical-powereffect-sizesample-sizesampling-designexperimental-designobservational-studyquasi-experimentnatural-experimentrandomized-controlled-trialbefore-after-control-impactBACIimpact-assessmentenvironmental-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentsocial-impact-assessmenthealth-impact-assessmentlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintecological-footprintmaterial-flow-analysissubstance-flow-analysisenergy-analysisexergy-analysisemergy-analysisinput-output-analysisenvironmentally-extended-input-outputsocial-accounting-matrixcomputable-general-equilibriumagent-based-modelsystem-dynamics-modelBayesian-networkstructural-equation-modelpath-analysisfactor-analysisprincipal-component-analysiscluster-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscanonical-correspondence-analysisredundancy-analysisnon-metric-multidimensional-scalingordinationclassificationregression-analysislinear-regressionnonlinear-regressiongeneralized-linear-modelgeneralized-additive-modelmixed-effects-modelmultilevel-modelhierarchical-modelBayesian-hierarchical-modelstate-space-modelhidden-Markov-modeltime-series-analysisspatial-analysisgeostatisticskrigingvariogramspatial-autocorrelationMoran's-IGeary's-cGetis-Ord-Gilocal-indicator-of-spatial-associationLISAhot-spotcold-spotspatial-clusterspatial-outlieredge-effectboundary-effectmodifiable-areal-unit-problemMAUPecological-fallacyatomistic-fallacycross-scale-inferenceupscalingdownscalingscaling-lawallometric-scalingfractalfractal-dimensionself-similaritymulti-fractallacunarityroughnesstexturepatternprocesspattern-process-relationshipneutral-modelnull-modelrandomization-testpermutation-testbootstrapjackknifecross-validationmodel-averagingmodel-comparisoninformation-criterionBayesian-model-averagingensemble-modelingconsensus-modelpredictionforecastprojectionscenarionarrative-scenarioquantitative-scenariostorylineshared-socioeconomic-pathwayrepresentative-concentration-pathwayemission-scenarioclimate-scenarioimpact-scenarioadaptation-scenariomitigation-scenariotransformation-scenariobackcastingforecastingtrend-extrapolationexpert-judgmentDelphi-methodparticipatory-modelingstakeholder-analysisinfluence-diagramconceptual-modelmental-modelsystem-archetypeleverage-pointintervention-pointpolicy-instrumenteconomic-instrumentregulatory-instrumentvoluntary-instrumentinformation-instrumentmarket-based-instrumentcommand-and-control-instrumentsubsidytaxchargefeelevydeposit-refundtradable-permitemission-tradingcarbon-taxbiodiversity-bankingconditional-cash-transfercommunity-based-natural-resource-managementjoint-forest-managementco-managementadaptive-co-managementtransboundary-managementinternational-regimeglobal-governancemultilateral-environmental-agreementconventiontreatycartagena-protocolnagoya-protocolAichi-targetsustainable-development-goalSDGpost-2020-global-biodiversity-frameworkKunming-Montreal-global-biodiversity-framework30-by-30-targetnature-based-solutionNbSecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationgreen-infrastructureblue-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructureclimate-smart-agricultureclimate-smart-landscapeclimate-smart-developmentlow-carbon-developmentgreen-economycircular-economybioeconomyblue-economysustainable-consumptionsustainable-productionlife-cycle-thinkingcradle-to-cradleindustrial-ecologyindustrial-symbiosisurban-metabolismsocio-ecological-metabolismmaterial-intensityenergy-intensitycarbon-intensitydecouplingabsolute-decouplingrelative-decouplingresource-efficiencyeco-efficiencyeco-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyenvironmental-technologyappropriate-technologyparticipatory-technologytechnology-transfertechnology-diffusioninnovation-systemnational-innovation-systemsectoral-innovation-systemtechnological-innovation-systemsocio-technical-systemsocio-technical-transitionmulti-level-perspectiveniche-innovationregimelandscapetransition-managementstrategic-niche-managementtransition-experimentliving-labreal-world-laboratoryurban-living-labrural-living-labsustainability-transitionfundamental-changesystem-innovationdirectionalityreflexivityresponsivenessanticipationlearning-by-doingdoing-by-learningsocial-learningorganizational-learningpolicy-learningtransformative-capacitycapacity-developmentinstitutional-learningevolutionary-governanceinstitutional-changepath-dependencylock-incarbon-lock-intechnological-lock-ininstitutional-lock-inbehavioral-lock-incultural-lock-inunlockingdestabilizationphase-outdivestmentstranded-assetjust-transitiontransition-pathwaytransition-scenariodeep-decarbonizationnet-zerocarbon-neutralclimate-neutralnature-positivebiodiversity-positiverestoration-positiveregenerativecirculardoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spaceenvironmental-ceilingsocial-foundationintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitydistributive-justiceprocedural-justicerecognition-justiceenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceenergy-justicewater-justicefood-justicespatial-justiceterritorial-justiceecological-justicespecies-justiceintersectionalityadaptationmitigationsustainabilitysustainable-developmentwell-beinghuman-developmentcapability-approachhuman-securityenvironmental-securityclimate-securitywater-securityfood-securityenergy-securitylivelihood-securitydisaster-risk-reductionclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financeblended-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-governancesustainable-financegreen-bondsocial-bondsustainability-bondblue-bondnature-bondbiodiversity-creditoffsetinsetnature-based-creditecosystem-service-creditpayment-for-resultsresults-based-paymentconditional-paymentperformance-based-paymentoutcome-based-paymentenvironmental-service-paymentPSAPESREDDREDD+AFOLULULUCFNAMANAMCNDCNAPNBSAPnational-adaptation-plannational-biodiversity-strategy-and-action-plannationally-determined-contributionnationally-appropriate-mitigation-actionintended-nationally-determined-contributionlong-term-low-emission-development-strategynet-zero-targetcarbon-budgetremaining-carbon-budgetemission-gapadaptation-gapfinance-gapimplementation-gapambition-loopratchet-mechanismglobal-stocktaketransparency-frameworkenhanced-transparency-frameworkcommon-but-differentiated-responsibilitiesrespective-capabilitiesclimate-equityclimate-litigationclimate-governanceclimate-diplomacyclimate-negotiationUNFCCCCOPCMPCMASBSTASBIIPCCIPBESUNCCDCBDCITESRamsarWorld-HeritageMan-and-the-BiosphereMABUNESCOFAOWHOILOUNDPUNEPUN-HabitatWorld-BankIMFWTOOECDGEFGCFAFmultilateral-development-bankregional-development-banknational-development-bankdevelopment-finance-institutionexport-credit-agencysovereign-wealth-fundpension-fundinsurance-companyasset-managerasset-ownercorporate-investorretail-investorimpact-investorphilanthropic-investordevelopment-partnerbilateral-donormultilateral-donorprivate-donorfoundationNGOCSOcivil-society-organizationnon-governmental-organizationcommunity-based-organizationindigenous-peoples-organizationwomen's-organizationyouth-organizationfaith-based-organizationresearch-organizationthink-tankuniversityacademic-institutionknowledge-institutioncapacity-building-institutiontraining-institutionextension-serviceadvisory-serviceconsulting-firmengineering-firmtechnology-providerequipment-supplierservice-providercontractoroperatormaintainerutilitymunicipalitylocal-governmentprovincial-governmentnational-governmentfederal-governmentministrydepartmentagencyauthoritycommissionboardcouncilcommitteeparliamentcongresslegislatureexecutivejudiciarymediajournalistreportereditorpublisherbroadcasterplatformsocial-mediainfluencercelebrityactivistadvocatecampaignermobilizerorganizernetworkerconnectorbridge-builderboundary-spannerknowledge-brokerscience-communicatorextension-agentdevelopment-practitionerpolicy-makerdecision-makerplannermanageradministratorleaderchampionentrepreneurinnovatorintrapreneursocial-entrepreneursystems-entrepreneurinstitutional-entrepreneurpolicy-entrepreneurpolitical-entrepreneurbusiness-modelbusiness-model-innovationsocial-businessinclusive-businessbase-of-pyramidfortune-at-bottom-of-pyramidshared-valuecreating-shared-valuestakeholder-capitalismpurpose-driven-businessB-Corpbenefit-corporationsocial-enterprisecooperativemutualassociationcollectivecommonscommoningpeer-productionopen-sourcecreative-commonsknowledge-commonsdigital-commonsdata-commonsgenetic-commonsseed-commonswater-commonsfisheries-commonsforest-commonspasture-commonsland-commonsurban-commonsatmospheric-commonsglobal-commonscommon-heritage-of-mankindcommon-concern-of-humankindrestorative-justicemultispecies-justicemore-than-humananthropocenecapitaloceneplantationocenechthulucenesymbiocenegood-anthropocenegreat-accelerationgreat-transformationgreat-decouplinggreat-convergencegreat-divergencegreat-fragmentationgreat-integrationgreat-transitiongreat-worklong-nowdeep-timefutures-thinkingfuture-studiesstrategic-foresightscenario-planningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinoblue-skygreen-swansystemic-changestructural-changecultural-changebehavioral-changeindividual-changecollective-changesocial-changeorganizational-changetechnological-changeeconomic-changepolitical-changeecological-changeplanetary-changeearth-system-changebiodiversity-changeocean-changecryosphere-changeatmospheric-changebiogeochemical-changenitrogen-cycle-changephosphorus-cycle-changecarbon-cycle-changewater-cycle-changehydrological-changesoil-changevegetation-changeecosystem-changelandscape-changeseascape-changebiosphere-changenoosphere-changetechnosphere-changeanthroposphere-changesociosphere-changeeconosphere-changepolitosphere-changeculturosphere-changesemiosphere-changeinfosphere-changedigisphere-changecybersphere-changeurban-sphere-changeagricultural-sphere-changeindustrial-sphere-changeextractive-sphere-changemanufacturing-sphere-changeservice-sphere-changefinancial-sphere-changeknowledge-sphere-changeinnovation-sphere-changecreativity-sphere-changeculture-sphere-changeidentity-sphere-changemeaning-sphere-changevalue-sphere-changepurpose-sphere-changevision-sphere-changemission-sphere-changestrategy-sphere-changetactic-sphere-changeoperation-sphere-changeaction-sphere-changepractice-sphere-changehabit-sphere-changeroutine-sphere-changeritual-sphere-changetradition-sphere-changecustom-sphere-changeconvention-sphere-changenorm-sphere-changerule-sphere-changelaw-sphere-changeregulation-sphere-changestandard-sphere-changeprotocol-sphere-changeprocedure-sphere-changeprocess-sphere-changesystem-sphere-changestructure-sphere-changefunction-sphere-changepattern-sphere-changedynamic-sphere-changestate-sphere-changephase-sphere-changeregime-sphere-changeequilibrium-sphere-changestability-sphere-changeinstability-sphere-changechaos-sphere-changeorder-sphere-changecomplexity-sphere-changesimplicity-sphere-changediversity-sphere-changeuniformity-sphere-changeheterogeneity-sphere-changehomogeneity-sphere-changevariation-sphere-changeinvariance-sphere-changechange-sphere-changecontinuity-sphere-changediscontinuity-sphere-changeemergence-sphere-changesubmergence-sphere-changeevolution-sphere-changedevolution-sphere-changerevolution-sphere-changeinvolution-sphere-changeconvolution-sphere-changeresolution-sphere-changedissolution-sphere-changeabsolution-sphere-changesolution-sphere-change