16s
Guides
Apicotermitinae
Typical Soldierless Termites and Allies
Apicotermitinae is a highly diverse subfamily of termites within Termitidae, comprising 64 genera and 236 species distributed across the Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Indomalayan realms. The subfamily is predominantly soil-feeding, with most species inhabiting diffuse subterranean nests. A defining feature of most Apicotermitinae is the evolutionary loss of the soldier caste, which occurred independently in at least two separate lineages. In the absence of soldiers, workers have evolved alternative defense mechanisms including increased aggression and autothysis.
soldierless-termitessoil-feedingautothysisdehiscent-organtermite-defensehumus-feedingNeotropicalAfrotropicalIndomalayansubterranean-nestsgut-morphologyenteric-valvemolecular-systematicsCOICOII16Sgregarine-parasitesRuptitermesSpeculitermesTriclavitermesDissimulitermesGrigiotermesAnoplotermes-groupCaatingaAtlantic-ForestWestern-GhatsIxodes affinis
Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.
tickvectorLyme-diseaseBorrelia-burgdorferiavian-hostrange-expansionsoutheastern-United-StatesMexicoCentral-Americanon-human-bitingenzootic-maintenanceco-feedingmigratory-birdsIxodidaeAcariparasitethree-host-tickquesting-behaviorwildlife-disease-ecologyforest-habitatdog-parasitewhite-tailed-deerCarolina-wrenwhite-throated-sparrowOld-Dominion-University-Tick-TeamHolly-GaffErin-Hellermolecular-identificationDNA-sequencingengorged-specimen-identificationpine-plantationrural-Yucatánhunting-dogsTixméhuacOpichénseasonal-activitylaboratory-rearingimmature-stageslarvanymphadultpathogen-dispersalclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationsuburbanizationdeer-populationacorn-mastingsmall-mammal-reservoirBorrelia-miyamotoico-infectiontick-borne-diseasepublic-healthveterinary-parasitologymedical-entomologyvector-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionbird-migrationlong-distance-dispersalboreal-forestCanadaManitobaSwainson's-thrushCatharus-ustulatusmigratory-birdground-foraging-birdpasserinesongbirdbrown-thrashereastern-towheeAmerican-robinnorthern-cardinalmarsh-rice-ratcotton-mouseeastern-gray-squirrelraccoonsouthern-short-tailed-shreweastern-molewhite-footed-mousePeromyscus-leucopuschipmunkTamiasoak-mastingQuercusforest-floorquesting-heighthumidity-preferencewinter-activitytick-removaltick-testingtick-borne-illness-preventionDEETpermethrintick-inspectiontick-avoidanceAIR-protocolArachnidaParasitiformesChelicerataEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaIxodidahard-tickixodidNeumann-1899taxonomysystematicsdorsal-scutumcapitulumhypostomepalpsspiracular-platesfestoonsornateinornateidiosomagnathosomapodonscutumalloscutumbasis-capitulicornuaporose-areassclerotizedcuticlesetaesensillaHaller's-organtarsusclawspulvilliscutum-shapepunctationsgroovescoxaetrochantersfemoragenuatibiaetarsipretarsiadanal-platesaccessory-platesspiraclestracheaesalivary-glandsmidgutMalpighian-tubulesreproductive-systemovarytestisgenital-apertureanuspreanal-groovepostanal-groovesubanal-platesparanal-platesmarginal-groovespseudoscutumscapularscervical-groovespunctatereticulateshagreenedwrinkledsmoothglabroussetiferouspilosehispidgranularmammillatedtuberculatecarinatedsulcatestriatecostatelineatepunctate-striatereticulate-punctateIXO_affNCBI:txidGBIF:speciesCatalogue-of-Life:speciesiNaturalist:taxonWikipedia:speciesIxodesaffinisbird-tickdeer-tickdog-tickrabbit-tickshrew-tickmole-tickmouse-tickrat-ticksquirrel-tickraccoon-tickwren-tickthrasher-tickrobin-ticktowhee-tickcardinal-ticksparrow-tickthrush-tickmigratory-tickinvasive-tickexpanding-rangeemerging-vectorcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-identificationDNA-barcodingCOI16SITS2tick-microbiomepathogen-detectionBorreliaspirochetezoonosisvector-competencereservoir-competenceenzootic-cycleepizooticspilloverbridge-vectoramplifying-hostreservoir-hostmaintenance-hostincidental-hostdead-end-hosthost-specificityhost-rangehost-switchinghost-raceecological-fittingniche-expansionrange-shiftphenologydiapauseoverwinteringsurvivalmortalityfecundityreproductive-outputegg-massovipositioneclosionmoltingecdysisinstarstadiumdevelopmental-timegeneration-timelife-spanlongevitypopulation-dynamicsabundanceprevalenceintensityaggregationnegative-binomialzero-inflatedspatial-distributiontemporal-distributionhabitat-associationmicrohabitatvegetation-typeforest-typesuccessional-stageedge-effectfragmentationconnectivitymatrixcorridorpatchlandscape-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingmodelingdistribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingMaxEntBIOMODclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablestemperatureprecipitationhumiditysaturation-deficitvapor-pressure-deficitevapotranspirationseasonalityphenology-mismatchglobal-warmingextreme-weatherdroughtfloodphenological-shiftrange-contractionpoleward-shiftelevation-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientcontinentalinsularendemiccosmopolitanpantropicalholarcticnearcticneotropicalpalearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralasianoceanianantarcticbiogeographyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgene-flowgenetic-structureisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentadaptive-evolutionlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycryptic-diversityspecies-delimitationintegrative-taxonomymorphometricsgeometric-morphometricstraditional-morphometricslandmarkoutlinesemilandmarkcharacter-matrixphylogenyclassificationnomenclaturetype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptionemendationsynonymyhomonymypriorityvalidityavailabilitypublished-workZooBankLSIDURNDOIORCIDauthoryearjournalvolumeissuepagesfigureplatemapdrawingphotographSEMTEMlight-microscopyconfocal-microscopymicroCTscanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopyhistologyimmunohistochemistryin-situ-hybridizationPCRqPCRRT-PCRddPCRsequencingSangernext-generationIlluminaPacBioOxford-Nanoporegenometranscriptomeproteomemetabolomemicrobiomeviromebacteriomefungomeparasitomeholobiontsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogenesisvirulencetransmissionvectorial-capacitybasic-reproduction-numberR0force-of-infectionincidenceseroprevalencecase-fatality-ratemorbiditydisability-adjusted-life-yearDALYquality-adjusted-life-yearQALYcost-effectivenesseconomic-burdenpublic-health-burdenveterinary-burdenagricultural-impactwildlife-impactconservationbiodiversityecosystem-servicedisserviceOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-Healthintegrated-pest-managementIPMvector-controlacaricideinsecticideresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceresistance-managementrotationmosaicmixturesynergistbiological-controlentomopathogenic-fungusnematodepredatorparasitoidhabitat-modificationenvironmental-managementpersonal-protectionrepellentinsecticide-treated-clothingpicaridinIR3535oil-of-lemon-eucalyptusPMD2-undecanonespatial-repellentattract-and-killpush-pullsurveillanceactive-surveillancepassive-surveillancesentinel-surveillancesyndromic-surveillancetick-dragflaggingCO2-trapdry-icehost-seekingtick-collectionspecimen-preservationvoucheringmuseumcollectionrepositorydatabaseGBIFGenBankBOLDNCBIITISEOLWikidataWikipediaResearchGateGoogle-ScholarWeb-of-ScienceScopusPubMedMEDLINEEMBASECAB-AbstractsZoological-RecordBIOSISagricolaagricultural-databaseveterinary-databasemedical-databaseentomological-databaseacarological-databasetick-databaseIxodes-databaseLyme-disease-databasevector-databasepathogen-databaseBorrelia-databasespirochete-databaseecological-databasebiodiversity-databaseobservationcitizen-scienceiNaturalisteBirdProject-FeederWatchChristmas-Bird-CountNorth-American-Breeding-Bird-Surveybird-bandingmark-recaptureradio-telemetryGPS-trackinggeolocatorlight-level-loggeraccelerometerstable-isotopeisotope-analysismigratory-connectivityflywaymigration-routewintering-groundbreeding-groundstopover-sitemolt-migrationirruptive-migrationnomadismdispersalnatal-dispersalbreeding-dispersalseed-dispersalpollinationtrophic-cascadefood-webfood-chaintrophic-levelapex-predatormesopredatorkeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorenvironmental-monitorpollution-indicatorclimate-indicatordisease-indicatorhealth-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorsurveillance-indicatorearly-warningrisk-assessmenthazard-identificationexposure-assessmentdose-responserisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-behaviorprotective-behaviorpreventive-behaviorhealth-belief-modeltheory-of-planned-behaviorsocial-cognitive-theoryhealth-communicationhealth-educationhealth-promotiondisease-preventionprimary-preventionsecondary-preventiontertiary-preventionscreeningdiagnosistreatmentantibioticdoxycyclineamoxicillinceftriaxoneazithromycinprophylaxispost-exposure-prophylaxisvaccineLyme-disease-vaccinetick-vaccineanti-tick-vaccinetarget-of-acquired-immunitytick-salivasalivary-glandsalivary-proteinimmunomodulationimmunosuppressionanti-inflammatoryanticoagulantvasodilatoranestheticcement-conetick-attachmentfeeding-lesiontick-bitetick-borne-encephalitisTBEPowassan-virusdeer-tick-virusHeartland-virusBourbon-virusColorado-tick-feverRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverRMSFehrlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistheileriosiscytauxzoonosishepatozoonosistick-paralysistick-toxicosisalpha-gal-syndromered-meat-allergygalactose-alpha-1,3-galactosesensitizationIgEallergic-reactionanaphylaxisdelayed-hypersensitivityimmediate-hypersensitivityimmune-responseinnate-immunityadaptive-immunityhumoral-immunitycell-mediated-immunityantibodycomplementcytokinechemokineinflammationfeverrasherythema-migransbulls-eye-rashSTARISouthern-tick-associated-rash-illnessBorrelia-lonestarirelapsing-fevertick-borne-relapsing-feverTBRFsoft-tickOrnithodorosArgasAmblyommaDermacentorHaemaphysalisRhipicephalusHyalommaBothriocrotonCosmiommaNosommaAnomalohimalayaArchaeocrotonCornupalpatumCompluriscutulaSternalixodesTrichotoixodesScaphixodesEndopalpigerEschariopalpigerExopalpigerPholeoixodesAfrixodesCeratixodesEschatocephalusEternalixodesLepidixodesMalayixodesMartaregaMegalixodesMyrmixodesNothoixodesOctoixodesPalpigerPartipalpigerPilonyssusProknekaliaPseudixodesRhinixodesSamarixodesXiphixodessubgenusspecies-groupI.-ricinus-complexI.-persulcatus-complexI.-scapularis-complexI.-pacificus-complexI.-affinis-groupI.-cookei-groupI.-marxi-groupI.-angustus-groupI.-soricis-groupI.-uriae-groupI.-holocyclus-groupI.-ceylonensis-groupI.-granulatus-groupI.-ovatus-groupI.-nipponensis-groupI.-persulcatus-groupI.-pavlovskyi-groupI.-ricinus-groupI.-scapularis-groupI.-pacificus-groupI.-affinisI.-auritulusI.-australiensisI.-boliviensisI.-brunneusI.-cookeiI.-cooleyiI.-cornuaeI.-cornuatusI.-crenulatusI.-damminiI.-dawsoniI.-dentatusI.-diomedeaeI.-domergueiI.-eadsiI.-eastoniI.-eldaricusI.-elongatusI.-eudyptidisI.-euplectropiI.-evansiI.-fecialisI.-festaiI.-frontalisI.-galapagoensisI.-ghilaroviI.-gibbosusI.-granulatusI.-gregsoniI.-hearleiI.-hexagonusI.-hirstiI.-holocyclusI.-hoogstraaliI.-howelliI.-hyattiI.-jacksoniI.-jellisoniI.-kashmiricusI.-kazakstaniI.-kingiI.-kohlsiI.-kopsteiniI.-kuntziI.-laguriI.-latusI.-layingensisI.-lewisiI.-lividusI.-longiscutatusI.-loricatusI.-luciaeI.-malayensisI.-marxiI.-masloviI.-matopiI.-minorI.-monospinosusI.-moreliI.-moschiferiI.-murisI.-murreletiI.-myospalacisI.-nchisiensisI.-necromysI.-neitziI.-nipponensisI.-nuttalliI.-ochotonaeI.-okapiaeI.-oldiI.-ornithorhynchiI.-ovatusI.-pacificusI.-pararicinusI.-pavlovskyiI.-percavatusI.-peromysciI.-persulcatusI.-pomerantziI.-pterodromaeI.-quadratusI.-raccoonisI.-rageauiI.-randrianasoloiI.-rasusI.-redikorzeviI.-ricinusI.-rothschildiI.-rotundatusI.-rubicundusI.-rugicollisI.-rugosusI.-sapeloensisI.-sarsiI.-scapularisI.-schillingsiI.-sculptusI.-semenoviI.-soricisI.-spinaeI.-steiniI.-stilesiI.-stromiI.-subterranusI.-tancitariusI.-tanukiI.-tapirusI.-tasmaniI.-tayloriI.-tertiariusI.-texanusI.-theileraeI.-thomasaeI.-tovariI.-transvaalensisI.-triangulicepsI.-trichosuriI.-turdusI.-uriaeI.-vandenbergiI.-vanidicusI.-ventalloiI.-vespertilionisI.-victoriensisI.-walkeraeI.-werneriI.-woodiI.-zaglossiI.-zairensistick-taxonomytick-systematicstick-phylogenytick-evolutiontick-biogeographytick-ecologytick-physiologytick-behaviortick-reproductiontick-developmenttick-nutritiontick-metabolismtick-respirationtick-excretiontick-osmoregulationtick-neurobiologytick-sensory-biologytick-chemoreceptiontick-thermoreceptiontick-mechanoreceptiontick-photoreceptiontick-circadian-rhythmtick-biological-clocktick-seasonalitytick-diapausetick-overwinteringtick-cold-hardinesstick-desiccation-resistancetick-water-balancetick-cuticletick-moltingtick-ecdysistick-growthtick-feedingtick-engorgementtick-blood-mealtick-digestiontick-salivationtick-saliva-compositiontick-salivary-gland-transcriptometick-salivary-proteometick-pharmacologytick-toxicologytick-venomtick-paralysis-toxintick-borne-pathogentick-borne-virustick-borne-bacteriumtick-borne-protozoantick-borne-helminthtick-borne-rickettsiatick-borne-ehrlichiatick-borne-anaplasmatick-borne-borreliatick-borne-babesiatick-borne-theileriatick-borne-hepatozoontick-borne-coxiellatick-borne-francisellatick-borne-bartonellatick-borne-chlamydiatick-borne-mycoplasmatick-borne-spiroplasmatick-borne-arbovirustick-borne-flavivirustick-borne-bunyavirustick-borne-reovirustick-borne-orbivirustick-borne-coltivirustick-borne-nairovirustick-borne-phlebovirustick-borne-thogotovirustick-borne-orthomyxovirustick-borne-arenavirustick-borne-hantavirustick-borne-paramyxovirustick-borne-rhabdovirustick-borne-bornavirustick-borne-filovirustick-borne-coronavirustick-borne-poxvirustick-borne-herpesvirustick-borne-adenovirustick-borne-papillomavirustick-borne-polyomavirustick-borne-circovirustick-borne-parvovirustick-borne-anellovirustick-borne-dependovirustick-borne-tenuivirustick-borne-deltavirustick-borne-hepadnavirustick-borne-retrovirustick-borne-lentivirustick-borne-spumavirustick-borne-metavirustick-borne-pseudovirustick-borne-hemivirustick-borne-novirhabdovirustick-borne-peribunyavirustick-borne-phenuivirustick-borne-bandavirustick-borne-phasivirustick-borne-tulasvirustick-borne-orthonairovirustick-borne-shavivirustick-borne-sathuperi-virustick-borne-salehabad-virustick-borne-dera-ghazi-khan-virustick-borne-hughes-virustick-borne-farallon-virustick-borne-punta-salinas-virustick-borne-sapphire-II-virustick-borne-zirqa-virustick-borne-keterah-virustick-borne-thiafora-virustick-borne-erve-virustick-borne-malsoor-virustick-borne-tibet-virustick-borne-qalyub-virustick-borne-yogue-virustick-borne-kasokero-virustick-borne-lebombo-virustick-borne-nyamanini-virustick-borne-midway-virustick-borne-tokar-virustick-borne-absettarov-virustick-borne-hypr-virustick-borne-kumlinge-virustick-borne-omsk-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-langat-virustick-borne-louping-ill-virustick-borne-kyasanur-forest-disease-virustick-borne-alkhurma-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-powassan-virustick-borne-deer-tick-virustick-borne-heartland-virustick-borne-bourbon-virustick-borne-colorado-tick-fever-virustick-borne-eyach-virustick-borne-banna-virustick-borne-seadornavirustick-borne-great-island-virustick-borne-kemerovo-virustick-borne-lipovnik-virustick-borne-tribec-virustick-borne-chobar-gorge-virustick-borne-wad-Medani-virustick-borne-dugbe-virustick-borne-crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-nairobi-sheep-disease-virustick-borne-ganjam-virustick-borne-bandia-virustick-borne-sierra-nevada-virustick-borne-lone-star-virustick-borne-severe-fever-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-virustick-borne-huaiyangshan-virustick-borne-guertu-virustick-borne-Alongshan-virustick-borne-wenzhou-virustick-borne-wuhan-virustick-borne-yongjia-virustick-borne-chiba-virustick-borne-natori-virustick-borne-odawara-virustick-borne-kowloon-virustick-borne-tamanavirusPentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-diversityheterozygosityinbreedingeffective-population-sizedemographycoalescentdivergence-timemolecular-clockcalibrationfossil-calibrationbiogeographic-calibrationecological-niche-modelingENMspecies-distribution-modelingSDMmaxentbioclimworldclimchelsaremote-sensingGISGPSgeoreferencinggeocodingcoordinatedatumprojectionmapcartographyspatial-analysistemporal-analysisstatistical-analysisRPythonMATLABSASSPSSExcelsoftwarealgorithmworkflowpipelineautomationmachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionimage-recognitionnatural-language-processingNLPtext-miningdata-miningbig-dataopen-scienceFAIRfindableaccessibleinteroperablereusablemetadataprovenanceversion-controlGitGitHubGitLabBitbucketbackuppreservationcurationstewardshipsustainabilitylong-termfuturelegacyimpactcitationh-indexaltmetricjournal-impact-factorgreen-OAgold-OAhybridAPCpreprintpostprintauthor-manuscriptaccepted-manuscriptpublished-versionversion-of-recordembargolicensingcopyrightcreative-commonsCC-BYCC-BY-SACC-BY-NCCC-BY-NC-SACC-BY-NDCC-BY-NC-NDCC0public-domainpatenttrademarktrade-secretintellectual-propertyIPethicsbiosafetybiosecurityanimal-welfareanimal-ethicsresearch-ethicsfield-ethicsindigenous-knowledgetraditional-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-engagementstakeholderpartnershipcollaborationcapacity-buildingtrainingeducationoutreachcommunicationscience-communicationpublic-engagementcitizen-sciencecrowdsourcingvolunteeramateurnaturalistobserverphotographercollectorcuratortaxonomistsystematistecologistevolutionary-biologistconservation-biologistentomologistcoleopteristscarabaeologistdynastinistspecialistexpertauthoritynomenclatornomenclatural-actoriginal-publicationsubsequent-designationemendationrejectionsuppressionhomonymsynonymobjective-synonymsubjective-synonymjunior-synonymsenior-synonymhomotypic-synonymheterotypic-synonymnomen-nudumnomen-dubiumnomen-oblitumnomen-protectumnomen-conservandumavailable-namevalid-nameaccepted-namecorrect-namecurrent-combinationoriginal-combinationstatus-novumcomb.-nov.syn.-nov.sp.-nov.gen.-nov.subgen.-nov.subsp.-nov.nom.-nov.nom.-nud.nom.-dub.incertae-sedisunplacedunassignedsubtribegenussubgenusspeciessubspeciesvarietyformmorphecotypepopulationstockstrainbreedcultivarclonelineagebiotypekaryotypechromosomegenometranscriptomeproteomemetabolomephenomemorphomeanatomicalmorphologicalmeristicmorphometricallometricontogeneticdevelopmentallife-historyreproductivebehavioralecologicalphysiologicalbiochemicalgeneticgenomicevolutionaryphylogeneticphylogeographicbiogeographichistoricalpaleontologicalarchaeologicalgeologicalclimatologicalenvironmentalappliedeconomicmedicalveterinaryforestryhorticulturalindustrialpollutionclimate-changeglobal-warminghabitat-lossfragmentationdeforestationagricultural-intensificationurbanizationinvasive-speciespathogenparasitepredatorcompetitionmutualismsymbiosiscommensalismamensalismneutralismfacilitationinhibitiontrophic-cascadefood-webfood-chainenergy-flowecosystem-functionecosystem-serviceprovisioningregulatingsupportingculturalalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessspecies-abundancerarefactionextrapolationasymptoticnon-asymptoticsamplesamplingsurveymonitoringassessmentevaluationindicatorbioindicatorflagshipumbrellakeystoneecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominantsubordinatefrequentoccasionalaccidentalvagrantmigrantresidentbreedingnon-breedingwinteringsummeringmigrationnomadismirruptionestablishmentnaturalizationspreadingrange-expansionrange-shiftextirpationextinctionlocal-extinctionglobal-extinctionfunctional-extinctionecological-extinctionpseudextinctionLazarus-taxonElvis-taxonzombie-taxonliving-fossilrelictindigenousautochthonousallochthonousexoticalieninvasivenaturalizedcasualescapedcultivatedornamentalpetfoodmedicinefiberfueltimberfodderpollinatorpest-controlseed-dispersalsoil-formationerosion-controlwater-purificationair-purificationcarbon-sequestrationclimate-regulationdisease-regulationpest-regulationflood-regulationstorm-protectionrecreationtourismaestheticspiritualcultural-heritageresearchinspirationexistence-valueoption-valuebequest-valueintrinsic-valueanthropocentricbiocentricecocentricutilitarianinstrumentalrelationalintrinsicinherentabsoluteconditionalresponsibilitycarerespectreverencewondercuriosityknowledgeunderstandingwisdomsciencenatural-philosophybiologyzoologyentomologycoleopterologyscarabaeologydynastinologysystematicstaxonomynomenclatureclassificationevolutionecologybehaviorpaleontologyconservation-biologyenvironmental-scienceagricultural-scienceforestry-scienceveterinary-sciencemedical-sciencepublic-healthone-healthplanetary-healthecosystem-healthbiodiversity-healthspecies-healthpopulation-healthindividual-healthgenetic-healthenvironmental-healthsocial-healtheconomic-healthpolitical-healthcultural-healthspiritual-healthholistic-healthintegrated-healthsustainable-developmentsustainable-usesustainable-managementadaptive-managementprecautionary-principleecosystem-approachlandscape-approachseascape-approachconnectivity-conservationcorridorbuffer-zoneprotected-areanational-parknature-reservewildlife-refugewilderness-areaworld-heritage-sitebiosphere-reserveRamsar-siteImportant-Bird-AreaKey-Biodiversity-AreaAlliance-for-Zero-Extinction-siteconservation-priorityhotspotcrisis-ecoregionglobal-200last-of-the-wildhuman-footprintcumulative-impactthreat-indexvulnerability-indexadaptive-capacityexposuresensitivityresilienceresistancerecoveryrestorationrehabilitationreintroductiontranslocationex-situin-situcaptive-breedingbotanic-gardenzoogene-bankseed-banktissue-banksperm-bankoocyte-bankembryo-bankDNA-bankfrozen-zooarkinsurancesafety-netde-extinctiongenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-augmentationgenetic-managementpopulation-managementmetapopulationsource-sinkpatchmatrixlandscapeseascapeecosystembiomeecoregionprovincezoneregiondistrictsitelocalityhabitatmicrohabitatnicheecological-nichefundamental-nicherealized-nichetrophic-nichespatial-nichetemporal-nichebiotic-nicheabiotic-nichemultidimensional-nichen-dimensional-nicheHutchinsonian-nicheGrinnellian-nicheEltonian-nicheresourcerequirementlimitationstressdisturbanceperturbationfluctuationvariabilityheterogeneitycomplexitydiversityredundancystabilitypersistenceadaptationacclimationplasticityevolvabilityheritabilityselectiondriftflowmutationrecombinationspeciationcoalescencedivergenceconvergenceparallelismhomoplasyanalogyhomologysynapomorphysymplesiomorphyautapomorphyapomorphyplesiomorphyderivedancestralprimitiveadvancedbasalcrownstemnodebranchcladegradesubfamilyfamilysuperfamilyinfraordersuborderordersuperorderinfraclasssubclassclasssuperclasssubphylumphylumsuperphylumkingdomdomainlifeorganismindividualetc.