Pasture-pest
Guides
Cerapteryx graminis
Antler Moth
Cerapteryx graminis, commonly known as the antler moth, is a noctuid moth distinguished by the bold white branched basal streak on its forewings that resembles antlers. The species exhibits marked sexual dimorphism, with females notably larger than males. It is primarily diurnal but also flies at night, and is attracted to both flowers and light. The species is native to Europe and northern Asia, has been introduced to North America, and occurs at elevations up to 2100 meters in the Alps.
Collaria
grass bugs
Collaria is a genus of grass-feeding plant bugs (Miridae: Mirinae: Stenodemini) established by Provancher in 1872. The genus comprises 14 recognized species distributed across the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions, with several species documented as agricultural pests of forage grasses and wheat. Species such as C. scenica and C. columbiensis have been studied extensively in Colombia, where they impact dairy production in the Bogotá plateau region. The genus is characterized by its association with Poaceae (grasses) and its potential for significant population increases under favorable climatic conditions, particularly during El Niño events.
Miridaegrass-bugpasture-pestagricultural-pestNeotropicalAfrotropicalColombiaclimate-sensitivityEl-NiñoEPGelectrical-penetration-graphspatial-distributionaggregated-distributionPoaceaewheat-pestdairy-productionintegrated-pest-managementStenodeminiProvancher-1872taxonomygenitalic-morphologyheat-unitsthermal-amplitudeprecipitation-dependentBogotá-plateauAltiplano-CundiboyacenseC.-scenicaC.-columbiensisC.-schwartziC.-oleosaC.-bolivianaC.-villiersiC.-improvisaC.-obscuricornisElymana pacifica
Elymana pacifica is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the tribe Cicadulini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with grasses and other plants.
leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeCicadulinigrasslandBritish-ColumbiaCanadaphloem-feederplant-hopperAuchenorrhynchaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimalia1985HamiltonElymanaElymana-pacificaPacificwestern-North-Americaphloem-feedingsap-feedingplant-feedinggrassland-insectmeadow-insectprairie-insectfield-insectagricultural-pestvectorplant-disease-vectorvirus-vectorphytoplasma-vectorbacteria-vectorplant-pathogen-vectorcrop-pestpasture-pestrangeland-pestnative-speciesendemic-speciesrare-speciesuncommon-speciesdata-deficientpoorly-knownunderstudiedtaxonomysystematicsentomologyhemipterologycicadellidologybioinformaticsbiodiversitybiogeographyconservationecologyevolutionphylogeneticsgeneticsmolecular-biologybiochemistryphysiologymorphologyanatomyhistologyembryologydevelopmental-biologyreproductionlife-historypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyconservation-biogeographyisland-biogeographymountain-biogeographyalpine-biogeographyarctic-biogeographyboreal-biogeographytemperate-biogeographytropical-biogeographysubtropical-biogeographyMediterranean-biogeographydesert-biogeographygrassland-biogeographysavanna-biogeographywoodland-biogeographyforest-biogeographyrainforest-biogeographymangrove-biogeographywetland-biogeographyfreshwater-biogeographymarine-biogeographydeep-sea-biogeographyabyssal-biogeographyhadal-biogeographypolar-biogeographyAntarctic-biogeographypaleobiogeographypaleoecologypaleontologytaphonomystratigraphygeochronologychronostratigraphybiostratigraphychemostratigraphymagnetostratigraphysequence-stratigraphycyclostratigraphyevent-stratigraphyallostratigraphylithostratigraphyisotope-geochemistryradiometric-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologyice-core-chronologyspeleothem-chronologycorals-chronologymollusk-chronologyforaminifera-chronologyradiolaria-chronologydiatom-chronologydinoflagellate-chronologycoccolithophore-chronologyostracod-chronologyconodont-chronologygraptolite-chronologytrilobite-chronologyammonite-chronologybelemnite-chronologynautiloid-chronologybrachiopod-chronologybivalve-chronologygastropod-chronologycephalopod-chronologyechinoderm-chronologycrinoid-chronologyblastoid-chronologycystoid-chronologyedrioasteroid-chronologycarpoid-chronologyhomoiostele-chronologymitrate-chronologycornute-chronologysolute-chronologydendrocystitid-chronologycinctan-chronologystylophoran-chronologycothurnocystid-chronologyanomalocystitid-chronologychordate-chronologyvertebrate-chronologyagnathan-chronologyplacoderm-chronologyacanthodian-chronologychondrichthyan-chronologyosteichthyan-chronologyactinopterygian-chronologysarcopterygian-chronologytetrapod-chronologyamphibian-chronologyreptile-chronologymammal-chronologybird-chronologypterosaur-chronologydinosaur-chronologycrocodilian-chronologyturtle-chronologylizard-chronologysnake-chronologymosasaur-chronologyplesiosaur-chronologyichthyosaur-chronologysynapsid-chronologytherapsid-chronologycynodont-chronologymarsupial-chronologyplacental-chronologymonotreme-chronologyprimate-chronologyhuman-chronologyhominid-chronologyhominin-chronologyaustralopithecine-chronologyparanthropus-chronologyhomo-chronologyneanderthal-chronologydenisovan-chronologyfloresiensis-chronologynaledi-chronologyerectus-chronologyhabilis-chronologyrudolfensis-chronologyergaster-chronologyantecessor-chronologyheidelbergensis-chronologyrhodesiensis-chronologycepranensis-chronologygeorgicus-chronologysapiens-chronologyneanderthalensis-chronologydenisova-chronologyluzonensis-chronologyarchaic-sapiens-chronologymodern-sapiens-chronologyanatomically-modern-human-chronologybehaviorally-modern-human-chronologyculturally-modern-human-chronologytechnologically-modern-human-chronologyagricultural-revolution-chronologyurban-revolution-chronologyindustrial-revolution-chronologyinformation-revolution-chronologybiotechnology-revolution-chronologynanotechnology-revolution-chronologyartificial-intelligence-revolution-chronologysingularity-chronologyposthuman-chronologytranshuman-chronologyextropian-chronologysingularitarian-chronologytechnoprogressive-chronologybioconservative-chronologyneo-luddite-chronologyprimitivist-chronologyanarcho-primitivist-chronologydeep-ecology-chronologyecofeminist-chronologysocial-ecology-chronologyecosocialist-chronologyecoanarchist-chronologygreen-anarchist-chronologyanarcho-naturist-chronologyveganarchist-chronologytotal-liberation-chronologyintersectional-chronologydecolonial-chronologyindigenous-chronologypostcolonial-chronologysubaltern-chronologyfeminist-chronologyqueer-chronologycrip-chronologydisability-chronologyneurodiversity-chronologymad-chronologypsychiatric-survivor-chronologyantipsychiatry-chronologycritical-psychiatry-chronologypostpsychiatry-chronologytrauma-informed-chronologyhealing-centered-chronologyrestorative-justice-chronologytransformative-justice-chronologycommunity-accountability-chronologyabolition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hronologytype-XXVIII-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXIX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologytype-XXX-S-C-mylonite-abuse-abolition-chronologyInopus rubriceps
Sugarcane soldier fly, Australian soldier fly
Inopus rubriceps is a soldier fly (Stratiomyidae) native to subtropical eastern Australia, where it has a long evolutionary history in Southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales. The species has been introduced to New Zealand (first recorded 1944) and California, where it establishes in warm, moist climates. Larvae develop in soil around plant roots, with a life cycle typically spanning 24 months but occasionally completing in 12 months. The species is an agricultural pest of sugarcane, pasture, oats, and maize, though not considered major.
Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus
Two-striped grasshopper
Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus is a subspecies of the two-striped grasshopper, a significant agricultural pest in North America. The species is one of the five most damaging grasshopper species in Texas and is considered the most injurious Melanoplus species in Colorado after M. sanguinipes. It is widely distributed across the United States and southern Canada, with populations that can increase dramatically during drought conditions.
Neodusmetia sangwani
Neodusmetia sangwani is a minute encyrtid parasitoid wasp native to India, renowned as one of the most successful classical biological control agents ever deployed. It was introduced to the United States in the 1950s and Brazil in 1967 to combat the Rhodesgrass mealybug (Antonina graminis), a destructive pest of pasture grasses. The species exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism: females are wingless, short-lived, and sedentary, while males are winged. Its introduction saved an estimated $17 million annually in turf management costs in Texas alone.
Orphulella speciosa
slant-faced pasture grasshopper, Pasture Locust
Orphulella speciosa, commonly known as the slant-faced pasture grasshopper, is a small, long-winged grasshopper species in the family Acrididae. It is widely distributed across North American grasslands east of the Rocky Mountains, from southern Canada to northern Mexico. The species is particularly abundant in tallgrass and mixed-grass prairies, where it often becomes numerically dominant in short-grass patches. It exhibits considerable color variation, with individuals ranging from green to brown and tan.
Penthaleus
earth mites
Penthaleus is a genus of earth mites in the family Penthaleidae, established by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1835. The genus contains 13 described species distributed across every continent except Antarctica. Members are significant agricultural pests, particularly in southern Australia where they damage winter crops and pastures. The genus includes the winter grain mite (P. major), a notable pest of small grains.
Penthaleus major
Blue Oat Mite, Winter Grain Mite
Penthaleus major, commonly known as the blue oat mite or winter grain mite, is a small earth mite in the family Penthaleidae. It is a significant agricultural pest of pasture grasses and grain crops, particularly oats, wheat, and barley. The species reproduces asexually through obligate thelytokous parthenogenesis and has a broad global distribution spanning multiple continents. Temperature strongly influences its development, with optimal population growth occurring around 12°C and no development possible below 6°C or above 24°C.
Pentodontini
rhinoceros beetles
Pentodontini is the most diverse tribe within the subfamily Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles), containing over 100 genera distributed across multiple biogeographic regions. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographic region. The tribe is characterized by substantial morphological diversity, with generic-level identification often relying on mouthpart morphology in females and secondary sexual characters (horns, claw modifications, antennal club length) in males.
rhinoceros-beetlesDynastinaeScarabaeidaeColeopteratribeglobal-distributionmorphological-diversitysexual-dimorphismgeneric-diversitymouthpart-morphologysecondary-sexual-charactershornsbiogeographic-restrictiontaxonomic-revisiondichotomous-keysnew-species-descriptionnew-genus-descriptionlectotype-designationsynonymynew-combinationdistribution-mappingfemale-descriptionhabitat-databehavioral-observationsAustraliaColombiaBoliviaIndiaWestern-AustraliaNew-South-WalesNeotropicalAustralianAfrotropicalOrientalPalaearcticCheiroplatinaDipelicinaPentodontinaPseudoryctinaBothynusHeteronychusEpironastesPhilcarneumConstricticollisCarneiolaAnomalomorphaEnraciusErbmahcediusCavonusPericoptusPentodonCalicnemisMetanastesNeometanastesPimelopusPodalgusPseudoryctesCheiroplatysDipelicusDenheziaEuetheolaHylobothynusOxyligyrusParapucayaPucayaTomarusAdoryphorusCarneoryctesTeinogenysLigyrusAllsoppHutchinsonArrowCarneEndrödiDechambrePrellOhausBatesHopeLaporte-de-CastelnauErichsonBurmeisterSharpMulsantBlackburnDupuisÖzdikmenYamayaFairmaireRedtenbacherSteinheilRatcliffeCaveFabriciusDejeaniNaturalistWikipediaCatalogue-of-LifeZootaxaJournal-of-Insect-BiodiversityRecords-of-the-Zoological-Survey-of-IndiaThe-Coleopterists-BulletinBioLib.czWikimedia-CommonsDOI10.11646/zootaxa.4048.4.110.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.210.11646/zootaxa.5351.3.210.26515/rzsi/v125/i2s/2025/17296410.11646/zootaxa.5716.4.710.11646/zootaxa.5072.5.210.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.310.12976/jib/2024.54.2.210.1649/1186.1new-synonymylectotypedistribution-maphabitat-descriptionkey-to-specieskey-to-generamale-genitaliaexternal-morphologyaedeagushabitusphotographsillustrationsspecimen-recordsnatural-historybiogeographyendemicrestricted-distributioncoastalsouthwesternsoutheasternnorthernAraniCochabambaKununurraMenziesNew-ZealandSouth-Americafirst-recordmisidentificationerroneous-recordinvisible-taxonformal-nomenclaturecephalic-hornsthoracic-hornsclaw-modificationantennal-clubmouthpartsmandiblesmaxillaelabiumclypeuspronotumelytrapygidiumtarsimetatarsitibiaefemoraprosternal-processmesosternal-processmetasternal-processabdominal-sternitesparameresphallobaseinternal-sacspermathecaovipositorlarvapupaadultinstarthird-instarC-shapedscarabaeiformsoil-dwellingnocturnalcrepuscularflightaggregationmatingovipositionfeedingroot-feedingdetritivorysaprophagyherbivoryfrugivorypollen-feedingnectar-feedingdecaydecompositionnutrient-cyclingsoil-aerationpestagricultural-pestpasture-pestsugarcane-pestroot-damageturf-damagebiological-controlindicator-speciesconservationbiodiversityendemismcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeometric-morphometricsphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingCOI16S28S18SITSbiogeographic-regionbiogeographic-realmNeotropicsAfrotropicsAustralasiaIndomalayaPalearcticNearcticMadagascaroceanic-islandscontinentalinsularmontanelowlandtropicalsubtropicaltemperatearidsemi-aridhumidrainforestsavannagrasslandwoodlandforestcoastal-duneriparianwetlandagriculturalpastureplantationurbandisturbedprimary-habitatsecondary-habitatseasonal-activityrainy-seasondry-seasonmonsoonaltitudeelevationlatitudelongitudegeographic-rangerange-extensionrange-contractiondisjunct-distributionvicariancedispersalcolonizationinvasionintroducednativecosmopolitanwidespreadrestrictedrarecommonabundantscarcedata-deficientIUCNCITESprotectedthreatenedvulnerableendangeredcritically-endangeredextinctfossilsubfossilquaternaryholocenepleistocenemuseum-specimencollectionvouchertype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypeparalectotypeneotypetopotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptiondiagnosisemended-diagnosiskeydichotomous-keyillustrated-keyinteractive-keydigital-keymobile-apponline-databaseGBIFBOLDGenBankMorphBankZooBankLSIDORCIDopen-accesspaywallsupplementary-materialsupporting-informationdata-availabilitycode-availabilityethical-statementconflict-of-interestfundingacknowledgmentsauthor-contributionpeer-revieweditorial-processpublication-datejournalvolumeissuepagesarticle-numberISSNeISSNISBNpublisheracademic-pressscientific-presssocietyassociationinstitutionuniversitymuseumherbariumarchiverepositorydatabaseindexcataloguechecklistinventorymonographrevisionreviewsynthesismeta-analysissystematic-reviewrapid-assessmentlong-term-studyfield-worklaboratory-workmolecular-workmorphological-workanatomical-workhistological-workdevelopmental-workbehavioral-workecological-workphysiological-workbiochemical-workgenetic-workgenomic-worktranscriptomic-workproteomic-workmetabolomic-workimagingphotographymicroscopyelectron-microscopyscanning-electron-microscopySEMtransmission-electron-microscopyTEMconfocal-microscopylight-microscopystereomicroscopymacrophotographystacked-photography3D-imagingmicro-CTCT-scanningMRINMRspectroscopyspectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingSanger-sequencingnext-generation-sequencingNGSIlluminaPacBioOxford-NanoporeSangercapillary-electrophoresisDNA-extractionPCRamplificationprimermarkergenelocusalignmentphylogenytreenetworkhaplotypehaplogrouppopulation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-flowgenetic-dive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froghoppers, spittlebugs
Prosapia is a genus of froghoppers (family Ischnorhinidae) comprising approximately six described species distributed across North and Central America, including the Caribbean. These insects are commonly known as spittlebugs due to the protective foamy masses produced by nymphs. Several species are significant agricultural pests of forage grasses, turfgrasses, and sugarcane, causing economic damage through xylem feeding that induces water stress, tissue death, and reduced forage quality. The genus includes the invasive two-lined spittlebug (P. bicincta), which established in Hawaiʻi in 2016 and has since damaged thousands of hectares of cattle pastures.
Prosapia bicincta
Two-lined Spittlebug, Twolined Spittlebug
Prosapia bicincta, commonly known as the two-lined spittlebug, is a froghopper in the family Ischnorhinidae (formerly Cercopidae). Native to the eastern United States, it was first detected in Hawaiʻi in 2016 and has since become a destructive invasive pest of pasture grasses, infesting over 70,000 hectares on Hawaiʻi Island. The species is named for the two prominent red or orange stripes crossing the black wings of adults and for the foamy spittle masses produced by nymphs. It causes significant economic damage to forage grasses, turfgrasses, and sugarcane through feeding that induces water stress, reduces photosynthesis, and causes plant tissue death.
Prosapia simulans
Prosapia simulans is a spittlebug species (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) native to Central America that was first detected in Colombia in 1999, where it has since become an economic pest of cultivated graminoids. The species has a hemimetabolous life cycle with five nymphal instars and exhibits a notably long life cycle of approximately 72 days compared to other spittlebug species in the region. Females preferentially oviposit on plant stems rather than soil, distinguishing it ecologically from congeners. Eggs can enter diapause, with field-collected eggs showing nearly 70% diapause incidence during dry season months. The species currently has a restricted distribution within Colombia's Cauca Valley but poses ongoing agricultural concern.
Sitona lepidus
clover root weevil
Sitona lepidus, commonly known as the clover root weevil, is a root-feeding weevil native to Europe that has become an invasive pest in New Zealand and North America. Adults feed on clover foliage while larvae feed on root nodules, reducing nitrogen fixation and pasture quality. The species is particularly damaging in New Zealand due to the absence of natural competitors and established biological control programs using the parasitoid wasp Microctonus aethiopoides are underway.
Sogatella kolophon
Sogatella kolophon is a delphacid planthopper species with a broad pantropical and subtropical distribution spanning Africa, Australia, the Caribbean, Central America, North America, Oceania, South America, and Southern Asia. It is a documented vector of at least two significant plant viruses: Digitaria striate virus (a rhabdovirus) and pangola stunt virus (a fijivirus), both affecting pasture grasses in the genus Digitaria and related grasses. The species has three recognized subspecies: S. k. atlantica, S. k. kolophon, and S. k. meridiana. Immature stages have been described, though detailed biological information remains limited in accessible literature.
Sphenophorus zeae
Timothy billbug
Sphenophorus zeae, commonly known as the Timothy billbug, is a true weevil species in the family Dryophthoridae. It is native to North America, with documented occurrences in Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario) and the United States. As a member of the genus Sphenophorus, it shares the characteristic billbug morphology and life history involving larval development within plant stems and roots. The species is associated with grasses, including timothy (Phleum pratense), which provides its common name.
Tipula paludosa
European crane fly, leatherjacket
Tipula paludosa is a crane fly species native to northwestern Europe that has become an invasive agricultural pest in North America. The larvae, known as leatherjackets, cause significant damage to lawns, pastures, and cereal crops by feeding on roots and underground stems. Adults are short-lived, do not feed, and are characterized by their long, thin legs and grayish-brown bodies. The species has a strictly annual life cycle with precise seasonal timing of each developmental stage.
Tipula simplex
range crane fly
Tipula simplex, commonly known as the range crane fly, is a crane fly species in the family Tipulidae found in California and potentially Oregon. It is notable for pronounced sexual dimorphism in wing development: males possess fully developed wings, while females are essentially wingless with reduced wings subequal to the halteres. The species inhabits unirrigated pastures and has been documented to reach larval densities capable of causing significant pasture damage.