Virus-vector

Guides

• Acyrthosiphon

  pea aphids

  Acyrthosiphon is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Alexander Mordvilko in 1914. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and includes several economically important agricultural pests. The best-known species, Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid), is a major pest of legume crops and serves as a model organism for studies of insect-bacteria symbiosis, particularly its relationship with the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola.

  aphidpestlegume-pestmodel-organismendosymbiosisagricultural-pestvirus-vector

• Acyrthosiphon pisum

  Pea aphid, green dolphin, pea louse, clover louse

  Acyrthosiphon pisum, the pea aphid, is a sap-sucking hemipteran and major agricultural pest of legume crops worldwide. It is notable as the first hemimetabolous insect with a fully sequenced genome and serves as a model organism for studying aphid biology, endosymbiosis, polyphenism, and asexual reproduction. The species exhibits complex polyphenism with multiple morphs including winged and wingless parthenogenetic females, sexual males and females, and green or red/pink color morphs. Its survival depends entirely on the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola, which provides essential amino acids lacking in its phloem sap diet.

  aphidpestmodel-organismendosymbiosisparthenogenesispolyphenismlegume-pestvirus-vectoragricultural-pestBuchneracarotenoid-synthesishemipterasternorrhyncha

• Amphorophora

  Berry Aphids

  Amphorophora is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by George Bowdler Buckton in 1876. The genus contains approximately 27 species, predominantly distributed in the Nearctic region with presence in Eurasia and North America. Species within this genus are significant agricultural pests of Rubus crops, particularly raspberries and blackberries. Several species, including A. idaei and A. agathonica, are major vectors of plant viruses affecting commercial berry production.

  AphididaeRubus-pestvirus-vectoragricultural-pestMacrosiphiniraspberryblackberryphloem-feeder

• Aphididae

  Aphids

  Aphididae is a very large family of sap-sucking insects in the order Hemiptera, containing several thousand described species. Members are soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects commonly known as aphids. The family includes the majority of plant virus vectors among insects, with approximately 200 known vector species. Many species are significant agricultural pests, causing direct damage through feeding and indirect damage through virus transmission.

  sap-suckingphloem-feederparthenogenesisagricultural-pestvirus-vectorhoneydew-producerant-mutualism

• Aphis craccivora

  cowpea aphid, groundnut aphid, black legume aphid

  Aphis craccivora is a small, dark-colored aphid of probable Palearctic origin that has become a cosmopolitan agricultural pest. It is polyphagous but shows strong preference for leguminous plants, particularly cowpea, groundnut, and alfalfa. The species reproduces primarily through parthenogenesis, with winged forms developing for dispersal. It is a significant pest due to direct feeding damage, honeydew production that promotes sooty mold growth, and its role as a vector for multiple plant viruses.

  agricultural-pestaphidvirus-vectorparthenogenesiscosmopolitanlegume-pesthoneydew-producer

• Aphis fabae

  black bean aphid, blackfly, bean aphid, beet leaf aphid

  Aphis fabae is a small, soft-bodied aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the black bean aphid or blackfly. It is a significant agricultural pest with a broad host range, attacking beans, sugar beet, and numerous other crops. The species exhibits a heteroecious life cycle with host alternation between a woody primary host (Euonymus europaeus, spindle tree) and herbaceous secondary hosts. It reproduces parthenogenetically during the growing season and sexually in autumn, producing overwintering eggs. The aphid is capable of rapid population increase through viviparous reproduction, and winged forms develop seasonally to facilitate migration between host plants.

  agricultural-pestaphidHemipterahost-alternationheteroecyparthenogenesisviviparityvirus-vectorintegrated-pest-managementblackflybean-aphidbeet-leaf-aphidmodel-organisminvasive-potentialclimate-change-response

• Aphis gossypii

  cotton aphid, melon aphid, melon and cotton aphid, greenfly

  Aphis gossypii is a small sap-sucking aphid and significant agricultural pest with a global distribution. It infests crops in at least three plant families, particularly Cucurbitaceae, Rutaceae, and Malvaceae, causing direct damage through feeding and indirect damage as a vector of plant viruses. The species exhibits complex life cycle strategies including both holocyclic (sexual) and anholocyclic (asexual) reproduction depending on geographic location and climate. It has developed resistance to multiple insecticide classes, complicating management efforts.

  aphidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorpolyphagousinsecticide-resistancebiological-control-targetcosmopolitan-pestphloem-feederparthenogeneticholocyclic

• Aphis illinoisensis

  grapevine aphid

  Aphis illinoisensis, commonly known as the grapevine aphid, is a phytophagous insect native to North America that has become invasive in Mediterranean regions and other grape-growing areas worldwide. It is a documented vector of Grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV), transmitting the pathogen from wild Vitaceae to cultivated grapevines. The species exhibits holocyclic life cycle characteristics with documented overwintering on Viburnum species. Its invasive expansion across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East has prompted biocontrol research using native parasitoids and entomopathogenic bacteria.

  aphidgrape-pestinvasive-speciesvirus-vectorGVCVbiocontrol-targetVitaceaeholocyclichost-alternation

• Aphis nasturtii

  Buckthorn Aphid, Buckthorn-Potato Aphid

  Aphis nasturtii is a cosmopolitan aphid species known primarily as a pest of agricultural crops, particularly potatoes, sunflowers, lettuce, and beets. It is a phloem-feeding insect that extracts plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species is of significant economic concern due to its direct feeding damage and its role as a vector for at least 15 plant viruses. Common names reflect its association with buckthorn (likely a primary or overwintering host) and potato (a major agricultural host).

  aphidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorcosmopolitanphloem-feederpotato-pestsunflower-pest

• Aphis nerii

  oleander aphid, milkweed aphid, sweet pepper aphid, nerium aphid

  Aphis nerii is a cosmopolitan aphid species in the family Aphididae, primarily associated with plants in the dogbane family (Apocynaceae), especially milkweeds (Asclepias) and oleander (Nerium oleander). The species exhibits complex reproductive strategies including parthenogenesis and viviparity, with winged and wingless female morphs. It is a significant pest of ornamental plants and a known vector of multiple plant viruses. The species has been introduced widely beyond its native range and is now found in tropical, Mediterranean, and temperate regions globally.

  aphidpestmilkweedmonarch-butterflyvirus-vectorparthenogenesisviviparitychemical-defensecardiac-glycosideornamental-pestbiological-controlintegrated-pest-management

• Aphis spiraecola

  Spirea aphid, green citrus aphid, apple aphid

  Aphis spiraecola is a polyphagous aphid species described by Edith Marion Patch in 1914. It is a significant agricultural pest of citrus, apples, and numerous ornamental plants across temperate and tropical regions worldwide. The species exhibits remarkable host flexibility, colonizing over 65 plant genera across more than 20 families. It reproduces primarily through parthenogenesis across most of its range, with holocyclic populations producing sexual morphs on primary hosts Spiraea and Citrus. The species has displaced native Aphis pomi in some regions and is considered invasive in many areas where it has been introduced.

  agricultural-pestinvasive-speciespolyphagousparthenogenesisvirus-vectorcitrus-pestapple-pestaphididaeglobal-distributioninsecticide-resistanceDNA-barcoding-identification

• Aulacorthum solani

  Foxglove aphid, Glasshouse-potato aphid

  Aulacorthum solani is a globally distributed agricultural pest aphid with one of the broadest host ranges of any aphid species, feeding on both dicots and monocots. It is a phloem-feeding hemipteran that causes direct feeding damage including stunted growth, leaf discoloration, and deformation, and serves as a vector for plant viruses. The species exhibits temperature-dependent development and reproduction, with optimal performance between 12.5–20°C and survival possible from 5–27.5°C. Both winged and wingless morphs occur, with parthenogenesis used for colony maintenance in laboratory settings.

  agricultural-pestvirus-vectorpolyphagousgreenhouse-pestparthenogenesisphloem-feederbiological-controlgenome-sequenced

• Bemisia

  Bemisia is a genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae, containing approximately 40 described species. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, most notably Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato whitefly or silverleaf whitefly), which is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species globally. Members of this genus are phloem-feeding insects that vector numerous plant viruses and cause direct damage through sap extraction and honeydew secretion. The genus exhibits complex taxonomic challenges, with B. tabaci alone comprising at least 42 cryptic species distinguishable only through molecular analysis.

  whiteflyagricultural-pestvirus-vectorinvasive-speciescryptic-speciesphloem-feeder

• Bemisia argentifolii

  Silverleaf whitefly, Sweetpotato whitefly (B biotype)

  Bemisia argentifolii, described by Bellows & Perring in 1994, is a whitefly species belonging to the Bemisia tabaci species complex. It is a significant agricultural pest known for causing silverleafing symptoms in squash, transmitting plant viruses, and developing resistance to multiple insecticides. The species has been documented on over 900 host plants including vegetables, ornamentals, and fiber crops. It is frequently associated with greenhouse and protected cultivation environments but also occurs in open field agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions.

  whiteflyagricultural-pestvirus-vectorinvasive-speciesinsecticide-resistancegreenhouse-pestphloem-feederBemisia-tabaci-complexsilverleafingornamental-pestvegetable-pestcotton-pestbiological-control-targetintegrated-pest-management

• Brachycaudus helichrysi

  leaf curl plum aphid, leaf-curling plum aphid, peach leaf curl aphid

  Brachycaudus helichrysi is a small aphid species first described by Kaltenbach in 1843. Molecular studies have revealed it comprises two cryptic sibling lineages, B. helichrysi H1 and H2, which are morphologically indistinguishable but genetically divergent and differ in life cycle strategies. H1 follows a typical heteroecious cycle with sexual reproduction on plum trees, while H2 consists largely of obligate asexual superclones with some sexual populations on peach trees in India.

  aphidpeststone-fruitvirus-vectorcryptic-speciesagricultural-pestparthenogenesisheteroecy

• Brevicoryne

  Brevicoryne is a genus of aphids (family Aphididae) comprising approximately 10 described species, several of which are significant agricultural pests. The most economically important species, Brevicoryne brassicae (cabbage aphid), infests crops in the Brassicaceae family worldwide. Members of this genus are characterized by their association with cruciferous host plants and are known vectors of plant viruses including Turnip mosaic virus and Cauliflower mosaic virus.

  aphidagricultural-pestBrassicaceaevirus-vectorparthenogenesisbiological-controlintegrated-pest-management

• Brevicoryne brassicae

  cabbage aphid, cabbage aphis, mealy cabbage aphid

  Brevicoryne brassicae, commonly known as the cabbage aphid, is a destructive agricultural pest native to Europe that has spread worldwide. The species feeds exclusively on plants in the family Brassicaceae, including cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and other cultivated brassicas. Large colonies form on the undersides of young leaves and flower heads, causing significant yield losses through direct feeding damage and virus transmission. The aphid possesses a unique chemical defense mechanism, producing myrosinase enzyme and sequestering glucosinolates from host plants to release toxic mustard oil compounds when attacked.

  agricultural-pestaphidBrassicaceae-specialistchemical-defensemyrosinaseglucosinolatesvirus-vectorbiological-controlparthenogenesiscosmopolitan-distribution

• Capitophorus

  Capitophorus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae containing more than 30 described species. Species within this genus are associated with specific host plants including Artemisia, Chrysothamnus, Fragaria, and Hippophae. Some species are known to transmit virus diseases to cultivated plants, particularly strawberries. The genus exhibits both sexual and asexual reproduction with viviparous parthenogenesis common during the growing season.

  aphidMacrosiphiniplant-pestvirus-vector

• Cavariella

  Willow-Umbellifer Aphids

  Cavariella is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, tribe Macrosiphini. It is distinguished from other Macrosiphini genera by a supra-caudal process on abdominal tergite VIII bearing two distal setae. The genus has a Holarctic distribution with approximately half its species occurring in Asia. Species in this genus exhibit a characteristic life cycle involving primary hosts in Salicaceae (willows) and secondary hosts in Apiaceae (umbellifers), making them economically significant as pests of carrot and other crops.

  aphidMacrosiphiniHolarcticwillow-umbelliferagricultural-pestvirus-vectorholocyclicparthenogenesisApiaceaeSalicaceae

• Ceroplastes rusci

  Fig Wax Scale

  Ceroplastes rusci, commonly known as the fig wax scale, is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) native to the Mediterranean region. First discovered in Florida in 1994-1995, it has since spread to numerous countries across six continents and is recognized as a significant agricultural and forestry pest. The species feeds on more than 94 genera from 52 plant families, with notable impacts on figs, citrus, grapes, and ornamental plants. Climate change modeling predicts expanding suitable habitat ranges through 2100, increasing its invasive potential in temperate regions.

  scale-insectagricultural-pestinvasive-speciesphloem-feederparthenogeneticvirus-vectorclimate-changefig-pestcitrus-pestgrape-pestornamental-pesthoneydew-producersooty-moldsoft-scaleCoccidae

• Cerotoma trifurcata

  Bean Leaf Beetle

  Cerotoma trifurcata, commonly known as the bean leaf beetle, is a chrysomelid beetle native to North America and a significant agricultural pest of soybean and other leguminous crops. Adults overwinter in sheltered woodland edges and fence rows, migrating to soybean fields in spring to feed and reproduce. The species has been documented as a vector of Bean Pod Mottle Virus (Comoviridae), transmitting the pathogen between plants during feeding. Its life cycle includes soil-dwelling larval stages that feed on root nodules, potentially affecting nitrogen fixation in host plants.

  agricultural-pestsoybean-pestvirus-vectorChrysomelidaeNorth-Americaintegrated-pest-managementneonicotinoidBean-Pod-Mottle-Virus

• Chaetosiphon

  strawberry aphid

  Chaetosiphon is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising species specialized on Rosaceae hosts, particularly strawberries (Fragaria) and roses (Rosa). The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, most notably Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, which vectors multiple strawberry viruses. Species in this genus exhibit complex life cycles with both holocyclic (sexual) and anholocyclic (parthenogenetic) populations, and show morphological variation in karyotype and chaetotaxy that has complicated taxonomic classification.

  aphidstrawberry-pestvirus-vectoragricultural-pestRosaceae-specialistinvasive-speciesparthenogenesisalary-polymorphismbiological-control

• Delphacini

  Delphacini is a tribe of planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, characterized by a worldwide distribution and ecological significance as agricultural pests. Members are phytophagous, feeding primarily on grasses including cereal crops. Several species are economically important as direct pests through feeding damage or as vectors of plant pathogens. Notable pest species include the rice brown planthopper (*Nilaparvata lugens*), white-backed planthopper (*Sogatella furcifera*), and sugarcane planthopper (*Perkinsiella saccharicida*).

  planthopperagricultural-pestvirus-vectorgrass-feedercereal-pestHemiptera

• Delphacodes

  delphacid planthoppers

  Delphacodes is a large genus of delphacid planthoppers comprising over 230 described species with worldwide distribution. Species in this genus are phloem-feeding herbivores primarily associated with grasses and cereal crops. Several species are economically significant as vectors of plant viruses affecting maize, wheat, and other gramineae, including Mal de Río Cuarto virus and maize rough dwarf virus. The genus exhibits wing dimorphism, with both brachypterous (short-winged) and macropterous (long-winged) forms occurring within populations.

  planthopperdelphacidgrass-feedervirus-vectoragricultural-pestwing-dimorphismphloem-feederPoaceae-associateFijivirus-vectormaize-pestcereal-pestinvasive-potentialnatural-enemy-host

• Doru taeniatum

  lined earwig

  Doru taeniatum, the lined earwig, is a predaceous earwig species in the family Forficulidae. It is native to the Americas, ranging from North America through Central America to South America. The species has been studied extensively for its potential role in biological control, particularly in maize agroecosystems where it preys on pest lepidopterans including the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Laboratory studies indicate it is omnivorous, capable of completing development and reproduction on plant pollen or lepidopteran eggs alone, with optimal fitness on mixed or egg-only diets.

  predatorbiological-controlagricultural-pest-managementearwigmaizefall-armywormvirus-vector

• Elymana pacifica

  Elymana pacifica is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the tribe Cicadulini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with grasses and other plants.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeCicadulinigrasslandBritish-ColumbiaCanadaphloem-feederplant-hopperAuchenorrhynchaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimalia1985HamiltonElymanaElymana-pacificaPacificwestern-North-Americaphloem-feedingsap-feedingplant-feedinggrassland-insectmeadow-insectprairie-insectfield-insectagricultural-pestvectorplant-disease-vectorvirus-vectorphytoplasma-vectorbacteria-vectorplant-pathogen-vectorcrop-pestpasture-pestrangeland-pestnative-speciesendemic-speciesrare-speciesuncommon-speciesdata-deficientpoorly-knownunderstudiedtaxonomysystematicsentomologyhemipterologycicadellidologybioinformaticsbiodiversitybiogeographyconservationecologyevolutionphylogeneticsgeneticsmolecular-biologybiochemistryphysiologymorphologyanatomyhistologyembryologydevelopmental-biologyreproductionlife-historypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyconservation-biogeographyisland-biogeographymountain-biogeographyalpine-biogeographyarctic-biogeographyboreal-biogeographytemperate-biogeographytropical-biogeographysubtropical-biogeographyMediterranean-biogeographydesert-biogeographygrassland-biogeographysavanna-biogeographywoodland-biogeographyforest-biogeographyrainforest-biogeographymangrove-biogeographywetland-biogeographyfreshwater-biogeographymarine-biogeographydeep-sea-biogeographyabyssal-biogeographyhadal-biogeographypolar-biogeographyAntarctic-biogeographypaleobiogeographypaleoecologypaleontologytaphonomystratigraphygeochronologychronostratigraphybiostratigraphychemostratigraphymagnetostratigraphysequence-stratigraphycyclostratigraphyevent-stratigraphyallostratigraphylithostratigraphyisotope-geochemistryradiometric-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologyice-core-chronologyspeleothem-chronologycorals-chronologymollusk-chronologyforaminifera-chronologyradiolaria-chronologydiatom-chronologydinoflagellate-chronologycoccolithophore-chronologyostracod-chronologyconodont-chronologygraptolite-chronologytrilobite-chronologyammonite-chronologybelemnite-chronologynautiloid-chronologybrachiopod-chronologybivalve-chronologygastropod-chronologycephalopod-chronologyechinoderm-chronologycrinoid-chronologyblastoid-chronologycystoid-chronologyedrioasteroid-chronologycarpoid-chronologyhomoiostele-chronologymitrate-chronologycornute-chronologysolute-chronologydendrocystitid-chronologycinctan-chronologystylophoran-chronologycothurnocystid-chronologyanomalocystitid-chronologychordate-chronologyvertebrate-chronologyagnathan-chronologyplacoderm-chronologyacanthodian-chronologychondrichthyan-chronologyosteichthyan-chronologyactinopterygian-chronologysarcopterygian-chronologytetrapod-chronologyamphibian-chronologyreptile-chronologymammal-chronologybird-chronologypterosaur-chronologydinosaur-chronologycrocodilian-chronologyturtle-chronologylizard-chronologysnake-chronologymosasaur-chronologyplesiosaur-chronologyichthyosaur-chronologysynapsid-chronologytherapsid-chronologycynodont-chronologymarsupial-chronologyplacental-chronologymonotreme-chronologyprimate-chronologyhuman-chronologyhominid-chronologyhominin-chronologyaustralopithecine-chronologyparanthropus-chronologyhomo-chronologyneanderthal-chronologydenisovan-chronologyfloresiensis-chronologynaledi-chronologyerectus-chronologyhabilis-chronologyrudolfensis-chronologyergaster-chronologyantecessor-chronologyheidelbergensis-chronologyrhodesiensis-chronologycepranensis-chronologygeorgicus-chronologysapiens-chronologyneanderthalensis-chronologydenisova-chronologyluzonensis-chronologyarchaic-sapiens-chronologymodern-sapiens-chronologyanatomically-modern-human-chronologybehaviorally-modern-human-chronologyculturally-modern-human-chronologytechnologically-modern-human-chronologyagricultural-revolution-chronologyurban-revolution-chronologyindustrial-revolution-chronologyinformation-revolution-chronologybiotechnology-revolution-chronologynanotechnology-revolution-chronologyartificial-intelligence-revolution-chronologysingularity-chronologyposthuman-chronologytranshuman-chronologyextropian-chronologysingularitarian-chronologytechnoprogressive-chronologybioconservative-chronologyneo-luddite-chronologyprimitivist-chronologyanarcho-primitivist-chronologydeep-ecology-chronologyecofeminist-chronologysocial-ecology-chronologyecosocialist-chronologyecoanarchist-chronologygreen-anarchist-chronologyanarcho-naturist-chronologyveganarchist-chronologytotal-liberation-chronologyintersectional-chronologydecolonial-chronologyindigenous-chronologypostcolonial-chronologysubaltern-chronologyfeminist-chronologyqueer-chronologycrip-chronologydisability-chronologyneurodiversity-chronologymad-chronologypsychiatric-survivor-chronologyantipsychiatry-chronologycritical-psychiatry-chronologypostpsychiatry-chronologytrauma-informed-chronologyhealing-centered-chronologyrestorative-justice-chronologytransformative-justice-chronologycommunity-accountability-chronologyabolition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• Ericaphis

  blueberry aphids

  Ericaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Börner in 1939. The genus includes species associated with Ericaceae, particularly Vaccinium species. Ericaphis fimbriata, the type species, is a significant pest of cultivated highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. Species in this genus exhibit typical aphid life cycles with both aperous and alate morphs, and are known vectors of plant viruses.

  aphidblueberry-pestvirus-vectoragricultural-pestEricaceaeMacrosiphiniPacific-Northwestintegrated-pest-management

• Ferrisia

  mealybugs

  Ferrisia is a genus of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) established by David T. Fullaway in 1923 with F. virgata as the type species. The genus underwent taxonomic revision in 2012, resulting in recognition of 18 species including eight newly described species, and the transfer of F. floridana to the new genus Pseudoferrisia. Species of Ferrisia are characterized by distinctive morphological features including enlarged dorsal tubular ducts with associated discoidal pores, and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of varying sizes. The genus is native to the Americas but includes species now found worldwide, with F. virgata being a particularly widespread and economically significant pest.

  mealybugPseudococcidaeagricultural-pestphloem-feederinvasive-speciesvirus-vectortaxonomic-revisionAmerica-nativecosmopolitan-pestquarantine-pest

• Ferrisia virgata

  striped mealybug, grey mealybug

  Ferrisia virgata, commonly known as the striped mealybug, is a highly polyphagous pest species in the family Pseudococcidae. First described from Jamaica in 1893, it spread globally within approximately a decade and is now established in all tropical and subtropical zoogeographic regions. The species is recognized by two dark dorsal longitudinal stripes and is a significant agricultural pest with a host range spanning over 203 genera in 77 plant families. It vectors plant badnavirus diseases affecting cocoa and black pepper, and has been demonstrated to acquire but not effectively transmit 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the bacterium associated with citrus huanglongbing.

  mealybugagricultural-pestphloem-feedervirus-vectorpolyphagousinvasive-speciestropical-pestsubtropical-pestcocoa-pestcotton-pestblack-pepper-pestcitrus-pestbiological-control-targetquarantine-pest

• Frankliniella occidentalis

  Western Flower Thrips, alfalfa thrips, California thrips

  Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips, is a minute insect native to the southwestern United States that has become a globally significant agricultural pest. Adults measure approximately 1.5 mm in length. The species feeds on plant fluids by piercing and sucking, causing direct damage to hundreds of host species including tomatoes, grapes, strawberries, soybeans, and ornamentals. Its economic impact is compounded by its role as the principal vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus and other tospoviruses, which cause billions of dollars in annual crop losses worldwide. The species exhibits arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, where unfertilized females produce haploid males. It has demonstrated high resistance to pesticides and has spread to Europe, Australia, South America, Asia, and Africa through transport of infested plant material.

  agricultural-pestvirus-vectortospovirusinvasive-speciespesticide-resistanceparthenogenesisgreenhouse-pestintegrated-pest-management

• Hyadaphis foeniculi

  Fennel Aphid

  Hyadaphis foeniculi is a cosmopolitan aphid species and major pest of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), native to Mediterranean regions and introduced to Brazil and other areas. Laboratory studies demonstrate strict thermal requirements: nymph development occurs only between 15-30°C, with 3°C and 33°C lethal. The species exhibits four nymphal instars with temperature-dependent development rates, completing the nymphal stage in 5 days at 30°C to 19 days at 15°C. Winged adults reproduce parthenogenetically, forming colonies inside fennel flowers during hot periods. The aphid vectors at least 12 plant viruses and produces honeydew that facilitates sooty mold growth, compounding crop damage.

  aphidpestfennelagriculturethermal-biologyvirus-vectorApiaceaeparthenogenesisintercroppingcosmopolitanBrazilMediterraneanMacrosiphini

• Hyalopterus

  Mealy Plum-Reed Aphids

  Hyalopterus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as mealy plum-reed aphids. Species in this genus are cosmopolitan pests of stone fruit trees in the genus Prunus, causing damage through direct feeding and virus transmission. The genus has undergone recent taxonomic revision, with molecular and morphometric analyses supporting at least three distinct species: H. pruni, H. amygdali, and H. persikonus (the latter described in 2006). Species boundaries are strongly correlated with host-plant associations.

  aphidpestPrunusstone-fruitvirus-vectorinvasivehost-alternationmealy-plum-aphidintegrated-pest-management

• Hyperomyzus

  Currant-Daisy Aphids

  Hyperomyzus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Börner in 1933. The genus comprises more than 20 described species, commonly known as Currant-Daisy Aphids. The best-studied species, Hyperomyzus lactucae (the sowthistle aphid), is a significant agricultural pest and plant virus vector. Members of this genus exhibit typical aphid characteristics including phloem-feeding habits and complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction.

  aphidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorphloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Javesella pellucida

  Javesella pellucida is a delphacid planthopper with a broad geographic distribution spanning Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is documented as a pest of cultivated plants, with confirmed feeding associations on rice (Oryza sativa) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The species exhibits wing dimorphism with distinct macropterous and brachypterous forms, and serves as a vector for multiple plant viruses including European wheat striate mosaic virus and Festuca leaf streak virus. Transovarial virus transmission has been demonstrated, with 85-96% of progeny from infected females becoming infective.

  planthopperdelphacidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorwing-dimorphismtransovarial-transmission

• Macrosiphini

  Macrosiphini is a large tribe of aphids within the subfamily Aphidinae, comprising over 200 genera and numerous species distributed worldwide. Members exhibit diverse life cycles, including both monoecious species that remain on herbaceous plants year-round and heteroecious species that alternate between woody primary hosts and herbaceous secondary hosts. The tribe includes many economically significant agricultural pests, such as Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and Macrosiphum species. Host plant specificity varies considerably, with some species restricted to single host species and others feeding across multiple plant families.

  aphidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorphloem-feederparthenogenesishost-alternationhoneydew-producer

• Macrosiphoniella sanborni

  Chrysanthemum Aphid, Brown Chrysanthemum Aphid

  Macrosiphoniella sanborni, the chrysanthemum aphid, is a phloem-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae. It is an oligophagous pest specialized on Chrysanthemum species and a major economic threat to chrysanthemum cultivation. The species exhibits wing dimorphism, with alate (winged) and apterous (wingless) morphs showing distinct chemosensory gene expression profiles. It vectors chrysanthemum viruses including vein mottle virus and virus B.

  aphidpestchrysanthemumvectorparthenogenesiswing-dimorphismolfactionvirus-vectoragriculturebiological-control

• Macrosiphum euphorbiae

  potato aphid

  Macrosiphum euphorbiae, commonly known as the potato aphid, is a polyphagous sap-sucking insect in the family Aphididae. It is a globally significant agricultural pest, particularly of potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato, lettuce, and numerous other crops across more than 20 plant families. The species exhibits complex life cycle strategies including host alternation between primary (Rosa spp.) and secondary hosts, cyclical parthenogenesis in North America, and obligate asexual reproduction in UK populations. It vectors multiple plant viruses including potato leaf roll virus, potato virus Y, and tomato yellow top virus. The aphid demonstrates notable phenotypic plasticity with green and pink color morphs, and possesses distinctive antipredator behaviors including dropping from host plants followed by tonic immobility.

  agricultural-pestvirus-vectorparthenogenesishost-alternatingpolyphagousaphidintegrated-pest-managementbiological-control

• Megalurothrips

  bean flower thrips, oriental bean thrips, Asian bean thrips

  Megalurothrips is a genus of thrips in family Thripidae, established by Bagnall in 1915. The genus contains approximately 15 described species distributed across the Old World and Australia. The most economically significant species, Megalurothrips usitatus, is a major pest of leguminous crops, particularly cowpea, soybean, and common bean, causing damage to flowers and developing pods. Several species have been introduced beyond their native ranges, with M. usitatus recently detected in the Americas.

  ThysanopteraThripidaelegume-pestinvasive-speciesagricultural-pestbiological-control-targetvirus-vectorFabaceae-specialist

• Metopolophium dirhodum

  rose-grain aphid, rose-grass aphid

  Metopolophium dirhodum is a globally distributed aphid species with a heteroecious life cycle alternating between rose (Rosa) as primary host and grasses, particularly cereal crops, as secondary hosts. It is a significant agricultural pest and vector of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), causing yield reductions in wheat, barley, oats, and rye. The species exhibits wing dimorphism with both apterous and alate morphs, and shows genetic variability in host plant adaptation among populations.

  aphidcereal-pestvirus-vectorheteroeciousholocyclicagricultural-pestBYDVrosePoaceae

• Microtechnites bractatus

  garden fleahopper

  Microtechnites bractatus, commonly known as the garden fleahopper, is a polyphagous plant bug in the family Miridae. It is an agricultural pest with documented economic impact on multiple crop species. The species has been recorded across the Americas from Canada to South America and has been introduced to Hawaii. Laboratory studies demonstrate significant variation in developmental success across host plants, with Fabaceae species supporting optimal fitness.

  agricultural-pestpolyphagousvirus-vectorMiridaeplant-bug

• Myzus

  Myzus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae with cosmopolitan distribution, originally native to the Old World. The genus contains economically significant pest species, most notably Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), which is a major vector of plant viruses affecting crops worldwide. Species in this genus exhibit complex life cycles involving host alternation between primary woody hosts and secondary herbaceous hosts. Several Myzus species have been extensively studied for their role in agricultural pest management and virus transmission.

  aphidpestvirus-vectoragriculturegreen-peach-aphidparthenogenesishost-alternation

• Myzus persicae

  green peach aphid, greenfly, peach-potato aphid

  Myzus persicae is a globally distributed aphid pest with a life cycle alternating between primary woody hosts (Prunus spp., especially peach) and secondary herbaceous hosts across 40 plant families. The species exhibits cyclical parthenogenesis in most populations, with sexual reproduction and egg-laying restricted to autumn on primary hosts. It is the most economically important aphid vector of plant viruses, capable of transmitting over 100 different viruses to crops including potato, tobacco, and brassicas. Some genotypes have lost sexual reproduction entirely, becoming obligate parthenogens that persist year-round on secondary hosts.

  aphidpestvirus-vectoragricultural-pestparthenogenesisinvasive-species

• Neohydatothrips

  soybean thrips (N. variabilis), marigold thrips (N. samayunkur)

  Neohydatothrips is the most species-rich genus in the Thripidae subfamily Sericothripinae, with approximately 120 described species. Members are phytophagous thrips that feed and breed on leaves and flowers of diverse host plants. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests and plant virus vectors, including N. variabilis (soybean thrips), which transmits soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus. The genus has a global distribution with approximately 70% of species occurring in the New World.

  thripsThripidaeSericothripinaephytophagouspestvirus-vectorsoybeanpassion-fruitagricultureintegrated-pest-managementarrhenotokyparthenogenesisclimate-driven-population-dynamicskairomonemass-trapping

• Neohydatothrips variabilis

  soybean thrips

  Neohydatothrips variabilis, commonly known as the soybean thrips, is a phytophagous thrips species in the family Thripidae and the most efficient known vector of Soybean Vein Necrosis Orthotospovirus (SVNV). The species has been documented in Central America and North America, with populations prevalent across all soybean-growing states in the United States. Research indicates that SVNV infection enhances vector fitness by increasing survival, longevity, and reproductive parameters while decreasing population doubling time. The species reproduces through sexual reproduction with arrhenotoky, producing haploid males from unfertilized eggs.

  agricultural-pestvirus-vectorsoybean-pestthripsSVNV

• Neomyzus circumflexus

  Crescent-marked lily aphid, Mottled arum aphid

  Neomyzus circumflexus is a polyphagous aphid species known by two common names reflecting its association with lilies and arums. It is a significant greenhouse and ornamental pest, feeding on phloem sap and transmitting plant viruses. The species exhibits temperature-dependent immune responses to parasitoids and has been extensively studied for its nutritional physiology, including artificial diet requirements and symbiont dependencies.

  aphidpestgreenhouse-pestvirus-vectorornamental-pestparthenogenetic

• Neotoxoptera formosana

  Onion Aphid

  Neotoxoptera formosana is an oligophagous aphid pest specialized on Allium crops, originally described from Taiwan in 1921 and now distributed globally. It causes severe economic losses to Allium agriculture, particularly Allium tuberosum in China, through direct feeding damage and as a vector for plant viruses including garlic latent potyvirus and alstroemeria mosaic potyvirus. The species exhibits temperature-sensitive population dynamics with optimal reproduction at 20°C, and employs specific olfactory cues—particularly sulfur compounds like diallyl disulphide and dipropyl trisulphide—to locate host plants.

  aphidagricultural-pestAllium-pestvirus-vectoralarm-pheromoneoligophagousgenome-sequenced

• Peregrinus maidis

  corn planthopper, corn delphacid, sorghum shoot bug, shoot bug

  Peregrinus maidis is a small planthopper in the family Delphacidae, widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. It is a significant agricultural pest of maize, sorghum, and sugarcane, causing direct damage through phloem feeding and acting as a vector for several important plant viruses including maize mosaic virus and maize stripe virus. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, with females larger than males, and displays wing dimorphism with brachypterous (short-winged) and macropterous (long-winged) forms that develop in response to environmental conditions.

  agricultural-pestmaize-pestsorghum-pestvirus-vectorplanthopperDelphacidaeoligophagouswing-dimorphismtropical-agriculturesubtropical-agricultureRNAi-targetintegrated-pest-management

• Petrobia

  brown wheat mite, oxalis mite

  Petrobia is a genus of spider mites in the family Tetranychidae, containing 34 described species. The genus includes several economically important agricultural pests, notably P. latens (brown wheat mite) and P. harti (oxalis mite). Species are distinguished by morphological features including elongated first leg pairs, pad-like claws with hooked empodia, and distinctive prodorsal setae arrangements. The genus is divided into three subgenera: Mesotetranychus, Petrobia, and Tetranychina, differentiated primarily by peritreme structure and dorsal setae characteristics.

  spider-miteagricultural-pestwheat-pestparthenogenesisTetranychidaeacarologycrop-protectionvirus-vectordryland-agricultureintegrated-pest-management

• Phenacoccus aceris

  apple mealybug, maple mealybug

  Phenacoccus aceris, commonly known as the apple mealybug or maple mealybug, is a widespread polyphagous mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae. Native to Europe, it has become established across the Holarctic region including North America and Asia. The species is a significant agricultural and horticultural pest, feeding on phloem sap of numerous host plants including apple, maple, grapevine, ash, and prickly ash. Recent molecular and morphological studies have revealed that P. aceris represents a species complex containing multiple cryptic species, with taxonomic confusion arising from co-occurring putative species that cannot be reliably separated by host-plant associations alone. The species is also an important vector of grapevine viruses, transmitting six ampeloviruses and two vitiviruses.

  mealybugpestvirus-vectorgrapevineapplepolyphagousHolarcticspecies-complexbiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementhorticultureviticulturecryptic-speciesphloem-feederSternorrhynchaPseudococcidaePhenacoccusagricultural-pestornamental-pestleafroll-diseaseampelovirusvitivirus

• Phorodon cannabis

  Cannabis Aphid, Hemp Aphid

  Phorodon cannabis is a monophagous aphid pest specialized on hemp (Cannabis sativa), causing significant damage in field and greenhouse cultivations. Native to Eurasia and North Africa, it was first detected in North America in 2016 and has since spread to multiple U.S. states and Canada. The species feeds on phloem sap, causing plant wilting, yellowing, and yield reduction, and transmits Cannabis Streak Virus. Optimal development occurs at 25°C, with mild abiotic stress paradoxically stimulating reproduction via hormesis.

  pestaphidhempcannabismonophagousinvasiveNorth-Americavirus-vectorgreenhouse-pestfield-pest