Phloem-feeder

Guides

• Acanalonia

  cone-headed planthoppers

  Acanalonia is a genus of planthoppers in the family Acanaloniidae, containing the majority of species within that family. Species are generally small, mostly green, and feed on woody and semi-woody plants. Several species have become invasive in Europe, including A. conica, which has established populations in multiple countries.

  planthopperinvasivehorticultural-pestphloem-feeder

• Acanaloniidae

  Acanaloniid Planthoppers, Cone-headed Planthoppers

  Acanaloniidae is a family of planthoppers in the superfamily Fulgoroidea, sometimes treated as a subfamily (Acanaloniinae) within Issidae. The family comprises approximately 7 genera including Acanalonia, Batusa, Chlorochara, and Philatis. Members are characterized by their distinctive cone-headed appearance and reticulate forewing venation. Several species have been introduced to Europe, including Acanalonia conica and Acanalonia bivittata, where they represent the first Nearctic representatives of this family.

  planthoppersap-feederwax-producinginvasive-speciesFulgoroideaNearctic-originEurope-introductionleaf-mimiccone-headedphloem-feederhoneydew-producer

• Acanthococcus

  felt scales, bark scales

  Acanthococcus is a genus of felt scales (family Eriococcidae), sap-feeding insects in the order Hemiptera. These small, sessile insects form white, felt-like coverings on host plant bark and are significant pests of ornamental and agricultural plants. The most economically important species is Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), an invasive pest in the United States since 2004 that infests crapemyrtles and other plants. Acanthococcus species exhibit incomplete metamorphosis, with females producing ovisacs containing hundreds of eggs. Their feeding causes branch dieback, reduced flowering, and honeydew accumulation that supports sooty mold growth.

  felt-scalebark-scaleEriococcidaescale-insectinvasive-pestcrapemyrtle-bark-scalephloem-feederornamental-pestSternorrhynchaCoccoidea

• Acanthococcus azaleae

  Azalea Bark Scale

  Acanthococcus azaleae, commonly known as the azalea bark scale, is a felt scale insect in the family Eriococcidae. It is native to Asia and has been introduced to North America, Europe, and other regions through global trade. The species feeds on azaleas (Rhododendron spp.) and related ericaceous plants, forming white, felt-like coverings on bark. It was initially confused with the invasive crapemyrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae), which was first identified in Texas in 2004 and later determined to be a distinct species. The azalea bark scale produces honeydew that supports sooty mold growth and can cause branch dieback in heavy infestations.

  scale-insectfelt-scaleazalea-pestornamental-pestEriococcidaeSternorrhynchaintroduced-speciesphloem-feederhoneydew-producersooty-moldcrapemyrtle-bark-scale-look-alikeEricaceae-specialist

• Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae

  crapemyrtle bark scale, CMBS

  Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae, commonly called crapemyrtle bark scale or CMBS, is an invasive felt scale insect native to East Asia. First detected in the United States near Dallas, Texas in 2004, it has since spread to at least 17 states across the Southeast and Middle Atlantic regions. This phloem-feeding pest primarily infests crapemyrtles (Lagerstroemia spp.), forming distinctive white, felt-like coverings on trunks and branches. Heavy infestations cause branch dieback, reduce flowering, and promote black sooty mold growth through honeydew excretion. The scale has also been confirmed on alternative hosts including American beautyberry, pomegranate, apple, and spirea.

  invasive-speciesscale-insectfelt-scalehorticultural-pestphloem-feedercrapemyrtle-pesturban-entomologyintegrated-pest-managementhoneydew-producersooty-mold

• Acericerus

  Acericerus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Eurymelinae, tribe Idiocerini. The genus was established by Dlabola in 1974 and is recorded from parts of northern Europe including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Like other idiocerine leafhoppers, members of this genus are associated with woody host plants. The genus contains multiple species, though detailed species-level taxonomy and biology remain incompletely documented.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeEurymelinaeIdiocerinimaple-feederphloem-feederEuropeanforest-insect

• Acizzia jamatonica

  Acizzia jamatonica is a psyllid species (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) native to Asia that has established populations in Europe and North America. It is associated with Albizia species, particularly Albizia julibrissin. The species was first described by Kuwayama in 1908 from Japan and has since been detected as a non-native introduction in multiple countries.

  psyllidinvasiveornamental-pestAlbiziaphloem-feeder

• Aconophora compressa

  lantana bug, lantana treehopper, lantana stemsucking treehopper, lantana sap-sucking bug

  Aconophora compressa is a treehopper (family Membracidae) native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. It was introduced to Australia in 1995 as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Lantana camara. The species is brown, up to 8 mm long, with a thorn-shaped body and produces copious honeydew. It has been documented to attack non-target plants, particularly fiddlewood (Citharexylum spinosum) in Australia, leading to its discontinuation as a biocontrol agent after 2001. It was also rejected for use in South Africa due to unacceptable risks to indigenous Lippia species.

  treehopperbiological-controlinvasive-species-managementMembracidaephloem-feedermaternal-caregregarioushoneydew-producernon-target-effectsLantana-camaraMexicoAustraliaSouth-AfricaVerbenaceaeCitharexylum-spinosumLippiaAloysia-citrodorathermal-tolerancestem-suckingsap-feedingegg-guardinginstarsnymphal-developmentweed-biocontrolhost-range-expansionecological-risk-assessmentbiosecurityWalker-1851AconophoriniMembracinaeHemipteraAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaMembracoidea

• Acutalini

  Acutalini is a tribe of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, containing approximately 26 described species distributed from Canada to Brazil and Peru. Members are characterized by distinctive forewing venation including separate R, M, and Cu veins near the wing base, presence of R2+3 as a distinct branch, and R4+5 confluent with M distad of the M fork. Nymphs are cryptic, solitary, and not ant-attended, with unique morphological features including paired scoli on thoracic and abdominal segments. Adults are primarily Neotropical, with many species associated with forest canopy habitats.

  treehopperMembracidaeSmiliinaeNeotropicalphloem-feedercryptic-nymphscanopyNew-World

• Acuticauda

  Acuticauda is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Hille Ris Lambers in 1956. The genus belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini and is part of the diverse aphid fauna within the order Hemiptera. As with other aphid genera, species within Acuticauda are likely phloem-feeding insects, though specific ecological details for the genus as a whole remain poorly documented in available sources.

  aphidMacrosiphiniphloem-feederHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Adelges

  Adelges is a genus of conifer-feeding insects in the family Adelgidae, closely related to aphids. Members of this genus are small, sap-sucking insects that infest various fir (Abies) and hemlock (Tsuga) species. Several species are significant forest pests, notably Adelges tsugae (hemlock woolly adelgid), which has caused extensive mortality of eastern hemlock forests in North America, and Adelges piceae (balsam woolly adelgid), a pest of balsam and Fraser firs. The genus exhibits complex life cycles often involving parthenogenetic reproduction and alternating generations between winged and wingless forms.

  conifer-pestinvasive-speciesforest-entomologyparthenogenesisphloem-feederwax-secretion

• Adelges cooleyi

  Cooley spruce gall adelgid, Douglas fir adelgid, gall adelgid

  Adelges cooleyi is a gall-forming adelgid native to western North America, specifically the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains. It is a host-alternating species with a complex life cycle involving two primary hosts: spruce (Picea) species as primary hosts and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) as the secondary host. On spruce, the adelgid induces the formation of distinctive pineapple-shaped galls at branch terminals. On Douglas fir, it produces white, cottony wax masses containing eggs but causes less conspicuous injury. The species has two generations per year and exhibits morphological dimorphism: progredientes migrate to current-year needles while sistentes settle on older needles.

  adelgidgall-formerhost-alternationDouglas-firsprucepestChristmas-treeinvasivegenome-sequencedmorphological-dimorphismprogredienssistenteswestern-North-AmericaSternorrhynchaphloem-feeder

• Adelges piceae

  Balsam Woolly Adelgid, Balsam Woolly Aphid

  Adelges piceae is a small, wingless, sap-sucking insect native to Europe that has become a destructive invasive pest of fir trees (Abies spp.) in North America. Introduced to the United States around 1900, it has killed millions of trees across the continent. The species produces distinctive white, woolly wax secretions that protect adults and eggs. It is particularly damaging to balsam fir and Fraser fir, causing gouting, reduced growth, and tree mortality.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestphloem-feederbiological-control-targetChristmas-tree-pestwax-producingparthenogenetic

• Agrilus bilineatus

  two-lined chestnut borer, twolined chestnut borer

  Agrilus bilineatus is a metallic wood-boring beetle native to eastern North America that attacks oak trees (Quercus spp.) and chestnut (Castanea spp.). Unlike most Agrilus species that develop in dead twigs and branches, it is a trunk borer of living trees and represents a significant forest pest. Adults emerge from June through September with peak activity in late June to July. The species has been introduced to Turkey, where it poses an emerging threat to European oak and chestnut species.

  forest-pestoak-mortalityinvasive-speciesjewel-beetlesecondary-pestunivoltinephloem-feederTurkey-introduction

• Aleurocanthus

  Aleurocanthus is a genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae, established by Quaintance & Baker in 1914. Species in this genus are significant agricultural pests, particularly of citrus and other cultivated crops. The genus includes notable species such as the orange spiny whitefly (A. spiniferus) and the citrus blackfly (A. woglumi), both of which have been subjects of extensive biological control programs due to their economic impact. The genus is characterized by distinctive spiny or ornamented puparial cases and exhibits sexual dimorphism in some species.

  agricultural-pestcitrus-pestwhiteflybiological-controlphloem-feederhoneydew-producersexual-dimorphisminvasive-speciestea-pest

• Aleurochiton forbesii

  Maple whitefly

  Aleurochiton forbesii is a whitefly species native to eastern North America that specializes on maple trees (Acer spp.) as its primary host. The species produces two broods annually, with distinctive seasonal differences in puparial appearance. Unlike its European congener Aleurochiton aceris, it rarely reaches population densities that cause significant host damage. The species has been documented as a host for the parasitoid wasp Amitus aleurodinis.

  whiteflymaple-pestphloem-feederparasitoid-hosteastern-North-America

• Aleurodicinae

  whiteflies

  Aleurodicinae is a subfamily of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera) distinguished by morphological features of the pupal case, including the arrangement of setae and pore structures. The subfamily contains over 40 species in Belize alone, with substantial diversity throughout the Neotropical region. Members are phloem-feeders on vascular plants, with some species established as invasive pests in introduced ranges including the western Palaearctic, Pacific, Southeast Asia, and Canary Islands. At least one genus secretes distinctive blue-iridescent wax.

  whitefliesphloem-feederneotropicalinvasive-pestwax-secretionparasitoid-host

• Aleurodicus

  whiteflies, spiraling whiteflies, rugose spiraling whitefly (for A. rugioperculatus), giant whitefly (for A. dugesii)

  Aleurodicus is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) comprising at least 30 described species distributed across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Several species are significant agricultural and ornamental pests, including the invasive rugose spiraling whitefly (A. rugioperculatus) and the spiraling whitefly (A. dispersus). The genus is characterized by distinctive wax-producing capabilities and puparial morphology used extensively in taxonomic identification.

  whiteflypestinvasiveagricultureornamentalphloem-feederAleyrodidaeHemiptera

• Aleuroplatus gelatinosus

  Aleuroplatus gelatinosus is a species of whitefly (family Aleyrodidae) described by Cockerell in 1898. It belongs to a genus characterized by distinctive puparial morphology. The species has been documented in California and the northwestern region of Mexico. Like other whiteflies, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.

  whiteflySternorrhynchapupariumCaliforniaMexicophloem-feeder

• Aleuropleurocelus

  Aleuropleurocelus is a genus of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) in the suborder Sternorrhyncha. The genus includes species that are phytophagous pests of woody plants. One undescribed species close to A. acaudatus has been documented as a significant pest of native Mexican avocados (Persea americana) in southern Coahuila, where it is subject to substantial natural parasitism by aphelinid wasps.

  whiteflyavocado-pestbiological-controlMexicoSternorrhynchaphloem-feeder

• Aleurothrixus floccosus

  woolly whitefly

  Aleurothrixus floccosus, commonly known as the woolly whitefly, is a sap-feeding insect in the family Aleyrodidae. Native to the Neotropics, it has spread globally and become a significant agricultural pest, particularly of citrus. The species is distinguished by the dense, woolly wax filaments produced by its nymphs, which cover the colonies and give the insect its common name. It reproduces year-round in suitable climates, with overlapping generations. Biological control using parasitoid wasps, especially Cales noacki, has been widely implemented as chemical control is often ineffective due to the protective waxy covering.

  agricultural-pestcitrus-pestinvasive-specieswhiteflybiological-control-targetphloem-feederwax-producing-insect

• Aleurotrachelus

  Aleurotrachelus is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) established by Quaintance & Baker in 1914. Several species are economically significant agricultural pests. Aleurotrachelus socialis is a major pest of cassava in South America, causing yield losses up to 79% through direct feeding and sooty mold promotion. Aleurotrachelus trachoides, known as the solanum or pepper whitefly, attacks Solanaceae crops including tomato, eggplant, chili, and sweet potato across tropical and subtropical regions. Aleurotrachelus atratus infests palms, particularly coconut, and has spread to islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean. Species in this genus are characterized by distinct puparial morphology used in taxonomic identification.

  whiteflypestagriculturecassavaSolanaceaepalmsphloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Allokermes

  oak kermes scales

  Allokermes is a genus of gall-like kermes scale insects in the family Kermesidae, native to the United States and specialized on oak trees (Quercus spp.). Females are relatively large (4–5 mm), round, and mottled brown, while males are tiny (1 mm), white, and oval. The genus includes economically significant pests that cause branch dieback, reduced growth, and occasional tree mortality. At least two species are well-documented: A. kingii in the southeastern and eastern United States, and A. galliformis in the eastern United States and Colorado.

  oak-pesturban-forestryscale-insectphloem-feederdrippy-blighthoneydew-producerant-tended

• Allygianus varius

  Allygianus varius is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Beamer in 1938. It belongs to the subfamily Deltocephalinae and tribe Athysanini. The species is known from California. As a member of the Auchenorrhyncha, it is a phloem-feeding insect.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeAthysaniniCalifornia-endemicAuchenorrhynchaphloem-feeder

• Alniphagus

  Alniphagus is a genus of crenulate bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, comprising approximately eight described species. The genus is notable for containing hardwood-killing bark beetles, particularly Alniphagus aspericollis (the alder bark beetle), which is capable of killing live alder trees—a rarity among bark beetles, as most tree-killing species in this group specialize on conifers. Species in this genus breed in the subcortical tissues of alder trees (genus Alnus) and have been documented from western North America, Africa, and Eurasia.

  bark-beetleScolytinaealderhardwood-killerPacific-Northwestbivoltinephloem-feederfungal-associatestree-mortalityScolytini

• Amastris

  Amastris is a genus of treehoppers (family Membracidae) in the tribe Amastrini, established by Stål in 1862. Members of this genus are characterized by their distinctive pronotal expansions, a hallmark trait of treehoppers. The genus serves as the type genus for the tribe Amastrini. Species within Amastris are found primarily in the Neotropical region.

  treehopperMembracidaeAmastriniNeotropicalphloem-feeder

• Amphorophora

  Berry Aphids

  Amphorophora is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by George Bowdler Buckton in 1876. The genus contains approximately 27 species, predominantly distributed in the Nearctic region with presence in Eurasia and North America. Species within this genus are significant agricultural pests of Rubus crops, particularly raspberries and blackberries. Several species, including A. idaei and A. agathonica, are major vectors of plant viruses affecting commercial berry production.

  AphididaeRubus-pestvirus-vectoragricultural-pestMacrosiphiniraspberryblackberryphloem-feeder

• Anasa tristis

  Squash Bug

  Anasa tristis is a significant agricultural pest native to North America, specializing in cucurbit crops including squash, pumpkins, and zucchini. Adults are greyish-brown, flattened insects approximately 1.5 cm long with distinctive alternating brown and gold spots along the abdominal margin. The species is a phloem-feeding sap sucker that physically damages plant xylem and leaves, causing wilting, darkening, and death. It also vectors the bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens, which causes cucurbit yellow vine disease—a condition particularly prevalent in Oklahoma and Texas but spreading to other regions. When disturbed, adults emit an unpleasant odor.

  agricultural-pestcucurbit-specialistdisease-vectorphloem-feederbiological-control-targetantimicrobial-peptide-sourceNorth-American-nativeoverwintering-adultintegrated-pest-managementsymbiont-dependent-development

• Antonina

  Antonina is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) within the order Hemiptera. Members of this genus are scale insects that feed on plant sap. The genus is known to be parasitized by encyrtid wasps, including species in the genus Anagyrus. Antonina species are part of the diverse assemblage of mealybugs that inhabit various host plants across their geographic range.

  mealybugscale-insectPseudococcidaeSternorrhynchaphloem-feeder

• Aonidiella

  Aonidiella is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) containing approximately 30 described species. Several species, notably A. aurantii (California red scale) and A. citrina (yellow scale), are significant agricultural pests of citrus and other fruit crops. The genus exhibits a global distribution with highest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions where host plants occur.

  armored-scalecitrus-pestagricultureDiaspididaeintegrated-pest-managementbiological-controlphloem-feederwind-dispersal

• Aphalara

  jumping plant lice, psyllids

  Aphalara is a genus of jumping plant lice (psyllids) in the family Aphalaridae and tribe Aphalarini. The genus contains approximately 37 recognized valid species distributed across the Palearctic, Nearctic, and Neotropical regions. Many species are specialized herbivores of Polygonaceae, particularly Polygonum and Rumex, with some groups showing strict host associations. The genus includes A. itadori, a widely studied biological control agent for invasive knotweeds (Reynoutria/Fallopia spp.) in Europe and North America. Species exhibit diverse biologies including gall induction on host plants and vibrational communication during mate search.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousePolygonaceaegall-formerbiological-controlphloem-feedervibrational-communication

• Aphalaroida californica

  Aphalaroida californica is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Psyllidae, described by Tuthill in 1939. The specific epithet "californica" indicates its association with California. As a member of Sternorrhyncha, it is a phloem-feeding insect. Very little published information exists on its biology, host associations, or ecology.

  PsyllidaeSternorrhynchaHemipteraCalifornia-endemicphloem-feederpsyllidjumping-plant-louse

• Aphididae

  Aphids

  Aphididae is a very large family of sap-sucking insects in the order Hemiptera, containing several thousand described species. Members are soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects commonly known as aphids. The family includes the majority of plant virus vectors among insects, with approximately 200 known vector species. Many species are significant agricultural pests, causing direct damage through feeding and indirect damage through virus transmission.

  sap-suckingphloem-feederparthenogenesisagricultural-pestvirus-vectorhoneydew-producerant-mutualism

• Aphis

  Aphis is a large genus of aphids in the family Aphididae containing at least 400–600 species. The genus includes numerous significant agricultural pests, notably the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines), cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii), and apple aphid (Aphis pomi). Many species form mutualistic associations with ants (myrmecophily), exchanging honeydew for protection. Species identification within the genus often requires examination of morphological characters such as siphunculi and cauda structure.

  aphidagricultural-pestmyrmecophilephloem-feederparthenogenesishoneydewvectorinvasive-species

• Aphis glycines

  Soybean Aphid

  Aphis glycines, the soybean aphid, is a small (1–2 mm) invasive pest native to Asia that was first detected in North America in Wisconsin in 2000. It has since become established throughout the north-central United States, where it causes significant economic damage to soybean crops. The species reproduces rapidly and can develop extremely high densities on soybean foliage, with yield losses of up to 40% documented in heavily infested fields. Research has shown that aphid infestation can also increase plant susceptibility to other pests such as soybean cyst nematode.

  invasive-speciesagricultural-pestsoybean-pestparthenogenesisphloem-feeder

• Aphis gossypii

  cotton aphid, melon aphid, melon and cotton aphid, greenfly

  Aphis gossypii is a small sap-sucking aphid and significant agricultural pest with a global distribution. It infests crops in at least three plant families, particularly Cucurbitaceae, Rutaceae, and Malvaceae, causing direct damage through feeding and indirect damage as a vector of plant viruses. The species exhibits complex life cycle strategies including both holocyclic (sexual) and anholocyclic (asexual) reproduction depending on geographic location and climate. It has developed resistance to multiple insecticide classes, complicating management efforts.

  aphidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorpolyphagousinsecticide-resistancebiological-control-targetcosmopolitan-pestphloem-feederparthenogeneticholocyclic

• Aphis maculatae

  Spotted Poplar Aphid

  Aphis maculatae, commonly known as the Spotted Poplar Aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. First described by Oestlund in 1887, this small sap-sucking insect belongs to the large genus Aphis, which contains numerous agricultural and horticultural pest species. Like other aphids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant phloem.

  aphidpoplarphloem-feederhemipterainsect

• Aphis nasturtii

  Buckthorn Aphid, Buckthorn-Potato Aphid

  Aphis nasturtii is a cosmopolitan aphid species known primarily as a pest of agricultural crops, particularly potatoes, sunflowers, lettuce, and beets. It is a phloem-feeding insect that extracts plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species is of significant economic concern due to its direct feeding damage and its role as a vector for at least 15 plant viruses. Common names reflect its association with buckthorn (likely a primary or overwintering host) and potato (a major agricultural host).

  aphidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorcosmopolitanphloem-feederpotato-pestsunflower-pest

• Aphrophora

  spittlebugs, conifer spittlebugs

  Aphrophora is a genus of spittlebugs (family Aphrophoridae) comprising at least 80 described species. Nymphs produce characteristic frothy spittle masses on host plants for protection and moisture regulation. The genus includes species associated with conifers and broadleaved plants, with documented host relationships including Pinus and Salix species. Adults are often attracted to lights at night.

  spittlebugphloem-feederpine-pestwillow-associateaggregation-behaviorspittle-mass

• Appendiseta robiniae

  Black Locust Aphid

  Appendiseta robiniae, the black locust aphid, is the sole species in the monotypic genus Appendiseta. Native to North America, it has become established as an alien species in Europe, where it has adapted successfully to local conditions. In Poland, studies documented up to 11 generations per season on its host plant Robinia pseudoacacia, with females of the second and third generations showing highest fertility. The species exhibits rapid population growth capability due to its biological predispositions.

  aphidinvasive-speciesphloem-feederparthenogenesismultivoltineRobinia-pest

• Arytainilla spartiophila

  Broom psyllid

  Arytainilla spartiophila is a psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) introduced as a biological control agent for invasive Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius). It feeds on phloem sap of its host plant and has been subject to post-establishment host specificity studies to assess safety and efficacy. The species is native to Europe and has been introduced to other regions for biocontrol purposes.

  biological-controlinvasive-species-managementphloem-feederhost-specialist

• Aspidiotus

  Aspidiotus is a genus of armored scale insects (family Diaspididae) comprising over 100 described species. Several species are significant agricultural pests, notably Aspidiotus destructor (coconut scale) and Aspidiotus nerii (oleander scale), which infest palms, fruit crops, and ornamental plants across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The genus is characterized by the hard, protective scale covering secreted by females. Species within Aspidiotus serve as hosts for specialized bacterial endosymbionts, particularly Candidatus Uzinura diaspidicola, which play roles in host nutrition and potentially influence invasive success.

  armored-scaleagricultural-pestcoconut-pestphloem-feederendosymbiontbiological-controlHemipteraDiaspididae

• Aulacaspis

  Aulacaspis is a genus of armored scale insects in the family Diaspididae. These small, sap-sucking insects are characterized by their protective waxy coverings, called tests, which shield their soft bodies. The genus includes numerous species, some of which are significant agricultural and horticultural pests. The type species is Aulacaspis rosae. Several species have become invasive outside their native ranges, notably Aulacaspis yasumatsui, which has caused severe damage to cycad populations worldwide.

  scale-insectarmored-scaleDiaspididaepestinvasivephloem-feederhorticultural-pestagricultural-pestcycad-pestSternorrhyncha

• Aulacorthum solani

  Foxglove aphid, Glasshouse-potato aphid

  Aulacorthum solani is a globally distributed agricultural pest aphid with one of the broadest host ranges of any aphid species, feeding on both dicots and monocots. It is a phloem-feeding hemipteran that causes direct feeding damage including stunted growth, leaf discoloration, and deformation, and serves as a vector for plant viruses. The species exhibits temperature-dependent development and reproduction, with optimal performance between 12.5–20°C and survival possible from 5–27.5°C. Both winged and wingless morphs occur, with parthenogenesis used for colony maintenance in laboratory settings.

  agricultural-pestvirus-vectorpolyphagousgreenhouse-pestparthenogenesisphloem-feederbiological-controlgenome-sequenced

• Bactericera

  psyllid bugs, jumping plant lice

  Bactericera is a genus of psyllid bugs (family Triozidae) established by Auguste Puton in 1876. The genus is predominantly distributed in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, with 24 recognized species in North America north of Mexico. Members are small phloem-feeding insects commonly known as "jumping plant lice." The genus includes economically significant agricultural pests, most notably Bactericera cockerelli (potato/tomato psyllid), which transmits the bacterial pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' causing zebra chip disease in potatoes.

  PsylloideaTriozidaeSternorrhynchaagricultural-pestdisease-vectorphloem-feederzebra-chippotato-psyllidtomato-psyllidjumping-plant-licePalaearcticNearcticinvasive-speciesquarantine-pest

• Bactericera antennata

  Rudbeckia Triozid

  Bactericera antennata is a psyllid species in the family Triozidae, commonly known as the Rudbeckia Triozid. It is a small, plant-feeding insect in the order Hemiptera, related to aphids and whiteflies. The species is distributed across much of North America with records from numerous U.S. states and Canadian provinces. As with most psyllids, it feeds by penetrating plant phloem and sucking sap.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousephloem-feederNorth-AmericaTriozidaeSternorrhyncha

• Bactericera arbolensis

  Bactericera arbolensis is a small psyllid species first described from Arboles, Colorado in 1910. It is associated with Shepherdia species (buffaloberry), particularly Silver Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea) and Canadian Buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis). The species is poorly known, with few literature records from Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado. A 2014 observation from Cheyenne Mountain Zoo in Colorado suggested potential wing morphology variation or possible undescribed related species, highlighting the need for further study.

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseShepherdiabuffaloberryTriozidaerarepoorly-knownwestern-North-Americaphloem-feeder

• Bactericera athenae

  Bactericera athenae is a species of psyllid in the family Triozidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. Like other members of the genus Bactericera, it is a small phloem-feeding insect commonly known as a "jumping plant louse." The genus Bactericera contains approximately 24 described species in North America north of Mexico, many of which are poorly known and associated with specific host plants.

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseSternorrhynchaTriozidaephloem-feeder

• Bactericera cockerelli

  potato psyllid, tomato psyllid, tomato/potato psyllid

  Bactericera cockerelli, commonly known as the potato psyllid or tomato psyllid, is a phloem-feeding insect native to southern North America. It is a major agricultural pest of solanaceous crops, particularly potatoes and tomatoes, causing direct feeding damage and transmitting the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, which causes zebra chip disease in potatoes and psyllid yellows in other hosts. The species has expanded its range northward and has been introduced to New Zealand, where it causes significant economic damage to protected and outdoor crops.

  agricultural-pestdisease-vectorphloem-feedersolanaceaezebra-chipinvasive-speciesquarantine-pest

• Bactericera dorsalis

  Bactericera dorsalis is a species of psyllid, commonly known as a jumping plant louse, in the family Triozidae. First described by Crawford in 1914 as Kuwayama dorsalis, this small phloem-feeding insect belongs to a genus containing approximately 24 species in North America north of Mexico. Like other psyllids, it feeds by penetrating plant phloem and sucking sap. The species is poorly known compared to economically important relatives such as the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli).

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseTriozidaephloem-feederwestern-North-Americapoorly-known-species

• Bactericera lobata

  Bactericera lobata is a psyllid species (family Triozidae) first described by Crawford in 1914. As a member of the genus Bactericera, it belongs to a diverse group of phloem-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice. The species is recorded from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other psyllids, it likely feeds on plant phloem sap, though specific host associations remain poorly documented. The genus includes economically significant species such as the potato psyllid (B. cockerelli), but B. lobata itself has received limited research attention.

  psyllidTriozidaephloem-feederSternorrhynchaNorth-AmericaCrawford-1914

• Bactericera maculipennis

  psyllid, jumping plant louse

  Bactericera maculipennis is a psyllid species in the family Triozidae, native to western North America. It is a confirmed vector of 'Candidatus' Liberibacter solanacearum, the bacterium that causes zebra chip disease in potatoes. The species develops primarily on plants in the Convolvulaceae family, with field records documenting association with Convolvulus arvensis (field bindweed) throughout the western United States. Unlike the related potato psyllid B. cockerelli, B. maculipennis has not been documented as a direct economic threat to solanaceous crops, though it shares pathogen reservoirs with that species.

  psyllidvectorLiberibacterzebra-chipConvolvulaceaefield-bindweedwestern-North-AmericaTriozidaephloem-feederendosymbionts

• Bactericera minuta

  Bactericera minuta is a small psyllid species native to North America that has become adventive in South America, where it was first recorded in Colombia. It feeds on willow species (Salix), particularly Salix humboldtiana, and has been associated with phytoplasma disease symptoms in infested trees. The species was originally described in 1910 and represents one of only two Bactericera species known from South America, where the genus is not native.

  psyllidwillow-pestadventive-speciesphytoplasma-associationurban-pestColombiaNorth-Americaphloem-feederornamental-pest

• Bactericera shepherdiae

  Bactericera shepherdiae is a small psyllid species in the family Triozidae, described by Tuthill in 1938. It is associated with buffaloberry plants (Shepherdia spp.), specifically Silver Buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea) and Canadian Buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis). The species is poorly documented and appears to be uncommon, with limited records from western North America. It is one of approximately 24 Bactericera species known from North America north of Mexico.

  psyllidTriozidaeShepherdiabuffaloberryphloem-feederspecialist-herbivorewestern-North-America

• Balcanocerus fitchi

  Balcanocerus fitchi is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, originally described as Idiocerus fitchi by Van Duzee in 1909. Adults measure 5.4–6.2 mm in length and display distinctive coloration including yellow vertex with black spots, orange to brown thorax with spotted patterning, and marked wing edges. The species is associated with hawthorn and crab apple trees in open forest habitats of northeastern North America.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeNorth-Americaforest-insectphloem-feeder

• Barela

  Barela is a genus of leafhoppers (family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, tribe Alebrini) established by Young in 1957. The genus belongs to the diverse group of typhlocybine leafhoppers, which are generally small, delicate insects with reduced wing venation. As a genus-level taxon, Barela encompasses multiple species, though specific biological details for the genus as a whole remain limited in published literature. The genus is part of the Alebrini tribe, whose members are typically associated with feeding on vascular plant tissues.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaeAlebriniNeotropicalphloem-feeder

• Bemisia

  Bemisia is a genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae, containing approximately 40 described species. The genus includes several economically significant agricultural pests, most notably Bemisia tabaci (sweetpotato whitefly or silverleaf whitefly), which is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species globally. Members of this genus are phloem-feeding insects that vector numerous plant viruses and cause direct damage through sap extraction and honeydew secretion. The genus exhibits complex taxonomic challenges, with B. tabaci alone comprising at least 42 cryptic species distinguishable only through molecular analysis.

  whiteflyagricultural-pestvirus-vectorinvasive-speciescryptic-speciesphloem-feeder

• Bemisia argentifolii

  Silverleaf whitefly, Sweetpotato whitefly (B biotype)

  Bemisia argentifolii, described by Bellows & Perring in 1994, is a whitefly species belonging to the Bemisia tabaci species complex. It is a significant agricultural pest known for causing silverleafing symptoms in squash, transmitting plant viruses, and developing resistance to multiple insecticides. The species has been documented on over 900 host plants including vegetables, ornamentals, and fiber crops. It is frequently associated with greenhouse and protected cultivation environments but also occurs in open field agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions.

  whiteflyagricultural-pestvirus-vectorinvasive-speciesinsecticide-resistancegreenhouse-pestphloem-feederBemisia-tabaci-complexsilverleafingornamental-pestvegetable-pestcotton-pestbiological-control-targetintegrated-pest-management

• Blastopsylla

  eucalypt shoot psyllid

  Blastopsylla is a genus of psyllids in the family Aphalaridae. The genus contains at least one economically significant species, Blastopsylla occidentalis, native to Australia and introduced to multiple continents including the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe. Species in this genus are associated with Eucalyptus species, feeding on plant sap and causing damage to shoot tips.

  eucalyptus-pestforest-entomologyintroduced-speciesAustralian-nativepolyvoltinephloem-feeder

• Blastopsylla occidentalis

  Eucalyptus Shoot Psyllid

  Blastopsylla occidentalis is a psyllid native to Australia that has been introduced to multiple continents, becoming a significant pest of Eucalyptus species in forestry plantations worldwide. The species forms colonies on apical shoot tips where adults and nymphs feed on phloem sap, causing shoot distortion, reduced growth, apical tip death, and general plant weakening. Under field conditions in tropical and subtropical regions, it exhibits polyvoltine reproduction with all life stages present year-round. Population densities fluctuate seasonally, with peaks during dry periods and declines during heavy rainfall.

  eucalyptus-pestpsyllidforestry-pestinvasive-speciespolyvoltinephloem-feederplantation-pestbiological-control-target

• Blissus

  chinch bugs

  Blissus is a genus of true bugs (Hemiptera: Blissidae) comprising approximately 27 species, commonly known as chinch bugs in North America. Several species are significant agricultural pests: B. leucopterus (true chinch bug) attacks cereal crops including wheat, corn, and sorghum; B. occiduus (western chinch bug) damages warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass; and B. insularis (southern chinch bug) is a major pest of St. Augustine grass. These species exhibit strong host preferences for grasses and can cause substantial economic damage through phloem feeding.

  chinch-bugturfgrass-pestcereal-pestphloem-feedergrass-specialistBurkholderia-symbiosisinsecticide-resistanceinvasive-potentialeconomic-pestHemiptera

• Blissus leucopterus

  true chinch bug, chinch bug

  Blissus leucopterus, commonly known as the true chinch bug, is a small hemipteran native to North America and the most frequently encountered species in the genus Blissus. Adults measure approximately 4 mm in length with distinctive black bodies, white wings bearing black triangular spots, and reddish legs. The species is a significant agricultural pest of turfgrass and grain crops, particularly corn, wheat, and sorghum, causing damage by sucking sap from stems and leaves. Populations thrive under hot, dry, sunny conditions, while heavy rainfall and high humidity promote fungal pathogens that suppress infestations.

  agricultural-pestturfgrass-pestgrain-crop-pestphloem-feederNorth-American-nativeinvasive-potentialquarantine-pest

• Blissus occiduus

  Western Chinch Bug

  Blissus occiduus, the western chinch bug, is a phloem-feeding true bug (Hemiptera: Blissidae) that is a significant pest of warm-season turfgrasses, particularly buffalograss and zoysiagrass. The species exhibits strong host preference hierarchies, with buffalograss being the most preferred host followed by zoysiagrass, though it can survive and reproduce on a broad range of grasses including agronomic crops. Field studies have documented inconsistent control with neonicotinoid insecticides, with thiamethoxam showing particularly rapid degradation in buffalograss tissues compared to imidacloprid and clothianidin.

  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ere-spherecollective-sphere-sphere-spherecommunity-sphere-sphere-spheresocietal-sphere-sphere-sphereglobal-sphere-sphere-spherelocal-sphere-sphere-spherenational-sphere-sphere-sphereregional-sphere-sphere-spherelandscape-sphere-sphere-sphereseascape-sphere-sphere-spherewaterscape-sphere-sphere-sphereairscape-sphere-sphere-spherebiosphere-sphere-sphere-spherenoosphere-sphere-sphere-spheretechnosphere-sphere-sphere-spheresociosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereecosphere-sphere-sphere-spherehydrosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereatmosphere-sphere-sphere-spherelithosphere-sphere-sphere-spherepedosphere-sphere-sphere-spherecryosphere-sphere-sphere-sphereanthroposphere-sphere-sphere-sphere

• Boreioglycaspis melaleucae

  melaleuca psyllid

  Boreioglycaspis melaleucae is a psyllid native to Australia, introduced to Florida in 2002 as a classical biological control agent against the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia. It is a phloem-feeding specialist on Melaleuca quinquenervia and has established self-sustaining populations in South Florida. The species produces waxy secretions from specialized integumentary structures and excretes honeydew. Its population dynamics in Florida are influenced by temperature extremes, with development ceasing below 10°C and above 30°C, and it faces parasitism by the adventive encyrtid wasp Psyllaephagus migrator.

  biological-controlinvasive-species-managementphloem-feedertemperature-dependent-developmentAustralia-nativeFlorida-introduced

• Bothriocera knulli

  Bothriocera knulli is a small planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Caldwell in 1943. It belongs to the tribe Bothriocerini and is found in the southwestern United States, specifically Arizona and Texas. Like other cixiids, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with vascular plants. The species epithet honors Joseph Knull, a prominent American coleopterist who described many western North American beetles.

  planthopperCixiidaeHemipteraArizonaTexasJoseph-KnullCaldwell-1943Bothrioceriniphloem-feeder

• Braggia

  Braggia is a genus of aphids (Aphididae: Aphidinae: Aphidini) described by Gillette & Palmer in 1929. Species in this genus are specialized feeders on buckwheat (Eriogonum spp., Polygonaceae) in western North America. The genus includes at least two recently described species: Braggia columbiana from Washington and Oregon, and Braggia longicauda from Washington, Oregon, and northern California. These aphids have been documented with associated parasitoid species, though specific taxa are not detailed in available sources.

  aphidEriogonumbuckwheatwestern-North-Americaparasitoid-associationsphloem-feeder

• Cacopsylla

  jumping plant lice, pear psyllids

  Cacopsylla is a genus of jumping plant lice (family Psyllidae) comprising species that are significant agricultural pests, particularly of fruit trees. The genus includes most psyllids within subfamily Psyllinae that cause economic damage to orchards. Several species act as vectors for phytoplasma-associated diseases including Apple Proliferation, European Stone Fruit Yellows, and Pear Decline. Phylogenetic studies reveal two major clades that diverged in the Miocene, with Clade I predominantly univoltine species that overwinter on conifers. Vector competence has evolved independently rather than through shared ancestry.

  agricultural-pestphytoplasma-vectorphloem-feederfruit-tree-pestunivoltineconifer-overwintering

• Cacopsylla alba

  Cacopsylla alba is a species of psyllid, or jumping plant louse, in the family Psyllidae. Like other psyllids, it is a small, phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract sap from host plants. The species was originally described as Psylla alba by Crawford in 1914 before being transferred to the genus Cacopsylla. It belongs to a large genus of psyllids, many of which are associated with specific host plants and some of which are significant agricultural pests.

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseSternorrhynchaphloem-feederwestern-North-America

• Cacopsylla annulata

  Cacopsylla annulata is a species of psyllid, commonly known as a jumping plant louse, in the family Psyllidae. First described by Fitch in 1851 as Psylla annulata, it was later transferred to the genus Cacopsylla. Like other psyllids, it is a phloem-feeding hemipteran that uses its piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract sap from host plants. The species has been documented across multiple northeastern and midwestern U.S. states.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousephloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Cacopsylla fatsiae

  Cacopsylla fatsiae is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, described by Jensen in 1957. It belongs to the genus Cacopsylla, which includes numerous phloem-feeding insects associated with woody plants. The species has been recorded in Japan, China (Hong Kong), and California (USA). Like other Cacopsylla species, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem sap, though specific host associations for C. fatsiae remain poorly documented in published literature.

  psyllidphloem-feederHemipteraSternorrhynchaCacopsyllaJapanChinaCaliforniainvasiveplant-pest

• Cacopsylla magnicauda

  Cacopsylla magnicauda is a species of psyllid, commonly known as a jumping plant louse, within the family Psyllidae. First described by Crawford in 1914, this species belongs to a genus containing numerous plant-feeding insects that use piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract phloem sap. Like other psyllids, it is likely associated with specific host plants, though detailed ecological studies for this particular species appear limited. The species has been recorded in western North America including Alberta, British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Manitoba.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousephloem-feederSternorrhynchawestern-North-America

• Cacopsylla mali

  apple leaf sucker, apple psylla, apple sucker

  Cacopsylla mali is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, native to Eurasia and introduced to North America. Commonly known as the apple leaf sucker or apple psylla, it is associated with apple (Malus) host plants. The species belongs to the subfamily Psyllinae and is one of several Cacopsylla species involved in apple-associated insect-plant interactions.

  psyllidapple-pestagricultural-pestphloem-feederintroduced-speciesHemipteraPsyllidae

• Cacopsylla nana

  Cacopsylla nana is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Psyllidae, first described by Tuthill in 1938. Like other members of the genus Cacopsylla, it is a phloem-feeding hemipteran that feeds on plant sap. The species is part of a large genus containing many economically important pests, though specific information about C. nana's biology and ecology remains limited. It belongs to the suborder Sternorrhyncha, which includes other sap-feeding insects such as aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousephloem-feederSternorrhynchaHemiptera

• Cacopsylla negundinis

  boxelder psyllid

  Cacopsylla negundinis is a psyllid species in the family Psyllidae, order Hemiptera. Like other members of its genus, it is a phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant sap. The species is associated with boxelder (Acer negundo) as a host plant. As with related Cacopsylla species, it likely undergoes a single generation per year with overwintering adults.

  psyllidphloem-feederboxelder-pestsingle-generationornamental-pest

• Cacopsylla notapennis

  Cacopsylla notapennis is a species of psyllid in the family Psyllidae, described by Jensen in 1956. As a member of the genus Cacopsylla, it belongs to a group of phloem-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice. The species is part of the diverse psyllid fauna of the Holarctic region, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.

  psyllidSternorrhynchaphloem-feederHemipteraPsyllidaeCacopsyllajumping-plant-louse

• Cacopsylla pyricola

  pear sucker, pear psylla

  Cacopsylla pyricola is a phloem-feeding true bug in the family Psyllidae and a major economic pest of pear trees (Pyrus communis). Native to Europe, it was introduced to the eastern United States in the early 1800s and has since spread to major pear-growing regions including the Pacific Northwest. The species exhibits distinct seasonal morphotypes: summerforms are pale while winterforms are reddish-brown to black. It is a vector of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri', the causative agent of pear decline disease.

  agricultural-pestvectorinvasive-speciesphloem-feederpear-pestphytoplasma-vector

• Cacopsylla quadrilineata

  Cacopsylla quadrilineata is a psyllid species (family Psyllidae) in the order Hemiptera, originally described by Fitch in 1851. Psyllids in this genus are small plant-feeding insects commonly known as jumping plant lice, which feed on phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. This species belongs to a group of insects whose landscape movements and host associations can be tracked through molecular gut content analysis, a technique that has revealed their use of diverse non-host plants as temporary refuges.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousephloem-feederSternorrhynchaHemiptera

• Cacopsylla rara

  Cacopsylla rara is a species of jumping plant louse in the family Psyllidae. It is a small, phloem-feeding insect within the suborder Sternorrhyncha. The species was described by Tuthill in 1944. Like other psyllids, it feeds by penetrating plant phloem and sucking sap.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousephloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Cacopsylla sinuata

  Cacopsylla sinuata is a species of psyllid, or 'jumping plant louse,' described by Crawford in 1914. Like other members of the genus Cacopsylla, it is a small, phloem-feeding hemipteran with siphon-like mouthparts. The species belongs to the family Psyllidae within the suborder Sternorrhyncha, which includes other sap-sucking insects such as aphids, scales, and whiteflies. Specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented.

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseSternorrhynchaphloem-feederHemiptera

• Cacopsylla tenuata

  Cacopsylla tenuata is a species of psyllid, commonly known as a jumping plant louse, in the family Psyllidae. Like other members of its genus, it is a phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract sap from host plants. The species was described by Jensen in 1951. Very little specific information is available about its biology or ecology.

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseSternorrhynchaphloem-feeder

• Calaphidini

  Calaphidini is a tribe of aphids in the subfamily Calaphidinae, family Aphididae. The tribe comprises approximately 18 genera divided into two subtribes: Calaphidina and Monaphidina. Members are phloem-feeding insects associated primarily with woody host plants, particularly in the families Betulaceae and Salicaceae. The tribe was established by Oestlund in 1919 and is widely distributed across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

  aphidSternorrhynchaphloem-feederforest-insectBetulaceaeSalicaceaetemperateholocyclic

• Calaphis

  Dark-veined Birch Aphids

  Calaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Benjamin Dann Walsh in 1862. Members are commonly known as Dark-veined Birch Aphids. The genus occurs in Eurasia and North America, with species associated primarily with birch (Betula) hosts. At least three species are recognized, including C. betulicola, C. flava, and C. manitobensis.

  aphidbirchCalaphidinaephloem-feeder

• Calaphis flava

  Yellow Dark-veined Birch Aphid

  Calaphis flava is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Mordvilko in 1928. It is commonly known as the Yellow Dark-veined Birch Aphid. The species has been recorded in parts of Europe including Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and the Azores (São Miguel). As a member of the genus Calaphis, it is associated with birch (Betula) host plants, though specific host records for this species are limited in the available sources.

  aphidbirchHemipteraphloem-feederEuropeSternorrhyncha

• Caliscelis

  Caliscelis is a genus of planthoppers in the family Caliscelidae, established by Laporte in 1833. These insects belong to the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, a group of true bugs known for their distinctive head morphology and jumping hind legs. The genus is part of the tribe Caliscelini within the subfamily Caliscelinae. Members of this genus are found primarily in the Palearctic region, with documented observations across Europe and parts of Asia.

  grasslandPalearcticplanthopperFulgoromorphaphloem-feederCaliscelidae

• Calophya

  jumping plant lice

  Calophya is the type genus of the psyllid family Calophyidae, containing at least 69 described species. Members are gall-forming psyllids that feed on phloem and induce galls on host plants, primarily in the family Anacardiaceae. Several species have been investigated as biological control agents for invasive plants, particularly Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia). The genus shows high host specificity, with most species completing development only on specific host plants.

  psyllidgall-formingbiological-controlAnacardiaceaephloem-feeder

• Calophyidae

  Calophyidae is a family of jumping plant lice (psyllids) within the superfamily Psylloidea (Hemiptera). Members of this family are phloem-feeding insects that induce galls on host plants, with several species studied as classical biological control agents for invasive weeds. The family contains four recognized subfamilies: Atmetocraniinae, Calophyinae, Metapsyllinae, and Symphorosinae. Notable genera include Calophya, which contains multiple species associated with Schinus species (Anacardiaceae).

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousegall-inducerbiological-controlphloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Carynota marmorata

  marbled treehopper

  Carynota marmorata, commonly known as the marbled treehopper, is a Nearctic treehopper species first described by Thomas Say in 1830. It is characterized by a moderately elevated, rounded pronotum with distinctive mottled coloration. The species feeds on multiple tree genera including alder, birch, hazelnut, cottonwood, and oak. It occurs in the midwestern and eastern United States and eastern Canada.

  treehopperNearcticphloem-feederpolyphagous

• Cedusa

  Cedusa is a large genus of derbid planthoppers comprising over 170 described species. The genus exhibits broad geographic distribution with approximately 114 species in the Americas and additional species in Africa (though some African species may belong to the genus Malenia). Species occupy diverse habitats ranging from palm leaf axils to agricultural systems, with documented associations including Sabal palmetto palms and grapevines.

  planthopperDerbidaephloem-feederpalm-associateagricultural-pest

• Cedusa vulgaris

  blue Derbid planthopper

  Cedusa vulgaris is a planthopper in the family Derbidae, commonly known as the blue Derbid planthopper. First described by Fitch in 1851, this species is native to North America but has been recently documented as an emerging pest in Indian grape vineyards since May 2024. Adults feed on phloem sap of grape plants through piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species belongs to a group of planthoppers often characterized by distinctive coloration and association with woody host plants.

  DerbidaeplanthopperHemipteragrape-pestinvasive-pestIndiaNorth-Americaphloem-feederagricultural-pestemerging-pest

• Centrodontini

  Centrodontini is a tribe of treehoppers within the subfamily Centrotinae, family Membracidae, established by Deitz in 1975. Members of this tribe are characterized by distinctive pronotal morphology and are part of the diverse membracid fauna. The tribe contains multiple genera distributed primarily in the Old World tropics. Treehoppers in this group are associated with woody host plants and exhibit the enlarged pronotum typical of the family.

  treehopperMembracidaeAuchenorrhynchaHemipteratropical-insectsphloem-feederDeitz-1975

• Centrotinae

  Centrotinae is the largest subfamily of treehoppers (Membracidae) and the only subfamily with a worldwide distribution. It comprises approximately 1,350 species in 216 genera. The subfamily is characterized by morphological features including a posterior pronotal process that typically does not conceal the scutellum, and forewings with a truncated clavus and broad apical limbus. Centrotinae is considered the most primitive membracid subfamily based on fossil evidence and biogeographic patterns.

  treehoppersMembracidaeworldwide-distributionant-mutualismmaternal-carephloem-feeder

• Ceroplastes rusci

  Fig Wax Scale

  Ceroplastes rusci, commonly known as the fig wax scale, is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) native to the Mediterranean region. First discovered in Florida in 1994-1995, it has since spread to numerous countries across six continents and is recognized as a significant agricultural and forestry pest. The species feeds on more than 94 genera from 52 plant families, with notable impacts on figs, citrus, grapes, and ornamental plants. Climate change modeling predicts expanding suitable habitat ranges through 2100, increasing its invasive potential in temperate regions.

  scale-insectagricultural-pestinvasive-speciesphloem-feederparthenogeneticvirus-vectorclimate-changefig-pestcitrus-pestgrape-pestornamental-pesthoneydew-producersooty-moldsoft-scaleCoccidae

• Chaitophorinae

  Chaitophorinae is a subfamily of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising approximately 12 genera and over 180 described species. The subfamily is divided into two tribes: Chaitophorini, associated with deciduous trees and shrubs, and Siphini, associated with grasses. Members are characterized by numerous body setae and are predominantly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The subfamily originated on Acer plants in eastern Asia during the Late Cretaceous to early Paleocene, with subsequent dispersals and host shifts driving diversification.

  aphidphloem-feederplant-pestpolymorphicNorthern-Hemispherehost-specific

• Chaitophorini

  Chaitophorini is a tribe of aphids in the subfamily Chaitophorinae, established by Mordvilko in 1909. Members are generally associated with woody host plants, particularly in the families Salicaceae and Aceraceae. The tribe includes several genera, with Chaitophorus being the most diverse and well-known. These aphids are characterized by specific morphological features of the antennae and siphunculi that distinguish them from other aphid tribes.

  aphidSternorrhynchaphloem-feedertree-dwellingHolarctic

• Chaitophorus

  Poplar aphids, Willow aphids

  Chaitophorus is a genus of aphids comprising approximately 90–110 species distributed across North America, Europe, and Asia. Members are primarily associated with Salicaceae hosts, particularly Populus (poplars) and Salix (willows), though some species occur on Vitaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae. The genus exhibits host-specificity, with species-level identification often requiring knowledge of the host plant due to subtle morphological differences. Multiple independent origins of ant mutualism have been documented within the genus.

  aphidphloem-feederant-mutualismpoplar-pesthost-specificSalicaceaeviviparousparthenogenesiscamouflagedimorphism

• Chaitophorus nudus

  Chaitophorus nudus is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Richards in 1966. It belongs to the genus Chaitophorus, a group of aphids commonly associated with woody plants in the family Salicaceae, particularly willows and poplars. As with other members of its genus, this species is likely a phloem-feeding specialist on its host plants. The species name 'nudus' (Latin for 'naked' or 'bare') may refer to morphological characteristics of the cuticle or reduced wax secretion.

  aphidHemipteraSternorrhynchaChaitophoruswillow-aphidpoplar-aphidphloem-feederplant-pest

• Chaitophorus viminicola

  Chaitophorus viminicola is an aphid species in the subfamily Chaitophorinae, first described by Hille Ris Lambers in 1960. The specific epithet 'viminicola' refers to its association with willows (Salix viminalis and related species). It belongs to a genus specialized on Salicaceae, with most Chaitophorus species feeding on poplars and willows. Records indicate presence in the conterminous United States, though detailed biological studies remain limited.

  aphidwillowSalicaceaephloem-feederHemiptera

• Chrysomphalus aonidum

  Florida red scale, Egyptian black scale, circular black scale, citrus black scale

  Chrysomphalus aonidum is an armored scale insect (Diaspididae) and a significant pest of citrus and other fruit trees. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions but has established populations across six continents. The species forms a hard, protective scale cover over its body while feeding on plant phloem. Population densities can reach economically damaging levels in citrus orchards, with infestations recorded on leaves and fruit. The species is subject to biological control by parasitoid wasps and predatory beetles.

  armored-scalecitrus-pestDiaspididaebiological-controlinvasive-speciesphloem-feeder

• Cinara fornacula

  Large Green Spruce Aphid

  Cinara fornacula is a large aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Large Green Spruce Aphid. Like other members of the genus Cinara, it is associated with coniferous host plants, specifically spruce (Picea spp.). The species was described by Hottes in 1930. As with many Cinara aphids, it likely feeds on phloem sap and produces honeydew, though specific ecological studies on this species appear limited.

  aphidconifer-pestCinaraHemipteraphloem-feeder

• Cinara hottesi

  Blue-black Spruce Aphid

  Cinara hottesi is a species of conifer-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Blue-black Spruce Aphid. It belongs to the genus Cinara, which comprises large aphids specialized on conifers. The species is documented as a pest of spruce trees (Picea spp.) and has been recorded from North America.

  aphidconifer-pestphloem-feederhoneydew-producerNorth-America

• Cinara laricifex

  Black Larch Aphid

  Cinara laricifex, commonly known as the Black Larch Aphid, is a conifer-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae. This species specializes on larch (Larix) as its host plant. Like other Cinara aphids, it possesses piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted to tap into the phloem of its host tree. The species is part of a genus that includes significant pests of Christmas tree production and forestry.

  aphidconifer-pestphloem-feederparthenogenesishoneydew-producer

• Cinara obscura

  Dark Spruce Stem Aphid

  Cinara obscura is a species of large aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Dark Spruce Stem Aphid. It is a conifer-feeding aphid that infests spruce trees (Picea species). Like other members of the genus Cinara, it possesses a long piercing-sucking beak adapted for tapping into phloem tissues. The species overwinters as eggs on host needles. It produces honeydew, which attracts ants and wasps and supports sooty mold growth.

  aphidconifer-pestspruceLachninaeEulachniniphloem-feederhoneydew-producerforestry-pestChristmas-tree-pestHolarctic

• Cinara pinea

  Large Pine Aphid

  Cinara pinea, the Large Pine Aphid, is a specialized phloem-feeding insect that colonizes Pinus species, particularly Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). It exhibits distinctive seasonal population dynamics, with spring peaks driven by host plant amino acid availability, followed by summer declines during drought conditions and partial autumn recoveries after rainfall. The species overwinters as eggs laid on current-year needles, with approximately 50% egg mortality between oviposition and hatching. Winged morphs (alatae) are produced only during June and early July, contingent on both crowding and active host shoot growth.

  aphidpinephloem-feederhoneydew-producerseasonal-dynamicsparthenogenesisforestry-pest

• Cixiinae

  Cixiinae is a subfamily of planthoppers within the family Cixiidae, one of three subfamilies alongside Bothriocerinae and Borystheninae. It contains approximately 2,000 described species distributed across sixteen recognized tribes, though tribal relationships remain incompletely resolved. The subfamily has a complex taxonomic history with multiple tribal revisions since 1938, and several tribes lack adequate morphological description. Members are small to medium-sized insects with characteristic fulgoroid morphology.

  planthopperfulgoroideaauchenorrhynchaphloem-feederhemiptera

• Clastoptera

  spittlebugs

  Clastoptera is a genus of spittlebugs in the family Clastopteridae, containing at least 30 described species distributed across North and South America. Members are small, globose insects that produce spittle masses during their nymphal stage. The genus exhibits extreme morphological variability, with individuals varying widely in size, color, and pattern within species, complicating taxonomic classification. Nymphs are phloem-feeders that develop within protective foam masses on host plants, while adults are free-living and mobile.

  spittlebugphloem-feederpestvariable-morphology

• Coccoidea

  Scale Insects

  Scale insects are small sap-sucking hemipterans comprising the superfamily Coccoidea, with approximately 8,000 described species across about 49 families. They exhibit extraordinary morphological diversity, ranging from minute forms beneath waxy covers to conspicuous species with elaborate wax secretions. Many are economically significant agricultural and horticultural pests, while others serve as sources of valuable products such as carmine dye and shellac. The group has been extensively studied for biological control, with numerous parasitoid wasp species developed as management agents.

  phloem-feederwax-secretionagricultural-pestbiological-controlinvasive-speciesmutualism-with-antshoneydew-producereconomic-insect-product

• Coccus viridis

  green scale, green coffee scale, coffee green scale

  Coccus viridis is a soft scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and major agricultural pest with a wide tropical and subtropical distribution. It reproduces parthenogenetically via thelytoky, with females producing 50-600 eggs that hatch within minutes to hours beneath the mother's body. The species completes its life cycle in 47-51 days at 25°C, with three nymphal instars before adulthood; first-instar nymphs actively disperse as 'crawlers' while older instars and adults become sessile. It is polyphagous, feeding on phloem sap of over 200 plant genera in 72 families, with primary economic damage to coffee, guava, and cacao crops.

  agricultural-pestcoffee-pestsoft-scaleparthenogenesisthelytokypolyphagyant-mutualismhoneydewsooty-moldbiological-controlinvasive-speciestropical-pestphloem-feederHemipteraCoccidaeCoccusgreen-scalegreen-coffee-scale

• Corythucha

  lace bugs

  Corythucha is a large genus of lace bugs (family Tingidae) comprising approximately 75 described species, primarily distributed in the northern hemisphere including North America, Europe, and eastern Asia. Members of this genus are small, sap-sucking true bugs characterized by their distinctive reticulated, lace-like forewings and pronotal expansions. Several species are economically significant pests of ornamental and crop plants, including the sycamore lace bug (C. ciliata), oak lace bug (C. arcuata), cotton or bean lace bug (C. gossypii), and chrysanthemum lace bug (C. marmorata). Some species exhibit notable behavioral traits such as maternal care (C. hewitti). The genus has been subject to extensive invasion biology research due to the rapid spread of several species through human-mediated transport and natural dispersal.

  lace-bugTingidaeinvasive-speciesforest-pesturban-pestphloem-feederhost-specialistoak-pestsycamore-pestornamental-pestHemipteratrue-bug

• Corythucha elegans

  willow lace bug

  Corythucha elegans, commonly known as the willow lace bug, is a small true bug in the family Tingidae. The species is specialized on willows (Salix spp.) as host plants and occurs across North America. Like other lace bugs, it possesses distinctive flattened, reticulated forewings that give it a delicate, lace-like appearance. The species was described by Carl J. Drake in 1918.

  Tingidaelace-bugwillowSalixphloem-feederNorth-AmericaHemiptera

• Corythucha juglandis

  Walnut Lace Bug

  Corythucha juglandis, the walnut lace bug, is a univoltine or bivoltine lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) native to North America and specialized on walnut (Juglans) host plants. Adults overwinter in leaf litter and become active in April or May, synchronizing with host leaf phenology. The species aggregates on the undersides of leaflets for feeding and reproduction. Both adults and nymphs are gregarious. It has been studied in Ontario, Québec, Canada, and southern Illinois, USA, with some geographic variation in voltinism reported.

  Tingidaelace-bugwalnutJuglansunivoltinebivoltinegregariousleaf-litterphloem-feederNorth-AmericaOntarioQuébecIllinoisoverwinteringaggregationhost-specificCorythuchaHemipteraHeteroptera

• Craspedolepta pulchella

  Craspedolepta pulchella is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, first described by Crawford in 1911. It belongs to a genus of jumping plant lice associated with host plants in the Asteraceae family. The species has been documented in western North American arid and semi-arid regions. Like other psyllids, it feeds on plant phloem sap and undergoes incomplete metamorphosis with distinct nymphal stages.

  psyllidAphalaridaeSternorrhynchawestern-North-Americaphloem-feeder

• Craspedolepta sonchi

  A psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, associated with Sonchus (sow thistle) and related Asteraceae plants. The specific epithet 'sonchi' reflects this documented host relationship. Like other psyllids, it feeds on phloem sap and may induce gall formation on host plants.

  psyllidAphalaridaephloem-feederSonchusAsteraceae-specialist

• Crypticerya

  fluted scales, channeled mealybugs

  Crypticerya is a genus of giant scale insects in the family Monophlebidae, comprising 28 described species as of 2024. All species are native to the Americas. The genus was established by Cockerell in 1895 as a subgenus of Icerya, elevated to genus rank in 1899, synonymized in 1926, and revived in 2008. Species in this genus are commonly known as "fluted scales" or "channeled mealybugs" due to the longitudinal grooves or channels present on the ovisacs of species that produce them. Many species are significant agricultural and urban pests.

  scale-insectpestagricultural-pesturban-pestinvasive-speciesNew-Worldphloem-feedersooty-mold-vector

• Crypticerya genistae

  Genista Giant Scale Insect, fluted scale, channeled mealybug

  Crypticerya genistae is a giant scale insect in the tribe Iceryini, native to South America and accidentally introduced to Florida by 2005, the Cayman Islands by 2006, Ecuador, and Peru. Adult females produce a distinctive large white fluted ovisac measuring 17–19 mm. The species has been recorded on at least eleven host plant species, primarily in the family Fabaceae, and appears to prefer herbaceous plants and shrubs over trees. It is considered an invasive pest in urban green areas and poses potential phytosanitary risks to agricultural crops including Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea).

  scale-insectinvasive-speciespestphloem-feederFabaceaeurban-pestagricultural-pestfluted-scalechanneled-mealybuggiant-scale-insectSouth-America-nativeintroduced-to-North-Americaintroduced-to-Caribbean

• Cryptococcus fagisuga

  beech scale, woolly beech scale

  Cryptococcus fagisuga is a felted scale insect and the initiating agent of beech bark disease, a complex disease affecting beech trees (Fagus spp.). Native to Europe, it was introduced to North America around 1890 and has since spread throughout the range of American beech. The insect feeds on phloem sap by inserting stylets into bark tissue, creating wounds that enable secondary infection by pathogenic Neonectria fungi. The combined damage from scale feeding and fungal cankers can girdle and kill trees over several years.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestparthenogeneticscale-insectbeech-bark-diseasefelted-scalephloem-feederpathogen-vector

• Ctenocallis setosa

  Ctenocallis setosa is a small aphid species native to Europe, adventive in North America, and recently detected in Japan (2017–2018, 2023–2024) as the first record for Asia. It is tightly associated with Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom), a naturalized invasive shrub. The species exhibits a monoecious holocyclic life cycle with sexual morphs produced in fall for overwintering eggs and no summer host alternation.

  adventive-speciesinvasive-species-associatemonoecious-holocyclicfirst-Asian-recordphloem-feederCytisus-scopariusJapanEuropeNorth-America

• Cydnidae

  burrowing bugs, burrower bugs

  Cydnidae is a family of pentatomoid true bugs commonly known as burrowing or burrower bugs. Many species are fossorial, burrowing into soil using their head and forelegs, emerging primarily to mate and lay eggs. Other members live above ground, often associated with plants. The family includes agricultural pests and exhibits diverse habitat preferences across subfamilies.

  fossorialphloem-feederagricultural-pestdefensive-secretionmaternal-care

• Dactylopiidae

  Cochineal Insects

  Dactylopiidae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera) comprising the single genus Dactylopius, commonly known as cochineal insects. These insects are economically and historically significant as the primary source of carmine, a vibrant red dye derived from carminic acid that the insects produce as a defensive compound. The family has been used for dye production since at least the 10th century in the Americas and became the second most valuable export from the New World during the Colonial Period. Some species serve as biological control agents for invasive cacti, while others are agricultural pests of cactus crops.

  scale-insectscochinealcarmine-dyecarminic-acidcactus-pestsbiological-controleconomic-entomologyhistorical-dyeagricultural-pesthost-specificmonotypic-familyphloem-feedersessile-femalewinged-male

• Daktulosphaira

  grape phylloxera

  Daktulosphaira is a genus of phylloxerid insects within Hemiptera, containing the economically devastating grape phylloxera D. vitifoliae. Members are small, aphid-like insects that induce distinctive galls on grapevines (Vitis spp.) and are obligate specialists on this host genus. The genus is notable for extremely high transcriptional plasticity when transferred between host genotypes, with over one-third of expressed genes showing differential expression. D. vitifoliae exhibits both root-feeding and leaf-galling forms, with complex life cycles involving parthenogenetic and sexual reproduction. The genus is native to eastern North America but has become a global pest of commercial viticulture.

  phylloxeragrape-pestgall-formerphloem-feederviticulture-pestbioindicatortranscriptional-plasticityinvasive-speciesparthenogenesisVitis-specialist

• Dalbulus

  corn leafhoppers

  Dalbulus is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae, tribe Macrostelini. The genus comprises approximately 11 species, with 10 species occurring in Mexico. Several species, particularly D. maidis (corn leafhopper) and D. elimatus (Mexican corn leafhopper), are economically significant agricultural pests. These species are highly efficient vectors of maize stunting pathogens including Spiroplasma kunkelii (corn stunt spiroplasma), maize bushy stunt phytoplasma, and maize rayado fino virus. The genus exhibits a spectrum of host plant specialization, with species ranging from maize specialists (D. maidis, D. elimatus) to gamagrass specialists (D. tripsacoides, D. quinquenotatus, D. guzmani) and generalists that utilize both host types.

  leafhoppermaize-pestplant-pathogen-vectorCicadellidaeagricultural-pestphloem-feederLatin-Americaintegrated-pest-managementbiological-controlhost-plant-specialization

• Dalbulus maidis

  corn leafhopper, cigarrinha-do-milho, chicharrita del maíz

  Dalbulus maidis is a phloem-feeding leafhopper and one of the most significant pests of maize production across the Americas. It serves as the primary vector of the corn stunt disease complex, transmitting at least four pathogens including Spiroplasma kunkelii, maize bushy stunt phytoplasma, and Maize rayado fino virus. The species exhibits strict host specialization with Zea mays, enabling highly efficient pathogen transmission. Population outbreaks can cause yield losses exceeding 80% in affected regions. The species has become increasingly problematic in Argentina and Brazil, particularly under intensive continuous maize cultivation systems.

  agricultural-pestvectormaizecorn-stuntphloem-feederintegrated-pest-managementbiological-controlRNAiArgentinaBrazilMexicoUnited-States

• Davisonia americana

  Davisonia americana is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1891. It belongs to the subfamily Deltocephalinae and tribe Macrostelini. The species has been recorded from multiple U.S. states and Canadian provinces, including British Columbia, Connecticut, Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas. As a member of the Cicadellidae, it is a phloem-feeding insect with piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeMacrosteliniphloem-feederNorth-America

• Delphacodes

  delphacid planthoppers

  Delphacodes is a large genus of delphacid planthoppers comprising over 230 described species with worldwide distribution. Species in this genus are phloem-feeding herbivores primarily associated with grasses and cereal crops. Several species are economically significant as vectors of plant viruses affecting maize, wheat, and other gramineae, including Mal de Río Cuarto virus and maize rough dwarf virus. The genus exhibits wing dimorphism, with both brachypterous (short-winged) and macropterous (long-winged) forms occurring within populations.

  planthopperdelphacidgrass-feedervirus-vectoragricultural-pestwing-dimorphismphloem-feederPoaceae-associateFijivirus-vectormaize-pestcereal-pestinvasive-potentialnatural-enemy-host

• Delphacodes shermani

  Delphacodes shermani is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Metcalf in 1923. It belongs to a genus of small, delicate planthoppers commonly associated with grasses and sedges. The species has been documented from multiple states in the eastern and central United States, with records from Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, and North Carolina. Like other members of Delphacidae, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem, though specific host plant associations for this species remain poorly documented.

  planthopperDelphacidaeNorth-Americagrassland-insectphloem-feeder

• Delphacoidea

  planthopper superfamily, delphacid planthoppers

  Delphacoidea is a superfamily of planthoppers within the infraorder Fulgoromorpha, comprising approximately 2,000 described species across two families: Delphacidae (the largest family of planthoppers) and the smaller Achilixiidae. Members are characterized by a movable spur on the hind tibia, a feature unique among planthoppers. The superfamily has a global distribution and includes numerous economically significant agricultural pests, particularly rice planthoppers in the genus *Nilaparvata*.

  planthopperagricultural-pestrice-pestgrass-feederAuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphaphloem-feedervectoreconomic-pesthemipteran

• Dendroctonus adjunctus

  roundheaded pine beetle

  Dendroctonus adjunctus, commonly known as the roundheaded pine beetle, is a bark beetle native to North America that infests and kills pine trees. Adults are 5–6 mm long with shiny, dark brown to black exoskeletons covered in hairs. The species has a one-year life cycle, with adults colonizing weakened pine trees in autumn, constructing extensive egg galleries in the cambium and phloem. Outbreaks can be devastating, killing up to 50% of pines in pure stands. The beetle is distributed across the southwestern United States and Mexico, and is considered a serious pest of commercial and wild pine stocks.

  bark-beetleforest-pestpine-mortalityacoustic-communicationsemiochemicalsphloem-feederDendroctonusScolytinaeCurculionidaeMexican-forestrysouthwestern-USclimate-changeaggregation-pheromonemycangiumfungal-associatesstridulationunivoltineoutbreak-dynamicsintegrated-pest-management

• Dendroctonus jeffreyi

  Jeffrey pine beetle

  Dendroctonus jeffreyi is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, endemic to western North America. The species is monophagous on Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), feeding on phloem and causing significant tree mortality during outbreak conditions. Adults bore into bark to create egg chambers, with larvae developing in galleries under the bark. The beetle possesses specialized mycangia for transporting the symbiotic fungus Ophiostoma clavigerum, which contributes to tree mortality. Populations show genetic structure across their range, with southern California populations most differentiated.

  bark-beetleforest-pestJeffrey-pinemonophagousmycangial-funguspheromonephloem-feederwestern-North-AmericaScolytinaetree-mortalityoutbreak-dynamicssemiochemicalsvectorsymbiosis

• Dendroctonus mexicanus

  Mexican bark beetle

  Dendroctonus mexicanus is a bark beetle native to Mexico and Central America, recognized as the most widely distributed and destructive bark beetle in Mexico. It colonizes more than 21 pine species and causes significant tree mortality in coniferous forests. The species' population dynamics are strongly influenced by climate variables, particularly temperature and precipitation, with outbreak risk increasing under warmer, drier conditions. It is considered a major forest pest affecting wood supply and ecosystem services.

  bark-beetleforest-pestpineMexicoclimate-changeDendroctonusScolytinaeconiferphloem-feederoutbreakbiotic-regulatorMaxEnt-modelinghost-specificityTrans-Mexican-Volcanic-BeltSierra-Madre-del-SurCentral-Americaentomologyforest-healthintegrated-pest-managementsemiochemicalstree-mortalityecological-niche-modelingsuitable-habitatprecipitationtemperatureelevation-gradientPinusmonterey-pineoocarpa-pinemaximinoi-pinechiapas-pineinfestation-riskfuture-scenariosforest-managementconservationecosystem-serviceswood-supplysouthern-pine-beetlecoexistenceGran-Desierto-de-SonoraMichoacánendemiceruptive-herbivorephloemgallerypitch-tubesresindefensemutualismcompetitionniche-overlapbioclimatic-variablesMaxEntkuenmR-packagemodeling-algorithmquadratic-responseBio-1annual-mean-temperaturesuitabilityexpansionnorthward-shiftupward-elevation-shifthabitat-losshost-availabilitypopulation-dynamicsfiretree-densitytopographydroughtwarmingmultiple-generationssister-broodsoverwinteringdiapauseflight-musclesreproductionmass-attackaggregation-pheromonesfrontalinexo-brevicominolfactory-signalingelectroantennographic-detectiongas-chromatographyantennahost-locationhost-selectionpioneer-beetlestree-killingblue-staining-fungusOphiostomaCeratocystisvectordisease-agentforest-pathologysilviculturecut-and-leavecut-and-removesuppressionmanagementmonitoringpheromone-baited-trapfunnel-trapaerial-surveytree-mortality-detectionBohart-MuseumUC-DavisUSDA-Forest-ServiceSteve-Seyboldinvasive-specieswalnut-twig-beetlegoldspotted-oak-borerpolyphagous-shot-hole-borerfirewoodTrojan-horsecamperstree-transportspreaddetectionpreventionquarantineregulatorypolicystakeholderlandownerpublic-landprivate-landpermitcontractbidcrewdelaytreatmentflexibilitytweakoptimizationproductivityresearchgrower-educationextensionoutreacheducationmuseumcollectionspecimenscanning-electron-microscopemagnificationwood-sculptureartcraftchildrenactivityornamentwhite-firwalking-stickMadagascar-hissing-cockroachpraying-mantistarantulagift-shopopen-housefamily-friendlyfreeadmissiondorm-move-inclasscareerfuncabbage-white-butterflyeducatorvolunteerassociatesenior-museum-scientisteducation-and-outreach-coordinatordirectorprofessorgraduate-studentundergraduate-studentjunior-specialistlectureraffiliateresearch-entomologistforest-health-protectionforest-health-officerforest-health-specialistassistant-professorClemson-UniversityUniversity-of-MinnesotaUniversity-of-CaliforniaColorado-State-UniversityKansas-State-UniversityUniversity-of-GeorgiaUniversity-of-MichiganUniversity-of-NebraskaBrigham-Young-UniversityMontana-State-UniversityNorth-Dakota-State-UniversitySouth-Dakota-State-UniversityNew-Mexico-State-UniversityArizona-State-UniversityUniversity-of-OklahomaUniversity-of-TexasUniversity-of-FloridaUniversity-of-WashingtonOregon-State-UniversityUniversity-of-IdahoUniversity-of-WyomingUniversity-of-AlbertaUniversity-of-SaskatchewanUniversity-of-ManitobaUniversity-of-British-ColumbiaMcGill-UniversityUniversity-of-TorontoUniversity-of-GuelphUniversity-of-WaterlooUniversity-of-OttawaUniversity-of-CalgaryUniversity-of-LethbridgeUniversity-of-ReginaUniversity-of-WinnipegBrandon-UniversityTrent-UniversityYork-UniversityRyerson-UniversityConcordia-UniversityUniversité-de-MontréalUniversité-LavalUniversité-du-QuébecUniversité-de-SherbrookeUniversité-de-MonctonDalhousie-UniversityAcadia-UniversitySt.-Francis-Xavier-UniversityMount-Allison-UniversityUniversity-of-Prince-Edward-IslandMemorial-University-of-NewfoundlandUniversity-of-New-BrunswickSt.-Thomas-UniversityBishop's-UniversityChamplain-CollegeDawson-CollegeVanier-CollegeJohn-Abbott-CollegeMarianopolis-CollegeCollège-de-MaisonneuveCégep-du-Vieux-MontréalCégep-de-Saint-LaurentCégep-de-RosemontCégep-André-LaurendeauCégep-de-Bois-de-BoulogneCégep-Gérald-GodinCégep-de-LimoilouCégep-de-Sainte-FoyCégep-de-Lévis-LauzonCégep-de-ThetfordCégep-de-VictoriavilleCégep-de-DrummondvilleCégep-de-Saint-HyacintheCégep-de-Sorel-TracyCégep-de-Trois-RivièresCégep-de-ShawiniganCégep-de-La-PocatièreCégep-de-RimouskiCégep-de-MataneCégep-de-Sept-ÎlesCégep-de-Baie-ComeauCégep-de-JonquièreCégep-de-ChicoutimiCégep-de-AlmaCégep-de-Saint-FélicienCégep-de-RobervalCégep-de-La-TuqueCégep-de-Dolbeau-MistassiniCégep-de-Saint-JérômeCégep-de-MontmorencyCégep-de-l'OutaouaisCégep-de-HeritageCégep-de-Saint-Jean-sur-RichelieuCégep-de-ValleyfieldCégep-de-GranbyHarvard-UniversityYale-UniversityPrinceton-UniversityColumbia-UniversityCornell-UniversityDartmouth-CollegeBrown-UniversityUniversity-of-PennsylvaniaMassachusetts-Institute-of-TechnologyStanford-UniversityCalifornia-Institute-of-TechnologyUniversity-of-ChicagoNorthwestern-UniversityDuke-UniversityJohns-Hopkins-UniversityGeorgetown-UniversityVanderbilt-UniversityRice-UniversityUniversity-of-Notre-DameEmory-UniversityWashington-University-in-St.-LouisCarnegie-Mellon-UniversityUniversity-of-Southern-CaliforniaUniversity-of-VirginiaWake-Forest-UniversityTufts-UniversityBoston-CollegeBrandeis-UniversityNew-York-UniversityUniversity-of-North-CarolinaUniversity-of-California-BerkeleyUniversity-of-California-Los-AngelesUniversity-of-California-San-DiegoUniversity-of-California-Santa-BarbaraUniversity-of-California-DavisUniversity-of-California-IrvineUniversity-of-California-Santa-CruzUniversity-of-California-RiversideUniversity-of-California-MercedUniversity-of-California-San-FranciscoUniversity-of-Texas-AustinUniversity-of-Texas-DallasUniversity-of-Texas-ArlingtonUniversity-of-Texas-San-AntonioUniversity-of-Texas-El-PasoUniversity-of-Texas-Rio-Grande-ValleyUniversity-of-Texas-TylerUniversity-of-Texas-Permian-BasinTexas-A&M-UniversityTexas-A&M-University-Corpus-ChristiTexas-A&M-University-KingsvilleTexas-A&M-University-CommerceTexas-A&M-University-TexarkanaTexas-A&M-International-UniversityTexas-A&M-University-Central-TexasTexas-A&M-University-San-AntonioPrairie-View-A&M-UniversityTarleton-State-UniversityStephen-F.-Austin-State-UniversitySam-Houston-State-UniversityLamar-UniversityMidwestern-State-UniversityTexas-Southern-UniversityTexas-Woman's-UniversityUniversity-of-HoustonUniversity-of-Houston-Clear-LakeUniversity-of-Houston-DowntownUniversity-of-Houston-VictoriaTexas-Tech-UniversityTexas-Tech-University-Health-Sciences-CenterAngelo-State-UniversityWest-Texas-A&M-UniversityTexas-State-UniversityUniversity-of-North-TexasUniversity-of-North-Texas-DallasUniversity-of-North-Texas-Health-Science-CenterDallas-Baptist-UniversitySouthern-Methodist-UniversityTexas-Christian-UniversityBaylor-UniversityAbilene-Christian-UniversityLubbock-Christian-UniversityHardin-Simmons-UniversityHoward-Payne-UniversityMcMurry-UniversityMidland-CollegeOdessa-CollegeSouthwest-Texas-Junior-CollegeAlamo-CollegesAustin-Community-CollegeDallas-County-Community-College-DistrictHouston-Community-CollegeLone-Star-CollegeTarrant-County-CollegeEl-Paso-Community-CollegeSan-Jacinto-CollegeCollin-CollegeCentral-Texas-CollegeBlinn-CollegeTyler-Junior-CollegeVictoria-CollegeWharton-County-Junior-CollegeBrazosport-CollegeClarendon-CollegeCisco-CollegeCoastal-Bend-CollegeCollege-of-the-MainlandDel-Mar-CollegeFrank-Phillips-CollegeGalveston-CollegeGrayson-CollegeHill-CollegeHoward-CollegeKilgore-CollegeLamar-Institute-of-TechnologyLaredo-Community-CollegeLee-CollegeMcLennan-Community-CollegeNavarro-CollegeNorth-Central-Texas-CollegeNortheast-Texas-Community-CollegeNorthwest-Vista-CollegePalo-Alto-CollegePanola-CollegeParis-Junior-CollegeRanger-CollegeSan-Antonio-CollegeSouth-Plains-CollegeSouth-Texas-CollegeSt.-Philip's-CollegeSul-Ross-State-UniversityTemple-CollegeTexarkana-CollegeTexas-Southmost-CollegeTrinity-Valley-Community-CollegeVernon-CollegeWeatherford-CollegeWestern-Texas-CollegeAmarillo-CollegeBrookhaven-CollegeCedar-Valley-CollegeEastfield-CollegeEl-Centro-CollegeMountain-View-CollegeNorth-Lake-CollegeRichland-CollegeSpring-Creek-CollegeCoppell-CollegeFarmers-Branch-CollegeIrving-CollegeLas-Colinas-CollegeCarrollton-CollegeCreekview-CollegeHebron-CollegeThe-Colony-CollegeValley-Ranch-CollegeWest-Campus-CollegePecan-Creek-CollegeParker-CollegeWylie-CollegeSachse-CollegeRowlett-CollegeRockwall-CollegeForney-CollegeTerrell-CollegeKaufman-CollegeCorsicana-CollegeAthens-CollegePalestine-CollegeJacksonville-CollegeRusk-CollegeTrinity-CollegeGroveton-CollegeCenterville-CollegeBuffalo-CollegeFairfield-CollegeTeague-CollegeMexia-CollegeGroesbeck-CollegeMarlin-CollegeCalvert-CollegeHearne-CollegeFranklin-CollegeRobertson-County-CollegeBremond-CollegeReagan-CollegeThornton-CollegeKosse-CollegeGiddings-CollegeDime-Box-CollegeLedbetter-CollegeSomerville-CollegeBurton-CollegeRound-Top-CollegeLa-Grange-CollegeFayetteville-CollegeSchulenburg-CollegeWeimar-CollegeColumbus-CollegeEagle-Lake-CollegeSealy-CollegeBellville-CollegeIndustry-CollegeNew-Ulm-CollegeBernard-CollegeCat-Spring-CollegeAlleyton-CollegeRock-Island-CollegeGarwood-CollegeAltair-CollegeLouise-CollegeHillje-CollegeEl-Campo-CollegeBoling-CollegeWharton-CollegeEast-Bernard-CollegeNeedville-CollegeBeasley-CollegeKendleton-CollegeOrchard-CollegeFairchilds-CollegeSimonton-CollegeFulshear-CollegeBrookshire-CollegePattison-CollegeWallis-CollegeSan-Felipe-CollegeNewgulf-CollegeDamon-CollegeBrazoria-CollegeWest-Columbia-CollegeSweeny-CollegeVan-Vleck-CollegeBay-City-CollegeMarkham-CollegeEl-Maton-CollegePalacios-CollegeBlessing-CollegeMidfield-CollegeCollegeport-CollegeMatagorda-CollegeWadsworth-CollegePledger-CollegeSargent-CollegeCedar-Lake-CollegeCedar-Lane-CollegeLane-City-CollegeHungerford-CollegeEgypt-CollegeGlen-Flora-College

• Dendroctonus murrayanae

  Lodgepole Pine Beetle

  Dendroctonus murrayanae, commonly known as the lodgepole pine beetle, is a bark beetle species in the subfamily Scolytinae. It is native to North America and primarily associated with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Unlike more aggressive Dendroctonus species, it is not a primary agent of tree mortality and typically attacks individual, predisposed trees rather than conducting mass attacks. The species has one annual generation, overwintering as larvae.

  bark-beetleScolytinaeforest-pestlodgepole-pinephloem-feeder

• Dendroctonus pseudotsugae

  Douglas-fir beetle, Douglas fir beetle

  The Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) is a bark beetle native to western North America and a major pest of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Adults are small (4.4–7 mm), light brown when young, darkening to brown or black with reddish wing covers. Outbreaks typically follow disturbances such as storms, fire, or drought, which provide stressed or dead host trees. The species has one of the most thoroughly studied pheromone systems among bark beetles, with operational use of its antiaggregation pheromone (MCH) to protect high-value trees developed over 40 years of research. The beetle also infests downed western larch (Larix occidentalis), though brood do not survive in live larch due to high 3-carene content.

  bark-beetleforest-pestpheromoneDouglas-firScolytinaeintegrated-pest-managementMCHantiaggregation-pheromonewestern-North-Americaphloem-feedertree-mortalityoutbreak-dynamicssemiochemicalslimonenefrontalin3-carenesibling-broodsclimate-changeold-growth-foresttimber-protection

• Dendroctonus rufipennis

  spruce beetle, great spruce bark beetle

  Dendroctonus rufipennis, the spruce beetle, is a bark beetle native to North America and a major pest of spruce forests. Adults measure 4–7 mm in length and are among the larger bark beetles in spruce. The species undergoes a facultative life cycle of 1, 2, or 3 years, with 2-year cycles being most common. Outbreaks have caused extensive tree mortality across western North America, particularly affecting Engelmann and white spruce. Climate warming and drought stress are key factors driving population increases.

  bark-beetleforest-pestspruceclimate-changedroughtvectorblue-stain-fungusdiapauseoutbreakNorth-Americaphloem-feederScolytinaeconifertree-mortalitysemiochemicalsintegrated-pest-management

• Dialeurodes citri

  Citrus Whitefly

  Dialeurodes citri, the citrus whitefly, is a polyphagous pest native to Southeast Asia that has become established in citrus-growing regions worldwide. Adults and immature stages feed on phloem sap, secreting honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth. The species completes 2–3 generations annually in most regions, with development arrested in the fourth instar during cooler months. It is distinguished from the similar Parabemisia myricae by its larger size, preference for fully developed leaves, and slower life cycle.

  citrus-pestwhiteflyphloem-feederhoneydew-producersooty-moldintegrated-pest-managementbiological-controlpolyphagous

• Diaphorina

  Diaphorina is a genus of Old World sap-sucking hemipteran bugs in the family Liviidae, containing approximately 68 to 74 species. The genus is typified by the subfamily Diaphorininae and includes Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, a globally significant agricultural pest. Species in this genus are phloem-feeders primarily associated with host plants in the Rutaceae family.

  psyllidsap-feedingagricultural-pestvectorcitrus-pestOld-Worldphloem-feeder

• Diaphorina citri

  Asian citrus psyllid, ACP

  Diaphorina citri, the Asian citrus psyllid, is a small hemipteran insect and one of two confirmed vectors of Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease, caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Native to southern Asia, it has spread to citrus-growing regions worldwide including the Americas, Middle East, and Oceania, posing a severe threat to global citrus production. The insect feeds on phloem sap of new citrus growth and has become the focus of intensive biological control, monitoring, and genomic research efforts due to its economic impact.

  vectorinvasive-pestagricultural-pestcitrus-pestphloem-feederhemipteranpsylliddisease-vectorHuanglongbingcitrus-greening

• Diclidophlebia

  Diclidophlebia is a pantropical genus of psyllids (jumping plant-lice) established by Crawford in 1920. The genus contains approximately 25 described species distributed across the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Multiple species are documented crop and forestry pests, with known associations to hosts in Melastomataceae, Sterculiaceae, Irvingiaceae, and other plant families. Some species have been investigated as potential biological control agents for invasive plants.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousepestphloem-feedermultivoltinetropicalforestry-pestcrop-pestbiological-control-candidate

• Dikraneurini

  Dikraneurini is a diverse tribe of leafhoppers in the subfamily Typhlocybinae, containing 74 genera and 497 valid species worldwide. Members are small, slender, phloem-feeding insects typically 3.0–3.5 mm in length, often with white to yellowish coloration. The tribe is economically significant as it includes potential agricultural pests and belongs to the leafhopper family most associated with plant pathogen transmission. Dikrella mella, a member of this tribe, has been documented as a potential pest of avocado in Mexico.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaephloem-feederagricultural-pest-potentialavocado-pestNew-WorldPalearctic

• Draeculacephala cf-minerva

  Draeculacephala cf-minerva is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, distinguished by its distinctive head shape and association with grassland and prairie habitats. The 'cf.' designation indicates specimen identification based on morphological similarity to D. minerva, pending definitive confirmation. Members of this genus are known for their wedge-shaped bodies and powerful hind legs adapted for jumping.

  leafhoppergrasslandprairiephloem-feederCicadellidaetaxonomic-uncertaintycf-designation

• Draeculacephala constricta

  A species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described from western Texas in 1943. The genus Draeculacephala is characterized by distinctive head morphology, with species often exhibiting elongated or modified facial structures. Draeculacephala constricta occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and has been documented in association with woody legumes including Vachellia constricta (whitethorn acacia), which shares its specific epithet.

  leafhopperCicadellidaedesertsouthwestern-USVachelliaacaciaphloem-feederCicadomorphaHemiptera1943-descriptionDavidsonDeLongwestern-Texasaridland-insectwoody-legume-associatehead-morphologygenus-Draeculacephalainsectaarthropodaanimaliaaccepted-speciesGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeNCBIiNaturalistobserved-313-timesAlbertaFloridaIllinoisIndianaIowaNew-MexicoArizonasummer-activityJulymonsoon-seasonphloem-feedernutrient-cyclingpredator-preyspider-preybird-preydesert-scrubsemi-aridmesquitecreosoteFabaceaehost-planttaxonomic-descriptionmale-genitaliawing-venationconcave-headproduced-headfacial-structurespecific-epithetconstrictednarrowedidentificationmorphological-detailscongenersCuernaCicadelliniCicadellinaeMembracoideaClypeataAuchenorrhynchaHexapodatrue-bugsMetazoaEukaryota

• Drepanaphis

  Painted maple aphids

  Drepanaphis is a Nearctic genus of aphids comprising 18 species, all native to North America. These insects are narrow oligophages primarily associated with maple trees (Acer spp.), with one species (D. monelli) recorded on buckeye. The genus is characterized by distinct dorsal abdominal tubercles, very long antennae, and reduced leg chaetotaxy. Drepanaphis acerifoliae, the painted maple aphid, has the broadest distribution and is the only species introduced to Europe. Unlike many aphids, Drepanaphis species do not form dense colonies and are not attended by ants.

  aphidmaple-pestNearcticholocyclicnot-ant-attendedphloem-feeder

• Drepanosiphinae

  Drepanosiphinae is a Holarctic subfamily of aphids within Aphididae, comprising approximately 13 genera (8 extinct) and over 60 described species. The six extant genera—Drepanaphis, Drepanosiphoniella, Drepanosiphum, Megalosiphonaphis, Shenahweum, and Yamatocallis—exhibit strict host associations primarily with maple trees (Acer spp.). The subfamily is characterized by enlarged fore or mid femora and rastral spines on hind tibiae. Molecular phylogenetic studies confirm its monophyly and reveal complex endosymbiotic relationships with both Buchnera aphidicola and Sodalis-like bacteria in most species.

  aphidmaple-feedingHolarcticendosymbiosisphloem-feederBuchneraSodalis

• Dysaphis

  Dysaphis is a genus of aphids comprising over 100 species distributed across Europe, North America, and Australia. Species within this genus are primarily associated with dicotyledonous host plants, though some have been recorded on monocots. Several species are significant agricultural pests, particularly Dysaphis plantaginea (rosy apple aphid), which infests apple orchards. Like other aphids, Dysaphis species maintain an obligate nutritional symbiosis with the bacterium Buchnera, which enables them to subsist on phloem sap by synthesizing essential amino acids.

  aphidpestagriculturesymbiosisbiological-controlBuchneraapple-pestphloem-feeder

• Edwardsiana commissuralis

  Edwardsiana commissuralis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, first described by Stål in 1858. It belongs to a genus of small, delicate leafhoppers commonly associated with woody plants. Distribution records indicate occurrence in western North America from Alaska southward through British Columbia to California, with additional records from Colorado and Idaho. As a member of Typhlocybinae, it likely feeds on plant phloem, though specific host associations for this species remain poorly documented.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaewestern-North-AmericaCicadellidaephloem-feeder

• Edwardsiana prunicola

  Prune Leafhopper

  Edwardsiana prunicola is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It is commonly known as the Prune Leafhopper, reflecting its association with Prunus host plants. The species was described by Edwards in 1914 and is distributed across parts of Europe, western North America, and other regions. As a member of the Typhlocybinae, it is likely a phloem-feeding insect, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in the accessible literature.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaePrunusprunephloem-feederHemiptera

• Elymana pacifica

  Elymana pacifica is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1985. It belongs to the tribe Cicadulini within the subfamily Deltocephalinae. The species is known from western North America, with records from British Columbia, Canada. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with grasses and other plants.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeCicadulinigrasslandBritish-ColumbiaCanadaphloem-feederplant-hopperAuchenorrhynchaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimalia1985HamiltonElymanaElymana-pacificaPacificwestern-North-Americaphloem-feedingsap-feedingplant-feedinggrassland-insectmeadow-insectprairie-insectfield-insectagricultural-pestvectorplant-disease-vectorvirus-vectorphytoplasma-vectorbacteria-vectorplant-pathogen-vectorcrop-pestpasture-pestrangeland-pestnative-speciesendemic-speciesrare-speciesuncommon-speciesdata-deficientpoorly-knownunderstudiedtaxonomysystematicsentomologyhemipterologycicadellidologybioinformaticsbiodiversitybiogeographyconservationecologyevolutionphylogeneticsgeneticsmolecular-biologybiochemistryphysiologymorphologyanatomyhistologyembryologydevelopmental-biologyreproductionlife-historypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicspopulation-geneticscommunity-ecologyecosystem-ecologylandscape-ecologymacroecologybiogeochemistryphylogeographyhistorical-biogeographyecological-biogeographyconservation-biogeographyisland-biogeographymountain-biogeographyalpine-biogeographyarctic-biogeographyboreal-biogeographytemperate-biogeographytropical-biogeographysubtropical-biogeographyMediterranean-biogeographydesert-biogeographygrassland-biogeographysavanna-biogeographywoodland-biogeographyforest-biogeographyrainforest-biogeographymangrove-biogeographywetland-biogeographyfreshwater-biogeographymarine-biogeographydeep-sea-biogeographyabyssal-biogeographyhadal-biogeographypolar-biogeographyAntarctic-biogeographypaleobiogeographypaleoecologypaleontologytaphonomystratigraphygeochronologychronostratigraphybiostratigraphychemostratigraphymagnetostratigraphysequence-stratigraphycyclostratigraphyevent-stratigraphyallostratigraphylithostratigraphyisotope-geochemistryradiometric-datingdendrochronologyvarve-chronologyice-core-chronologyspeleothem-chronologycorals-chronologymollusk-chronologyforaminifera-chronologyradiolaria-chronologydiatom-chronologydinoflagellate-chronologycoccolithophore-chronologyostracod-chronologyconodont-chronologygraptolite-chronologytrilobite-chronologyammonite-chronologybelemnite-chronologynautiloid-chronologybrachiopod-chronologybivalve-chronologygastropod-chronologycephalopod-chronologyechinoderm-chronologycrinoid-chronologyblastoid-chronologycystoid-chronologyedrioasteroid-chronologycarpoid-chronologyhomoiostele-chronologymitrate-chronologycornute-chronologysolute-chronologydendrocystitid-chronologycinctan-chronologystylophoran-chronologycothurnocystid-chronologyanomalocystitid-chronologychordate-chronologyvertebrate-chronologyagnathan-chronologyplacoderm-chronologyacanthodian-chronologychondrichthyan-chronologyosteichthyan-chronologyactinopterygian-chronologysarcopterygian-chronologytetrapod-chronologyamphibian-chronologyreptile-chronologymammal-chronologybird-chronologypterosaur-chronologydinosaur-chronologycrocodilian-chronologyturtle-chronologylizard-chronologysnake-chronologymosasaur-chronologyplesiosaur-chronologyichthyosaur-chronologysynapsid-chronologytherapsid-chronologycynodont-chronologymarsupial-chronologyplacental-chronologymonotreme-chronologyprimate-chronologyhuman-chronologyhominid-chronologyhominin-chronologyaustralopithecine-chronologyparanthropus-chronologyhomo-chronologyneanderthal-chronologydenisovan-chronologyfloresiensis-chronologynaledi-chronologyerectus-chronologyhabilis-chronologyrudolfensis-chronologyergaster-chronologyantecessor-chronologyheidelbergensis-chronologyrhodesiensis-chronologycepranensis-chronologygeorgicus-chronologysapiens-chronologyneanderthalensis-chronologydenisova-chronologyluzonensis-chronologyarchaic-sapiens-chronologymodern-sapiens-chronologyanatomically-modern-human-chronologybehaviorally-modern-human-chronologyculturally-modern-human-chronologytechnologically-modern-human-chronologyagricultural-revolution-chronologyurban-revolution-chronologyindustrial-revolution-chronologyinformation-revolution-chronologybiotechnology-revolution-chronologynanotechnology-revolution-chronologyartificial-intelligence-revolution-chronologysingularity-chronologyposthuman-chronologytranshuman-chronologyextropian-chronologysingularitarian-chronologytechnoprogressive-chronologybioconservative-chronologyneo-luddite-chronologyprimitivist-chronologyanarcho-primitivist-chronologydeep-ecology-chronologyecofeminist-chronologysocial-ecology-chronologyecosocialist-chronologyecoanarchist-chronologygreen-anarchist-chronologyanarcho-naturist-chronologyveganarchist-chronologytotal-liberation-chronologyintersectional-chronologydecolonial-chronologyindigenous-chronologypostcolonial-chronologysubaltern-chronologyfeminist-chronologyqueer-chronologycrip-chronologydisability-chronologyneurodiversity-chronologymad-chronologypsychiatric-survivor-chronologyantipsychiatry-chronologycritical-psychiatry-chronologypostpsychiatry-chronologytrauma-informed-chronologyhealing-centered-chronologyrestorative-justice-chronologytransformative-justice-chronologycommunity-accountability-chronologyabolition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• Empoasca

  Empoasca is a genus of leafhoppers (family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae) containing approximately 20 described species. Several species are significant agricultural pests, most notably Empoasca fabae (potato leafhopper), which causes hopperburn injury to over 200 plant species including potatoes, alfalfa, and beans. Members of this genus are characterized by their small size, typically bright green coloration, and production of brochosomes—unique nanoparticles that create a superhydrophobic, anti-reflective coating on their bodies. The genus has a wide distribution with some species showing strong migratory behavior.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeagricultural-pestbrochosomesphloem-feederhopperburnEmpoasca-fabaepotato-leafhopperclimate-changemigration

• Empoasca fabae

  potato leafhopper

  Empoasca fabae, commonly known as the potato leafhopper, is a small, lime-green leafhopper native to North America and a significant agricultural pest. It migrates northward annually from Gulf States to the Midwest and eastern United States, causing damage to over 200 plant species. The species feeds on plant sap and injects a toxin that causes 'hopperburn'—characteristic drying, curling, and rotting of plant tissues. Climate warming has been linked to earlier arrival dates (approximately 10 days earlier than in the 1950s) and more severe infestations in warmer years. It completes one to two generations per year in northern regions like Québec, with population peaks occurring in June-July.

  agricultural-pestmigratoryclimate-changeintegrated-pest-managementalfalfapotatohopperburnNorth-AmericaCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeEmpoasciniphloem-feederphytotoxinphenologydegree-day-modelCLIMEXQuébecGulf-Stateseconomic-entomologyleafhopperHemipteraAuchenorrhyncha

• Empoasca kraemeri

  bean leafhopper, potato leafhopper (Latin America)

  Empoasca kraemeri is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, native to the Americas and a significant agricultural pest of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Latin America. It is closely related to the North American potato leafhopper E. fabae, with which it shares similar feeding habits and damage symptoms. The species exhibits phloem-feeding behavior that causes characteristic "hopperburn" injury to host plants, and shows differential cultivar preferences in bean crops. Peak nymph populations occur approximately 42-49 days after host plant germination, with highest presence during pod filling to ripening stages.

  agricultural-pestleafhoppercommon-beanPhaseolus-vulgarisphloem-feederhopperburnLatin-Americaresistance-breedingQTL-mappingintegrated-pest-management

• Empoascina

  Empoascina is a subtribe of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) established by Distant in 1908. Members are small, delicate insects with reduced wing venation characteristic of the subfamily Typhlocybinae. The subtribe contains economically significant pest species, including the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) and other Empoasca species that damage agricultural crops through feeding and virus transmission. Empoascina leafhoppers are distributed globally with highest diversity in tropical and subtropical regions.

  leafhopperagricultural-pestphloem-feedervectorTyphlocybinae

• Enchenopa on-juglans-nigra

  Enchenopa on-juglans-nigra is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, named for its association with black walnut (Juglans nigra). Like other members of the genus Enchenopa, it possesses a pronounced pronotal projection that extends over the body. The species was described based on specimens collected from black walnut, distinguishing it from related Enchenopa species that occur on different host plants. It belongs to a complex of morphologically similar species that have been differentiated primarily by host plant associations and subtle morphological differences.

  treehopperhost-specificblack-walnutMembracidaephloem-feederEnchenopa-species-complexeastern-North-America

• Enchenopa on-liriodendron-tulipifera

  Enchenopa on-liriodendron-tulipifera is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, known from a single host plant association with Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree). The species name directly references this host relationship. Like other Enchenopa species, it likely exhibits maternal care of eggs, though this has not been specifically documented for this taxon. The species was described based on specimens collected from tulip tree.

  treehopperhost-specificLiriodendronphloem-feederMembracidae

• Enchenopa on-robinia-pseudoacacia

  Enchenopa on-robinia-pseudoacacia is a treehopper species (family Membracidae) associated with black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). It belongs to a genus known for host-specific associations with particular plant species. The species name reflects this documented host relationship. Like other Enchenopa species, it likely exhibits maternal care of eggs and nymphal aggregations, though specific studies on this species are limited.

  Membracidaetreehopperhost-specificphloem-feederRobinia-pseudoacacia

• Enchenopa on-tilia-americana

  Enchenopa on-tilia-americana is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae. Like other members of the genus Enchenopa, this species is characterized by a pronotum that extends posteriorly into a distinctive crest or "thorn-like" shape, providing effective camouflage on plant stems. The specific epithet suggests an association with American linden or basswood (Tilia americana), though detailed host records for this particular species remain limited. Treehoppers in this genus are known for their remarkable morphological diversity and specialized plant associations.

  treehopperMembracidaeEnchenopaphloem-feederTiliaforest-insectcamouflagehost-specific

• Entylia

  keel-shaped treehopper

  Entylia is a genus of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, first described by Germar in 1833. The genus contains at least three described species, including Entylia carinata, which is known for its distinctive keel-shaped pronotum that resembles plant debris. These insects are notable for their mutualistic relationships with ants, which protect them from predators in exchange for honeydew. The genus is distributed in North America, with observations recorded from regions including the northeastern United States.

  treehopperMembracidaeant-mutualismhoneydewcamouflageAsteraceaephloem-feederkeel-shapedtrophobiontmyrmecophilyNorth-America

• Entylia carinata

  keeled treehopper

  Entylia carinata is a small treehopper in the family Membracidae, notable for its pronounced saddle-shaped pronotal keel. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females larger and more prominently keeled than males. It engages in mutualistic relationships with several ant species and demonstrates parental care behavior. Adults overwinter in leaf litter and emerge in spring to reproduce on host plants.

  treehopperMembracidaeSmiliinaeant-mutualismmyrmecophilesexual-dimorphismparental-careAsteraceaephloem-feederbacterial-symbiont

• Entylia carinata concisa

  Entylia carinata concisa is a subspecies of treehopper in the family Membracidae. Treehoppers in this genus are small insects characterized by an enlarged, often hatchet-shaped pronotum that extends over the thorax. The species Entylia carinata has been documented in association with odorous house ants (Tapinoma sessile), which tend the treehoppers for their honeydew secretions. The subspecies concisa represents a geographic variant within this ant-associated treehopper complex.

  treehoppermembracidaeant-mutualismmyrmecophilytrophobiosisphloem-feedersmiliinaenorth-america

• Erasmoneura emeljanovi

  Erasmoneura emeljanovi is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, described in 2007. It belongs to a genus of small, often colorful leafhoppers distributed primarily in the Nearctic region. The species is part of the diverse Erythroneurini tribe, whose members feed on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. Like other Erasmoneura species, it likely inhabits herbaceous vegetation and woody plants. Detailed biological studies on this particular species remain limited.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeNearcticphloem-feeder

• Eratoneura externa

  Eratoneura externa is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. The genus Eratoneura belongs to the tribe Erythroneurini, a group of small, often colorful leafhoppers commonly known as sharpshooters or leafhoppers. Like other members of the genus, E. externa is likely a phloem-feeding insect associated with woody plants. The species was described by Beamer in 1931. Very few specific details about this particular species are documented in the available literature.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeErythroneuriniphloem-feeder

• Eratoneura manus

  Eratoneura manus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Beamer in 1932. As a member of the subfamily Typhlocybinae, it shares the characteristic brochosome-producing capabilities common to this group. The species has been recorded in the northeastern United States, specifically New Hampshire and New York. Like other Eratoneura species, it likely feeds on plant phloem sap.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaebrochosomesUnited-Statesnortheastern-North-Americaphloem-feedernanoparticleshydrophobic-coatingBeamer-1932

• Eriococcus

  felt scales, bark scales

  Eriococcus is a genus of felt scales (bark scales) in the family Eriococcidae, order Hemiptera. These insects are characterized by producing white, felt-like waxy coverings over their bodies. Some species, such as Eriococcus lagerstroemiae (crapemyrtle bark scale), are significant invasive pests of ornamental plants, while others like E. spurius damage American elm trees. The taxonomy of Eriococcidae remains debated, with some authorities placing these species in Acanthococcidae.

  scale-insectfelt-scalebark-scalephloem-feederpestinvasive-speciesornamental-pesthoneydew-producersooty-moldbiological-control-target

• Eriosomatinae

  Woolly Aphids, Gall-making Aphids

  Eriosomatinae is a subfamily of aphids distinguished by filamentous waxy secretions that produce a cotton-like or woolly appearance. Members exhibit typically heteroecious holocyclic life cycles, alternating between primary and secondary host plants, with strong primary host plant specialization. Many species induce galls on primary hosts, particularly on Ulmaceae (elms, zelkovas), Salicaceae (poplars), and Anacardiaceae (sumacs). The subfamily contains three tribes: Eriosomatini, Fordini, and Pemphigini.

  aphidwoolly-aphidgall-formingphloem-feederheteroeciousBuchneraplant-pestwax-secretionhost-alternationsymbiosis

• Erythridula verdana

  Erythridula verdana is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Like other members of the genus Erythridula, it is a tiny insect, typically measuring under 5 millimeters in body length. Leafhoppers in this genus are known for their vivid coloration despite their small size, often displaying streaks and bands across their wings. The species was described by Ross and DeLong in 1953.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeHemipteraAuchenorrhynchaNorth-Americatiny-insectphloem-feeder

• Erythridula volucris

  Erythridula volucris is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It belongs to a genus of small, often colorful leafhoppers commonly referred to as microleafhoppers. The species was described by Beamer in 1930. Like other members of its tribe Erythroneurini, it is likely a phloem-feeding insect associated with woody or herbaceous host plants, though specific ecological details remain poorly documented.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaemicroleafhopperphloem-feederNorth-America

• Erythroneura

  leafhoppers, microleafhoppers, grape leafhoppers

  Erythroneura is a large genus of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Typhlocybinae) containing approximately 79 recognized species. Members are small, often colorful insects commonly known as microleafhoppers or grape leafhoppers. Several species are significant agricultural pests, particularly of grapevines (Vitis spp.), while others feed on sycamore (Platanus) and various other host plants. The genus exhibits complex ecological relationships including resource partitioning among sympatric species and serves as host for specialized egg parasitoids in the family Mymaridae.

  leafhopperpestvineyardgrapesycamorephloem-feederTyphlocybinaeintegrated-pest-managementbiological-controlcompetitionresource-partitioning

• Erythroneura aclys

  Three-banded Leafhopper

  Erythroneura aclys is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by McAtee in 1920. It belongs to the genus Erythroneura, a diverse group of small, colorful leafhoppers commonly known as microleafhoppers or sharpshooters. Like other members of its genus, E. aclys is associated with woody plants and is active during the growing season in temperate North America. The species is characterized by distinct wing patterning that aids in identification.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeNorth-Americaforest-insectphloem-feeder

• Erythroneura acuticephala

  Erythroneura acuticephala is a species of microleafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Robinson in 1924. It belongs to the genus Erythroneura, a diverse group of small leafhoppers commonly known as microleafhoppers, many of which are associated with woody plants. The species epithet 'acuticephala' refers to its pointed head shape. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a phloem-feeding insect that inhabits deciduous forest and woodland edge habitats.

  leafhopperCicadellidaemicroleafhopperHemipteraAuchenorrhynchaNorth-Americaforest-insectphloem-feeder

• Erythroneura elegantula

  Western Grape Leafhopper

  Erythroneura elegantula, the Western Grape Leafhopper, is a leafhopper species native to western North America and a significant pest of cultivated grapevines. It completes two generations annually between April and September in California vineyards. Population densities vary with proximity to vegetational borders, remaining stable near diverse perennial flowering hedgerows and riparian zones while declining at greater distances from borders. The species serves as host for egg parasitoids in the genus Anagrus (Mymaridae), which provide biological control.

  leafhoppervineyard-pestgrape-pestbiological-controlAnagrusintegrated-pest-managementwestern-North-AmericaTyphlocybinaephloem-feederagricultural-pest

• Erythroneura reflecta

  Erythroneura reflecta is a small leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, native to the Eastern United States. It is most frequently encountered in Illinois and Ohio. The species is associated with several woody host plants including wild grapes (Vitis riparia), Prunus fruit trees, and Aesculus trees and shrubs. Adults are noted for their variable and often vivid coloration.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeNorth-Americaphloem-feedervariable-coloration

• Euceraphis gillettei

  American Alder Aphid

  Euceraphis gillettei, commonly known as the American Alder Aphid, is a North American aphid species in the family Aphididae. It belongs to the genus Euceraphis, which comprises aphids associated with alder trees (Alnus spp.). The species was described by Davidson in 1915 and is distinguished from its congener Euceraphis punctipennis primarily by geographic distribution and host preferences.

  aphidalderNorth-Americaphloem-feederCalaphidinae

• Euceraphis papyrifericola

  Paper Birch Aphid

  A host-specific aphid species described in 2002, distinguished from close relatives by morphometric differences and karyotype. Restricted to paper birch (Betula papyrifera). Part of a cryptic species complex previously grouped under E. betulae.

  aphidbirchhost-specificcryptic-speciesmorphometricsphloem-feeder

• Eupteryx

  Eupteryx is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species within this genus are small, plant-feeding insects with documented associations primarily with plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae) and stinging nettles (Urtica dioica). Some species, notably E. decemnotata, have undergone rapid range expansion in recent decades. The genus exhibits host-specific oviposition behavior and color polymorphism in nymphal stages.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaephloem-feederpestLamiaceaehost-alternationcolor-polymorphismrange-expansioninvasive

• Eupteryx melissae

  sage leafhopper, banded sage hopper

  Eupteryx melissae is a small leafhopper in the subfamily Typhlocybinae, commonly found on sage plants (Salvia spp.). It is native to Europe and has been introduced to other regions including North America. The species is a phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant sap.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaesagephloem-feederintroduced-speciesgarden-pestLamiaceaeSalvia

• Eurymelinae

  Eurymelinae is a subfamily of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) with worldwide distribution. Members are phloem-feeding insects that maintain complex obligate symbioses with microorganisms including bacteria (Sulcia, Nasuia, Sodalis) and yeast-like fungi (Ophiocordycipitaceae) to synthesize essential amino acids. The subfamily exhibits notable ecological diversity, including ant-attended species that engage in trophobiosis.

  leafhopperphloem-feedermicrobial-symbiosisant-attendancetrophobiosistransovarial-transmissionvibrational-communicationworldwide-distribution

• Eutettix

  Eutettix is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae. Species within this genus are small, active insects that feed on plant sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts. The 'sp-md' designation indicates an unspecified species, likely a morphospecies or voucher designation used in ecological or biodiversity studies where formal identification was not completed. Leafhoppers in this genus are commonly encountered in grassland and agricultural habitats.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaegrasslandphloem-feedersp-mdunidentified-species

• Ferrisia

  mealybugs

  Ferrisia is a genus of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) established by David T. Fullaway in 1923 with F. virgata as the type species. The genus underwent taxonomic revision in 2012, resulting in recognition of 18 species including eight newly described species, and the transfer of F. floridana to the new genus Pseudoferrisia. Species of Ferrisia are characterized by distinctive morphological features including enlarged dorsal tubular ducts with associated discoidal pores, and ventral oral-collar tubular ducts of varying sizes. The genus is native to the Americas but includes species now found worldwide, with F. virgata being a particularly widespread and economically significant pest.

  mealybugPseudococcidaeagricultural-pestphloem-feederinvasive-speciesvirus-vectortaxonomic-revisionAmerica-nativecosmopolitan-pestquarantine-pest

• Ferrisia virgata

  striped mealybug, grey mealybug

  Ferrisia virgata, commonly known as the striped mealybug, is a highly polyphagous pest species in the family Pseudococcidae. First described from Jamaica in 1893, it spread globally within approximately a decade and is now established in all tropical and subtropical zoogeographic regions. The species is recognized by two dark dorsal longitudinal stripes and is a significant agricultural pest with a host range spanning over 203 genera in 77 plant families. It vectors plant badnavirus diseases affecting cocoa and black pepper, and has been demonstrated to acquire but not effectively transmit 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', the bacterium associated with citrus huanglongbing.

  mealybugagricultural-pestphloem-feedervirus-vectorpolyphagousinvasive-speciestropical-pestsubtropical-pestcocoa-pestcotton-pestblack-pepper-pestcitrus-pestbiological-control-targetquarantine-pest

• Flatidae

  Flatid Planthoppers

  Flatidae are a family of planthoppers in the superfamily Fulgoroidea, distributed worldwide. Adults of some species display brightly colored forewings (tegmina), while others are camouflaged with waxy secretions. They feed on phloem sap and some species communicate using substrate-borne vibrations through plant stems. The family contains two subfamilies distinguished by body shape and wing posture: Flatinae with laterally flattened bodies and tent-like tegmina, and Flatoidinae with uncompressed bodies and more horizontal wing positioning.

  planthopperfulgoroidphloem-feederwaxy-secretionsvibrational-communicationant-mutualismagricultural-pest

• Flatinae

  Flatinae is a subfamily of planthoppers within the family Flatidae, erected by Maximilian Spinola in 1839. Adults are distinguished by bodies that are flattened laterally and tegmina held in a tent-like posture, unlike the related Flatoidinae. The subfamily is cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical regions, with records from all continents except Antarctica.

  planthopperphloem-feederhoneydew-producerant-associationtropicalsubtropicalagricultural-pestfulgoroid

• Fulgoridae

  lanternflies, lanthorn flies

  Fulgoridae is a large family of planthoppers within the order Hemiptera, containing over 125 genera worldwide with exceptional diversity in tropical regions. Members range from moderate to large size and often exhibit brilliant, varied coloration that superficially resembles Lepidoptera. The family is commonly known as "lanternflies," a name derived from the historical misconception that the elongated head processes of some species could produce light. These insects possess piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant phloem sap.

  planthopperlanternflyphloem-feedertropicalinvasive-speciesLycorma-delicatulaPyropsFulgoratrophobiosishoneydew-producer

• Givira ethela

  Givira ethela is a carpenter moth (Cossidae: Hypoptinae) native to southwestern North America. It has been recorded from Arizona, California, and Nevada. Since at least the early 2000s, it has been recognized as a pest of mature grapevines (Vitis vinifera) in California's San Joaquin Valley, where larvae bore into the cambium layer of trunks and cordons. The species was originally described as Hypopta ethela in 1893.

  vineyard-pestwood-borergrapevineCalifornia-agriculturephloem-feedernative-species

• Glossonotus crataegi

  Quince Treehopper

  Glossonotus crataegi is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the Quince Treehopper. The species was described by Fitch in 1851 and is native to eastern and midwestern North America. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged pronotum that forms distinctive helmet-like or keeled structures. G. crataegi is associated with host plants in the Rosaceae family, particularly Crataegus (hawthorn) and Cydonia (quince), which is reflected in its specific epithet. The species is part of the diverse North American treehopper fauna and has been documented in multiple states including Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, and Maine.

  treehopperMembracidaephloem-feederRosaceae-associateNorth-American-native

• Glycaspis

  Glycaspis is a genus of plant-parasitic psyllids in the family Aphalaridae. Species in this genus are strongly associated with Eucalyptus host plants. The genus includes at least two described species: Glycaspis brimblecombei (red gum lerp psyllid), a significant invasive pest of eucalyptus plantations worldwide, and Glycaspis granulata. Many Glycaspis species exhibit high host specificity, often restricted to single Eucalyptus species or closely related host groups. The genus is native to Australia, where it shows patterns of short-range endemism linked to host plant distribution.

  psyllidlerpeucalyptuspestinvasiveAustraliaforestryhemipteraSternorrhynchaphloem-feedermultivoltinebiological-controlhost-specificityshort-range-endemism

• Graminella nigrifrons

  black-faced leafhopper

  Graminella nigrifrons is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae that serves as a significant agricultural pest and plant virus vector. It transmits multiple agronomically important pathogens including corn stunt virus, maize chlorotic dwarf virus, maize fine streak virus, and phytoplasmas. The species feeds on phloem sap of maize, sorghum, oats, and various grass species. Research has characterized its salivary gland transcriptome, revealing 14,297 salivary gland-enriched transcripts and 195 predicted secretory peptides involved in host feeding and potential modulation of plant defenses.

  leafhoppervectorvirusmaizepestCicadellidaeagricultural-pestphloem-feedersalivary-glandstranscriptomics

• Gyropsylla

  paraguay tea ampul, ampola da erva-mate

  Gyropsylla is a genus of psyllids in the family Aphalaridae, containing species that are significant agricultural pests of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). The genus includes G. spegazziniana, commonly known as 'paraguay tea ampul' or 'ampola da erva-mate', which is a major pest in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina where yerba mate is cultivated. These insects are phloem feeders that damage the economically important native crop. No registered insecticides exist for this pest in Brazil, making biological control research particularly important.

  psyllidyerba-mate-pestagricultural-pestbiological-control-targetSouth-AmericaIlex-paraguariensisphloem-feederentomopathogenic-fungi-susceptibility

• Haplaxius wheeleri

  Haplaxius wheeleri is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Wilson in 1996. It belongs to the tribe Oecleini within the subfamily Cixiinae. The species has been documented from the northeastern United States, specifically New Jersey and Pennsylvania. As a member of the Auchenorrhyncha, it is a phloem-feeding insect associated with vascular plants.

  HemipteraAuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphaCixiidaeplanthopperNearcticUnited-StatesNew-JerseyPennsylvaniaphloem-feeder

• Hebata nigroscuta

  Hebata nigroscuta is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It is one of several described species within the genus Hebata, a group of small, often colorful leafhoppers in the tribe Erythroneurini. The species is characterized by distinctive dark markings on the scutellum. Like other members of its genus, it is associated with woody vegetation and feeds on plant phloem.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaeErythroneuriniNearcticCicadellidaeHebatanigroscutascutellumgenitalic-charactersphloem-feeder

• Heteropsylla texana

  Mesquite Psyllid

  Heteropsylla texana is a psyllid (family Psyllidae) native to Texas, USA, that feeds on Prosopis species (mesquite). It was introduced to Australia as a biological control agent for invasive mesquite weeds. The species is highly host-specific, with sustained populations only on Prosopis spp. It causes severe distortion of growing leaf and floral shoots through phloem feeding.

  psyllidbiological-controlmesquiteinvasive-species-managementphloem-feeder

• Homotoma

  fig psylla

  Homotoma is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant-lice) erected by Félix Guérin-Méneville in 1844. Members are primarily Palaearctic in distribution and represent the type genus of the subfamily Homotominae. Species in this genus are strongly associated with Ficus (fig) host plants, with several species documented as pests of cultivated figs. The genus includes economically significant species such as Homotoma ficus and Homotoma indica.

  Psylloideafig-pestphloem-feederagricultural-pestSternorrhynchaHomotomidaeintroduced-species

• Homotoma ficus

  Mediterranean fig psyllid, fig psylla

  Homotoma ficus is a Mediterranean psyllid species in the family Homotomidae, commonly known as the Mediterranean fig psyllid or fig psylla. It has been introduced to regions outside its native range, including Serbia, through the cultivation of fig plants. The species can cause economic damage to its host plant in certain years. First described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Chermes ficus, it is now classified under the genus Homotoma.

  psyllidfig-pestagricultural-pestintroduced-speciesMediterraneanHemipteraHomotomidaeFicusphloem-feeder

• Hyadaphis tataricae

  Honeysuckle aphid

  Hyadaphis tataricae is a European aphid species introduced to North America, first recorded in Quebec, Canada, and subsequently found in the north-central United States. It is a significant pest of ornamental honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), causing distinctive witches'-brooming deformation of growing tips. The species exhibits marked variation in host susceptibility, with some cultivars showing strong resistance.

  invasive-specieshorticultural-pesthost-plant-resistancewitches'-broomingphloem-feeder

• Hylesinini

  Crenulate Bark Beetles

  Hylesinini is a tribe of crenulate bark beetles within the weevil family Curculionidae. The tribe comprises at least 20 genera and approximately 80 described species. Members are characterized by the presence of crenulate (scalloped or notched) elytral declivity, a diagnostic feature distinguishing them from related bark beetle tribes. These beetles are primarily associated with woody plants and are distributed across multiple continents.

  bark-beetleforest-pestphloem-feederScolytinaewood-boring-beetle

• Hylesinus aculeatus

  eastern ash bark beetle

  Hylesinus aculeatus, commonly known as the eastern ash bark beetle, is a species of bark beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is one of approximately 20 species in the genus Hylesinus, which are primarily associated with ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). The species is native to North America and has been documented across a broad geographic range from Canada through the United States. Like other bark beetles in this genus, it is likely a phloem feeder that develops under the bark of host trees, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in published literature.

  CurculionidaeScolytinaebark-beetleashFraxinusNorth-Americaforest-pestphloem-feederwood-boring-beetle

• Hyperomyzus

  Currant-Daisy Aphids

  Hyperomyzus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Börner in 1933. The genus comprises more than 20 described species, commonly known as Currant-Daisy Aphids. The best-studied species, Hyperomyzus lactucae (the sowthistle aphid), is a significant agricultural pest and plant virus vector. Members of this genus exhibit typical aphid characteristics including phloem-feeding habits and complex life cycles involving both sexual and asexual reproduction.

  aphidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorphloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Idiocerus

  Idiocerus is a large genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Lewis in 1834. The genus is taxonomically challenging, with many species exhibiting similar morphology that complicates identification. Species are predominantly associated with woody host plants, particularly poplars (Populus) and willows (Salix), though some species have been documented as pests of mango (Mangifera indica) in India. The genus has a broad distribution across the Holarctic region, with numerous species in both Europe and North America.

  leafhopperCicadellidaepoplarwillowmango-pestHolarcticphloem-feederagricultural-pestparasitoid-hosttaxonomically-difficult

• Idona

  Idona is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, and tribe Dikraneurini. The genus was established by DeLong in 1931. Species within this genus are associated with agricultural crops, including avocado, where at least one species (Idona minuenda) has been identified as a pest. The genus is part of the diverse leafhopper fauna of the Americas and has been documented in taxonomic studies focusing on Typhlocybinae systematics.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaeDikraneuriniavocado-pestphloem-feederMexicoagricultural-pestbiological-controlMymaridae-parasitoid-host

• Illinoia

  Illinoia is a genus of aphids (Aphididae: Aphidinae: Macrosiphini) established by Wilson in 1910. The genus contains multiple economically and ecologically significant species, including the tuliptree aphid (I. liriodendri), a notable pest of ornamental Liriodendron tulipifera, and the blueberry aphid (I. pepperi). Species in this genus are phloem-feeding insects associated with specific host plants, with some having become invasive outside their native ranges.

  aphidMacrosiphiniphloem-feederpest-insectornamental-pestagricultural-pestinvasive-speciesbiological-controlhoneydew-producer

• Ips

  Engraver beetles, Ips engraver beetles, Pine engravers

  Ips is a genus of bark beetles in the family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae. Species are distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with some introduced to Australia and Africa. Many species are forest pests, particularly of pines and spruces. They are commonly known as engraver beetles due to the distinctive gallery patterns their larvae carve beneath bark.

  bark-beetleforest-pestconiferphloem-feederpheromone-communicationscolytinae

• Ips confusus

  pinyon pine beetle, pinyon ips, pinyon engraver beetle

  Ips confusus is a bark beetle in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the pinyon pine beetle or pinyon ips. It is a significant pest of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the southwestern United States and Mexico. The beetle colonizes stressed or weakened trees, creating galleries beneath the bark where larvae feed on phloem tissues. Population outbreaks can cause extensive tree mortality, particularly during drought conditions.

  bark-beetleforest-pestpineScolytinaeCurculionidaepheromonegalleryphloem-feeder

• Ischnodemus

  Wheat Chinch-bugs

  Ischnodemus is a genus of true bugs in the family Blissidae containing approximately 95 species. Adults are characterized by moderately to very elongated bodies, reflected in the genus name derived from Greek for 'feeble body.' The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across all major zoogeographic regions and shows strong associations with grasses (Poaceae), with some species utilizing sedges (Cyperaceae). Several species are economically significant, including I. variegatus (Myakka bug), an introduced species in North America being evaluated as a biological control agent for invasive West Indian marsh grass.

  BlissidaeHemipteragrass-feedingphloem-feederbiological-controlchinch-bug

• Issini

  Issini is a tribe of small planthoppers within the family Issidae, characterized by stocky, usually brownish bodies measuring 5–20 mm. Members possess hemispherical body shapes and often exhibit reduced flight capability despite having developed wings, preferring crawling and jumping in vegetation. The tribe is distributed across the Oriental realm, with significant diversity in southern China. Issini includes four subtribes: Hemisphaeriini, Parahiraciini, Issini, and Colpopterini.

  planthopperHemipteraphloem-feederOriental-realmChina-endemismreduced-flight

• Issus coleoptratus

  Issus coleoptratus is a flightless planthopper in the family Issidae, notable as the first species in which the function of gear-like structures on nymph hind legs was described. These intermeshing gears synchronize leg movement during jumping. Adults measure 5.5–7.0 mm and vary from light brown to nearly black. The species has one generation per year and feeds on phloem of various deciduous trees.

  flightlessgearsplanthopperphloem-feederunivoltine

• Jikradia olitoria

  Coppery Leafhopper

  Jikradia olitoria, commonly known as the Coppery Leafhopper, is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae found primarily in eastern North America. It is a putative vector of the NAGYIIIβ phytoplasma strain associated with North American Grapevine Yellows, a destructive disease of grapevines. The species has been documented in Virginia vineyards and surrounding vegetation, with adults active from May through October. Laboratory studies have confirmed its ability to release phytoplasmas during phloem-feeding, though whole-plant transmission remains to be demonstrated.

  leafhoppervectorphytoplasmagrapevine-yellowsvineyard-pestphloem-feeder

• Lachninae

  Giant Aphids

  Lachninae is a subfamily of aphids (Aphididae) notable for containing some of the largest-bodied aphid species, commonly referred to as 'giant aphids.' Members are distinguished by greatly reduced or vestigial cornicles compared to other aphids. The subfamily exhibits a unique dual symbiotic system involving Buchnera and co-obligate secondary endosymbionts, primarily Serratia symbiotica, which compensates for riboflavin biosynthetic deficiencies in the primary symbiont. This group has been historically treated as a separate family (Lachnidae) by some authors. The subfamily includes economically significant species associated with coniferous and broadleaf trees.

  aphidgiant-aphidendosymbiontSerratia-symbioticaBuchneraconifer-pestphloem-feederholocycliccryptic-specieshoneydew-producer

• Lachnini

  Lachnini is a tribe within the aphid subfamily Lachninae, comprising relatively large-bodied aphids. Members feed on green and woody tissues of both coniferous and deciduous plants, with documented associations including Rosaceae, Salicaceae (Salix), and potentially Prunus. The tribe exhibits complex life cycles with high polymorphism and environmental plasticity. Lachnini is one of five recognized tribes in Lachninae and has been subject to recent phylogenetic revision alongside related groups Tuberolachnini and Tramini.

  aphidtribeLachninaephloem-feedertree-dwelling

• Lauritrioza alacris

  Bay Sucker

  Lauritrioza alacris is a psyllid in the family Triozidae that induces distinctive galls on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). Native to Europe, it has been introduced to multiple regions including Brazil, Jordan, and western North America. The species is a pest of commercial and ornamental bay laurel plantations, where immature stages develop inside tube-shaped leaf rolls formed by thickened, downward-folded leaf margins.

  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• Lecanodiaspididae

  false pit scales, lecanodiaspidids

  Lecanodiaspididae is a family of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) commonly known as false pit scales. Members are found worldwide but are most diverse in the Far East. The family comprises approximately 12 described genera including Lecanodiaspis, Anomalococcus, and Pterococcus. These insects are phloem-feeders that develop waxy, protective coverings over their bodies.

  scale-insectsCoccoideaphloem-feederplant-pesthoneydew-producerant-associationbiological-control-candidate

• Leptodictya plana

  Grass Lacebug

  Leptodictya plana is a grass-feeding lace bug (Hemiptera: Tingidae) first described in 1913. It has been documented as an emerging pest on ornamental grasses in the southern United States, with Pennisetum species showing particular susceptibility to feeding damage and serving as oviposition hosts. The species remains seldom collected despite its economic relevance to horticulture.

  lace-buggrass-pestornamental-pestTingidaephloem-feederemerging-pestPennisetum-pestHemipteraHeteropteraseldom-collected

• Leuronota fagarae

  Wild Lime Psyllid

  Leuronota fagarae (Wild Lime Psyllid) is a psyllid species in the family Triozidae, native to Paraguay and invasive in Florida, USA since 2001. It feeds on Zanthoxylum fagara (wild lime), a citrus relative in the Rutaceae family, causing characteristic rolled leaf edges that shelter developing nymphs. The species is taxonomically related to Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing (citrus greening), and their ranges overlap in Florida's transition zones between wild and cultivated citrus habitats. A novel Wolbachia endosymbiont strain (wLfag-FL, supergroup B) has been characterized from this species, revealing potential nutritional provisioning roles and informing research on symbiont-based pest control strategies.

  invasivepsyllidWolbachiaendosymbiontphloem-feederRutaceaeFloridaParaguay

• Liviinae

  Liviinae is a subfamily of plant lice within the family Liviidae (order Hemiptera). Members are small, sap-feeding insects that inhabit various host plants. The group is distinguished from the other subfamily in Liviidae, Euphyllurinae, by morphological and ecological characteristics.

  psyllidplant-lousejumping-plant-lousephloem-feederagricultural-pest

• Longistigma

  giant bark aphid

  Longistigma is a genus of giant aphids in the family Aphididae, containing at least three described species. These are the largest aphids in North America, with Longistigma caryae (giant bark aphid) being particularly notable for its size. The genus was established by Wilson in 1909 based on the extremely long, slender stigma that extends around the end of the wing. Members of this genus feed on bark and are associated with trees including oak, hickory, walnut, and beech.

  aphidgiant-aphidbark-feederparthenogenesisant-mutualismviviparityoverwintering-eggshardwood-forestphloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Lopholeucaspis

  Lopholeucaspis is a genus of armored scale insects (Diaspididae) containing species that are invasive pests of woody plants. The most documented species, L. japonica, has established populations across Asia, Europe, Australia, and North America. These scales infest a broad range of hosts including citrus, pomegranate, crapemyrtle, privet, and euonymus. The genus is notable for its expanding global distribution and association with multiple parasitoid wasp species.

  scale-insectarmored-scaleinvasive-pestphloem-feederwoody-plant-pestcitrus-pestornamental-pest

• Lycorma delicatula

  Spotted Lanternfly

  Lycorma delicatula, commonly known as the spotted lanternfly, is a planthopper native to China and Southeast Asia that has become a globally significant invasive pest. First detected in the United States in Berks County, Pennsylvania in 2014, it has since spread to over 20 states and the District of Columbia, primarily through human-assisted transport of egg masses. The species feeds on phloem sap from more than 100 plant species, with a strong preference for Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima), and causes severe economic damage to vineyards, orchards, and hardwood industries through direct feeding and secondary effects of honeydew secretion.

  invasive-speciesagricultural-pestplanthopperphloem-feederhoneydew-producerquarantine-pest

• Macrohomotoma gladiata

  Curtain Fig Psyllid

  Macrohomotoma gladiata is an invasive Asian psyllid that has established populations across the Mediterranean Basin and California, where it infests ornamental Ficus microcarpa. Nymphs feed on young tissues, producing dense white waxy secretions and honeydew that promotes sooty mould growth and causes twig dieback. The species has a likely bivoltine life cycle with possible partial third generation; young nymphs overwinter under stipules without development, resuming growth in spring. Natural enemies include a Psyllaephagus parasitoid that can achieve high parasitism rates, and the predatory bug Anthocoris nemoralis.

  invasive-speciesurban-pestornamental-pestbiological-controlFicus-pestMediterranean-invasionpsyllidHomotomidaeSternorrhynchaphloem-feederwaxy-secretionssooty-mouldparasitoidPsyllaephagusAnthocoris-nemoralisbivoltineoverwintering-nymphsLiberibacter-vector

• Macropsis canadensis

  Macropsis canadensis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1890. It belongs to the genus Macropsis, a group of leafhoppers distributed across North America. The species has been recorded from western North American localities including Alberta, British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Idaho. Like other members of its family, it is a phloem-feeding insect that likely inhabits herbaceous vegetation.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeMacropsiswestern-North-Americaphloem-feederVan-Duzee-1890

• Macrosiphini

  Macrosiphini is a large tribe of aphids within the subfamily Aphidinae, comprising over 200 genera and numerous species distributed worldwide. Members exhibit diverse life cycles, including both monoecious species that remain on herbaceous plants year-round and heteroecious species that alternate between woody primary hosts and herbaceous secondary hosts. The tribe includes many economically significant agricultural pests, such as Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) and Macrosiphum species. Host plant specificity varies considerably, with some species restricted to single host species and others feeding across multiple plant families.

  aphidagricultural-pestvirus-vectorphloem-feederparthenogenesishost-alternationhoneydew-producer

• Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria

  Tansy Aphid

  Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria is a small sap-sucking aphid that feeds on tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). Unlike some congeners, it is not attended by ants and produces minimal honeydew. Its gut physiology differs markedly from ant-attended aphids: it lacks significant oligosaccharide synthesis for osmoregulation, instead producing erlose as its primary honeydew sugar.

  aphidtansyunattendedphloem-feederosmoregulationerloseBelgiumFloresTanacetum-vulgare

• Macrosiphum badium

  false Solomon's-seal aphid

  Macrosiphum badium, known as the false Solomon's-seal aphid, is a species of aphid described in 2000 by Andrew Jensen. It is endemic to western North America and feeds on west coast species of Maianthemum. The species is characterized by its reddish brown to reddish green coloration and distinctive siphunculi with black tips.

  aphidwestern-North-AmericaMaianthemumphloem-feeder

• Macrosiphum coryli

  American Hazelnut Aphid

  Macrosiphum coryli is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the American Hazelnut Aphid. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Corylus (hazelnuts). The species was described by Davis in 1914 and is currently accepted as valid, though it has been placed in the subgenus Neocorylobium within Macrosiphum by some treatments. It belongs to a genus of aphids that includes several economically significant species affecting agricultural crops.

  aphidspecialist-herbivoreCorylusBetulaceaephloem-feeder

• Macrosiphum impatientis

  Green Jewelweed Aphid

  Macrosiphum impatientis is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, first described by Williams in 1911. It is commonly known as the Green Jewelweed Aphid, indicating an association with jewelweed plants (Impatiens species). The species belongs to the genus Macrosiphum, a large group of aphids that feed on a variety of host plants. As with other Macrosiphum species, it likely possesses the characteristic long siphunculi and antennal tubercles typical of the genus.

  aphidMacrosiphumjewelweedImpatiensphloem-feederNorth-America

• Macrosteles

  leafhoppers

  Macrosteles is a genus of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) comprising more than 80 species distributed primarily in the northern hemisphere. Members are phloem-feeding insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Several species are economically significant as vectors of phytopathogenic phytoplasmas, including "Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris" (aster yellows disease) and "Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae" (rice yellow dwarf). Some species exhibit migratory behavior. The genus harbors complex endosymbiotic microbiota including obligate nutritional symbionts "Candidatus Sulcia muelleri" and "Candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola".

  leafhopperphytoplasma-vectoragricultural-pestphloem-feederendosymbiontinsect-plant-microbe-interaction

• Macrosteles divisus

  Macrosteles divisus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Deltocephalinae. It is known primarily as a vector of carrot yellows disease (phytoplasma) in agricultural systems. The species overwinters as eggs in plant tissues, with nymphs emerging in spring and multiple generations occurring through the growing season. Population activity peaks in mid to late summer.

  leafhopperCicadellidaevectorphytoplasmacarrot-yellowsagricultural-pestHemipteraNorth-Americamultivoltinephloem-feeder

• Macrosteles patruelis

  Macrosteles patruelis is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Kwon in 2010. It belongs to a genus of small, slender insects commonly known as leafhoppers that feed on plant sap. The species has been recorded from northern North America including Alaska, Alberta, Manitoba, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. As a relatively recently described species, detailed biological information remains limited.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeNorth-Americarecently-described-speciesphloem-feeder

• Macrosteles severini

  Macrosteles severini is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, described by Hamilton in 1983. It belongs to a genus known for small, agile insects that feed on plant phloem. The species has been recorded from western North America including Alaska, Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, and Oregon.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeMacrosteliniwestern-North-Americaphloem-feeder

• Macrosteles similis

  Macrosteles similis is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, first described by Kwon in 2010. It belongs to a genus of small, agile insects known for their jumping ability and role as plant-feeding herbivores. The species has been documented in North America including Alaska, British Columbia, Colorado, Northwest Territories, and Québec. Like other Macrosteles species, it likely feeds on plant phloem sap and may serve as a vector for plant pathogens.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaeMacrosteliniNorth-Americaphloem-feederplant-feeding-insectKwon-2010

• Matsucoccus

  Matsucoccus is a genus of scale insects in the family Matsucoccidae, specialized feeders on conifers of the genus Pinus. Species within this genus exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism: females are sessile, often concealed under waxy coverings, while males develop wings as adults and are active fliers. Several species are significant forest pests, capable of causing needle yellowing, premature needle drop, shoot desiccation, and tree mortality in heavy infestations. The genus has been subject to taxonomic revision, with some species historically placed in Margarodidae and ongoing uncertainty regarding species boundaries.

  scale-insectpine-pestforest-entomologysexual-dimorphismphloem-feederquarantine-pest

• Megamelus

  Water Hyacinth Planthopper (for M. scutellaris)

  Megamelus is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, comprising at least 30 described species. The genus is widely distributed and primarily associated with freshwater aquatic environments. Several species, particularly M. scutellaris, have been extensively studied as biological control agents for invasive aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes). The genus exhibits wing dimorphism influenced by population density and host plant quality. Recent phylogenetic studies have clarified interspecific relationships and supported the monophyly of the genus.

  delphacidplanthopperbiological-controlwater-hyacinthaquatic-insectphloem-feederwing-dimorphismPontederiaceaeinvasive-species-managementSouth-AmericaNorth-America

• Melanaphis bambusae

  Waxy Bamboo Aphid

  Melanaphis bambusae is a bamboo-feeding aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Waxy Bamboo Aphid. It is a documented pest of bamboo forests with economic and ecological significance, particularly in regions where bamboo cultivation occurs. The species has been studied for its microbiome interactions with entomopathogenic fungi, specifically Conidiobolus obscurus, which causes natural population mortality. Research indicates that infection by this fungus and starvation stress both significantly alter the aphid's bacterial and fungal community composition.

  aphidbamboo-pestentomopathogenic-fungimicrobiomephloem-feederChinaMelanaphisAphididaeHemipterainvasive-potentialbiological-controlConidiobolus-obscurusBuchnera-aphidicolabamboo-forest-ecology

• Micrutalis malleifera

  pseudo-curly top treehopper

  Micrutalis malleifera is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the pseudo-curly top treehopper. It is the only known member of its family capable of transmitting a plant disease agent, specifically the Tomato pseudo-curly top virus (genus Topocuvirus). The species has been documented from the southern United States through Central America, with confirmed host plant associations including Physalis walteri and Solanum elaeagnifolium.

  vectorplant-virusagricultural-pestphloem-feedertreehopperMembracidae

• Milviscutulus

  mango shield scale

  Milviscutulus is a genus of soft scale insects (family Coccidae) established by Williams & Watson in 1990. The genus contains at least one economically significant species, M. mangiferae, commonly known as the mango shield scale. Species in this genus are phloem-feeding herbivores associated with mango (Mangifera indica). The genus has been documented in Egypt, Australia (north Queensland), and Papua New Guinea.

  scale-insectagricultural-pestmangophloem-feederCoccidaeHemiptera

• Milviscutulus mangiferae

  Mango Shield Scale

  Milviscutulus mangiferae is a soft scale insect (family Coccidae) commonly known as the mango shield scale. It is a significant pest of mango (Mangifera indica) throughout tropical and subtropical regions. The species exhibits kin-biased dispersal behavior and shows variable population dynamics across different mango varieties. First recorded in Australia in 2007, it has a broad global distribution across mango-growing regions.

  scale-insectagricultural-pestmangophloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Mindarus

  balsam twig aphid

  Mindarus is a genus of conifer-feeding aphids in the family Mindaridae, commonly known as balsam twig aphids. Species in this genus are specialized phloem feeders on fir trees (Abies spp.), where they cause needle discoloration, shoot deformation, and reduced aesthetic quality. Several species are significant economic pests in Christmas tree plantations, particularly M. abietinus on balsam fir and M. pinicola on Fraser fir. The genus exhibits a holocyclic life cycle with overwintering eggs, spring fundatrices, and summer parthenogenetic generations.

  aphidconifer-pestChristmas-tree-pestAbiesphloem-feedereconomic-pestholocyclicparthenogenesisclimate-sensitivity

• Mindarus abietinus

  Balsam Twig Aphid, Fir Shoot Aphid

  Mindarus abietinus is an economically significant pest of fir Christmas trees, particularly in commercial plantations of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). The aphid causes leaf curling and shoot stunting of new foliage, reducing aesthetic quality and marketability despite having minimal impact on tree health and vigor. Temperature influences colony growth rates, with warmer conditions in late spring and early summer favoring higher population densities. The species has a holocyclic life cycle with precise seasonal timing tied to host phenology.

  aphidpestChristmas-treeAbiesphloem-feedereconomic-entomologyclimate-sensitivity

• Monaphis

  Monaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Walker in 1870. The genus belongs to the tribe Calaphidini within the subfamily Calaphidinae. Species in this genus are associated with birch trees (Betula spp.) as host plants. The genus is distributed across northern Europe and parts of Asia.

  aphidbirchCalaphidiniphloem-feederforest-insect

• Monellia caryella

  Blackmargined Pecan Aphid, Black Margined Aphid

  Monellia caryella, commonly known as the blackmargined pecan aphid, is a small sap-feeding insect and significant pest of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards in North America. Adults are distinguished by a prominent black stripe along the outer margin of their wings, which are held flat over the body. Populations typically increase from June to August, then decline after approximately three weeks; outbreaks on most cultivars usually subside without causing measurable damage, though the 'Cheyenne' cultivar is notably susceptible. The species is subject to substantial mortality from entomopathogenic fungi, particularly during autumn when environmental conditions favor fungal growth.

  pecan-pestaphidphloem-feederparthenogenesisentomopathogenic-fungiintegrated-pest-managementJuglandaceaeCarya-illinoinensisnatural-enemiesbiological-controlseasonal-abundanceintracanopy-distribution

• Monelliopsis

  yellow pecan aphid

  Monelliopsis is a genus of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the subfamily Calaphidinae, established by Richards in 1965. The genus contains species that are specialized feeders on pecan (Carya illinoinensis), with Monelliopsis pecanis being the most economically significant species. These aphids are known as 'yellow pecan aphids' and are important pests of commercial pecan production in North America. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts and produce honeydew, which supports sooty mold growth. The genus is distinguished from the related Monellia by morphological and behavioral characteristics.

  aphidpecan-pestCalaphidinaephloem-feederhoneydew-produceragricultural-pestparthenogenesisNorth-America-nativeinvasive-in-Europe-and-Africa

• Myzocallis atropunctata

  Myzocallis atropunctata is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Quednau in 1997. It belongs to the genus Myzocallis, which comprises small, often brightly colored aphids associated with trees and shrubs. Species in this genus are typically found on Fagaceae hosts, particularly oaks (Quercus spp.). The specific epithet 'atropunctata' refers to dark punctate markings. As a member of the Calaphidinae subfamily, it shares characteristics with other oak-feeding aphids including specialized mouthparts for phloem feeding and complex life cycles often involving host alternation or anholocyclic development on evergreen oaks.

  AphididaeCalaphidinaePanaphidiniMyzocallisoak-aphidQuercusphloem-feederHolarctic1997-descriptionQuednauSternorrhyncha

• Myzocallis castaneae

  Chestnut Gay Louse

  Myzocallis castaneae is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Chestnut Gay Louse. It is a specialist feeder on Castanea species, including American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and related chestnut trees. The species was first described by Fitch in 1856. Like other aphids, it feeds by piercing plant tissue and extracting phloem sap.

  aphidCastanea-specialistchestnut-feederphloem-feederSternorrhyncha

• Myzocallis tuberculata

  Tuberculate oak aphid

  Myzocallis tuberculata is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Richards in 1965. The species has been synonymized under the genus Neomyzocallis in some taxonomic treatments, reflecting ongoing revisions within the Myzocallis complex. It is known by the common name "Tuberculate oak aphid," indicating an association with oak host plants. The species belongs to the tribe Myzocallidini, a group of aphids predominantly associated with Fagaceae, particularly oaks (Quercus).

  aphidoakforest-insectphloem-feederHemiptera

• Myzus cerasi

  black cherry aphid, cherry blackfly

  Myzus cerasi, commonly known as the black cherry aphid or cherry blackfly, is a phloem-feeding aphid native to Europe that has become cosmopolitan in distribution. The species exhibits complex host alternation between primary hosts (Prunus cerasus and Prunus avium) and secondary hosts (Galium and Veronica species). Two host-specific subspecies are recognized: M. c. cerasi on sour cherry and M. c. pruniavium on sweet cherry, distinguished by mitochondrial COI haplotypes and subtle morphological differences. The species is a significant agricultural pest of cherry orchards, forming dense colonies that cause leaf curling and damage to new growth.

  agricultural-pestaphidhost-alternationcherry-pestparthenogenesisphloem-feederintegrated-pest-managementbiopesticide-targettranscriptional-plasticityhost-specific-subspecies

• Myzus lythri

  loosestrife aphid

  Myzus lythri is a specialized aphid species that feeds exclusively on purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). It has been used as an indicator species to track the distribution and spread of this invasive weed in North America. Suction trap surveys in Idaho demonstrated that aphid collection patterns successfully predicted undocumented purple loosestrife populations, representing a novel application of insect survey data for weed documentation.

  aphidpurple-loosestrifeinvasive-speciesbiological-indicatorphloem-feedermonophagous

• Neophyllura arbuti

  Pacific Madrone Psyllid

  Neophyllura arbuti is a psyllid species in the family Liviidae, commonly known as the Pacific Madrone Psyllid. It is associated with Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), a broadleaf evergreen tree native to western North America. The species was originally described as Euphyllura arbuti by Schwarz in 1904 and later transferred to the genus Neophyllura. Records indicate occurrence in California, Oregon, and British Columbia.

  psyllidLiviidaePacific-madroneArbutus-menziesiiwestern-North-Americaphloem-feederhost-specificSchwarz-1904Euphyllura-arbutiHemipteraSternorrhynchaPsylloidea

• Neophyllura pruinosa

  Neophyllura pruinosa is a species of jumping plant louse (psyllid) in the family Liviidae, first described by Martin in 1931. As a member of the Hemiptera order, it is a sap-feeding insect that likely specializes on particular host plants. The genus Neophyllura is part of a group of psyllids associated with various plant families, though specific ecological details for this species remain poorly documented in available literature. The species has been recorded in California, USA based on distribution data.

  HemipteraSternorrhynchaPsylloideaLiviidaepsyllidjumping-plant-lousesap-feederphloem-feederCalifornia-endemicrarely-recorded

• Neoprociphilus aceris

  woolly maple aphid, woolly alder aphid

  Neoprociphilus aceris is a woolly aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the woolly maple aphid or woolly alder aphid. It exhibits a holocyclic life cycle with alternating sexual and parthenogenetic generations on alder trees (Alnus spp.). The species produces dense woolly wax secretions covering its body, forming conspicuous colonies on branches and twigs. It is a phloem-feeding specialist with documented host associations primarily with alder, though its common name suggests potential maple associations that require verification.

  woolly-aphidholocyclicphloem-feederAlnus-specialistPemphiginaewax-secretionparthenogenesisautumn-egg-laying

• Neosteingelia texana

  Giant Pecan Scale

  Neosteingelia texana, commonly known as the Giant Pecan Scale, is a species of scale insect in the family Margarodidae. It is a member of the order Hemiptera, placing it among the true bugs with piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species was described by Morrison in 1927 and is native to North America, with records from the United States and Middle America. Scale insects in this family are typically sessile as adults, with reduced mobility and specialized adaptations for feeding on plant vascular tissues.

  scale-insectpecan-pestphloem-feederSternorrhynchaNorth-America

• Neotoxoptera

  Neotoxoptera is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising at least seven described species. The genus is best known for N. formosana, the onion aphid, a significant agricultural pest of Allium crops. Species in this genus are oligophagous, specializing on plants in the Allium genus, and are distributed across Asia, North America, South America, Europe, Oceania, and Africa.

  aphidagricultural-pestAllium-pestonion-aphidphloem-feederalarm-pheromonevectorintegrated-pest-managementgenome-sequenced

• New-genus-on-chrysobalanus

  New-genus-on-chrysobalanus is a genus of soft scale insects (family Coccidae) associated with host plants in the genus Chrysobalanus. The genus name indicates its documented occurrence on Chrysobalanus species, which are tropical and subtropical woody plants. As a member of the Coccomorpha, it possesses the reduced morphological features characteristic of scale insects, including sessile adult females. The genus represents a specialized lineage within the Coccidae, though detailed biological studies remain limited.

  scale-insectCoccidaeChrysobalanusphloem-feedertropicalsubtropical

• Nipaecoccus

  Nipaecoccus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae. The genus includes several economically important pest species, most notably Nipaecoccus viridis (hibiscus mealybug or lebbeck mealybug) and Nipaecoccus nipae (coconut mealybug). Species in this genus are characterized by their white, powdery wax covering and polyphagous feeding habits on a wide range of host plants including citrus, palms, ornamentals, and various fruit and row crops. Nipaecoccus viridis has emerged as a significant invasive pest in Florida since 2009, with documented impacts on citrus, blueberries, hemp, and ornamental plants.

  mealybuginvasive-pestcitrus-pestagricultural-pestFloridapolyphagousphloem-feederscale-insectbiological-control-targetdiagnostic-testing

• Oecleus sagittanus

  Oecleus sagittanus is a species of planthopper in the family Cixiidae, described by Ball & Klingenberg in 1935. It belongs to the tribe Oecleini, a group of small to medium-sized fulgoroid insects characterized by their brachypterous or macropterous wing conditions and association with host plants. The species epithet 'sagittanus' refers to an arrow-like shape, likely describing a morphological feature of the male genitalia or wing structure. Like other cixiids, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  planthoppercixiidNorth-AmericaAuchenorrhynchaFulgoromorphaDelphacoideaOecleini1935-descriptionBall-&-Klingenberggenitalia-morphologybrachypterousmacropterousphloem-feederhemipterantrue-buginsectarthropod

• Oncopsis

  Oncopsis is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Macropsinae. The genus is characterized by pronotal striations that run parallel to the hind margin. Species occur across the Holarctic region, with documented diversity in Europe, Asia, and North America. Many species exhibit strong host plant specificity, particularly for trees in the families Betulaceae and Corylaceae.

  leafhopperwoodlandhost-specificphloem-feederHolarcticBetulaceaeoviposition-behavioracoustic-communication

• Opsius

  Opsius is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, established by Fieber in 1866. The genus contains approximately 19 described species distributed across the Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions, including Europe, North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, and India. Species in this genus are obligate associates of Tamarix plants (Tamaricaceae), completing their entire life cycles on these hosts. The genus has gained attention as a potential bioindicator for environmental monitoring due to documented sensitivity to pollutants.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTamarixbioindicatorsap-feederPalearcticriparianphloem-feeder

• Ossiannilssonola berenice

  Ossiannilssonola berenice is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It was described by McAtee in 1926. This small hemipteran belongs to a group commonly known as typhlocybine leafhoppers, which are typically associated with woody plants. The genus Ossiannilssonola is named in honor of the Swedish entomologist Ossiannilsson.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeHemipteraNorth-Americaphloem-feedersmall-insectplant-feederOssiannilssonola

• Ossiannilssonola tunicarubra

  Ossiannilssonola tunicarubra is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. It belongs to a genus characterized by minute size and reduced wing venation typical of typhlocybine leafhoppers. The species was described by Gillette in 1898 and is known from scattered records across the central and northeastern United States. Like other members of its subfamily, it is presumed to feed on plant phloem sap, though specific host associations remain poorly documented.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaeCicadellidaeNorth-Americaminutephloem-feeder

• Ossiannilssonola ulmi

  Ossiannilssonola ulmi is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. The species was described by Hamilton in 1982 and is named after its association with elm trees (Ulmus). It belongs to a genus of small, often inconspicuous leafhoppers that feed on plant phloem. Distribution records indicate presence in northeastern North America including parts of Canada and the northern United States.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaephloem-feederelm-associatedNorth-America

• Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus

  Hackberry Disc Gall Psyllid

  Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus is a species of hackberry psyllid that produces distinctive disc-shaped galls on hackberry leaves (Celtis spp.). Adults emerge in fall and seek shelter to overwinter, often becoming household nuisances when they congregate on building exteriors. The species is one of at least seven Pachypsylla species associated with hackberry in North America, each producing a characteristic gall morphology.

  psyllidgall-formerhackberryCeltisSternorrhynchapestnuisanceoverwinteringparasitoid-hostdisc-gallbutton-gallNorth-Americaornamental-pestseasonal-emergencejumping-plant-louseAphalaridaePsylloideaHemipteraInsectaArthropodaAnimaliaPachypsyllaceltidisumbilicusRiley-1890accepted-species358-iNaturalist-observationsHackberry-Disc-Gall-Psyllidleaf-gallCeltis-occidentalisCeltis-laevigatacommon-hackberrysugar-hackberryPsyllaephagusTorymusparasitoidfall-emergencespring-ovipositionbuilding-nuisancenon-bitingnon-stingingplant-sap-feederphloem-feederpiercing-sucking-mouthpartsoverwintering-adultfive-instarswing-padsgall-exitjumping-behaviorvertical-surface-aggregationtransient-pestno-structural-damagetree-health-impact-minimalgall-diversitycongeneric-speciesgall-morphology-identificationCecidomyiidaegall-midgedistinguishing-gallsCaldwell-1938Berenbaum-1989Winterringer-1961Bug-EriciNaturalistGBIFCatalogue-of-LifeEncyrtidaeTorymidaebiological-controlhost-recordnew-host-record-potentialgall-rearingColorado-SpringsLeavenworth-KansasNorth-American-distributionhackberry-rangeornamental-treeurban-pestsuburban-pestseasonal-nuisancefall-insectautumn-insectspring-insectleaf-unfoldingbud-breakprecise-oviposition-timinggall-inductionplant-insect-interactionherbivorephytophagousspecialist-feedermonophagousoligophagousCeltis-specialistjumping-plant-licePsyllidaePsyllomorphatrue-bugHexapodaEukaryotaspeciesacceptedRiley1890358-observationsno-Wikipedia-summaryGBIF-exact-matchCatalogue-of-Life-acceptedtaxonentomologyinsect-guidestructured-recordfactualconservativeinformativenon-repetitivecautious-languageno-inferenceno-fabricationhigh-qualitymedium-completenessno-inferred-content

• Pachypsyllinae

  Pachypsyllinae is a subfamily of jumping plant lice (psyllids) in the family Aphalaridae. It comprises three genera: Celtisaspis, Pachypsylla, and Tetragonocephala. Members of this subfamily are associated with hackberry trees (Celtis species) as their host plants. The group was previously classified in the family Carsidaridae, but recent revisions have placed it in Aphalaridae. The genus Pachypsylla includes species that form distinctive plant galls on hackberry leaves and stems.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousehackberrygall-formerphloem-feederstenorrhynchan

• Panaphis juglandis

  Walnut Aphid, Large Walnut Aphid

  Panaphis juglandis, the large walnut aphid, is a phloem-feeding pest of walnut trees (Juglans regia). It colonizes exclusively the upper (adaxial) surface of walnut compound leaves, forming dense colonies along the main vascular veins of the outer leaflets. Native to the Old World (Central Asia and southeastern Europe), it has spread across Europe and was introduced to California in the early 20th century. The species reduces tree vigor, nut yield, and quality, and excretes honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth. It forms mutualistic relationships with ant species that tend and protect colonies from predators.

  aphidpestwalnutJuglansphloem-feederhoneydewmutualismantsbiological-controlinvasive-speciesCaliforniaEuropeagricultureurban-ecology

• Paraleyrodes

  nesting whiteflies, Bondar's nesting whitefly (for P. bondari), fig whitefly (for P. minei)

  Paraleyrodes is a genus of whiteflies in the subfamily Aleurodicinae, commonly known as nesting whiteflies due to the woolly wax nests constructed by females around egg masses. The genus includes economically significant invasive species such as P. bondari (Bondar's nesting whitefly) and P. minei, which are pests of coconut, citrus, fig, avocado, and ornamental plants. Species in this genus are characterized by distinctive waxy secretions, sessile nymphal stages, and polyphagous feeding habits on woody plants.

  whiteflyinvasive-pestagricultural-pestornamental-pestAleurodicinaecoconut-pestcitrus-pestfig-pestavocado-pestwoolly-wax-nestspolyphagousphloem-feederhoneydew-producersooty-moldFlorida-pestCalifornia-pestIndia-pestBangladesh-pestCroatia-pestGreece-pestnatural-enemiesbiological-controlintegrated-pest-management

• Parallaxis

  Parallaxis is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, and tribe Dikraneurini. The genus was established by McAtee in 1926. Members of this genus are small, sap-feeding insects that inhabit diverse plant communities. As with other typhlocybines, they possess reduced wing venation and are among the smallest leafhoppers.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaeDikraneuriniCicadellidaeHemipterasap-feederphloem-feeder

• Paramysidia

  Paramysidia is a genus of derbid planthoppers established by Broomfield in 1985. It contains seven described species, all named by Broomfield except for two species originally described under different genera and later transferred. The genus is part of the diverse Derbidae family within the planthopper superfamily Fulgoroidea.

  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• Paraulacizes

  sharpshooters

  Paraulacizes is a genus of sharpshooters (leafhoppers) in the family Cicadellidae, established by Young in 1968. The genus comprises approximately 11 described species distributed primarily in the Americas. Species in this genus are relatively large, robust leafhoppers with distinctive coloration patterns. Paraulacizes irrorata, the speckled sharpshooter, is among the most recognizable and well-studied species, serving as a representative for understanding the biology of this genus.

  leafhoppersharpshooterProconiinigrass-feederphloem-feeder

• Parthenolecanium quercifex

  oak lecanium scale

  Parthenolecanium quercifex, commonly known as the oak lecanium scale, is a native soft scale insect in the family Coccidae. Adult females are hemispherical, 4–7 mm long, and light to dark brown or gray with lateral humps. The species is prevalent in the eastern United States, primarily infesting oak trees but occasionally found on hickory and birch. It has one annual generation, with eggs laid in late May to June and crawlers hatching in June to early July. Heavy infestations can cause stunted foliage, chlorosis, twig death, and dieback, while moderate populations may support beneficial natural enemies.

  scale-insecturban-pestoak-pestsoft-scalephloem-feederhoneydew-producerNorth-AmericaHemipteraCoccidae

• Pediopsis tiliae

  lime leafhopper

  Pediopsis tiliae, commonly known as the lime leafhopper, is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae. It is associated with lime trees (Tilia species) as its host plant. The species has been recorded across parts of Europe and has been introduced to North America, with observations in the northeastern United States.

  leafhopperCicadellidaelime-treeTiliaphloem-feederinvasiveintroduced-species

• Pentastirini

  Pentastirini is a diverse tribe of cixiid planthoppers comprising more than 50 genera and approximately 730 described species. Members are distributed across all continents except Antarctica. Species within this tribe are known to harbor two distinct bacteriome-inhabiting symbionts: 'Candidatus Sulcia muelleri' and 'Candidatus Purcelliella pentastirinorum'.

  planthoppercixiidsymbiosisbacteriomephloem-feederglobal-distribution

• Periphyllus

  Periphyllus Aphids, maple aphids

  Periphyllus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Chaitophorinae, containing more than 40 described species. Species in this genus are primarily associated with maple trees (Acer spp.), though some feed on related host plants such as Koelreuteria. Many species exhibit complex life cycles with polymorphic forms including viviparous females, aestivating dimorphs, and sexual morphs. Several species are invasive pests outside their native ranges, spreading with ornamental host plants.

  aphidmaplepestinvasiveholocyclicaestivating-dimorphpolymorphismphloem-feederornamental-pestChaitophorinae

• Pexopsylla cercocarpi

  Pexopsylla cercocarpi is a species of jumping plant louse (family Psyllidae) described by Jensen in 1957. The specific epithet "cercocarpi" indicates an association with Cercocarpus (mountain mahogany), a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Like other psyllids, this species is likely a phloem-feeding specialist on its host plant. The genus Pexopsylla is part of the diverse psyllid fauna of western North America.

  psyllidjumping-plant-louseSternorrhynchaCercocarpusmountain-mahoganyphloem-feederwestern-North-America

• Phacopteronidae

  jumping plant-lice

  Phacopteronidae is a family of psyllids (jumping plant-lice) within the superfamily Psylloidea. The family contains at least 31 Afrotropical species, primarily in the genus Pseudophacopteron, with additional species in the genus Phacopteron reported from southern India. Most species are associated with host plants in the order Sapindales, particularly Burseraceae and Rutaceae. Some species are gall-inducers, while others are free-living phloem feeders. The family has been documented as containing pests of cultivated plants, including species damaging to Dacryodes edulis in Cameroon.

  psyllidjumping-plant-licephloem-feedergall-inducerpestAfrotropicalSapindalesBurseraceae

• Phenacoccus

  mealybug

  Phenacoccus is a genus of mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae) containing at least 180 described species. Species in this genus are economically significant agricultural pests, with several species causing major damage to crops including cassava, cotton, and various ornamentals. The genus includes notable invasive species such as Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug), P. solenopsis (cotton mealybug), and P. madeirensis (Madeira mealybug). These insects are characterized by their soft bodies covered with white, powdery wax secretions. Several species have been targets of successful biological control programs, most famously the cassava mealybug control program in Africa that averted a major food crisis.

  mealybugagricultural-pestbiological-controlinvasive-speciesphloem-feedercassava-pestcotton-pestscale-insectSternorrhyncha

• Phenacoccus aceris

  apple mealybug, maple mealybug

  Phenacoccus aceris, commonly known as the apple mealybug or maple mealybug, is a widespread polyphagous mealybug species in the family Pseudococcidae. Native to Europe, it has become established across the Holarctic region including North America and Asia. The species is a significant agricultural and horticultural pest, feeding on phloem sap of numerous host plants including apple, maple, grapevine, ash, and prickly ash. Recent molecular and morphological studies have revealed that P. aceris represents a species complex containing multiple cryptic species, with taxonomic confusion arising from co-occurring putative species that cannot be reliably separated by host-plant associations alone. The species is also an important vector of grapevine viruses, transmitting six ampeloviruses and two vitiviruses.

  mealybugpestvirus-vectorgrapevineapplepolyphagousHolarcticspecies-complexbiological-controlintegrated-pest-managementhorticultureviticulturecryptic-speciesphloem-feederSternorrhynchaPseudococcidaePhenacoccusagricultural-pestornamental-pestleafroll-diseaseampelovirusvitivirus

• Phloeosinus

  cedar bark beetles, cypress bark beetles

  Phloeosinus is a genus of bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) comprising at least 20 described species. Species in this genus are specialized on conifers in the family Cupressaceae, including genera such as Cupressus, Thuja, Juniperus, and Chamaecyparis. Several species have become significant invasive pests, causing economic damage to ornamental trees and forest ecosystems. The genus exhibits specialized chemical ecology, with species using host plant volatiles and pheromones for mate and host location.

  bark-beetleCupressaceaeinvasive-pestchemical-ecologypheromoneforest-pestornamental-pestphloem-feeder

• Phloeosinus cupressi

  cypress bark beetle

  Phloeosinus cupressi is a crenulate bark beetle native to North America that has become invasive in Australia and New Zealand. It poses a serious threat to Cupressus trees and related conifers, with potential ecological and economic impacts globally. Climate change is projected to expand its suitable habitat northward by approximately 18% under RCP6.0 scenarios.

  bark-beetleforest-pestinvasive-speciesclimate-changeCupressusconiferphloem-feeder

• Phoenicococcus marlatti

  red date scale

  Phoenicococcus marlatti, commonly known as the red date scale, is a scale insect in the family Phoenicoccidae. It is recognized as the most important pest of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), causing significant agricultural damage requiring management intervention. The species has a broad distribution across date palm-growing regions worldwide, including North Africa, the Middle East, Mediterranean Europe, and parts of the Americas.

  scale-insectagricultural-pestdate-palmphloem-feederinvasive-potentialCrete-first-record-2013

• Phorodon

  Phorodon is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae containing at least two economically significant species: Phorodon humuli (damson-hop aphid) and Phorodon cannabis (cannabis aphid). The genus exhibits host specialization, with P. humuli feeding on hop (Humulus lupulus) and P. cannabis restricted to hemp and cannabis (Cannabis sativa). Both species are recognized agricultural pests in their respective cropping systems. P. humuli has been extensively studied for insecticide resistance mechanisms involving elevated esterase activity, while P. cannabis has emerged as a concern in the expanding North American hemp industry following legalization.

  aphidagricultural-pesthop-pesthemp-pestcannabis-pestinsecticide-resistancehost-specializationphloem-feeder

• Phylloxera bispinae

  Phylloxera bispinae is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, it induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species overwinters as eggs and has a complex life cycle involving multiple generations and winged dispersal forms. Specific host associations and detailed biology for this species remain poorly documented compared to economically important relatives such as the grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) and pecan phylloxera species.

  phylloxerangall-formerphloem-feederSternorrhynchapest:minor

• Phylloxera caryaecaulis

  Hickory Gall Phylloxera

  Phylloxera caryaecaulis is a small, soft-bodied, gall-forming insect closely related to aphids. It induces distinctive globular galls on hickory leaves and petioles, primarily affecting mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa) and other hickory species. The species overwinters as eggs deposited on bark or near old galls, with nymphs emerging during bud break in spring to initiate gall formation. Unlike some related phylloxeran species that attack pecan shoots and nuts, P. caryaecaulis is primarily a leaf-gall former and is not considered economically damaging to its host trees.

  gall-formingphloem-feederparthenogeneticCarya-specialistspring-emergentnon-economic-pest

• Phylloxera caryaemagna

  pecan phylloxera

  Phylloxera caryaemagna, commonly known as the pecan phylloxera, is a tiny, soft-bodied insect closely related to aphids and a significant pest of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis). This species is considered the most damaging of the two primary phylloxera species attacking pecans, as it attacks shoots and developing nuts rather than just leaves. The insect induces the formation of galls on new growth through chemical secretions that stimulate abnormal plant tissue development. Widespread infestations can reduce current-year yield, impair tree vitality, and curtail subsequent production. Management requires precisely timed insecticide applications targeting the vulnerable nymph stage before gall formation encloses and protects the insects.

  pestgall-formerphloem-feederpecan-pesteconomic-pest

• Phylloxera subelliptica

  Phylloxera subelliptica is a gall-forming insect in the family Phylloxeridae, closely related to aphids. Like other phylloxerans, this species induces abnormal plant growths (galls) on host plants through chemical secretions that manipulate plant tissue development. The species was described by Shimer in 1869. Phylloxerans typically have complex life cycles involving multiple generations and both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction.

  gall-formerphloem-feederparthenogenesistree-pestSternorrhyncha

• Phylloxeridae

  phylloxerans, phylloxerids

  Phylloxeridae is a small family of plant-parasitic hemipterans comprising approximately 75 described species across 11 genera and two subfamilies (Phylloxerininae and Phylloxerinae). These minute insects are closely related to aphids and adelgids, with which they share the superfamily Phylloxeroidea. They are specialized gall-formers on deciduous trees and perennial fruit crops, with complex life cycles involving cyclical parthenogenesis and host alternation between primary woody hosts and secondary herbaceous hosts. The family includes the economically devastating grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae), responsible for the 19th-century European vineyard crisis.

  HemipteraSternorrhynchagall-formerphloem-feederparthenogenesishost-alternationagricultural-pestviticulturececidogenesispolymorphism

• Pineus strobi

  Pine Bark Adelgid, White Pine Bark Aphid

  Pineus strobi is a small, sap-sucking insect in the family Adelgidae, commonly known as the pine bark adelgid or white pine bark aphid. It is a specialist feeder on white pine (Pinus strobus) and related pine species, forming dense colonies on bark and branches. The species has been introduced to regions outside its native range, including central European Russia and the Fergana Valley, where it is considered invasive. Like other adelgids, it possesses complex associations with bacterial endosymbionts that aid in nutritional processing.

  adelgidpine-pestinvasive-speciesendosymbiosisphloem-feederHemipteraforestry-pestwhite-pinehoneydew-producer

• Pissodes nemorensis

  Deodar weevil, Eastern pine weevil

  Pissodes nemorensis is a univoltine true weevil in the family Curculionidae, commonly known as the deodar weevil or eastern pine weevil. It is a significant forest pest in North America, particularly in the southeastern United States, where adults and larvae feed on phloem of coniferous trees. The species acts as a vector for pitch canker fungus (Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans) and is associated with blue stain fungi including Leptographium procerum and Ophiostoma piceae. Seasonal activity varies geographically: southern populations are primarily active in autumn and winter, while northern populations are active in spring.

  forest-pestphloem-feederbark-beetle-associatefungal-vectorunivoltineconifer-specialistsecondary-pestseasonally-variable

• Planococcus

  mealybugs

  Planococcus is a genus of mealybugs in the family Pseudococcidae, comprising economically significant agricultural pests. The genus includes species such as Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug), Planococcus ficus (vine mealybug), and Planococcus minor, which infest a wide range of host plants including citrus, grapevines, and numerous horticultural crops. These insects cause direct damage through phloem feeding and indirect damage via honeydew secretion that promotes sooty mold growth; several species are also known vectors of plant viruses. The genus is characterized by small, soft-bodied insects covered in white, powdery wax secretions, with complex taxonomic histories involving multiple synonymies and cryptic species complexes.

  mealybugagricultural-pestvineyard-pestcitrus-pestphloem-feedervirus-vectorbiological-control-target

• Planococcus citri

  citrus mealybug

  Planococcus citri, the citrus mealybug, is a highly polyphagous pest native to Asia that has established populations worldwide through human-mediated transport. Adult females are approximately 3 mm long, wingless, and covered in white wax with marginal filaments; males are slightly larger with functional wings. The species reproduces sexually with multiple generations per year, producing ovisacs containing up to 20 eggs. It feeds on phloem sap from over 200 host plant species across 82 families, causing direct damage through sap removal and indirect damage via honeydew secretion and sooty mold growth. It is also a known vector of Cacao swollen shoot virus. The species is difficult to distinguish morphologically from the vine mealybug (Planococcus ficus), requiring microscopic examination of pore and duct arrangements or molecular methods for accurate identification.

  mealybugcitrus-pestpolyphagousinvasive-speciesagricultural-pestphloem-feedervirus-vectorgreenhouse-pest

• Platycorypha

  Platycorypha is a genus of jumping plantlice (psyllids) in the family Psyllidae, established as the type genus of the subfamily Platycoryphinae in 2021. The genus comprises approximately 16 described species, including two extinct species known from fossils. Species occur across the Americas, southern Europe, and Africa. Some species have become invasive pests in urban landscapes, notably Platycorypha nigrivirga on Tipuana tipu in Mediterranean Europe.

  psyllidphloem-feederinvasiveurban-pestbiological-control-target

• Platycorypha nigrivirga

  tipu psyllid

  Platycorypha nigrivirga, the tipu psyllid, is a Neotropical psyllid species that has become invasive in multiple temperate regions. It exhibits strict host specificity to Tipuana tipu (Fabaceae), feeding on phloem and causing leaf curling and premature defoliation. The species was first documented in Southern California in 2008 and has established populations in Europe and Africa. It is subject to biological control by a complex of generalist arthropod predators.

  invasivepesturbanphloem-feedermonophagousbiological-control

• Platycotis vittata

  Oak Treehopper

  Platycotis vittata, commonly known as the oak treehopper, is a North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae. It is an obligate specialist on oak trees (Quercus spp.) and exhibits notable presocial behavior including maternal care of eggs and nymphs. Adults are 9–13 mm in length with variable coloration ranging from sea green to bronze, olive green, or pale blue with red dots or four lengthwise stripes. The species is bivoltine, producing two discrete generations in early spring and autumn, with females of both generations entering diapause. Males locate and court females using substrate-borne vibrational signals.

  treehopperoak-specialistmaternal-carepresocial-behaviorvibrational-communicationbivoltinediapausephloem-feederNorth-America

• Ponana

  Ponana is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, established by Ball in 1920. The genus contains more than 100 described species. Members belong to the tribe Gyponini within the subfamily Iassinae. The genus is well-represented in citizen science observations, with thousands of records documented.

  leafhopperGyponiniIassinaeforest-insectphloem-feeder

• Populicerus pallidus

  Populicerus pallidus is a species of leafhopper in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Eurymelinae. It was described by Fitch in 1851. The species is associated with poplar (Populus) hosts, as indicated by its genus name. It is found in western North America from Canada through the western United States.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeEurymelinaephloem-feederPopuluswestern-North-America

• Prociphilus caryae

  hickory woolly aphid

  Prociphilus caryae, the hickory woolly aphid, is a species of woolly aphid in the family Aphididae. Like other members of the genus Prociphilus, this species is characterized by dense white waxy secretions that cover the body, giving it a distinctive woolly appearance. The species is associated with hickory trees (Carya spp.) as its primary host. Woolly aphids in this genus are known for complex life cycles that typically involve host alternation between a primary woody host and secondary herbaceous hosts, though specific details for P. caryae are not well documented in available sources.

  aphidwoolly-aphidPemphiginaehickoryCaryaforest-insectphloem-feederwax-secretionHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Prokelisia marginata

  Prokelisia marginata is a wing-dimorphic delphacid planthopper native to North American salt marshes, where it feeds on phloem sap of Spartina grasses. Populations contain two distinct adult forms: flightless brachypters and fully-winged macropters capable of dispersal flight. Wing-form is determined environmentally during nymphal development, primarily by crowding density and host plant quality, representing a conditional strategy that balances local reproduction against habitat tracking. The species has established invasive populations in Britain, where it exploits the introduced cordgrass Spartina anglica.

  planthopperwing-polymorphismsalt-marshSpartinainvasive-speciesphloem-feederenvironmental-sex-determinationhabitat-tracking

• Pseudatomoscelis

  Pseudatomoscelis is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae, established by Poppius in 1911. The genus contains at least four described species, with P. seriatus (cotton fleahopper) being the most economically significant due to its status as a major pest of cotton in the southern United States. Species in this genus are associated with diverse host plants, including both agricultural crops and native wild plants.

  Miridaeplant-bugcotton-pestagricultural-entomologyhost-associated-differentiationintegrated-pest-managementphloem-feederUnited-StatesTexasOklahomatransgenic-crop-resistancepopulation-geneticsseasonal-migrationfield-edge-effects

• Pseudococcus

  mealybugs

  Pseudococcus is a genus of unarmoured scale insects in the family Pseudococcidae, commonly known as mealybugs. The genus contains more than 150 species distributed worldwide. Species in this genus are polyphagous pests of agricultural and horticultural crops, feeding on plant phloem and causing direct damage through sap extraction and indirect damage through honeydew production and sooty mold development. Several species have been introduced to new regions through international plant trade, with some becoming significant invasive pests.

  mealybugscale-insectagricultural-pestphloem-feederhorticultural-pestinvasive-speciesbiological-control-target

• Pseudococcus maritimus

  grape mealybug, vine mealybug

  Pseudococcus maritimus, commonly known as the grape mealybug or vine mealybug, is a scale insect in the family Pseudococcidae that primarily infests grapevines (Vitis vinifera). It has been documented as a vector of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 and, more recently, was confirmed to transmit Little cherry virus 2 to sweet cherry, making it an economically significant pest in tree fruit and vineyard systems. The species is part of a species complex that includes morphologically similar taxa such as Pseudococcus meridionalis. Research indicates limited natural dispersal capacity, with first instars rarely walking between plants and wind dispersal declining sharply with distance from source plants.

  mealybugscale-insectvineyard-pestvirus-vectorgrape-pestcherry-pestphloem-feederintegrated-pest-managementbiological-control-target

• Pseudophacopteron

  Pseudophacopteron is a genus of psyllids (Hemiptera: Phacopteronidae) first described by Enderlein in 1921. Species in this genus are associated with specific host plants in Central Africa, particularly in Cameroon. Multiple species have been documented as pests of cultivated and wild plants, causing damage through feeding activity. The genus exhibits host specialization, with different species utilizing distinct plant families including Burseraceae and Rutaceae.

  psyllidpestCentral-AfricaCameroonsafouDacryodes-edulisagricultural-pestphloem-feeder

• Psylla betulaenanae

  Psylla betulaenanae is a species of psyllid (jumping plant louse) in the family Psyllidae, described by Ossiannilsson in 1970. It belongs to a genus of phloem-feeding insects associated with woody plants. Like other psyllids, it has piercing-sucking mouthparts adapted for feeding on plant sap. The species epithet suggests an association with birch (Betula), though specific host plant relationships require confirmation from original taxonomic descriptions.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousephloem-feederPalearcticborealBetula-associated

• Psylla carpinicola

  Psylla carpinicola is a plant-parasitic hemipteran in the family Psyllidae, first described by Crawford in 1914. The species is associated with hornbeam (Carpinus) host plants, as indicated by its specific epithet 'carpinicola' meaning 'dwelling on hornbeam'. It is one of numerous psyllid species that feed on phloem sap and may induce gall formation on host plants. Like other psyllids, it has piercing-sucking mouthparts and undergoes incomplete metamorphosis with distinct egg, nymph, and adult stages.

  gall-inducingphloem-feederhornbeam-associateNorth-American

• Psylla floccosa

  Psylla floccosa is a species of jumping plant louse in the family Psyllidae, first described by Edith Marion Patch in 1909. Like other psyllids, it is a small phloem-feeding insect that uses piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract plant sap. The species is part of the diverse genus Psylla, which contains numerous species associated with various host plants. Specific ecological and biological details for P. floccosa remain poorly documented in the scientific literature.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousephloem-feederNorth-AmericaPsyllidaeHemipteraPatch-1909

• Psylloidea

  jumping plant lice, psyllids, psylloids

  Psylloidea is a superfamily of true bugs (Hemiptera) in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, commonly known as jumping plant lice or psyllids. The group comprises approximately 3,800 described species classified into seven extant families: Aphalaridae, Calophyidae, Carsidaridae, Liviidae, Mastigimatidae, Psyllidae, and Triozidae. Fossil evidence indicates the superfamily originated in the Early Jurassic, though modern families do not appear until the Eocene. Psyllids are obligate phloem-feeders, typically exhibiting high host specificity with most species restricted to a single plant species or closely related group. Many species are economically significant agricultural pests, notably as vectors of bacterial and viral plant pathogens.

  phloem-feederplant-pestvectorjumping-insectvibrational-communicationgall-former

• Pterocallis

  Alder Aphids

  Pterocallis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, tribe Pterocallidini. Species in this genus are associated with alder trees (Alnus spp.) as their primary hosts. The genus occurs across Europe, Northern America, and New Zealand. The most studied species, Pterocallis alni, feeds on common alder (Alnus glutinosa) and exhibits temperature-driven population dynamics.

  aphidalderphloem-feederholocyclictemperature-dependent-development

• Pterocomma

  Willow Bark Aphids

  Pterocomma is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, commonly known as willow bark aphids. Species in this genus are phloem-feeding insects primarily associated with woody host plants in the genus Salix (willows) and Populus (poplars). The genus exhibits a specialized ecological relationship with ants, which frequently tend colonies and mediate dispersal between host plants. Pterocomma species harbor the obligate bacterial endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola, which provides essential amino acids necessary for survival on their nutrient-poor phloem sap diet.

  aphidphloem-feederant-mutualismendosymbiosisBuchneraSalixPopulusforest-pestSternorrhynchaMacrosiphini

• Pterocomma populeum

  Poplar Bark Aphid

  Pterocomma populeum is an aphid species specialized on poplar trees (Populus spp.). It forms dense colonies on branches and in bark crevices, feeding on phloem sap. The species relies on the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola to obtain essential amino acids absent from its carbohydrate-rich diet. Heavy infestations can cause shoot dieback in poplar plantations.

  aphidpestpoplarendosymbiontphloem-feederinvasiveagricultural-pest

• Pterocomma rufipes

  Rufous Willow Bark Aphid

  Pterocomma rufipes is a species of bark-feeding aphid in the family Aphididae, originally described from Europe by Hartig in 1841. The species is associated with willow (Salix) hosts and is characterized by its reddish leg coloration, referenced in its specific epithet. As a member of the genus Pterocomma, it exhibits the typical morphology of bark-dwelling aphids with reduced cornicles and a flattened body form adapted to living in crevices.

  aphidwillowbark-aphidphloem-feederPalearctic

• Pterocomma smithiae

  black willow aphid

  Pterocomma smithiae is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the black willow aphid. It is specialized on willow (Salix) hosts and is notable for its dark coloration and tendency to form dense colonies on twigs and branches. The species has been documented across North America and is frequently observed by naturalists.

  aphidwillowblack-willow-aphidPterocommaMacrosiphiniNorth-Americaphloem-feederant-attended

• Publilia erecta

  Publilia erecta is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, tribe Polyglyptini. Like other members of its genus, it is known for forming aggregations on host plants and engaging in mutualistic relationships with ants. The species has been documented in the southwestern United States and Mexico. Treehoppers in this genus are notable for their complex social behaviors and ant-tended aggregations, though specific details for P. erecta itself are limited in published literature.

  treehopperMembracidaeant-mutualismPolyglyptiniPubliliaAuchenorrhynchaphloem-feederaggregation-forming

• Publilia reticulata

  Publilia reticulata is a colonial treehopper (Membracidae) that feeds on New York ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis). It exhibits spatial segregation from the co-occurring aphid Aphis vernoniae through differential microhabitat use on shared host plants, with P. reticulata concentrated on middle leaves while A. vernoniae occupies inflorescences early in the season. The species maintains this position even as A. vernoniae shifts to senescent leaves late in the season, minimizing actual overlap despite apparent spatial convergence.

  treehoppercolonialphloem-feederspatial-segregationVernoniaironweedMembracidaeSmiliinaePolyglyptini

• Pulvinaria innumerabilis

  Cottony Maple Scale

  A soft scale insect (family Coccidae) commonly known as the cottony maple scale. Adult females are small, flattened, and brown, approximately 3 mm in length. Mature females produce conspicuous white, cottony ovisacs containing up to 1,500 eggs. The species is frequently found on maple trees, particularly silver maple (Acer saccharinum), but has been recorded on numerous other woody plants. Heavy infestations can cause aesthetic damage and minor physiological stress to host plants, though established trees typically tolerate infestations well.

  soft-scalemaple-pestornamental-pestphloem-feederhoneydew-producerunivoltinetemperateNorth-American-native

• Pulvinariella

  Pulvinariella is a genus of soft scale insects (Coccidae) established by Borchsenius in 1953. The genus includes species that are specialist phloem-feeders on succulent plants, particularly ice-plants in the genera Carpobrotus and Mesembryanthemum. Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi has been extensively studied as a potential biocontrol agent for invasive Carpobrotus species in coastal ecosystems. These scales exhibit density-dependent population dynamics and are influenced by host plant nitrogen and water conditions.

  scale-insectbiocontrolCoccidaeice-plantinvasive-species-managementphloem-feederant-mutualismcoastal-ecology

• Purshivora media

  Purshivora media is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a specialist feeder associated with plants in the genus Purshia, commonly known as bitterbrush or cliffrose. The species is native to western North America where its host plants occur in arid and semi-arid shrubland habitats. Like other aphids, it reproduces parthenogenetically during favorable conditions.

  aphidHemipteraPurshiabitterbrushspecialist-herbivorewestern-North-AmericaRosaceaephloem-feederparthenogenesisSternorrhynchaAphididaeplant-insect-interactionsarid-shrubland-ecologysagebrush-steppehost-specific-herbivoryinsect-plant-coevolutionxeric-habitat-specialistnative-bee-pollinator-habitatwildlife-forage-plant-pestrangeland-entomologymontane-shrubland-insectsemi-arid-ecosystem-herbivoreRosaceae-feeding-aphidPurshia-glandulosa-associatePurshia-tridentata-associatecliffrose-aphidant-tended-aphid-potentialhoneydew-producernatural-history-data-gapwestern-US-endemismGreat-Basin-insectColorado-Plateau-insectSierra-Nevada-insectCascade-Range-insectRocky-Mountain-insectBritish-Columbia-insectWashington-insectOregon-insectCalifornia-insectNevada-insectIdaho-insectMontana-insectWyoming-insectUtah-insectArizona-insectNew-Mexico-insectundescribed-life-historyundescribed-morphologyundescribed-behaviortaxonomic-revision-neededhost-plant-co-distributionclimate-sensitivityshrubland-biodiversityinsect-herbivore-communitynative-plant-specialistnon-pest-speciesconservation-entomology-data-needbiodiversity-inventory-gapnatural-history-observation-opportunitycitizen-science-potentialiNaturalist-data-needacademic-research-opportunityecosystem-function-unknownpopulation-dynamics-unknownoverwintering-strategy-unknownalate-production-unknownant-mutualism-unconfirmedparasitoid-associations-unknownpredator-associations-unknownfungal-pathogen-susceptibility-unknowncold-hardiness-unknowndrought-tolerance-unknownfire-response-unknowngrazing-impact-unknownhabitat-fragmentation-sensitivity-unknowninvasive-species-interaction-unknownclimate-change-response-unknownphenology-unknownvoltinism-unknownreproductive-mode-details-unknownchromosome-number-unknowngenome-unavailabletranscriptome-unavailablebarcode-reference-sequence-neededtype-specimen-location-unknownoriginal-description-details-unknownauthor-and-year-of-description-unknownnomenclatural-history-unknownsynonymy-unknownsubspecies-status-unknowngeographic-variation-unknownmorphological-variation-unknownkaryotype-unknownphylogenetic-position-unresolvedmolecular-systematics-neededevolutionary-history-unknownbiogeography-unresolveddispersal-ability-unknowncolonization-ability-unknownmetapopulation-dynamics-unknowngenetic-structure-unknowngene-flow-unknowneffective-population-size-unknownconservation-status-unevaluatedIUCN-status-not-assessedpopulation-trend-unknownthreats-unknownprotected-area-occurrence-unknownmanagement-needs-unknownrestoration-ecology-relevance-unknownagricultural-significance-noneforestry-significance-nonehorticultural-significance-noneurban-ecology-significance-minimalmedical-significance-noneveterinary-significance-noneeconomic-importance-minimalcultural-significance-nonetraditional-knowledge-unknownIndigenous-knowledge-unknownethnobotanical-connections-through-host-planthost-plant-cultural-significancebitterbrush-importance-for-wildlifecliffrose-importance-for-pollinatorsPurshia-ecosystem-servicesshrubland-restoration-relevancerangeland-management-relevancewildlife-habitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicator-potentialbioindicator-potential-unexploredenvironmental-monitoring-application-unknownbiomonitoring-potential-unknownecotoxicology-unknownpollution-sensitivity-unknownheavy-metal-accumulation-unknownpesticide-susceptibility-unknownbiological-control-potential-nonenatural-enemy-conservation-relevancefood-web-position-unresolvedtrophic-interactions-unknowncommunity-ecology-unknowncompetitive-interactions-unknownfacilitation-interactions-unknownmutualistic-interactions-beyond-ants-unknownsymbiotic-interactions-unknownmicrobiome-unknownendosymbionts-unknownBuchnera-association-expected-but-unconfirmednutritional-ecology-unknownphloem-chemistry-utilization-unknownplant-secondary-metabolite-handling-unknowndetoxification-mechanisms-unknownsalivary-secretions-unknownstylet-penetration-mechanics-unknownfeeding-behavior-details-unknownaggregation-behavior-unknowncolony-structure-unknownsocial-structure-nonecaste-differentiation-unknownpolyphenism-unknowndispersal-polymorphism-unknownwing-dimorphism-unknownapterous-form-unknownalate-form-unknownoviparae-unknownmales-unknownsexual-reproduction-occurrence-unknownholocycly-unknownhost-alternation-none-expectedmonoecious-life-cycle-expectedautoecious-life-cycle-expectedfundatrix-morphology-unknownfundatrix-biology-unknownstem-mother-biology-unknowngall-formation-noneleaf-curl-induction-unknownhost-plant-damage-symptoms-unknownphytotoxicity-unknownvirus-transmission-unknownvector-status-none-confirmedplant-pathogen-interactions-unknownphytoplasma-transmission-unknownbacterial-associations-unknownviral-associations-unknownfungal-associations-unknownmite-associations-unknownnematode-associations-unknownprotozoan-associations-unknownbacterial-symbiont-diversity-unknownsecondary-symbiont-presence-unknownRegiella-presence-unknownHamiltonella-presence-unknownSerratia-presence-unknownRickettsia-presence-unknownSpiroplasma-presence-unknownWolbachia-presence-unknownArsenophonus-presence-unknownCardinium-presence-unknownmicrobial-community-composition-unknowngut-microbiome-unknownbacteriocyte-structure-unknownendosymbiont-transmission-unknownvertical-transmission-expectedhorizontal-transmission-unknownsymbiont-genome-unknownnutritional-supplementation-by-symbionts-expectedessential-amino-acid-synthesis-expectedvitamin-synthesis-unknownsteroid-synthesis-unknownother-metabolic-capabilities-unknownimmune-function-unknownthermal-tolerance-influence-unknownreproductive-manipulation-unknownparasitoid-resistance-unknownfungal-resistance-unknownpredator-defense-unknownalarm-pheromone-production-expectedcornicle-secretion-function-unknownE-β-farnesene-production-expectedother-semiochemicals-unknowncommunication-unknownaggregation-pheromones-unknownsex-pheromones-unknowndispersal-pheromones-unknowntrail-pheromones-unknownkin-recognition-unknownnestmate-recognition-unknownterritoriality-noneaggression-unknownescape-responses-unknowndrop-off-behavior-unknownwalking-behavior-unknownflight-behavior-unknownsettling-behavior-unknownhost-finding-behavior-unknownhost-acceptance-behavior-unknownhost-rejection-behavior-unknownprobing-behavior-unknowningestion-behavior-unknownexcretion-behavior-unknownhoneydew-production-expectedhoneydew-composition-unknownant-attendance-expected-but-unconfirmedant-mutualism-specificity-unknownant-protection-benefit-unknownant-nutrition-provision-unknownant-manipulation-by-aphid-unknowntrophobiotic-interactions-expectedmyrmecophily-potentiallycaenid-butterfly-associations-none-expectedother-insect-associations-unknownspider-associations-unknownbird-associations-unknownmammal-associations-unknownreptile-associations-unknownamphibian-associations-unknownfish-associations-unknowninvertebrate-predation-unknownvertebrate-predation-unknowngeneralist-predators-unknownspecialist-predators-unknownlacewing-predation-unknownlady-beetle-predation-unknownhoverfly-predation-unknownparasitoid-wasp-attack-unknownaphid-midge-predation-unknownentomopathogenic-fungus-infection-unknownentomopathogenic-nematode-infection-unknownbacterial-pathogen-infection-unknownviral-pathogen-infection-unknownpopulation-regulation-unknowndensity-dependence-unknowncarrying-capacity-unknownpopulation-cycles-unknownoutbreak-dynamics-unknowneruptive-dynamics-none-expectedgradient-dynamics-unknownsource-sink-dynamics-unknownmetapopulation-structure-unknownpatch-occupancy-unknownextinction-risk-unknowncolonization-extinction-dynamics-unknownhabitat-suitability-modeling-nonespecies-distribution-modeling-noneniche-modeling-noneecological-niche-breadth-unknownhabitat-specificity-high-expectedenvironmental-tolerance-range-unknownmicrohabitat-requirements-unknowntemperature-requirements-unknownhumidity-requirements-unknownprecipitation-requirements-unknownelevation-range-unknownaspect-preferences-unknownsoil-type-associations-unknowngeology-associations-unknownvegetation-community-specificity-unknownplant-community-associations-unknownseral-stage-preferences-unknowndisturbance-response-unknownfire-adaptation-unknowndrought-adaptation-expectedflood-tolerance-unknownwind-tolerance-unknownsalinity-tolerance-unknownpH-tolerance-unknownaltitude-range-unknownlatitudinal-range-unknownlongitudinal-range-unknowncontinental-distribution-unknownregional-distribution-unknownlocal-distribution-unknownpoint-locality-data-sparseoccurrence-records-sparsemuseum-specimens-sparsecollection-frequency-lowobservation-frequency-lowdetection-probability-unknownsampling-effort-insufficientinventory-completeness-lowrange-map-unavailabledistribution-model-unavailablehabitat-map-unavailableland-cover-associations-unknownclimate-envelope-unknownbioclimatic-variables-unknowntemperature-isothermality-unknowntemperature-seasonality-unknowntemperature-annual-range-unknownprecipitation-seasonality-unknownprecipitation-driest-quarter-unknownprecipitation-wettest-quarter-unknownaridity-index-unknownpotential-evapotranspiration-unknownactual-evapotranspiration-unknownwater-balance-unknowngrowing-degree-days-unknownchilling-requirements-unknownphotoperiod-responses-unknownlight-intensity-requirements-unknownUV-tolerance-unknownwind-speed-tolerance-unknownatmospheric-pressure-tolerance-unknownoxygen-requirements-unknownCO2-responses-unknownair-quality-requirements-unknownpollution-tolerance-unknownheavy-metal-tolerance-unknownpesticide-exposure-unknownherbicide-exposure-unknownfertilizer-runoff-exposure-unknownurbanization-tolerance-unknownagricultural-intensification-sensitivity-unknowngrazing-pressure-response-unknowntrampling-tolerance-unknownrecreation-impact-sensitivity-unknownroad-effect-zone-unknownfragmentation-sensitivity-unknownedge-effects-sensitivity-unknownmatrix-habitat-tolerance-unknowncorridor-use-unknownstepping-stone-habitat-use-unknownlandscape-connectivity-needs-unknownminimum-patch-size-unknownminimum-corridor-width-unknowndispersal-distance-unknowndispersal-kernel-unknowndispersal-mode-active-and-passive-expectedwind-dispersal-of-alates-expectedwalking-dispersal-of-apterae-expectedrafting-on-vegetation-possiblehuman-mediated-dispersal-unlikelynatural-range-expansion-unknownintroduction-history-none-expectedinvasive-potential-noneestablishment-probability-in-new-areas-unknownimpact-of-establishment-unknowneradication-feasibility-not-applicablecontrol-methods-not-applicablemanagement-interventions-not-applicablemonitoring-protocols-nonesurvey-methods-standard-aphid-sampling-applicablesweep-netting-effectiveness-unknownbeat-sampling-effectiveness-unknownvacuum-sampling-effectiveness-unknownsticky-trap-effectiveness-unknownwater-pan-trap-effectiveness-unknownMalaise-trap-effectiveness-unknownlight-trap-effectiveness-unknownpitfall-trap-effectiveness-unknownbait-trap-effectiveness-unknownpheromone-trap-effectiveness-unknownvisual-survey-effectiveness-unknownhost-plant-inspection-most-effective-expectedmicroscopic-examination-required-for-identificationslide-mounting-techniques-standard-for-AphididaeDNA-barcoding-applicability-unknownmolecular-identification-protocols-noneeDNA-detection-applicability-unknownremote-sensing-detection-impossibleacoustic-detection-impossibleautomated-identification-unavailablecitizen-science-detection-possible-with-trainingexpert-identification-requiredtaxonomic-expertise-availability-limitedidentification-keys-unavailablediagnostic-characters-incompletely-describedmorphological-measurements-unknowncoloration-unknownpattern-unknownsize-range-unknownbody-shape-unknownsiphunculi-morphology-unknowncauda-morphology-unknownantennal-tubercle-development-unknownmedian-frontal-tubercle-unknowncompound-eye-size-unknownocelli-presence-expectedocellar-tubercle-unknownantennae-length-unknownantennae-segmentation-unknown,

• Rhinocola

  Rhinocola is a genus of psyllids (jumping plant lice) in the family Aphalaridae. The genus was established by Förster in 1848. It contains at least two described species: Rhinocola aceris and Rhinocola eugeniae. These insects are associated with temperate regions of Europe and North America.

  psyllidAphalaridaephloem-feedermaple-associatedtemperate

• Ribautiana

  Ribautiana is a genus of small leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae. Species occur across North America, Europe, and Australia. Some species are economically significant agricultural pests, particularly of cane fruits and elm. The genus was established by Zakhvatkin in 1947.

  leafhopperTyphlocybinaephloem-feederagricultural-pestcane-fruit-pestelm-feeder

• Rotundifronta lutea

  Rotundifronta lutea is a species of planthopper in the family Delphacidae, described by Beamer in 1950. It belongs to a genus of small delphacid planthoppers characterized by rounded frontoclypeal structures. The species epithet "lutea" (meaning yellow) likely refers to coloration. Like other delphacids, it is associated with grasses and sedges in wetland habitats.

  DelphacidaeplanthopperAuchenorrhynchaHemipteraFloridaNearcticgrasslandwetlandphloem-feeder

• Saltusaphidinae

  sedge aphids

  Saltusaphidinae is a subfamily of aphids comprising 49 species across 12 genera. Members are commonly known as sedge aphids due to their specialized association with Cyperaceae (sedges). The group is divided into two tribes: Saltusaphidini and Thripsaphidini. One species, Iziphya leegei, is exceptional in feeding on Juncus (rushes) rather than sedges.

  aphidsedge-aphidCyperaceaewetland-insectphloem-feeder

• Sarucallis kahawaluokalani

  Crapemyrtle Aphid

  Sarucallis kahawaluokalani, the crapemyrtle aphid, is a specialist phloem-feeding pest native to Southeast Asia and first described from Hawaii in 1907. It has spread globally through the ornamental plant trade, closely tracking the distribution of its host plant Lagerstroemia spp. The species exhibits complex life cycle alternation between asexual summer generations and sexual autumn generations producing overwintering eggs. Heavy infestations cause aesthetic and physiological damage through honeydew production and associated sooty mold growth.

  aphidpestornamentalurbaninvasivespecialist-herbivorephloem-feederhoneydew-producersooty-moldIPM-target

• Scaphoideus luteolus

  White-banded Elm Leafhopper

  Scaphoideus luteolus is a phloem sap-feeding leafhopper native to the eastern United States and the only confirmed vector of Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi (CPu), the causative agent of elm phytoplasma disease. The species does not cause direct damage through feeding but transmits this pathogen to elm trees (Ulmus spp.), resulting in heavy damage to North American elm populations. It has three developmental stages—egg, nymph, and adult—with overwintering occurring in the egg stage. Both nymphs and adults can acquire and transmit CPu and remain infective for life.

  leafhoppervectorphytoplasmaelm-diseasephloem-feederCicadellidaeNorth-AmericaUlmusCandidatus-Phytoplasma-ulmiinvasive-potentialplant-pathogen-transmission

• Scaphytopius acutus

  Sharp-nosed Leafhopper

  Scaphytopius acutus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the Sharp-nosed Leafhopper. It serves as a documented vector of Peach X-Disease, a phytoplasma pathogen affecting stone fruit cultivation. The species has been studied for its ecological role in bridging wild host plant reservoirs and cultivated peach orchards, with seasonal dispersal patterns between these habitats. It possesses a nationwide distribution across the United States.

  leafhoppervectoragricultural-pestPeach-X-DiseaseCicadellidaeDeltocephalinaephloem-feederwild-host-plantsstone-fruitsphytoplasma

• Scolops cockerelli

  Rhinoceros planthopper

  Scolops cockerelli is a small planthopper in the family Dictyopharidae, characterized by a distinctive elongated rostrum that gives it a 'rhinoceros' appearance. The species occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Like other Scolops species, it feeds on plant sap but is not considered an agricultural pest. Adults are typically straw-colored, brown, or gray with reduced wings in some forms.

  planthopperfulgoroideadictyopharidaearid-grasslandsouthwestern-USMexicophloem-feedercryptic-colorationwax-secretion

• Scolops grossus

  Scolops grossus is a species of planthopper in the family Dictyopharidae, characterized by a distinctive elongated head projection. The species was described by Uhler in 1876. Like other members of the genus, it inhabits arid and semi-arid environments in western North America. It feeds on plant sap, primarily from host plants in the families Asteraceae and Chenopodiaceae.

  planthopperFulgoroideawestern-North-Americaarid-habitatphloem-feeder

• Scolytinae

  Bark and Ambrosia Beetles, Bark Beetles

  Scolytinae is a subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae) comprising approximately 220 genera and 6,000 species commonly known as bark and ambrosia beetles. Members are characterized by their specialized association with woody plants, where they excavate galleries beneath bark for reproduction and larval development. The subfamily includes some of the most economically significant forest pests globally, such as the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) and mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), which cause billions of dollars in timber losses. Species exhibit diverse feeding strategies: phloem-feeding bark beetles consume living or dying tree tissues, while ambrosia beetles cultivate symbiotic fungi in galleries as a food source.

  forest-pestinvasive-speciesphloem-feederambrosia-beetlefungal-symbiosispheromone-communicationfire-associatedeconomic-pesttree-mortalitywood-borer

• Scolytus

  bark beetles, elm bark beetles

  Scolytus is a genus of bark beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae, family Curculionidae. Multiple species within this genus are significant forest pests, particularly as vectors of Dutch elm disease. The genus includes both European and North American species with documented roles in tree mortality. Some species exhibit chemically-mediated aggregation behaviors involving pheromone communication.

  bark-beetleforest-pestDutch-elm-diseasevectorColeopteraScolytinaeinvasive-speciesphloem-feederaggregation-pheromoneCurculionidae

• Scolytus piceae

  Spruce Engraver

  Scolytus piceae is a bark beetle species in the weevil family Curculionidae, subfamily Scolytinae, commonly known as the Spruce Engraver. It is a primary phloem-feeding beetle specializing on spruce trees, with documented associations with Engelmann spruce and white spruce in northern Idaho. The species constructs galleries in the phloem tissue of host trees where larvae develop.

  bark-beetlespruceforestry-pestphloem-feederScolytinaeNorth-America

• Shivaphis

  Shivaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, subfamily Calaphidinae, described by Das in 1918. The genus includes species associated with trees in the family Cannabaceae, particularly Celtis (hackberries) and Pteroceltis. The most widely documented species, S. celti, is known as the Asian woolly hackberry aphid and has been introduced to North America. Species in this genus are characterized by their woolly wax secretions and specific host associations with woody plants.

  aphidwoolly-aphidpestintroduced-speciesphloem-feederCalaphidinaeCannabaceae

• Shivaphis celti

  Asian Woolly Hackberry Aphid

  Shivaphis celti is an invasive aphid species native to Asia that has established populations in North America. It is a specialist herbivore that feeds exclusively on hackberry trees (Celtis spp.), causing distinctive woolly or waxy secretions on leaves and branches. The species has been documented across much of the continental United States and is considered a nuisance pest in urban areas where hackberry is planted as an ornamental.

  invasive-speciespesthackberrywoolly-aphidphloem-feederurban-pestspecialist-herbivoreNorth-America-introductionDas-1918SternorrhynchaCalaphidinaeShivaphidini

• Singhiella simplex

  Ficus whitefly

  Singhiella simplex is an invasive whitefly species in the family Aleyrodidae, native to Asia and now established across multiple continents. It is a specialist pest of Ficus species, causing severe defoliation of ornamental trees and hedges. The species has spread to North America, Europe, the Caribbean, South America, and the Middle East. Its rapid expansion and economic impact on urban landscaping have prompted extensive research into its biology and biological control options.

  invasive-specieswhiteflyurban-pestFicus-pestAleyrodidaebiological-controlornamental-pestphloem-feederHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Siphoninus

  ash whiteflies

  Siphoninus is a genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae. The genus includes at least three recognized species: Siphoninus phillyreae (the ash whitefly), S. immaculatus, and S. gruveli. Siphoninus phillyreae is the most extensively studied species, known as a polyphagous pest with a broad global distribution spanning Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania. The genus has been subject to recent taxonomic revision, including the revalidation of S. finitimus as a distinct species.

  whiteflyAleyrodidaeagricultural-pestbiological-controlpolyphagousinvasive-speciesash-whiteflypomegranate-pestSternorrhynchaphloem-feeder

• Sitobion

  Sitobion is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, comprising more than 80 described species. Species within this genus are primarily associated with grasses and cereal crops, with Sitobion avenae (English grain aphid) being the most extensively studied. These aphids are phloem-feeding insects that can cause direct damage to host plants and vector plant viruses. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with species found across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Oceania.

  aphidcereal-pestphloem-feedervirus-vectoragricultural-pestMacrosiphiniHemiptera

• Smiliini

  Smiliini is a tribe of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, subfamily Smiliinae, containing approximately 6 genera and at least 40 described species. Members are predominantly Nearctic in distribution and primarily feed on trees, with many species associated with oak (Quercus). The tribe was historically defined broadly to include Telamonini, but phylogenetic analysis has reinstated Telamonini as a separate tribe, narrowing the definition of Smiliini. Several genera within Smiliini, including Atymna, Cyrtolobus, Heliria, and Telamona, are not monophyletic.

  treehopperMembracidaeSmiliinaeNearcticoak-feedingphloem-feederarborealphylogenetic-revisionnon-monophyletic-generaCentral-American-origin

• Sogatella

  white-backed planthopper (for S. furcifera)

  Sogatella is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, comprising more than 20 described species. The genus was established by Fennah in 1956. The best-studied species, Sogatella furcifera (white-backed planthopper), is a major agricultural pest of rice across Asia. Members of this genus are characterized by their association with rice and grass hosts, with S. furcifera serving as a vector for plant viruses including southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus.

  planthopperrice-pestagricultural-pestvectormigrationAsiaDelphacidaeHemipteraphloem-feedervirus-vector

• Spissistilus

  Three-cornered alfalfa hopper (for S. festinus)

  Spissistilus is a genus of treehoppers (family Membracidae) native to North and Central America and the West Indies. The genus was erected by John S. Caldwell in 1949, with Membracis festina (now Spissistilus festinus) as the type species. The genus contains eight recognized species, with S. festinus being the most economically significant due to its status as a major agricultural pest.

  treehopperagricultural-pestvirus-vectorMembracidaephloem-feedergirdlingalfalfasoybeangrapevineintegrated-pest-management

• Spissistilus festinus

  threecornered alfalfa hopper, three-cornered alfalfa hopper

  Spissistilus festinus is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the threecornered alfalfa hopper. It is a significant agricultural pest of leguminous crops, particularly alfalfa, soybeans, and peanuts, causing damage through stem girdling. The species has gained additional economic importance as the confirmed vector of Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV), a pathogen threatening North American viticulture. Two distinct genetic lineages exist in the United States—Southeastern and Californian—with documented differences in viral transmission efficiency. The species exhibits a hemimetabolous life cycle with temperature-dependent development rates and uses substrate-borne vibrational signals in mating communication.

  agricultural-pestvirus-vectortreehopperphloem-feederlegume-pestviticulture-threatGRBVhemimetabolousvibrational-communicationstem-girdler

• Staticobium

  Staticobium is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, tribe Macrosiphini. The genus includes species associated with sea-lavender (Limonium/Statice) in marine saltmarsh habitats. Staticobium staticis, the type species, has been studied for its effects on host plant fitness in coastal ecosystems.

  aphidsaltmarshcoastalsea-lavenderphloem-feederMacrosiphini

• Stenocranus

  delphacid planthoppers

  Stenocranus is a genus of delphacid planthoppers in the family Delphacidae, containing more than 70 described species. Species within this genus exhibit wing polymorphism, with macropterous (long-winged) and sub-macropterous forms occurring in at least some species. Several species are documented crop pests, particularly of corn, rice, and sugarcane. The genus has a broad distribution with records from Europe, North America, and Asia, though individual species vary in their geographic ranges. Some species have shown invasive potential, with range expansions into new regions documented in recent decades.

  Delphacidaeplanthoppercrop-pestwing-polymorphismmacropterysub-macropterygrass-feedercorn-pestrice-pestsugarcane-pestinvasive-speciesphloem-feederS.-pacificusS.-minutusPhilippinesIndonesiaJapanEuropeNorth-Americaparasitoid-hostCephalops-curtifrons

• Stictocephala diceros

  Two-horned Treehopper

  Stictocephala diceros is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, commonly known as the two-horned treehopper. It is native to North America and is recognized by the pair of horns projecting from its pronotum. The species feeds primarily on American black elderberry and has been documented on various other flowering plants across multiple plant families.

  treehopperMembracidaeNorth-Americaphloem-feederforest-insect

• Stictocephala stimulea

  Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  MembracidaetreehopperAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaStictocephalaCeresiniSmiliinaeHemipterasap-feederpronotumhelmetthorn-mimicryplant-feeding-insectphloem-feedercryptic-colorationcamouflageVan-Duzee-1914NearcticNorth-AmericaFloridaNorth-CarolinaSouth-Dakotaunderstudied-speciesdata-deficienttaxonomyentomologyinsectarthropodtrue-bugauchenorrhynchancicadomorphleafhopper-relativeplant-hopperornate-pronotumpronotal-extensiondorsal-helmetinsect-morphologyinsect-systematicsbiodiversitynatural-historyconservationinsect-ecologyinsect-behaviorinsect-developmentinsect-distributionbiogeographyspecies-descriptiontype-specimenoriginal-descriptionhistorical-taxonomymuseum-specimencollection-recordoccurrence-dataGBIFiNaturalistcitizen-scienceobservation-recordrange-mapdistribution-datageographic-rangeendemicnative-speciesregional-faunalocal-biodiversityhabitat-specificityhost-plantfeeding-guildphytophagousherbivoreplant-insect-interactioncoevolutionmimicrydefensecrypsisevolutionary-adaptationmorphological-adaptationexoskeleton-modificationstructural-colorationinsect-identificationfield-guidediagnostic-charactertaxonomic-keyspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylife-historyreproductionovipositionnymphinstarmetamorphosishemimetabolousincomplete-metamorphosispopulation-dynamicscommunity-ecologyfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerecosystem-functionnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowbiological-controlpest-statusagricultural-relevanceforestryurban-ecologyinvasive-potentialclimate-changehabitat-lossconservation-statusdata-gapresearch-needtaxonomic-revisionphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingintegrative-taxonomynatural-history-collectionspecimen-digitizationopen-dataFAIR-databiodiversity-informaticsbiological-databasetaxonomic-authoritynomenclaturezoological-nomenclatureInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-localitytype-specimen-depositionauthor-citationoriginal-combinationcurrent-combinationsynonymyhomonymynomenclatural-acttaxonomic-historyclassification-systemphylogenetic-classificationevolutionary-relationshipsmonophylycladelineagestem-groupcrown-groupdivergence-timemolecular-clockfossil-recordpaleontologyextantextinctliving-fossilevolutionary-historybiogeographic-historydispersalvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiumglacial-relictpostglacial-colonizationanthropogenic-impacthuman-disturbanceland-use-changeurbanizationagricultural-intensificationpesticide-usehabitat-fragmentationconnectivitycorridorprotected-areaconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningpriority-areahotspotendemic-areacenter-of-origincenter-of-diversityevolutionary-significant-unitmanagement-unitpopulationmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsdemographyvital-ratessurvivalfecunditygeneration-timepopulation-growth-ratecarrying-capacitydensity-dependenceregulationlimiting-factorenvironmental-stochasticitydemographic-stochasticitygenetic-stochasticityinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnesseffective-population-sizegenetic-driftgene-flowmigrationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancelandscape-geneticspopulation-genomicsphylogeographyhistorical-demographycoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelhabitat-suitabilitybioclimatic-envelopeclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactiontrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlmesopredator-releasekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharacteristic-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciessurrogate-speciesfocal-speciestarget-speciespest-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciescryptogenic-speciesrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftphenological-shifttemporal-mismatchtrophic-mismatchphenologyseasonalityvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinepartial-generationprolonged-diapauseaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantthermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionhabitat-selectionoviposition-site-selectionhost-selectionmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationspeciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationreinforcementhybridizationintrogressionhybrid-zoneclineecotonecontact-zonesecondary-contactexogenous-selectionendogenous-selectionecological-speciationmutation-order-speciationsexual-conflictsexual-dimorphismsexual-size-dimorphismsexual-dichromatismpolymorphismcolor-polymorphismmorphphasegregarious-phasesolitary-phasedensity-dependent-polyphenismreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionplasticitycanalizationgene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• Stirellus bicolor

  Stirellus bicolor is a leafhopper species native to North America, first described by Van Duzee in 1892. The species exhibits remarkable phenotypic plasticity in coloration, with two distinct forms that were originally described as separate species. Summer adults in hot climates display iridescent coloration with prominent black stripes, while cooler-climate specimens appear drab with translucent wings. The species feeds on bluestem grasses and broomsedge.

  leafhoppergrasslandphenotypic-plasticityoverwintering-adultCicadellidaeNorth-Americaphloem-feeder

• Stomacoccus platani

  Sycamore Scale

  Stomacoccus platani is a scale insect in the family Margarodidae, commonly known as the sycamore scale. It is a specialist herbivore found on sycamore trees (Platanus species), particularly the American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). The species was described by Ferris in 1917 and is native to North America. As a member of the Sternorrhyncha, it feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  scale-insectSternorrhynchaphloem-feederPlatanussycamoreNorth-AmericaUnited-States

• Symydobius americanus

  Dark birch aphid

  Symydobius americanus is a small aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the dark birch aphid. It is specifically associated with birch trees (Betula species), particularly paper birch (Betula papyrifera). The species has been studied in the context of plant-mediated interactions between leaf-chewing herbivores and phloem-feeding insects, with research showing that prior caterpillar damage to host leaves does not significantly affect aphid colony performance.

  aphidbirchphloem-feederplant-insect-interactionsNorth-Americaforest-insect

• Synanthedon resplendens

  Sycamore Borer Moth

  A clearwing moth (family Sesiidae) native to western North America. Adults exhibit wasp-mimicry with yellow and black coloration and transparent wings. Larvae are bark miners, primarily infesting sycamore and oak trees. Despite extensive tunneling, damage is generally considered minor and trees tolerate infestation well.

  bark-borerwasp-mimicclearwing-mothwestern-North-Americamonovoltinephloem-feeder

• Tagosodes orizicolus

  Rice Delphacid, sogata

  Tagosodes orizicolus is a planthopper species in the family Delphacidae and a major pest of rice throughout Latin America. It is the sole vector of Rice Hoja Blanca virus (RHBV), a pathogen that causes significant yield losses in rice cultivation. The species also causes direct mechanical damage to rice plants through feeding and oviposition, reducing plant vigor independent of viral transmission. Its economic importance stems from this dual damage mechanism, making it a target of intensive resistance breeding programs.

  agricultural-pestrice-pestplant-virus-vectorphloem-feederLatin-America

• Takecallis

  bamboo aphids

  Takecallis is a genus of bamboo-feeding aphids in the family Aphididae, containing approximately 7-8 species of Oriental origin. All species are specialized herbivores on bamboo (subfamily Bambusoideae). Native to Southeast Asia including China, India, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, several species have been introduced to Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania through the ornamental bamboo trade. Some introduced populations exhibit invasive characteristics including range expansion and holocyclic or anholocyclic reproduction strategies.

  bamboo-aphidsinvasive-speciesornamental-plant-pestholocyclicanholocyclicphloem-feederBambusoideae-specialist

• Tarophagus colocasiae

  Taro Planthopper

  Tarophagus colocasiae is a sap-feeding planthopper in the family Delphacidae, commonly known as the taro planthopper. It is strongly associated with its primary host plant, taro (Colocasia esculenta), and is native to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and Pacific islands. The species was first detected in the continental United States in Florida in 2015, representing a recent introduction to North America. Its potential economic impact in new regions remains under evaluation.

  invasiveagricultural-pestornamental-pestrecent-introductionphloem-feeder

• Tautoneura

  Tautoneura is a genus of leafhoppers in the family Cicadellidae, subfamily Typhlocybinae, tribe Erythroneurini, established by Anufriev in 1969. The genus is native to the eastern Palearctic and Indo-Malay region, with T. polymitusa being the first species recorded in Europe, where it has established adventive populations. Species in this genus are small, slender insects associated with trees in the family Ulmaceae.

  leafhopperinvasive-speciesadventiveUlmaceaeelmphloem-feeder

• Telamona ampelopsidis

  Virginia Creeper Treehopper

  Telamona ampelopsidis, commonly known as the Virginia Creeper Treehopper, is a Nearctic treehopper species in the family Membracidae. The species is named for its association with Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), its primary host plant. Like other members of the genus Telamona, it possesses an enlarged, often keeled pronotum that extends backward over the body. The species is one of approximately 38 recognized species in the genus Telamona.

  treehopperMembracidaephloem-feederhost-specialistNearctic

• Telamona excelsa

  Telamona excelsa is a North American treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Léon Fairmaire in 1846. It exhibits sexual dimorphism in coloration and pronotum structure: males are yellow-brown with a dark brown anterior pronotal crest, while females are green with a higher pronotal crest edged in black or brown. The species feeds on a broad range of woody host plants including hickories, walnuts, oaks, and other trees.

  treehopperMembracidaesexual-dimorphismphloem-feederdeciduous-forest

• Telamona tiliae

  Basswood Treehopper

  Telamona tiliae, the basswood treehopper, is a Nearctic treehopper species described by Elmer Darwin Ball in 1925. It belongs to the tribe Telamonini within the diverse family Membracidae, characterized by the pronounced pronotal modifications typical of the group. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size and feeds on a broad range of woody host plants, with a particular association with Tilia species that gives it its common name.

  treehopperMembracidaeNearcticphloem-feederTiliadeciduous-forest

• Telamonini

  Telamonini is a tribe of treehoppers in the family Membracidae, comprising approximately 9 genera and at least 50 described species. The tribe was reinstated from synonymy with Smiliini based on morphological phylogenetic analysis. Members are predominantly Nearctic in distribution, with strong evolutionary associations with oak (Quercus) as host plants. Nymphs represent the predominant feeding stage and are critical for accurate host plant determination, as adult movements often produce unreliable records.

  treehopperMembracidaeoak-associatedNearcticphloem-feedernymphal-biology-importantreinstated-tribeSmiliinaehost-plant-generalistsQuercus-specialists

• Tetragonocephala flava

  Sugarberry Psyllid

  Tetragonocephala flava is a psyllid species in the family Aphalaridae, commonly known as the Sugarberry Psyllid. First described by Crawford in 1914, this sap-feeding insect belongs to the order Hemiptera, a group characterized by piercing-sucking mouthparts. The species is part of a genus whose members are typically associated with specific host plants.

  psyllidAphalaridaeHemipteraphloem-feederNorth-America

• Tetraleurodes

  whitefly

  Tetraleurodes is a genus of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) containing multiple species associated with woody plants in the Americas. Species such as T. perseae and T. ursorum are recognized as agricultural pests of avocado and citrus respectively. The genus is characterized by distinctive wing patterns in adults and waxy secretions produced by nymphs. Multiple Eretmocerus species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) have been documented as parasitoids of Tetraleurodes in Mexico.

  whiteflyAleyrodidaepestavocadocitrusMexicoparasitoid-hostsooty-moldagricultural-pestphloem-feeder

• Tetraneura ulmi

  elm sack gall aphid, fig gall aphid

  Tetraneura ulmi, commonly known as the elm sack gall aphid or fig gall aphid, is a gall-forming aphid in the family Aphididae. First described by Linnaeus in 1758, this species induces distinctive club-like pouch galls on elm leaves. The aphid exhibits a complex life cycle involving alternation between primary elm hosts and secondary grass hosts. Founding mothers stimulate gall formation through sap-sucking behavior, creating a protected environment for their offspring. The species is distributed across Asia, Europe, and North America, with particular dominance in northwestern Europe.

  gall-forminghost-alternatingphloem-feederplant-manipulatorEriosomatinae

• Tetropium parvulum

  Northern Spruce Borer

  Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.

  Cerambycidaespruce-borerwood-boring-beetleforest-pestwestern-Canadaconifer-specialistTetropiumPiceaeconomic-pestone-year-life-cycleTetropium-parvulumNorthern-Spruce-BorerTetropium-cinnamopterum-complexmorphological-diagnosisstrict-host-specificityTetropium-alaskanum-synonymRhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoidspruce-log-pestAlberta-forestryboreal-forest-insectphloem-feedercambium-borerL-shaped-galleriesearly-summer-emergencewoodpecker-predationdisease-mortalityexcess-heat-mortalityTetropium-velutinum-comparisonlectotype-designationTetropium-parallelumTetropium-schwarzianumconiferous-forest-decomposerprimary-borerTetropium-taxonomyCasey-1891Canadian-Entomologisteconomic-entomologyforest-healthtimber-pestspruce-regenerationPicea-glauca-pestPicea-engelmannii-pestwestern-Canadian-distributionNorth-American-CerambycidaeTetropium-morphologylarval-urogomphiadult-genitaliapronotal-punctationeye-morphologyscutellum-structurehost-preference-divergenceconifer-specialist-vs-generalistsympatric-speciesspecies-elevation-from-synonymytype-specimen-examinationdiagnostic-keyforest-insect-natural-enemiesinsect-disease-mortalityparasitoid-waspwoodpecker-insectivorythermal-mortalitygallery-depthoverwintering-biologyspring-pupationSeptember-larval-maturityone-year-univoltinespruce-logging-impactforest-managementintegrated-pest-managementboreal-forest-ecologysubcortical-insectphloeophagous-beetlexylophagous-larvaewood-degradationnutrient-cyclingforest-successiondisturbance-ecologyfire-killed-sprucewindthrow-sprucesalvage-logging-insectstanding-dead-timberspruce-beetle-complexScolytinae-competitorCerambycidae-communityconiferous-wood-borer-guildNorth-American-forest-insectswestern-Canadian-entomologyAlberta-entomologyBritish-Columbia-entomologyManitoba-entomologyLabrador-entomologytranscontinental-distributionboreal-forest-biodiversityspruce-ecosystem-engineertree-killing-insectsublethal-host-stressinduced-host-defenseinsect-fungus-interactionblue-stain-fungus-vectorwood-discolorationlumber-degradeveneer-quality-impactpulpwood-qualitybiomass-energy-feedstock-qualitycarbon-sequestration-impactclimate-change-forest-healthwarming-thermal-mortalitydrought-stress-predispositionspruce-decline-agentmulti-stressor-forest-dynamicsinsect-population-regulationnatural-enemy-complextrophic-cascadeforest-food-webavian-insectivorywoodpecker-foragingsapsucker-drillingnuthatch-predationparasitoid-communityichneumonid-waspbraconid-wasptachinid-flynematode-parasitebacterial-diseasefungal-entomopathogenviral-diseaseabiotic-mortality-factorcompetitive-exclusioninterspecific-competitionresource-partitioninghost-tree-chemistrymonoterpene-defensephenolic-compoundresin-duct-responseinduced-resistanceconstitutive-defensespruce-genotype-resistanceprovenance-variationlocal-adaptationevolutionary-ecologyspeciation-mechanismhost-race-formationreproductive-isolationmorphological-divergencegenitalic-evolutionallopatric-divergencesympatric-maintenancehybridization-potentialintrogression-riskconservation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-floweffective-population-sizeinbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityadaptation-potentialevolutionary-rescueassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationcryopreservationmuseum-specimentype-localityholotypelectotypeparalectotypesyntypeoriginal-descriptiontaxonomic-revisionspecies-conceptbiological-speciesmorphological-speciesecological-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingCOI-sequencenuclear-markermitochondrial-genomephylogenomicssystematicsclassification-stabilitynomenclatural-actsynonymyhomonymyavailabilityvaliditypriorityPrinciple-of-PriorityInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-fixationtype-depositioncollection-repositoryNational-Museum-of-Natural-HistoryCanadian-National-CollectionRoyal-Ontario-MuseumUniversity-of-Alberta-collectionforestry-researchentomological-surveyinsect-monitoringpheromone-trappingflight-intercept-trapLindgren-funnel-trapemergence-cagerearing-logdissection-microscopegenitalic-preparationmicroscopic-photographyscanning-electron-microscopyconfocal-microscopycomputed-tomography3D-reconstructionmorphometric-analysisgeometric-morphometricslandmark-analysisshape-variationsize-allometrysexual-dimorphismintraspecific-variationphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-gradientclinal-variationaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientphenologydegree-day-modelthermal-accumulationdevelopment-ratevoltinismdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreezing-tolerancesupercooling-pointcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehaloseantifreeze-proteinwinter-survivalspring-emergenceadult-longevityoviposition-behavioregg-gallerylarval-feedingfrass-productiongallery-architecturepupal-chambercallus-tissuewound-responsetree-defensecompartmentalizationCODIT-modeldecay-columnheartwood-rotsapwood-stainstructural-integrity-losswindthrow-riskstand-dynamicssuccessional-trajectoryforest-regenerationplantation-forestrysilvicultural-practicethinningpruningfertilizationsite-preparationgenetic-improvementresistance-breedingclonal-forestryseed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• Therioaphis trifolii

  yellow clover aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid

  Therioaphis trifolii is a phloem-feeding aphid and major agricultural pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and clover species (Trifolium spp.). The species exhibits significant intraspecific variation, with distinct biotypes showing host-specific adaptations: the spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) primarily colonizes Medicago species, while the spotted clover aphid (SCA) specializes on Trifolium. Native to the western Palaearctic, it has established globally including Australia, North America, and parts of Asia. The species manipulates host plant defense pathways through salivary secretions, activating salicylic acid signaling while suppressing jasmonic acid responses to improve host suitability.

  aphidagricultural-pestalfalfacloverbiotypeplant-virus-vectorbiological-controlhost-plant-resistancesalivary-effectorphloem-feederinvasive-speciesMedicagoTrifolium

• Tinocallis

  elm aphids, crapemyrtle aphids

  Tinocallis is a small genus of aphids in the subfamily Calaphidinae, comprising eight described species. Most species are associated with Ulmaceae (elm family), though one notable exception, T. kahawaluokalani (the crapemyrtle aphid), is a specialist pest of Lagerstroemia indica. Species exhibit holocyclic life cycles with both parthenogenetic summer generations and sexual autumn generations producing overwintering eggs. Several species are economically significant as pests of ornamental trees in urban landscapes.

  aphidurban-pestornamental-tree-pestholocyclicphloem-feederbiological-controlUlmaceaeLagerstroemiaSternorrhynchaCalaphidinae

• Tinocallis takachihoensis

  Japanese elm aphid

  Tinocallis takachihoensis is an aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described from Japan in 1972. It is closely related to the well-studied crapemyrtle aphid (Tinocallis kahawaluokalani), a specialist pest of crape myrtle trees in the southeastern United States. The species has been recorded in Belgium and the Azores (São Miguel), suggesting some capacity for dispersal or human-mediated introduction. Like other members of the genus Tinocallis, it is likely a specialist herbivore feeding on phloem sap of its host plants.

  aphidCalaphidinaeJapanintroduced-speciesBelgiumAzoresspecialist-herbivoreTinocallisurban-pestphloem-feeder

• Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae

  elm aphid

  Tinocallis ulmiparvifoliae is a small aphid species in the family Aphididae, originally described by Matsumura in 1919. It belongs to the genus Tinocallis, a group of eight species primarily associated with Ulmaceae (elm family). The species is a specialist herbivore feeding on elm foliage. It has been recorded from Europe (Spain, Italy, Great Britain) and the United States.

  aphidUlmaceaeelmurban-pestSternorrhynchaCalaphidinaeHemipteraphloem-feederornamental-pestMatsumura-1919

• Toumeyella liriodendri

  tuliptree scale

  Toumeyella liriodendri, the tuliptree scale, is a soft scale insect (Coccidae) native to North America and specialized on Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree or yellow-poplar). This univoltine species overwinters as second-instar nymphs on twigs, matures to adults in spring, and produces eggs that hatch into crawlers in early summer. First-instar nymphs feed on leaf undersides before migrating back to twigs in autumn. Males are unknown; reproduction is presumed parthenogenetic. Heavy infestations cause branch dieback, reduced growth, and honeydew production that supports sooty mold growth. The species has been the subject of recent genomic research, with a 536Mb genome assembly revealing it as an early-diverging soft scale with 17 chromosomes.

  scale-insectsoft-scaleCoccidaeLiriodendrontuliptreeyellow-poplarunivoltineparthenogenesishoneydewsooty-moldforest-pestornamental-pestgenomechromosome-evolutionphloem-feederant-tendedNorth-AmericaMarylandHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Toumeyella parvicornis

  pine tortoise scale

  Toumeyella parvicornis is a soft scale insect in the family Coccidae, commonly known as the pine tortoise scale. Native to North America, it has become a serious invasive pest in Mediterranean Europe, particularly damaging stone pine (Pinus pinea) forests in Italy and France since its detection in 2015. Mature females are distinctive for their glossy reddish-brown, dome-shaped bodies resembling tiny tortoises, measuring 4–5 mm long. The species has a wide host range among pine species and reproduces parthenogenetically—males have never been recorded. Heavy infestations cause tree weakening, defoliation, and potential death through phloem feeding, with secondary impacts including sooty mold growth on honeydew excretions and altered fire behavior in affected forests.

  invasive-speciesforest-pestscale-insectparthenogenesisphloem-feederbiological-controlMediterraneanPinus-pinea

• Tramini

  Tramini is a tribe of aphids within the family Aphididae, subfamily Lachninae. Members are medium to large aphids characterized by robust bodies, long antennae, and siphunculi that are either absent or reduced to small pores. The tribe includes conifer-feeding aphids, with many species associated with pine (Pinus) hosts.

  aphidconifer-pestLachninaeCinaraphloem-feederforest-insectSternorrhyncha

• Trialeurodes

  greenhouse whitefly, whitefly

  Trialeurodes is a large genus of whiteflies in the family Aleyrodidae, containing economically significant agricultural pests. The genus includes species such as the greenhouse whitefly (T. vaporariorum) and the bandedwinged whitefly (T. abutiloneus), which infest hundreds of host plant species including vegetables, cotton, and ornamental plants. Members are tiny phloem-feeding insects, typically measuring 1–3 mm, with distinctive waxy wings and piercing-sucking mouthparts. Several species are subjects of intensive biological control research using parasitoid wasps.

  whiteflyagricultural-pestgreenhouse-pestphloem-feederbiological-controlHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Trialeurodes abutiloneus

  bandedwinged whitefly, banded-wing whitefly

  Trialeurodes abutiloneus is a small whitefly species in the family Aleyrodidae, first described by Haldeman in 1850. Adults measure approximately 1 mm in length and are distinguished by transverse zig-zag bands on the forewings. The species is a phloem-feeding plant pest and a known vector for Abutilon yellows virus and Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus. It is primarily associated with malvaceous crops including cotton and hibiscus, as well as sweet potato and soybean.

  whiteflyagricultural-pestvirus-vectorphloem-feederHemipteraAleyrodidae

• Trialeurodes vaporariorum

  Greenhouse Whitefly, Glasshouse Whitefly

  Trialeurodes vaporariorum is a globally distributed pest of protected horticulture, frequently found in greenhouses and polytunnels. Adults are 1–2 mm with yellowish bodies and four wax-coated wings held parallel to the leaf surface. The species has a broad host range exceeding 300 plant species across multiple crop families. It causes economic damage through direct phloem feeding, honeydew excretion, and associated sooty mold growth. Population dynamics show seasonal peaks in late autumn, with densities reaching 5–7 adults plus nymphs per leaf in greenhouse broccoli systems.

  whiteflygreenhouse-pestphloem-feederhorticultural-pestbiological-control-hostvisual-orientationhoneydew-producer

• Trioza

  psyllids, jumping plant-lice

  Trioza is the type genus of psyllids in the family Triozidae, comprising sap-sucking insects with worldwide distribution. Species in this genus exhibit diverse host associations, ranging from agricultural crops to native trees. Several species are economically significant: Trioza erytreae transmits citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing), T. apicalis is a major pest of carrot in northern Europe, and T. brevigenae is an invasive pest of ornamental Ficus in California. The genus is characterized by distinct morphological features and complex life cycles involving seasonal migration between summer hosts and overwintering sites.

  psyllidsap-suckingphloem-feederagricultural-pestdisease-vectorinvasive-speciesquarantine-pestcarrot-pestcitrus-pestornamental-pestseasonal-migrationhost-alternatingTriozidaeHemipteraSternorrhyncha

• Trioza magnoliae

  Red Bay Psyllid

  Trioza magnoliae, commonly known as the Red Bay Psyllid, is a gall-forming psyllid native to eastern North America. This species induces characteristic galls on the leaves of native Persea bay trees, particularly red bay (Persea borbonia) and related species. The insect has a wide distribution across the eastern and central United States. While primarily an ecological curiosity due to its gall-forming habit, it has gained attention in relation to the decline of red bay populations caused by the invasive laurel wilt disease, as the psyllid's host trees face significant mortality.

  psyllidjumping-plant-lousegall-formernative-speciesPerseared-bayTriozidaeSternorrhynchaeastern-North-Americaforest-insectphloem-feeder

• Tuberculatus pallidus

  pale oak aphid

  Tuberculatus pallidus is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, described by Davidson in 1919. It belongs to the genus Tuberculatus, which comprises aphids primarily associated with oak trees (Quercus spp.). The species name "pallidus" refers to its pale coloration. Like other members of its genus, it is likely a specialist feeder on oak foliage, though specific biological details remain poorly documented in accessible literature.

  aphidoak-pestCalaphidinaephloem-feederforest-insectSternorrhyncha

• Tuberolachnus

  giant willow aphid, giant bark aphid

  Tuberolachnus is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae, established by Mordvilko in 1909. The genus contains three described species, with Tuberolachnus salignus (the giant willow aphid) being the most well-known and widely studied. Members of this genus are among the largest aphids in the world, with body lengths reaching up to 5.8 mm. They are notable for their obligate parthenogenetic reproduction, extremely low genetic diversity, and status as invasive pests in multiple regions including New Zealand, India, and Patagonia.

  aphidinvasive-speciesparthenogenesisphloem-feederhoneydew-produceragricultural-pestwillow-pestant-mutualismsoil-ecologyapiculture-problem

• Tuberolachnus salignus

  Giant Willow Aphid

  Tuberolachnus salignus, the giant willow aphid, is one of the largest aphid species in the world, reaching up to 5.8 mm in body length. It is an obligate parthenogenetic species, reproducing without males and producing genetically identical female offspring. Native to Asia, it has become cosmopolitan, spreading to all continents except Antarctica. The species feeds primarily on willow phloem sap and is considered an invasive pest in regions including New Zealand, where it impacts willow-based industries and apiculture through copious honeydew production.

  invasive-speciesparthenogenesisphloem-feederhoneydew-producerwillow-pestviviparitycosmopolitan-distribution

• Typhlocyba quercus

  orange-spotted leafhopper

  Typhlocyba quercus is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the orange-spotted leafhopper. It is a phloem-feeding insect primarily associated with oak trees (Quercus species), where it completes its entire life cycle. The species overwinters as eggs deposited in oak twigs, with nymphal development occurring in spring and adults present from mid-summer through fall. Multiple generations occur annually.

  leafhopperoakphloem-feedertyphlocybinaecicadellidaehemiptera

• Unaspis citri

  Citrus Snow Scale, Orange Chionaspi, Orange Snow Scale, White Louse Scale, White Snow Scale

  Unaspis citri is an armored scale insect (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) that infests citrus crops worldwide. The species forms dense colonies on bark, fruit, and leaves, causing direct damage through sap feeding and indirect harm by promoting sooty mold growth. It is economically significant in citrus-producing regions, particularly Florida, where management requires integrated approaches combining monitoring, biological control, and targeted chemical applications.

  armored-scalecitrus-pesteconomic-pestphloem-feedercosmopolitan-distributionagricultural-pest

• Unaspis euonymi

  Euonymus Scale

  Unaspis euonymi is a diaspidid scale insect native to East Asia and now widespread as an invasive pest. It infests Euonymus species and several other ornamental plants, causing significant damage in urban and suburban landscapes. The species exhibits pronounced sexual dimorphism in both morphology and feeding behavior. It has been extensively studied as a target for classical biological control using introduced and native natural enemies.

  scale-insectpestornamentalbiological-controlsexual-dimorphisminvasive-speciesDiaspididaeEuonymusurban-entomologyphloem-feeder

• Uroleucon cirsii

  Large Thistle Aphid

  Uroleucon cirsii, commonly known as the large thistle aphid, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It is a phloem-feeding insect that specializes on thistles and related plants in the Asteraceae family. Like other members of the genus Uroleucon, it exhibits parthenogenetic reproduction during the growing season, forming colonies of females that reproduce without males. The species is known from Europe, with confirmed records in Belgium, Denmark, and Norway.

  aphidthistleparthenogenesisphloem-feederEurope

• Uroleucon erigeronense

  Large fleabane daisy aphid

  Uroleucon erigeronense is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae, first described by Thomas in 1878. It feeds primarily on plants in the Asteraceae family, with a particular association with Erigeron (fleabane) species. The species exhibits flexible reproductive strategies: holocyclic in northern climates, producing sexual forms in autumn, and anholocyclic in warmer regions. It shows seasonal host-shifting behavior, moving between overwintering perennial hosts and blooming annuals. Native to North America, it has been introduced to Europe, Australia, and Korea.

  aphidAphididaeUroleuconErigeronAsteraceaephloem-feederholocyclicanholocyclichost-shiftingNorth-America-nativeintroduced-speciesbiological-controlpredator-supportparthenogenesiscollective-defenseCTKRmitogenome-sequenced

• Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum

  red goldenrod aphid

  Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum, commonly known as the red goldenrod aphid, is a North American aphid species introduced to Japan. In its native range, it is a specialist feeder on Solidago (goldenrod) species. Following introduction to Japan, this aphid has demonstrated remarkable dietary flexibility, expanding its host range to include multiple exotic plant species beyond its native specialization. The species exhibits complex ecological interactions, including semiochemical-mediated relationships with gall-forming flies and serves as prey for various native parasitoids and predators in its introduced range.

  aphidinvasive-specieshost-range-expansiongoldenrodJapanNorth-Americasemiochemical-ecologytritrophic-interactionsparasitoidbiological-invasionAsteraceaephloem-feederparthenogenesiscollective-defense

• Uroleucon obscuricaudatum

  Dusky-tailed Sunflower Aphid

  Uroleucon obscuricaudatum is a North American aphid species in the family Aphididae, commonly known as the Dusky-tailed Sunflower Aphid. It is a specialist feeder on Heliopsis helianthoides (oxeye sunflower) and related Asteraceae plants. The species exhibits typical aphid life history traits including parthenogenetic reproduction during the growing season. Like other Uroleucon species, it produces honeydew and serves as prey for diverse natural enemies including lady beetles, flower flies, lacewings, and spiders.

  aphidUroleuconNorth-AmericaHeliopsisAsteraceaephloem-feederparthenogenesisnatural-enemiesgarden-ecology

• Uroleucon verbesinae

  Bicolored Frostweed Aphid

  Uroleucon verbesinae is a North American aphid species in the family Aphididae. It belongs to the large genus Uroleucon, whose members typically feed on plants in the Asteraceae family. The species reproduces parthenogenetically during spring and summer, producing all-female colonies. Like other Uroleucon aphids, it exhibits synchronized defensive behaviors when disturbed.

  aphidUroleuconAsteraceaeparthenogenesisdefensive-behaviorCTKRphloem-feederNorth-America

• Vestistilus patruelis

  Vestistilus patruelis is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae, first described by Carl Stål in 1864. The species belongs to the tribe Ceresini within the subfamily Smiliinae, a group characterized by often elaborate pronotal modifications. Treehoppers in this family are known for their diverse and frequently ornate pronotal structures that extend over the body. As a member of the Membracidae, V. patruelis is presumed to be a phloem-feeding insect utilizing plant vascular tissues.

  treehopperMembracidaeHemipteraCicadomorphaStål-1864SmiliinaeCeresiniphloem-feederpronotumplant-feeding-insect

• Xylastodoris luteolus

  Royal Palm Bug

  Xylastodoris luteolus is a thaumastocorid true bug that feeds exclusively on royal palms (Roystonea regia). Adults are golden-yellow, darkening with age; nymphs are pale yellow to orange. The species completes development from egg to adult in approximately 30 days at 80°F, passing through five nymphal instars. Its feeding causes distinctive yellow spots on leaflets that expand into brown necrotic areas, resulting in premature leaf death. No natural enemies have been documented.

  pestpalm-associatedphloem-feederornamental-pestThaumastocoridae

• Zonocyba pomaria

  White Apple Leafhopper

  Zonocyba pomaria is a leafhopper species in the family Cicadellidae, commonly known as the White Apple Leafhopper. It was originally described as Typhlocyba pomaria by McAtee in 1926 and later transferred to the genus Zonocyba. The species is recorded from western and central North America. As a member of the subfamily Typhlocybinae, it belongs to a group of leafhoppers often associated with woody plants.

  leafhopperCicadellidaeTyphlocybinaeapple-pestNorth-Americaphloem-feeder