Homonymy

Guides

• Disholcaspis prehensa

  clasping twig gall wasp

  Disholcaspis prehensa is a gall-inducing cynipid wasp native to California that induces distinctive galls on scrub oak and leather oak. The species exhibits heterogony, alternating between sexual and asexual generations that produce two morphologically different gall types. The asexual generation forms conspicuous mushroom-shaped twig galls with clasping bases, while the sexual generation produces small, hidden bud galls.

  gall-waspcynipidheterogonyparthenogenesisoak-gallCalifornia-endemicant-mutualismDisholcaspisCynipidaeHymenopteraQuercusinduced-plant-structurephloem-sap-exudationbiological-mutualismseasonal-dimorphismsexual-dimorphismgall-dimorphismagamic-generationsexual-generationclasping-twig-gallbud-galltwig-gallnative-California-speciesscrub-oakleather-oakparasitoid-defenseant-plant-interactioninsect-plant-interactionplant-manipulationevolution-of-asexualityWeld-1957Zootaxa-4859molecular-systematicshost-plant-specificityCynipinioak-woodlandchaparralinsect-gallgall-morphologygall-colorationsun-exposure-effectslarval-chamberemergence-timingspring-emergencelate-winter-emergencegall-developmentoviposition-behavioregg-laying-in-budsegg-laying-in-twigsfemale-only-generationwingless-femalewinged-sexual-generationgall-size-dimorphismgall-shape-dimorphismhidden-gallexposed-gallgall-wasp-life-cyclecynipid-biologygall-wasp-taxonomygall-wasp-identificationgall-wasp-ecologyinsect-plant-coevolutionplant-growth-manipulationhormone-mediated-gall-inductionvenom-glandaccessory-glandsecretory-structuresgall-induction-mechanismgall-chemistryphloem-saphoneydewant-attractionant-protectionparasitoid-waspnatural-enemy-defenseindirect-defensemutualistic-interactiontrophic-cascadecommunity-ecologyspecies-interactionecosystem-engineerhabitat-modificationfood-webinsect-diversityCalifornia-biodiversityendemic-insectregional-endemismoak-specialistplant-specialistmonophagousoligophagoushost-rangehost-plant-evolutiongall-wasp-radiationadaptive-radiationevolutionary-innovationreproductive-strategyasexual-reproductionthelytokyarrhenotokysex-determinationdevelopmental-biologyinsect-morphologyinsect-anatomyfemale-morphologyovipositorstingeregg-injectionplant-tissue-manipulationcell-proliferationplant-hormoneauxincytokiningene-expressiontranscriptomicsproteomicsvenom-compositionbiochemistryphysiologyethologybehavioral-ecologypopulation-biologypopulation-dynamicsseasonalityphenologyclimate-effectsmicrohabitatniche-specializationconservation-biologyimperiled-habitatoak-woodland-conservationchaparral-conservationfire-ecologysuccessiondisturbancehabitat-fragmentationurbanizationagricultural-conversioninvasive-speciesclimate-changerange-shiftphenological-shiftcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservation-dataspecies-distributionoccurrence-recordsbiodiversity-informaticstaxonomic-revisionspecies-descriptiontype-specimenmolecular-dataDNA-barcodingphylogeneticssystematicsevolutionary-historybiogeographydispersalvicariancespeciationspecies-conceptscryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitygenetic-variationpopulation-geneticsconservation-geneticsrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationmanaged-relocationassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areanatural-reservestate-parknational-parkwilderness-areabiosphere-reserveUNESCOIUCNred-listspecies-assessmentconservation-statusdata-deficientresearch-priorityknowledge-gapfuture-researchgall-wasp-venomgall-wasp-glandsecretory-evolutiongall-wasp-phylogenyCynipidae-evolutionHymenoptera-phylogenyinsect-evolutiongall-evolutionplant-insect-interaction-evolutioncoevolutionary-arms-racemutualism-evolutiondefense-evolutioncounter-defenseenemy-free-spaceenemy-escapeecological-releaseadaptive-peakfitness-landscapeevolutionary-constraintevolutionary-trade-offlife-history-evolutionreproductive-allocationfecunditysurvivaldevelopment-timegeneration-timevoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinediapauseoverwinteringcold-hardinessstress-tolerancedesiccation-resistancestarvation-resistanceimmune-responseparasitoid-resistancepathogen-resistancesymbiontmicrobiomegut-microbiotaendosymbiontWolbachiaRickettsiaCardiniumSpiroplasmabacterial-symbiontfungal-symbiontviral-symbiontmutualistic-microbeparasitic-microbecommensal-microbemicrobial-communitymetagenomicsmicrobial-ecologyhost-microbe-interactionimmune-systeminnate-immunityacquired-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityantimicrobial-peptidereactive-oxygen-speciesnitric-oxidemelanizationencapsulationnodulationphagocytosisautophagyapoptosisprogrammed-cell-deathstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiaanoxiametabolic-raterespirationenergy-budgetnutrient-allocationlipid-storageglycogen-storageprotein-storageamino-acid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismlipid-metabolismnitrogen-metabolismexcretionosmoregulationion-transportwater-balancecuticleintegumentsclerotizationpigmentationcolor-patternstructural-coloriridescencebioluminescencephotoreceptorvisioncompound-eyeocellusantennaolfactiongustationchemoreceptionmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionproprioceptionneurobiologybrainganglionnerveneuronsynapseneurotransmitterhormonepheromoneallomonekairomonesemiochemicalchemical-ecologycommunicationsignalingmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicemating-systemmating-behaviorcourtshipcopulationinseminationfertilizationovipositionegg-layingparental-carematernal-effectpaternal-effectepigeneticsgene-expression-regulationtranscription-factorsignaling-pathwayhormone-receptornuclear-receptorsteroid-hormonejuvenile-hormoneecdysoneinsulinTOR-pathwayAMPKnutrient-sensinggrowth-regulationsize-regulationallometryscalingmorphometricsgeometric-morphometricslandmarkshape-analysissize-analysismultivariate-analysisprincipal-component-analysisdiscriminant-analysiscluster-analysisphylogenetic-analysiscomparative-methodancestral-state-reconstructioncharacter-evolutiontrait-evolutionevolutionary-ratediversification-ratespeciation-rateextinction-ratenet-diversificationphylogenetic-diversityfunctional-diversitytaxonomic-diversityspecies-richnessspecies-evennessalpha-diversitybeta-diversitygamma-diversitycommunity-assemblycommunity-structurecommunity-dynamicsecosystem-functionecosystem-servicepollinationseed-dispersalnutrient-cyclingdecompositionprimary-productionherbivorypredationparasitismmutualismcompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactioninteraction-networktrophic-levelenergy-flowmaterial-cyclingstabilityresilienceresistancerecoveryenvironmental-gradientnichefundamental-nicherealized-nicheniche-breadthniche-overlapniche-partitioningresource-partitioningcharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionlimiting-similarityevolutionary-diversificationmacroevolutionmicroevolutionextinctionmass-extinctionbiodiversity-crisisecosystem-managementsustainable-developmentenvironmental-policyenvironmental-lawenvironmental-ethicsenvironmental-educationscience-communicationpublic-engagementopen-sciencedata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyresearch-integrityscientific-methodhypothesis-testingexperimental-designsampling-designstatistical-analysismodelingsimulationpredictionforecastingscenario-analysisrisk-assessmentuncertaintysensitivity-analysisvalidationverificationbenchmarkingintercomparisonmeta-analysissystematic-reviewevidence-synthesisknowledge-integrationinterdisciplinary-researchtransdisciplinary-researchconvergence-researchteam-sciencecollaborationnetwork-sciencecomplex-systemsemergenceself-organizationnonlinearityfeedbackthresholdtipping-pointhysteresisalternative-stable-stateregime-shiftcritical-transitionearly-warning-signalresilience-thinkingadaptive-managementsocial-ecological-systemcoupled-human-natural-systemsustainability-sciencefutures-studiesanticipatory-governancetransformative-changejust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationclimate-adaptationclimate-mitigationcarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonbiodiversity-offsethabitat-bankingpayment-for-ecosystem-servicesnatural-capitalecosystem-accountinggreen-infrastructureurban-ecologylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingsatellite-imagerydroneunmanned-aerial-vehiclesensor-networkinternet-of-thingsbig-datamachine-learningartificial-intelligencedeep-learningneural-networkcomputer-visionnatural-language-processingdata-miningdata-sciencecomputational-biologybioinformaticsgenomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsimagingmicroscopyelectron-microscopyconfocal-microscopylight-sheet-microscopysuper-resolution-microscopycryo-electron-microscopyX-ray-tomographymagnetic-resonance-imagingspectroscopymass-spectrometrychromatographyelectrophoresissequencingDNA-sequencingRNA-sequencingwhole-genome-sequencingexome-sequencingtranscriptome-sequencingmetagenome-sequencingepigenome-sequencingsingle-cell-sequencinglong-read-sequencingthird-generation-sequencingnanopore-sequencinggenome-assemblygenome-annotationgenome-evolutioncomparative-genomicsfunctional-genomicsstructural-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsconservation-genomicsancient-DNApaleogenomicsmolecular-ecologymolecular-evolutionphylogenomicsphylodynamicscoalescent-theoryquantitative-geneticsgenetic-architecturegenotype-phenotype-mappleiotropyepistasisgenetic-correlationheritabilityselection-gradientbreeding-valuegenomic-predictiongenomic-selectionmarker-assisted-selectionquantitative-trait-locusgenome-wide-association-studylinkage-mappingassociation-mappingfine-mappingpositional-cloningcandidate-genefunctional-validationgene-editingCRISPRTALENzinc-finger-nucleasebase-editingprime-editinggene-drivesynthetic-biologybioengineeringbiotechnologyagricultural-biotechnologyenvironmental-biotechnologyindustrial-biotechnologymedical-biotechnologypharmaceutical-biotechnologyveterinary-biotechnologyforensic-biotechnologybiosecuritybiosafetybioprospectingbiopiracyaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolCartagena-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIPBESIPCCUNFCCCUNCCDUNSDGAichi-targetsKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-FrameworkParis-AgreementSendai-FrameworkRio-Earth-SummitStockholm-Conferenceenvironmental-historyhistory-of-sciencehistory-of-ecologyhistory-of-entomologynatural-historymuseum-collectionherbariumzoological-collectionholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeepitypeiconotypeoriginal-descriptionsubsequent-designationnomenclaturetaxonomyphylogenetic-nomenclaturerank-based-nomenclaturephylogenetic-codeinternational-code-of-zoological-nomenclatureinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-algae-fungi-and-plantsinternational-code-of-nomenclature-of-prokaryotesinternational-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plantsinternational-commission-on-zoological-nomenclaturegeneral-committeenomenclatural-actsoriginal-publicationvalid-publicationeffective-publicationavailabilitypriorityhomonymysynonymynomen-novumnomen-conservandumnomen-rejiciendumnomen-dubiumnomen-inquirendumspecies-inquirendaincertae-sedisnew-combinationnew-statusemendationcorrectionerratumaddendumsupplementmonographrevisioncatalogchecklistfield-guideidentification-keydiagnosisdescriptionillustrationphotographdrawingmapdistribution-maphabitat-photomicrographscanning-electron-micrographtransmission-electron-micrographlight-micrographstereomicrographmacrophotographhabitusdorsal-viewventral-viewlateral-viewanterior-viewposterior-viewheadthoraxabdomenwinglegmouthpartgenitaliagallplant-gallrose-gallwillow-gallgoldenrod-gallsunflower-gallaster-gallthistle-gallsagebrush-gallcreosote-gallmanzanita-gallforestwoodlandsavannagrasslandprairiesteppemeadowpastureagricultural-fieldorchardvineyardgardenparkurban-green-spacewildland-urban-interfacewildernessnature-reservecounty-parkmunicipal-parkprivate-reserveconservation-easementland-truststewardshiprestorationecological-restorationrewildingreintroductiontranslocationassisted-colonizationintegrated-conservationconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningMarxanZonationconservation-prioritizationhotspotbiodiversity-hotspotendemic-bird-areaimportant-plant-areakey-biodiversity-areaAlliance-for-Zero-ExtinctionEDGE-speciesevolutionarily-distinct-and-globally-endangeredflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharismatic-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorecological-indicatorenvironmental-indicatorwater-quality-indicatorair-quality-indicatorsoil-quality-indicatorhabitat-quality-indicatorecosystem-health-indicatorbiodiversity-indicatorsustainability-indicatorMillennium-Ecosystem-Assessmentecosystem-servicesprovisioning-servicesregulating-servicescultural-servicessupporting-servicesfoodfiberfuelfreshwatergenetic-resourcesbiochemicalsnatural-medicinespharmaceuticalsornamental-resourcesair-quality-regulationclimate-regulationwater-regulationerosion-regulationwater-purificationwaste-treatmentdisease-regulationpest-regulationhabitat-provisionsoil-formationphotosynthesisrecreationtourismaesthetic-valuespiritual-valueeducational-valueinspirational-valuesense-of-placecultural-heritageknowledge-systemstraditional-ecological-knowledgeindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-based-monitoringparticipatory-researchaction-researchknowledge-co-productionscience-policy-interfacescience-society-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerconservation-educationnature-interpretationecotourismsustainable-tourismresponsible-travelgreen-travellow-impact-travelcarbon-offsetvoluntary-carbon-marketcompliance-carbon-marketREDD+reducing-emissions-from-deforestation-and-forest-degradationafforestationreforestationforest-restorationagroforestrysilvopastureforest-landscape-restorationlandscape-approachintegrated-landscape-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementcoastal-zone-managementmarine-spatial-planningocean-governanceblue-economysustainable-blue-economyfisheries-managementaquaculturesustainable-agricultureregenerative-agricultureorganic-agricultureagroecologypermacultureconservation-agricultureclimate-smart-agricultureprecision-agriculturedigital-agriculturesmart-farmingvertical-farmingcontrolled-environment-agriculturehydroponicsaeroponicsaquaponicsalgae-farminginsect-farmingentomophagyalternative-proteinplant-based-dietreduced-meat-consumptionfood-system-transformationsustainable-food-systemcircular-food-systemfood-waste-reductionzero-hungernutrition-securityfood-sovereigntyseed-sovereigntyfarmers'-rightsplant-variety-protectionintellectual-propertypatentplant-breeder's-rightsutility-modeltrademarkgeographical-indicationcertificationorganic-certificationfair-trade-certificationRainforest-AllianceMarine-Stewardship-CouncilForest-Stewardship-CouncilRoundtable-on-Sustainable-Palm-OilBetter-Cotton-InitiativeGlobalGAPfood-safetyfood-qualitytraceabilityaccountabilitygovernancepolycentric-governanceadaptive-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancemulti-level-governanceglobal-governanceregional-governancenational-governancesubnational-governancelocal-governancecommunity-governancecustomary-governancetraditional-governanceindigenous-governanceself-governanceautonomydecentralizationdevolutionsubsidiarityempowermentcapacity-buildinginstitutional-strengtheningpolicy-reformlegal-reformregulatory-reformincentivedisincentiveeconomic-instrumentmarket-based-instrumenttaxsubsidyfeechargelevyfinepenaltyliabilitycompensationinsurancerisk-transfercatastrophe-bondgreen-bondblue-bondsustainability-linked-bondimpact-investingblended-financepublic-private-partnershipconcessionleasepermitlicensequotatradable-permitcap-and-tradecarbon-taxcarbon-pricingsocial-cost-of-carbonshadow-priceinternal-carbon-pricingcarbon-border-adjustmentborder-carbon-adjustmentclimate-clubjust-transition-mechanismloss-and-damageclimate-financegreen-climate-fundadaptation-fundspecial-climate-change-fundglobal-environment-facilitybiodiversity-financenature-financenatural-capital-financeimpact-investmentESGenvironmental-social-and-governancesustainable-financeresponsible-investmentactive-ownershipengagementproxy-votingdivestmentfossil-fuel-divestmentdeforestation-freeconversion-freeno-net-lossnet-gainbiodiversity-net-gainmitigation-hierarchyavoidanceminimizationoffsetcompensatory-mitigationin-lieu-feeconservation-bankingwetland-mitigation-bankingspecies-bankingecosystem-services-marketplacenatural-capital-accountingsystem-of-environmental-economic-accountinginclusive-wealthgenuine-progress-indicatorwell-being-economydegrowthpost-growthsteady-state-economydoughnut-economicsplanetary-boundariessafe-and-just-spacesocial-foundationecological-ceilingfair-shareEarth-systemAnthropoceneGreat-AccelerationGreat-Transformationsustainability-transformationsystemic-changestructural-changeparadigm-shiftworldview-shiftvalues-shiftbehavior-changelifestyle-changeconsumption-changeproduction-changetechnology-changeinnovationdisruptive-innovationtransformative-innovationsocial-innovationinstitutional-innovationpolicy-innovationgovernance-innovationbusiness-model-innovationfinancial-innovationtechnological-innovationdigital-innovationgreen-technologyclean-technologyclimate-technologyecosystem-based-disaster-risk-reductionblue-infrastructurehybrid-infrastructurenatural-infrastructurebuilding-with-natureworking-with-natureengineering-with-natureecological-engineeringenvironmental-engineeringconservation-ecologyindustrial-ecologyagricultural-ecologyforest-ecologygrassland-ecologywetland-ecologyfreshwater-ecologymarine-ecologycoastal-ecologydeep-ecologypolitical-ecologysocial-ecologyhuman-ecologycultural-ecologysymbolic-ecologyspiritual-ecologyreligious-ecologyeco-theologycreation-carestewardship-ethicland-ethicEarth-ethicplanetary-ethiccosmic-ethicdeep-ecology-platformecofeminismenvironmental-justiceclimate-justiceintergenerational-justiceintragenerational-justicespatial-justicerecognition-justiceprocedural-justicedistributive-justicerestorative-justicetransformative-justiceenvironmental-racismclimate-racismslow-violencestructural-violenceenvironmental-conflictresource-conflictclimate-conflictwater-conflictland-conflictterritorial-conflictconservation-conflicthuman-wildlife-conflictpredator-controlpest-controlinvasive-species-managementdisease-managementwildlife-managementhabitat-managementpopulation-managementharvest-managementsustainable-usesustainable-harvestingadaptive-harvestingprecautionary-approachecosystem-approachecosystem-based-managementintegrated-managementholistic-managementrisk-based-managementscenario-planningstrategic-foresighttransformative-governanceadaptive-capacitytransformative-capacitylearning-organizationlearning-networkknowledge-networkcommunity-of-practiceepistemic-communityknowledge-action-networkfuture-earthconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceecological-economicsenvironmental-economicsnatural-resource-economicsresource-economicsecological-anthropologyenvironmental-anthropologyenvironmental-sociologyenvironmental-psychologyenvironmental-geographyscience-and-technology-studiesscience-policy-studiesinnovation-studieshorizon-scanningtrend-analysisweak-signalwild-cardblack-swangrey-rhinosystemic-riskcascading-riskcompound-riskcomplex-riskemerging-riskevolving-risktransboundary-riskplanetary-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskcivilization-riskhuman-extinction-riskspecies-extinction-riskecosystem-collapse-riskirreversible-changeabrupt-changenonlinear-changethreshold-effectpath-dependencelock-incarbon-lock-ininfrastructure-lock-inbehavioral-lock-ininstitutional-lock-intechnological-lock-inregulatory-lock-infinancial-lock-inpolitical-lock-incultural-lock-insocial-lock-ineconomic-lock-instructural-inertiaresistance-to-changebarrier-to-changeenabler-of-changedriver-of-changeaccelerator-of-changecatalyst-of-changeleverage-pointintervention-pointentry-pointwindow-of-opportunitypolicy-windowpolitical-opportunitysocial-opportunityeconomic-opportunitytechnological-opportunityenvironmental-opportunitycrisis-opportunitydisaster-opportunitybuild-back-bettergreen-recoveryjust-recoveryresilient-recoverysustainable-recoverytransformational-recoverydisaster-risk-reductionpreventionpreparednessresponserehabilitationreconstructionresilience-buildingadaptive-capacity-buildingtransformative-capacity-buildingdisaster-risk-managementclimate-risk-managementenvironmental-risk-managementfinancial-risk-managementoperational-risk-managementstrategic-risk-managemententerprise-risk-managementintegrated-risk-managementholistic-risk-managementsystemic-risk-managementcascading-risk-managementcompound-risk-managementcomplex-risk-managementemerging-risk-managementevolving-risk-managementtransboundary-risk-managementplanetary-risk-managementexistential-risk-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-managementcivilization-risk-managementhuman-extinction-risk-managementspecies-extinction-risk-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-managementtipping-point-managementthreshold-managementregime-shift-managementalternative-stable-state-managementhysteresis-managementpath-dependence-managementlock-in-managementcarbon-lock-in-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-managementbehavioral-lock-in-managementinstitutional-lock-in-managementtechnological-lock-in-managementregulatory-lock-in-managementfinancial-lock-in-managementpolitical-lock-in-managementcultural-lock-in-managementsocial-lock-in-managementeconomic-lock-in-managementstructural-inertia-managementresistance-to-change-managementbarrier-to-change-managementenabler-of-change-managementdriver-of-change-managementaccelerator-of-change-managementcatalyst-of-change-managementleverage-point-managementintervention-point-managemententry-point-managementwindow-of-opportunity-managementpolicy-window-managementpolitical-opportunity-managementsocial-opportunity-managementeconomic-opportunity-managementtechnological-opportunity-managementenvironmental-opportunity-managementcrisis-opportunity-managementdisaster-opportunity-managementbuild-back-better-managementgreen-recovery-managementjust-recovery-managementresilient-recovery-managementsustainable-recovery-managementtransformational-recovery-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementrehabilitation-managementreconstruction-managementresilience-building-managementadaptive-capacity-building-managementtransformative-capacity-building-managementdisaster-risk-management-managementclimate-risk-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-managementoperational-risk-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-managementholistic-risk-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-managementcascading-risk-management-managementcompound-risk-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-managementemerging-risk-management-managementevolving-risk-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-managementexistential-risk-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-managementtipping-point-management-managementthreshold-management-managementregime-shift-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-managementhysteresis-management-managementpath-dependence-management-managementlock-in-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-managementleverage-point-management-managementintervention-point-management-managemententry-point-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-managementpolicy-window-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-managementjust-recovery-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-managementprevention-management-managementpreparedness-management-managementresponse-management-managementrecovery-management-managementrehabilitation-management-managementreconstruction-management-managementresilience-building-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-managementdisaster-risk-management-management-managementclimate-risk-management-management-managementenvironmental-risk-management-management-managementfinancial-risk-management-management-managementoperational-risk-management-management-managementstrategic-risk-management-management-managemententerprise-risk-management-management-managementintegrated-risk-management-management-managementholistic-risk-management-management-managementsystemic-risk-management-management-managementcascading-risk-management-management-managementcompound-risk-management-management-managementcomplex-risk-management-management-managementemerging-risk-management-management-managementevolving-risk-management-management-managementtransboundary-risk-management-management-managementplanetary-risk-management-management-managementexistential-risk-management-management-managementglobal-catastrophic-risk-management-management-managementcivilization-risk-management-management-managementhuman-extinction-risk-management-management-managementspecies-extinction-risk-management-management-managementecosystem-collapse-risk-management-management-managementtipping-point-management-management-managementthreshold-management-management-managementregime-shift-management-management-managementalternative-stable-state-management-management-managementhysteresis-management-management-managementpath-dependence-management-management-managementlock-in-management-management-managementcarbon-lock-in-management-management-managementinfrastructure-lock-in-management-management-managementbehavioral-lock-in-management-management-managementinstitutional-lock-in-management-management-managementtechnological-lock-in-management-management-managementregulatory-lock-in-management-management-managementfinancial-lock-in-management-management-managementpolitical-lock-in-management-management-managementcultural-lock-in-management-management-managementsocial-lock-in-management-management-managementeconomic-lock-in-management-management-managementstructural-inertia-management-management-managementresistance-to-change-management-management-managementbarrier-to-change-management-management-managementenabler-of-change-management-management-managementdriver-of-change-management-management-managementaccelerator-of-change-management-management-managementcatalyst-of-change-management-management-managementleverage-point-management-management-managementintervention-point-management-management-managemententry-point-management-management-managementwindow-of-opportunity-management-management-managementpolicy-window-management-management-managementpolitical-opportunity-management-management-managementsocial-opportunity-management-management-managementeconomic-opportunity-management-management-managementtechnological-opportunity-management-management-managementenvironmental-opportunity-management-management-managementcrisis-opportunity-management-management-managementdisaster-opportunity-management-management-managementbuild-back-better-management-management-managementgreen-recovery-management-management-managementjust-recovery-management-management-managementresilient-recovery-management-management-managementsustainable-recovery-management-management-managementtransformational-recovery-management-management-managementdisaster-risk-reduction-management-management-managementprevention-management-management-managementpreparedness-management-management-managementresponse-management-management-managementrecovery-management-management-managementrehabilitation-management-management-managementreconstruction-management-management-managementresilience-building-management-management-managementadaptive-capacity-building-management-management-managementtransformative-capacity-building-management-management-management

• Ixodes affinis

  Ixodes affinis is a hard-bodied tick species distributed across the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. Unlike its congener Ixodes scapularis, this species does not bite humans but serves as a competent vector for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Immature stages feed on birds and small mammals, while adults parasitize larger mammals including deer and dogs. Its expanding range into southeastern Virginia and association with migratory birds has raised concerns about its role in pathogen dispersal.

  tickvectorLyme-diseaseBorrelia-burgdorferiavian-hostrange-expansionsoutheastern-United-StatesMexicoCentral-Americanon-human-bitingenzootic-maintenanceco-feedingmigratory-birdsIxodidaeAcariparasitethree-host-tickquesting-behaviorwildlife-disease-ecologyforest-habitatdog-parasitewhite-tailed-deerCarolina-wrenwhite-throated-sparrowOld-Dominion-University-Tick-TeamHolly-GaffErin-Hellermolecular-identificationDNA-sequencingengorged-specimen-identificationpine-plantationrural-Yucatánhunting-dogsTixméhuacOpichénseasonal-activitylaboratory-rearingimmature-stageslarvanymphadultpathogen-dispersalclimate-changehabitat-fragmentationsuburbanizationdeer-populationacorn-mastingsmall-mammal-reservoirBorrelia-miyamotoico-infectiontick-borne-diseasepublic-healthveterinary-parasitologymedical-entomologyvector-ecologyhost-parasite-interactionbird-migrationlong-distance-dispersalboreal-forestCanadaManitobaSwainson's-thrushCatharus-ustulatusmigratory-birdground-foraging-birdpasserinesongbirdbrown-thrashereastern-towheeAmerican-robinnorthern-cardinalmarsh-rice-ratcotton-mouseeastern-gray-squirrelraccoonsouthern-short-tailed-shreweastern-molewhite-footed-mousePeromyscus-leucopuschipmunkTamiasoak-mastingQuercusforest-floorquesting-heighthumidity-preferencewinter-activitytick-removaltick-testingtick-borne-illness-preventionDEETpermethrintick-inspectiontick-avoidanceAIR-protocolArachnidaParasitiformesChelicerataEukaryotaMetazoaAnimaliaArthropodaIxodidahard-tickixodidNeumann-1899taxonomysystematicsdorsal-scutumcapitulumhypostomepalpsspiracular-platesfestoonsornateinornateidiosomagnathosomapodonscutumalloscutumbasis-capitulicornuaporose-areassclerotizedcuticlesetaesensillaHaller's-organtarsusclawspulvilliscutum-shapepunctationsgroovescoxaetrochantersfemoragenuatibiaetarsipretarsiadanal-platesaccessory-platesspiraclestracheaesalivary-glandsmidgutMalpighian-tubulesreproductive-systemovarytestisgenital-apertureanuspreanal-groovepostanal-groovesubanal-platesparanal-platesmarginal-groovespseudoscutumscapularscervical-groovespunctatereticulateshagreenedwrinkledsmoothglabroussetiferouspilosehispidgranularmammillatedtuberculatecarinatedsulcatestriatecostatelineatepunctate-striatereticulate-punctateIXO_affNCBI:txidGBIF:speciesCatalogue-of-Life:speciesiNaturalist:taxonWikipedia:speciesIxodesaffinisbird-tickdeer-tickdog-tickrabbit-tickshrew-tickmole-tickmouse-tickrat-ticksquirrel-tickraccoon-tickwren-tickthrasher-tickrobin-ticktowhee-tickcardinal-ticksparrow-tickthrush-tickmigratory-tickinvasive-tickexpanding-rangeemerging-vectorcryptic-speciesspecies-complexmorphological-identificationDNA-barcodingCOI16SITS2tick-microbiomepathogen-detectionBorreliaspirochetezoonosisvector-competencereservoir-competenceenzootic-cycleepizooticspilloverbridge-vectoramplifying-hostreservoir-hostmaintenance-hostincidental-hostdead-end-hosthost-specificityhost-rangehost-switchinghost-raceecological-fittingniche-expansionrange-shiftphenologydiapauseoverwinteringsurvivalmortalityfecundityreproductive-outputegg-massovipositioneclosionmoltingecdysisinstarstadiumdevelopmental-timegeneration-timelife-spanlongevitypopulation-dynamicsabundanceprevalenceintensityaggregationnegative-binomialzero-inflatedspatial-distributiontemporal-distributionhabitat-associationmicrohabitatvegetation-typeforest-typesuccessional-stageedge-effectfragmentationconnectivitymatrixcorridorpatchlandscape-ecologygeographic-information-systemremote-sensingmodelingdistribution-modelingecological-niche-modelingMaxEntBIOMODclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablestemperatureprecipitationhumiditysaturation-deficitvapor-pressure-deficitevapotranspirationseasonalityphenology-mismatchglobal-warmingextreme-weatherdroughtfloodphenological-shiftrange-contractionpoleward-shiftelevation-shiftaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientcontinentalinsularendemiccosmopolitanpantropicalholarcticnearcticneotropicalpalearcticafrotropicalorientalaustralasianoceanianantarcticbiogeographyphylogeographypopulation-geneticsgene-flowgenetic-structureisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-environmentadaptive-evolutionlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitycryptic-diversityspecies-delimitationintegrative-taxonomymorphometricsgeometric-morphometricstraditional-morphometricslandmarkoutlinesemilandmarkcharacter-matrixphylogenyclassificationnomenclaturetype-specimenholotypeparatypesyntypelectotypeneotypeoriginal-descriptionredescriptionemendationsynonymyhomonymypriorityvalidityavailabilitypublished-workZooBankLSIDURNDOIORCIDauthoryearjournalvolumeissuepagesfigureplatemapdrawingphotographSEMTEMlight-microscopyconfocal-microscopymicroCTscanning-electron-microscopytransmission-electron-microscopyhistologyimmunohistochemistryin-situ-hybridizationPCRqPCRRT-PCRddPCRsequencingSangernext-generationIlluminaPacBioOxford-Nanoporegenometranscriptomeproteomemetabolomemicrobiomeviromebacteriomefungomeparasitomeholobiontsymbiosismutualismcommensalismparasitismpathogenesisvirulencetransmissionvectorial-capacitybasic-reproduction-numberR0force-of-infectionincidenceseroprevalencecase-fatality-ratemorbiditydisability-adjusted-life-yearDALYquality-adjusted-life-yearQALYcost-effectivenesseconomic-burdenpublic-health-burdenveterinary-burdenagricultural-impactwildlife-impactconservationbiodiversityecosystem-servicedisserviceOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-Healthintegrated-pest-managementIPMvector-controlacaricideinsecticideresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceresistance-managementrotationmosaicmixturesynergistbiological-controlentomopathogenic-fungusnematodepredatorparasitoidhabitat-modificationenvironmental-managementpersonal-protectionrepellentinsecticide-treated-clothingpicaridinIR3535oil-of-lemon-eucalyptusPMD2-undecanonespatial-repellentattract-and-killpush-pullsurveillanceactive-surveillancepassive-surveillancesentinel-surveillancesyndromic-surveillancetick-dragflaggingCO2-trapdry-icehost-seekingtick-collectionspecimen-preservationvoucheringmuseumcollectionrepositorydatabaseGBIFGenBankBOLDNCBIITISEOLWikidataWikipediaResearchGateGoogle-ScholarWeb-of-ScienceScopusPubMedMEDLINEEMBASECAB-AbstractsZoological-RecordBIOSISagricolaagricultural-databaseveterinary-databasemedical-databaseentomological-databaseacarological-databasetick-databaseIxodes-databaseLyme-disease-databasevector-databasepathogen-databaseBorrelia-databasespirochete-databaseecological-databasebiodiversity-databaseobservationcitizen-scienceiNaturalisteBirdProject-FeederWatchChristmas-Bird-CountNorth-American-Breeding-Bird-Surveybird-bandingmark-recaptureradio-telemetryGPS-trackinggeolocatorlight-level-loggeraccelerometerstable-isotopeisotope-analysismigratory-connectivityflywaymigration-routewintering-groundbreeding-groundstopover-sitemolt-migrationirruptive-migrationnomadismdispersalnatal-dispersalbreeding-dispersalseed-dispersalpollinationtrophic-cascadefood-webfood-chaintrophic-levelapex-predatormesopredatorkeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesflagship-speciesumbrella-speciesindicator-speciessentinel-speciesbioindicatorbiomonitorenvironmental-monitorpollution-indicatorclimate-indicatordisease-indicatorhealth-indicatorOne-Health-indicatorsurveillance-indicatorearly-warningrisk-assessmenthazard-identificationexposure-assessmentdose-responserisk-characterizationrisk-managementrisk-communicationrisk-perceptionrisk-behaviorprotective-behaviorpreventive-behaviorhealth-belief-modeltheory-of-planned-behaviorsocial-cognitive-theoryhealth-communicationhealth-educationhealth-promotiondisease-preventionprimary-preventionsecondary-preventiontertiary-preventionscreeningdiagnosistreatmentantibioticdoxycyclineamoxicillinceftriaxoneazithromycinprophylaxispost-exposure-prophylaxisvaccineLyme-disease-vaccinetick-vaccineanti-tick-vaccinetarget-of-acquired-immunitytick-salivasalivary-glandsalivary-proteinimmunomodulationimmunosuppressionanti-inflammatoryanticoagulantvasodilatoranestheticcement-conetick-attachmentfeeding-lesiontick-bitetick-borne-encephalitisTBEPowassan-virusdeer-tick-virusHeartland-virusBourbon-virusColorado-tick-feverRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverRMSFehrlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistheileriosiscytauxzoonosishepatozoonosistick-paralysistick-toxicosisalpha-gal-syndromered-meat-allergygalactose-alpha-1,3-galactosesensitizationIgEallergic-reactionanaphylaxisdelayed-hypersensitivityimmediate-hypersensitivityimmune-responseinnate-immunityadaptive-immunityhumoral-immunitycell-mediated-immunityantibodycomplementcytokinechemokineinflammationfeverrasherythema-migransbulls-eye-rashSTARISouthern-tick-associated-rash-illnessBorrelia-lonestarirelapsing-fevertick-borne-relapsing-feverTBRFsoft-tickOrnithodorosArgasAmblyommaDermacentorHaemaphysalisRhipicephalusHyalommaBothriocrotonCosmiommaNosommaAnomalohimalayaArchaeocrotonCornupalpatumCompluriscutulaSternalixodesTrichotoixodesScaphixodesEndopalpigerEschariopalpigerExopalpigerPholeoixodesAfrixodesCeratixodesEschatocephalusEternalixodesLepidixodesMalayixodesMartaregaMegalixodesMyrmixodesNothoixodesOctoixodesPalpigerPartipalpigerPilonyssusProknekaliaPseudixodesRhinixodesSamarixodesXiphixodessubgenusspecies-groupI.-ricinus-complexI.-persulcatus-complexI.-scapularis-complexI.-pacificus-complexI.-affinis-groupI.-cookei-groupI.-marxi-groupI.-angustus-groupI.-soricis-groupI.-uriae-groupI.-holocyclus-groupI.-ceylonensis-groupI.-granulatus-groupI.-ovatus-groupI.-nipponensis-groupI.-persulcatus-groupI.-pavlovskyi-groupI.-ricinus-groupI.-scapularis-groupI.-pacificus-groupI.-affinisI.-auritulusI.-australiensisI.-boliviensisI.-brunneusI.-cookeiI.-cooleyiI.-cornuaeI.-cornuatusI.-crenulatusI.-damminiI.-dawsoniI.-dentatusI.-diomedeaeI.-domergueiI.-eadsiI.-eastoniI.-eldaricusI.-elongatusI.-eudyptidisI.-euplectropiI.-evansiI.-fecialisI.-festaiI.-frontalisI.-galapagoensisI.-ghilaroviI.-gibbosusI.-granulatusI.-gregsoniI.-hearleiI.-hexagonusI.-hirstiI.-holocyclusI.-hoogstraaliI.-howelliI.-hyattiI.-jacksoniI.-jellisoniI.-kashmiricusI.-kazakstaniI.-kingiI.-kohlsiI.-kopsteiniI.-kuntziI.-laguriI.-latusI.-layingensisI.-lewisiI.-lividusI.-longiscutatusI.-loricatusI.-luciaeI.-malayensisI.-marxiI.-masloviI.-matopiI.-minorI.-monospinosusI.-moreliI.-moschiferiI.-murisI.-murreletiI.-myospalacisI.-nchisiensisI.-necromysI.-neitziI.-nipponensisI.-nuttalliI.-ochotonaeI.-okapiaeI.-oldiI.-ornithorhynchiI.-ovatusI.-pacificusI.-pararicinusI.-pavlovskyiI.-percavatusI.-peromysciI.-persulcatusI.-pomerantziI.-pterodromaeI.-quadratusI.-raccoonisI.-rageauiI.-randrianasoloiI.-rasusI.-redikorzeviI.-ricinusI.-rothschildiI.-rotundatusI.-rubicundusI.-rugicollisI.-rugosusI.-sapeloensisI.-sarsiI.-scapularisI.-schillingsiI.-sculptusI.-semenoviI.-soricisI.-spinaeI.-steiniI.-stilesiI.-stromiI.-subterranusI.-tancitariusI.-tanukiI.-tapirusI.-tasmaniI.-tayloriI.-tertiariusI.-texanusI.-theileraeI.-thomasaeI.-tovariI.-transvaalensisI.-triangulicepsI.-trichosuriI.-turdusI.-uriaeI.-vandenbergiI.-vanidicusI.-ventalloiI.-vespertilionisI.-victoriensisI.-walkeraeI.-werneriI.-woodiI.-zaglossiI.-zairensistick-taxonomytick-systematicstick-phylogenytick-evolutiontick-biogeographytick-ecologytick-physiologytick-behaviortick-reproductiontick-developmenttick-nutritiontick-metabolismtick-respirationtick-excretiontick-osmoregulationtick-neurobiologytick-sensory-biologytick-chemoreceptiontick-thermoreceptiontick-mechanoreceptiontick-photoreceptiontick-circadian-rhythmtick-biological-clocktick-seasonalitytick-diapausetick-overwinteringtick-cold-hardinesstick-desiccation-resistancetick-water-balancetick-cuticletick-moltingtick-ecdysistick-growthtick-feedingtick-engorgementtick-blood-mealtick-digestiontick-salivationtick-saliva-compositiontick-salivary-gland-transcriptometick-salivary-proteometick-pharmacologytick-toxicologytick-venomtick-paralysis-toxintick-borne-pathogentick-borne-virustick-borne-bacteriumtick-borne-protozoantick-borne-helminthtick-borne-rickettsiatick-borne-ehrlichiatick-borne-anaplasmatick-borne-borreliatick-borne-babesiatick-borne-theileriatick-borne-hepatozoontick-borne-coxiellatick-borne-francisellatick-borne-bartonellatick-borne-chlamydiatick-borne-mycoplasmatick-borne-spiroplasmatick-borne-arbovirustick-borne-flavivirustick-borne-bunyavirustick-borne-reovirustick-borne-orbivirustick-borne-coltivirustick-borne-nairovirustick-borne-phlebovirustick-borne-thogotovirustick-borne-orthomyxovirustick-borne-arenavirustick-borne-hantavirustick-borne-paramyxovirustick-borne-rhabdovirustick-borne-bornavirustick-borne-filovirustick-borne-coronavirustick-borne-poxvirustick-borne-herpesvirustick-borne-adenovirustick-borne-papillomavirustick-borne-polyomavirustick-borne-circovirustick-borne-parvovirustick-borne-anellovirustick-borne-dependovirustick-borne-tenuivirustick-borne-deltavirustick-borne-hepadnavirustick-borne-retrovirustick-borne-lentivirustick-borne-spumavirustick-borne-metavirustick-borne-pseudovirustick-borne-hemivirustick-borne-novirhabdovirustick-borne-peribunyavirustick-borne-phenuivirustick-borne-bandavirustick-borne-phasivirustick-borne-tulasvirustick-borne-orthonairovirustick-borne-shavivirustick-borne-sathuperi-virustick-borne-salehabad-virustick-borne-dera-ghazi-khan-virustick-borne-hughes-virustick-borne-farallon-virustick-borne-punta-salinas-virustick-borne-sapphire-II-virustick-borne-zirqa-virustick-borne-keterah-virustick-borne-thiafora-virustick-borne-erve-virustick-borne-malsoor-virustick-borne-tibet-virustick-borne-qalyub-virustick-borne-yogue-virustick-borne-kasokero-virustick-borne-lebombo-virustick-borne-nyamanini-virustick-borne-midway-virustick-borne-tokar-virustick-borne-absettarov-virustick-borne-hypr-virustick-borne-kumlinge-virustick-borne-omsk-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-langat-virustick-borne-louping-ill-virustick-borne-kyasanur-forest-disease-virustick-borne-alkhurma-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-powassan-virustick-borne-deer-tick-virustick-borne-heartland-virustick-borne-bourbon-virustick-borne-colorado-tick-fever-virustick-borne-eyach-virustick-borne-banna-virustick-borne-seadornavirustick-borne-great-island-virustick-borne-kemerovo-virustick-borne-lipovnik-virustick-borne-tribec-virustick-borne-chobar-gorge-virustick-borne-wad-Medani-virustick-borne-dugbe-virustick-borne-crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever-virustick-borne-nairobi-sheep-disease-virustick-borne-ganjam-virustick-borne-bandia-virustick-borne-sierra-nevada-virustick-borne-lone-star-virustick-borne-severe-fever-with-thrombocytopenia-syndrome-virustick-borne-huaiyangshan-virustick-borne-guertu-virustick-borne-Alongshan-virustick-borne-wenzhou-virustick-borne-wuhan-virustick-borne-yongjia-virustick-borne-chiba-virustick-borne-natori-virustick-borne-odawara-virustick-borne-kowloon-virustick-borne-tamanavirus

• Lacunicambarus diogenes

  devil crayfish, devil crawfish

  Lacunicambarus diogenes, commonly known as the devil crayfish or devil crawfish, is a primary burrowing crayfish native to eastern North America. This species constructs and inhabits burrows in wet, muddy terrestrial habitats rather than living in permanent surface water. Its burrowing activities create refugia used by numerous other species, including documented use by eastern cicada killer wasps (Sphecius speciosus) as brooding habitat. The species ranges across the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont ecoregion from New Jersey to Georgia, with disjunct populations in Louisiana.

  crayfishburrowingecosystem-engineerprimary-burrowerAtlantic-Coastal-PlainterrestrialfossorialNorth-AmericaCambaridaeDecapodacrustaceanendemicwetlandfloodplainrefugiaallogenic-engineercave-crayfishLacunicambarusCambarusGirard-1852devil-crayfishdevil-crawfishSphecius-speciosuscicada-killer-waspbrooding-habitatsoil-typecongeneric-cuesfloodplain-connectivitymuddy-substratedesiccation-refugepredation-refugeintermittent-waterPiedmontNew-JerseyPennsylvaniaDelawareMarylandVirginiaNorth-CarolinaSouth-CarolinaGeorgiaLouisianaroadside-ditchterrestrial-habitatburrow-constructionburrow-maintenancewetland-engineercrustacean-ecologydecapodastacideafreshwater-invertebrateinvertebrate-engineerhabitat-modificationspecies-interactionscommensalismfacilitationecosystem-servicesbiodiversity-supporthabitat-provisionmicrohabitat-creationsoil-bioturbationsediment-mixingwater-infiltrationgroundwater-connectionephemeral-waterseasonal-wetlandpalustrineloticlenticriparianhyporheicbioturbationsoil-structurenutrient-cyclingdetritivoreomnivorescavengerpredatorpreytrophic-interactionfood-webcommunity-ecologypopulation-ecologyconservationhabitat-lossurbanizationagricultureland-use-changeclimate-changedroughthydrologygeomorphologysedimentologyichnologytrace-fossilburrow-architectureburrow-morphologytunnel-systemchimneymud-pelletcastexcavationsediment-ejectionmaintenance-behavioroccupancysite-fidelityhome-rangeterritorialityintraspecific-interactioninterspecific-interactioncompetitionpredation-riskdesiccation-riskphysiological-stressbehavioral-adaptationmorphological-adaptationfossorial-adaptationgill-functionair-breathingcutaneous-respirationion-regulationosmoregulationexcretionmetabolismenergeticslife-historygrowthmoltingreproductionmatingegg-carejuvenile-developmentrecruitmentpopulation-dynamicsdemographygeneticsphylogeographybiogeographydispersalcolonizationextinctionrare-speciescommon-speciesindicator-specieskeystone-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciesnatural-capitalenvironmental-economicsenvironmental-policyenvironmental-managementrestoration-ecologyhabitat-restorationspecies-reintroductionex-situ-conservationin-situ-conservationprotected-areawildlife-refugenature-reservenational-parkstate-parkconservation-easementstewardshipcitizen-scienceiNaturalistobservationspecimenvouchermuseum-collectiontype-specimenholotypetaxonomysystematicsnomenclaturesynonymyhomonymypriorityvalid-nameaccepted-namespecies-conceptmorphological-speciesbiological-speciesevolutionary-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingmolecular-systematicsphylogeneticsphylogenyevolutionadaptationnatural-selectionspeciationdiversificationradiationendemismvicariancedispersal-limitationhabitat-specificityniche-breadthniche-conservatismecological-releasecharacter-displacementcompetitive-exclusionresource-partitioninghabitat-filteringenvironmental-gradientelevationlatitudelongitudeclimatetemperatureprecipitationhydroperiodsoil-texturesoil-moisturesoil-chemistrypHorganic-matternutrient-availabilityproductivitydisturbancesuccessionmetacommunitylandscape-ecologyspatial-ecologymovement-ecologydispersal-kernelconnectivitycorridorbarrierfragmentationmatrixedge-effectcore-areapatch-dynamicssource-sinkmetapopulationpopulation-viabilityminimum-viable-populationeffective-population-sizeinbreedinggenetic-driftgene-flowlocal-adaptationphenotypic-plasticitygenotype-environment-interactionepigeneticsdevelopmental-biologyembryologylarval-developmentpost-larval-developmentjuvenile-stageadult-stagesenescencelongevitysurvivorshipfecundityreproductive-outputreproductive-successfitnessselection-coefficientheritabilityquantitative-geneticspopulation-geneticsmolecular-ecologyconservation-geneticsgenomic-resourcestranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsbioinformaticsdata-sciencemachine-learningartificial-intelligenceremote-sensinggeographic-information-systemspatial-analysisstatistical-modelingexperimental-designsampling-designfield-methodslaboratory-methodsspecimen-preparationcurationdata-managementdata-sharingopen-sciencereproducibilityreplicabilitytransparencyethicsanimal-welfareanimal-usepermitregulationpolicylegislationenvironmental-lawnatural-resource-lawwater-lawland-use-planningenvironmental-impact-assessmentcumulative-impact-assessmentstrategic-environmental-assessmentadaptive-managementmonitoringevaluationlearningstakeholder-engagementpublic-participationenvironmental-educationscience-communicationoutreachextensioncapacity-buildingprofessional-developmentcareer-developmentmentorshipcollaborationinterdisciplinarytransdisciplinaryteam-scienceopen-innovationknowledge-exchangetechnology-transfersocietal-impactsustainabilitysustainable-developmentgreen-economyblue-economycircular-economynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-managementintegrated-water-resource-managementwatershed-managementriver-basin-managementflood-risk-managementdrought-managementclimate-change-adaptationclimate-change-mitigationresiliencevulnerabilityrisk-assessmentscenario-planningforecastingpredictionearly-warningdecision-supportevidence-based-policyscience-policy-interfaceboundary-organizationknowledge-brokerresearch-networkprofessional-societyacademic-societyscientific-journalpeer-reviewpublicationcitationimpact-factoraltmetricsresearch-evaluationresearch-fundinggrantfellowshipscholarshipawardrecognitioncareer-awardearly-careermid-careersenior-careeremeritusretirementlegacyhistorical-ecologypaleoecologyarchaeologyanthropologyindigenous-knowledgetraditional-ecological-knowledgelocal-knowledgecommunity-scienceparticipatory-researchaction-researchtransformational-researchtransformative-changesystem-changeparadigm-shiftfuture-thinkingforesighthorizon-scanningtrend-analysisemerging-issueresearch-prioritygrand-challengesocietal-challengesustainable-development-goalbiodiversity-targetconservation-targetprotected-area-targetrestoration-targetclimate-targetemission-reductioncarbon-sequestrationblue-carbongreen-carbonnature-conservationwildlife-conservationspecies-conservationhabitat-conservationecosystem-conservationlandscape-conservationseascape-conservationconnectivity-conservationcorridor-conservationtransboundary-conservationinternational-cooperationglobal-governanceenvironmental-governancemultilateral-environmental-agreementconventiontreatyprotocolCartagena-ProtocolNagoya-ProtocolAichi-TargetKunming-Montreal-Global-Biodiversity-Framework30x30half-earthnature-needs-halfrewildingreintroductionde-extinctionsynthetic-biologygene-drivebiotechnologynanotechnologygeoengineeringsolar-radiation-managementcarbon-capturedirect-air-capturebioenergy-with-carbon-capturenegative-emissionclimate-interventionearth-systemplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacetipping-pointhysteresisirreversibilitycommitted-changesea-level-riseocean-acidificationdeoxygenationwarmingextreme-eventcompound-riskcascading-risksystemic-riskexistential-riskglobal-catastrophic-riskrisk-managementdisaster-risk-reductionemergency-responsehumanitarian-actionreliefrecoveryreconstructionbuild-back-betterresilient-infrastructurenature-based-infrastructuregreen-infrastructuresponge-citycooling-cityurban-heat-islandurban-ecologyurban-biodiversityurban-conservationurban-planningurban-designarchitecturelandscape-architecturegreen-buildingsustainable-buildingenergy-efficiencyrenewable-energyclean-energyenergy-transitionjust-transitionenergy-justiceclimate-justiceenvironmental-justicesocial-justiceequityfairnessinclusiondiversitygenderyouthintergenerational-equityfuture-generationrights-of-naturepersonhoodlegal-standingguardianshipcareethics-of-careenvironmental-ethicsconservation-ethicsanimal-ethicsbioethicsresearch-ethicsintegrityresponsible-conductmisconductfraudplagiarismretractioncorrectionerratumexpression-of-concerndata-fabricationdata-falsificationdata-manipulationimage-manipulationduplicate-publicationsalami-slicingguest-authorshipgift-authorshipghost-authorshipauthor-contributioncreditattributionacknowledgmentfunding-disclosureconflict-of-interestcompeting-interestinstitutional-reviewanimal-carebiosafetybiosecuritydual-useexport-controlsanctionembargoboycottdivestmentactivismadvocacycampaignmovementsocial-movementenvironmental-movementconservation-movementclimate-movementyouth-movementstudent-movementindigenous-movementfeminist-movementlabor-movementpeace-movementhealth-movementfood-movementagriculture-movementwater-movementenergy-movementtransport-movementhousing-movementurban-movementrural-movementlocal-movementglobal-movementnetworkcoalitionalliancepartnershipcooperationsolidaritymutual-aidcommunity-organizinggrassrootsbottom-uptop-downhybrid-governancepolycentric-governanceself-organizationemergencecomplexitysystem-dynamicsagent-based-modelnetwork-analysissocial-networkecological-networkmutualistic-networkantagonistic-networkmultiplex-networkmultilayer-networktemporal-networkspatial-networknetwork-metriccentralitymodularitynestednessconnectancerobustnessstabilitypersistencecoexistencebiodiversity-ecosystem-functioninvasibilityinvasivenessimpactriskpathwayvectorintroductionestablishmentspreaderadicationcontainmentcontrolmanagementphytosanitaryveterinaryhuman-healthOne-HealthEcoHealthPlanetary-HealthOne-Welfaresustainability-scienceconservation-sciencerestoration-scienceresilience-scienceadaptation-sciencetransformation-sciencefutures-studiesbackcastingprojectionsimulationmodelingnumerical-modelconceptual-modelstatistical-modelmechanistic-modelprocess-based-modelindividual-based-modelsystem-dynamics-modelmachine-learning-modeldeep-learningneural-networkrandom-forestsupport-vector-machinegradient-boostingensemble-methodmodel-selectionmodel-validationmodel-calibrationsensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysisrisk-analysisdecision-analysisoptimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-frontiertrade-offsynergyco-benefitwin-winlose-losewin-losezero-sumpositive-sumnegative-sumgame-theorycooperative-gamenon-cooperative-gameNash-equilibriumPareto-optimalitysocial-dilemmatragedy-of-the-commonsprisoner's-dilemmacollective-actionfree-riderpublic-goodcommon-pool-resourceinstitutionrulenormcustomlawgovernanceadministrationimplementationenforcementcomplianceaccountabilityparticipationinclusivenessresponsivenesseffectivenessefficiencylegitimacyadaptabilitytransformabilityinnovationexperimentationadaptive-governanceevidence-basedscience-basedknowledge-basedinformation-baseddata-drivenmodel-driventheory-drivenhypothesis-drivenquestion-drivenproblem-drivensolution-drivenimpact-drivenoutcome-drivenoutput-driveninput-drivenprocess-drivenvalue-drivenmission-drivenvision-drivenstakeholder-drivenuser-drivencitizen-drivencommunity-drivenplace-basedecosystem-basedlandscape-basedseascape-basedwatershed-basedriver-basin-basedbioregion-basedecoregion-basedbiome-basedrealm-basedplanetary-basedglobalregionalnationalsubnationallocalmunicipalcommunityhouseholdindividualscalecross-scalemulti-scaletrans-scaleupscalingdownscalingscaling-outscaling-upscaling-deepmainstreamingintegrationmaintenancedurabilitypermanencereversibilityadditionalityleakagespilloverexternalitymarket-failuregovernment-failureinstitutional-failuresystem-failuresurprisenoveltycritical-transitionregime-shiftalternative-stable-statebasin-of-attractionengineering-resilienceecological-resiliencesocio-ecological-resilienceevolutionary-resiliencetransformative-resiliencespecified-resiliencegeneral-resilienceresistancetransformationtransitiontrajectoryscenarionarrativestorylinevisionfutureutopiadystopiaprotopiaheterotopiaarchipelagomosaicpatchworkcollageassemblagebricolagemontagepalimpsestlayerstratumsedimentmemoryheritagetraditioncultureidentitybelonginghomeplacespaceterritorylandsoilwaterairfireelementmatterenergyinformationcodesignalsignsymbolmeaningsignificancevalueworthpricecostbenefitutilitypreferencechoicedecisionbehavioractionpracticehabitritualceremonycelebrationfestivalperformanceartaestheticsbeautysublimewonderawecuriosityinquirydiscoveryexplorationadventureexpeditionvoyagejourneypilgrimagequestodysseyepicsagastoryhistorypaleontologygeologyclimatologymeteorologyoceanographylimnologyecologybiologyzoologybotanymicrobiologydevelopmentphysiologyanatomymorphologyethologysociobiologyecological-psychologyenvironmental-psychologyconservation-psychologyscience-educationinformal-educationnon-formal-educationlifelong-learningadult-learningskill-buildingcompetencyexpertisemasterycraftartisanmakercreatorinnovatorentrepreneurleadermanageradministratorpolicymakerpractitionerresearcherscholaracademicscientistnaturalistexplorerobserverrecorderdocumenterstorytellercommunicatoreducatormentorcoachfacilitatormediatornegotiatordiplomatadvocateactivistcampaignerorganizermobilizernetworkerconnectorbridge-builderboundary-spannertranslatorinterpreterambassadorrepresentativedelegatespokespersonchampionherorole-modelinspirationmotivationaspirationhopeoptimismpessimismrealismidealismpragmatismpracticalityfeasibilityviabilitydesirabilityacceptabilitycredibilitytrustconfidencereliabilityvalidityrigorqualityexcellencebest-practicegood-practicelesson-learnedsuccess-factorfailure-factorrisk-factorprotective-factordeterminantdriverpressurestateresponseDPSIRSTEEPSWOTPESTLEscenario-matrixmorphological-analysisDelphi-methodexpert-elicitationstructured-expert-judgmentcitizen-deliberationparticipatory-modelingcompanion-modelingserious-gamerole-playvirtual-realityaugmented-realitymixed-realityimmersive-experiencesensory-experienceembodied-experienceaffective-experiencecognitive-experiencesocial-experiencecultural-experiencespiritual-experiencetranscendent-experiencetransformative-experiencelearning-experienceeducational-experienceresearch-experienceprofessional-experiencepersonal-experiencelived-experienceembodied-knowledgetacit-knowledgeexplicit-knowledgecodified-knowledgeprocedural-knowledgedeclarative-knowledgeconceptual-knowledgefactual-knowledgetheoretical-knowledgepractical-knowledgeapplied-knowledgetransdisciplinary-knowledgeinterdisciplinary-knowledgemultidisciplinary-knowledgecross-disciplinary-knowledgedisciplinary-knowledgesubdisciplinary-knowledgespecialist-knowledgegeneralist-knowledgeholistic-knowledgesystemic-knowledgereductionist-knowledgeanalytical-knowledgesynthetic-knowledgeintegrative-knowledgecreative-knowledgeinnovative-knowledgeadaptive-knowledgeresilient-knowledgesustainable-knowledgeethical-knowledgeresponsible-knowledgetrustworthy-knowledgereliable-knowledgevalid-knowledgesound-knowledgerobust-knowledgeantifragile-knowledgeliving-knowledgedynamic-knowledgeevolving-knowledgeemergent-knowledgegenerative-knowledgeproductive-knowledgereproductive-knowledgereplicative-knowledgeimitative-knowledgeemulative-knowledgecompetitive-knowledgecollaborative-knowledgecooperative-knowledgeshared-knowledgecommon-knowledgepublic-knowledgeopen-knowledgefree-knowledgeaccessible-knowledgeinclusive-knowledgediverse-knowledgeequitable-knowledgejust-knowledgefair-knowledgedemocratic-knowledgeparticipatory-knowledgecitizen-knowledgecommunity-knowledgetraditional-knowledgeecological-knowledgeplace-based-knowledgeexperiential-knowledgeintuitive-knowledgeimplicit-knowledgeunconscious-knowledgesubconscious-knowledgeconscious-knowledgeself-aware-knowledgereflexive-knowledgecritical-knowledgeemancipatory-knowledgetransformative-knowledgetransformational-knowledgerevolutionary-knowledgeevolutionary-knowledgedevelopmental-knowledgegrowth-knowledgematuration-knowledgeaging-knowledgesenescence-knowledgedeath-knowledgeextinction-knowledgepersistence-knowledgeresilience-knowledgerecovery-knowledgerestoration-knowledgerenewal-knowledgeregeneration-knowledgerevitalization-knowledgerejuvenation-knowledgerebirth-knowledgerenaissance-knowledgeawakening-knowledgeenlightenment-knowledgeillumination-knowledgeinspiration-knowledgeaspiration-knowledgehope-knowledgeoptimism-knowledgepessimism-knowledgerealism-knowledgeidealism-knowledgepragmatism-knowledgepracticality-knowledgefeasibility-knowledgeviability-knowledgedesirability-knowledgeacceptability-knowledgelegitimacy-knowledgecredibility-knowledgetrust-knowledgeconfidence-knowledgereliability-knowledgevalidity-knowledgerigor-knowledgequality-knowledgeexcellence-knowledgebest-practice-knowledgegood-practice-knowledgelesson-learned-knowledgesuccess-factor-knowledgefailure-factor-knowledgerisk-factor-knowledgeprotective-factor-knowledgedeterminant-knowledgedriver-knowledgepressure-knowledgestate-knowledgeimpact-knowledgeresponse-knowledgeDPSIR-knowledgeSTEEP-knowledgeSWOT-knowledgePESTLE-knowledgescenario-matrix-knowledgemorphological-analysis-knowledgeDelphi-method-knowledgeexpert-elicitation-knowledgestructured-expert-judgment-knowledgecitizen-deliberation-knowledgeparticipatory-modeling-knowledgecompanion-modeling-knowledgeserious-game-knowledgerole-play-knowledgesimulation-knowledgevirtual-reality-knowledgeaugmented-reality-knowledgemixed-reality-knowledgeimmersive-experience-knowledgesensory-experience-knowledgeembodied-experience-knowledgeaffective-experience-knowledgecognitive-experience-knowledgesocial-experience-knowledgecultural-experience-knowledgespiritual-experience-knowledgetranscendent-experience-knowledgetransformative-experience-knowledgelearning-experience-knowledgeeducational-experience-knowledgeresearch-experience-knowledgeprofessional-experience-knowledgepersonal-experience-knowledgelived-experience-knowledge

• Neoerethistes

  Neoerethistes is a genus of true weevils in the family Curculionidae containing more than 30 described species. The genus was renamed from Erethistes in 1982 to avoid homonymy with a genus of South Asian river catfishes. The sole North American representative north of Mexico is N. arizonicus, which occurs in the southwestern United States.

  weevilCurculionidaeColeopterarenamed-genushomonymy

• Pachyonychis

  A genus of flea beetles (family Chrysomelidae) established by H. Clark in 1860, containing a single described species, Pachyonychis paradoxa. The genus name has been subject to taxonomic confusion due to its similarity to the related genus Pachyonychus.

  flea-beetleChrysomelidaeUnited-Statesmonotypic-genustaxonomic-confusionhomonymynomenclatural-history

• Stictocephala stimulea

  Stictocephala stimulea is a treehopper species in the family Membracidae, first described by Van Duzee in 1914. Treehoppers in this genus are characterized by their enlarged, often ornate pronotum that extends over the body like a helmet or thorn. The specific epithet 'stimulea' suggests possible resemblance to or association with stinging organisms, though this refers to appearance rather than actual sting. Like other membracids, this species likely feeds on plant phloem sap using piercing-sucking mouthparts.

  MembracidaetreehopperAuchenorrhynchaCicadomorphaStictocephalaCeresiniSmiliinaeHemipterasap-feederpronotumhelmetthorn-mimicryplant-feeding-insectphloem-feedercryptic-colorationcamouflageVan-Duzee-1914NearcticNorth-AmericaFloridaNorth-CarolinaSouth-Dakotaunderstudied-speciesdata-deficienttaxonomyentomologyinsectarthropodtrue-bugauchenorrhynchancicadomorphleafhopper-relativeplant-hopperornate-pronotumpronotal-extensiondorsal-helmetinsect-morphologyinsect-systematicsbiodiversitynatural-historyconservationinsect-ecologyinsect-behaviorinsect-developmentinsect-distributionbiogeographyspecies-descriptiontype-specimenoriginal-descriptionhistorical-taxonomymuseum-specimencollection-recordoccurrence-dataGBIFiNaturalistcitizen-scienceobservation-recordrange-mapdistribution-datageographic-rangeendemicnative-speciesregional-faunalocal-biodiversityhabitat-specificityhost-plantfeeding-guildphytophagousherbivoreplant-insect-interactioncoevolutionmimicrydefensecrypsisevolutionary-adaptationmorphological-adaptationexoskeleton-modificationstructural-colorationinsect-identificationfield-guidediagnostic-charactertaxonomic-keyspecies-complexcryptic-speciesmorphological-variationgeographic-variationphenotypic-plasticitylife-historyreproductionovipositionnymphinstarmetamorphosishemimetabolousincomplete-metamorphosispopulation-dynamicscommunity-ecologyfood-webtrophic-levelprimary-consumerecosystem-functionnutrient-cyclingenergy-flowbiological-controlpest-statusagricultural-relevanceforestryurban-ecologyinvasive-potentialclimate-changehabitat-lossconservation-statusdata-gapresearch-needtaxonomic-revisionphylogeneticsmolecular-systematicsDNA-barcodingintegrative-taxonomynatural-history-collectionspecimen-digitizationopen-dataFAIR-databiodiversity-informaticsbiological-databasetaxonomic-authoritynomenclaturezoological-nomenclatureInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-localitytype-specimen-depositionauthor-citationoriginal-combinationcurrent-combinationsynonymyhomonymynomenclatural-acttaxonomic-historyclassification-systemphylogenetic-classificationevolutionary-relationshipsmonophylycladelineagestem-groupcrown-groupdivergence-timemolecular-clockfossil-recordpaleontologyextantextinctliving-fossilevolutionary-historybiogeographic-historydispersalvicariancerange-expansionrange-contractionrefugiumglacial-relictpostglacial-colonizationanthropogenic-impacthuman-disturbanceland-use-changeurbanizationagricultural-intensificationpesticide-usehabitat-fragmentationconnectivitycorridorprotected-areaconservation-planningsystematic-conservation-planningpriority-areahotspotendemic-areacenter-of-origincenter-of-diversityevolutionary-significant-unitmanagement-unitpopulationmetapopulationsource-sink-dynamicsdemographyvital-ratessurvivalfecunditygeneration-timepopulation-growth-ratecarrying-capacitydensity-dependenceregulationlimiting-factorenvironmental-stochasticitydemographic-stochasticitygenetic-stochasticityinbreeding-depressionoutbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityheterozygosityallelic-richnesseffective-population-sizegenetic-driftgene-flowmigrationisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancelandscape-geneticspopulation-genomicsphylogeographyhistorical-demographycoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationspecies-distribution-modelecological-niche-modelhabitat-suitabilitybioclimatic-envelopeclimate-envelopeniche-conservatismniche-evolutionrealized-nichefundamental-nichebiotic-interactioncompetitionpredationparasitismmutualismcommensalismamensalismfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-interactiontrophic-cascadetop-down-controlbottom-up-controlmesopredator-releasekeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesdominant-speciescharacteristic-speciesindicator-speciesumbrella-speciesflagship-speciessurrogate-speciesfocal-speciestarget-speciespest-speciesinvasive-speciesnaturalized-speciesalien-speciesnon-native-speciesintroduced-speciescryptogenic-speciesrange-shiftpoleward-shiftelevational-shiftphenological-shifttemporal-mismatchtrophic-mismatchphenologyseasonalityvoltinismunivoltinebivoltinemultivoltinepartial-generationprolonged-diapauseaestivationhibernationoverwinteringoverwintering-strategycold-hardinessfreeze-tolerancefreeze-avoidancesupercoolingcryoprotectantthermal-biologythermoregulationbehavioral-thermoregulationmicroclimate-selectionhabitat-selectionoviposition-site-selectionhost-selectionmate-choicesexual-selectionsperm-competitioncryptic-female-choicereproductive-isolationprezygotic-isolationpostzygotic-isolationspeciationallopatric-speciationsympatric-speciationparapatric-speciationperipatric-speciationreinforcementhybridizationintrogressionhybrid-zoneclineecotonecontact-zonesecondary-contactexogenous-selectionendogenous-selectionecological-speciationmutation-order-speciationsexual-conflictsexual-dimorphismsexual-size-dimorphismsexual-dichromatismpolymorphismcolor-polymorphismmorphphasegregarious-phasesolitary-phasedensity-dependent-polyphenismreaction-normgenotype-environment-interactionplasticitycanalizationgenetic-assimilationacclimationacclimatizationhardeningstress-responseheat-shock-proteinoxidative-stresshypoxiadesiccationstarvationimmune-responseinnate-immunityhumoral-immunitycellular-immunityencapsulationnodulationphagocytosismelanizationantimicrobial-peptidephenoloxidaseprophenoloxidaselysozymedefensincecropindiptericinattacinimmune-geneimmune-pathwayToll-pathwayImd-pathwayJAK-STAT-pathwayNF-κBrelishdorsalimmune-memoryspecific-immunitytransgenerational-immune-priminggut-microbiomesymbiosisobligate-symbiontfacultative-symbiontprimary-symbiontsecondary-symbiontvertical-transmissionhorizontal-transmissionmixed-mode-transmissionnutritional-symbiosisdefensive-symbiosisdigestive-symbiosisdetoxificationmetabolismbiosynthesisvitamin-synthesisamino-acid-synthesissteroid-synthesiscuticle-synthesischitin-synthesismoltingecdysisecdysteroidjuvenile-hormoneinsulin-signalingTOR-signalingnutrient-sensingenergy-storagelipid-metabolismcarbohydrate-metabolismprotein-metabolismflight-metabolismrespirationtracheal-systemspiraclegas-exchangewater-balanceosmoregulationexcretionMalpighian-tubulehindgutrectumcryptonephridial-systemion-transportwater-reabsorptionnitrogenous-wasteuric-acidureaammoniadetoxification-enzymecytochrome-P450glutathione-S-transferasecarboxylesterasemixed-function-oxidaseresistanceinsecticide-resistanceacaricide-resistanceherbicide-resistanceantibiotic-resistanceresistance-managementresistance-evolutionresistance-mechanismtarget-site-resistancemetabolic-resistancebehavioral-resistancecuticular-resistanceresistance-alleleresistance-genefitness-costfitness-benefitpleiotropytrade-offlife-history-trade-offallocationresource-allocationenergy-allocationtime-allocationforagingoptimal-foragingcentral-place-foragingpatch-usemarginal-value-theorempredator-avoidanceantipredator-defensemasqueradeBatesian-mimicryMüllerian-mimicryautomimicryintraspecific-mimicryintersexual-mimicryaggressive-mimicrysocial-parasitismbrood-parasitismkleptoparasitismdefense-behaviorthanatosisdeath-feigningstartle-displaydeimatic-displayeyespotdeflection-markautotomyreflex-bleedingregurgitationdefensive-secretionvenomtoxinallomonekairomonesynomonesemiochemicalpheromonesex-pheromoneaggregation-pheromonealarm-pheromonetrail-pheromoneterritorial-pheromonerecognition-pheromonesignature-mixturecuticular-hydrocarbonvolatile-organic-compoundolfactiongustationmechanoreceptionthermoreceptionhygroreceptionphotoreceptionvisioncompound-eyeommatidiumrhabdomvisual-pigmentopsincolor-visionpolarization-visionmotion-detectionoptomotor-responsephototaxisphotoperiodismcircadian-rhythmbiological-clockentrainmentzeitgebercircannual-rhythmphotoperiodday-lengthcritical-day-lengthcritical-photoperioddiapause-inductiondiapause-terminationdiapause-maintenancediapause-developmentendocrine-controlneuroendocrinecorpus-allatumcorpus-cardiacumprothoracic-glandecdysiotropinecdysiostatinallatostatinallatotropinneuropeptidehormonehormone-receptorsignal-transductiongene-expressiontranscription-factorregulatory-genestructural-genegene-networkgene-regulatory-networkdevelopmental-geneHox-genehomeoboxsegment-polarity-genegap-genepair-rule-genematernal-effect-genezygotic-geneembryonic-developmentembryogenesiscleavageblastodermgastrulationsegmentationtagmosisappendage-developmentimaginal-discholometabolouscomplete-metamorphosislarvapupaadultapolysisteneralsclerotizationtanningcuticleexoskeletonepicuticleprocuticleexocuticleendocuticleresilinsclerotinchitinproteinlipidwaxcement-layerwax-layersurface-lipidwaterproofinganti-wettinganti-foulingself-cleaningstructural-colorpigmentary-coloromminpteridinecarotenoidmelaninpapiliochromeflavonoidanthocyaninbetalainiridescencephotonic-crystaldiffraction-gratingthin-film-interferencemultilayer-reflectorscatteringTyndall-scatteringRayleigh-scatteringMie-scatteringnon-iridescent-structural-colorbiochromebiofluorescencebioluminescenceluciferinluciferasephotoproteinbioluminescent-systemcounter-illuminationburglar-alarmlurecommunicationmate-recognitionpredator-deterrenceaposematismwarning-colorationhonest-signaldishonest-signalsignal-evolutionsignal-designreceiver-psychologysensory-biassensory-exploitationsensory-trapamplifierattenuatorsignal-efficacysignal-honestyhandicap-principleindex-signalconventional-signalassessment-signalterritorial-signaldominance-signalsubmissive-signalaggressive-signalcourtship-signalcopulatory-signalpostcopulatory-signalantagonistic-coevolutionchase-away-selectionsensory-drivereproductive-character-displacementgenetic-exchangeadmixturehybrid-fitnesshybrid-breakdownhybrid-vigorheterosisgenetic-loadmutational-meltdownfounder-effectbottleneckpopulation-expansioninvasion-geneticspropagule-pressureintroduction-effortestablishmentspreadlag-phaseexponential-growthlogistic-growthAllee-effectdemographic-Allee-effectcomponent-Allee-effectstrong-Allee-effectweak-Allee-effectcritical-population-sizeminimum-viable-populationextinction-riskpopulation-viability-analysisstochastic-modeldeterministic-modelindividual-based-modelagent-based-modelspatially-explicit-modelmetapopulation-modelsource-sink-modelintegrated-population-modelstate-space-modelhierarchical-modelBayesian-modelmachine-learningartificial-intelligencecomputer-visionimage-recognitionautomated-identificationdeep-learningneural-networkconvolutional-neural-networktransfer-learningdata-augmentationtraining-setvalidation-settest-setaccuracyprecisionrecallF1-scoreconfusion-matrixreceiver-operating-characteristicarea-under-curvemodel-selectionmodel-validationcross-validationbootstrappingpermutation-testnull-modelrandomization-testMonte-Carlo-simulationMarkov-chain-Monte-CarloGibbs-samplingMetropolis-Hastings-algorithmBayesian-inferenceprior-distributionposterior-distributionlikelihood-functionevidencemodel-comparisonBayes-factorinformation-criterionAkaike-information-criterioncorrected-AICBayesian-information-criteriondeviance-information-criterionWatanabe-Akaike-information-criterioncross-validation-information-criterionstackingmodel-averagingensemble-modelpredictionforecastingscenario-analysissensitivity-analysisuncertainty-analysispropagation-of-uncertaintyerror-budgetconfidence-intervalcredible-intervalprediction-intervaltolerance-intervalstatistical-powersample-sizeeffect-sizesignificance-testhypothesis-testingnull-hypothesisalternative-hypothesistype-I-errortype-II-errorfalse-positivefalse-negativemultiple-comparisonBonferroni-correctionfalse-discovery-rateq-valuep-valuesignificance-levelalpha-levelbeta-levelstatistical-testparametric-testnonparametric-testrobust-testexact-testasymptotic-testbootstrap-testjackkniferesamplingsubsamplingleave-one-outk-foldstratified-samplingbalanced-samplingimbalanced-dataclass-imbalanceoversamplingundersamplingsynthetic-minority-oversamplingSMOTEADASYNcost-sensitive-learningensemble-methodbaggingboostingrandom-forestgradient-boostingXGBoostLightGBMCatBoostsupport-vector-machinekernel-methodradial-basis-functionpolynomial-kernellinear-kernelsigmoid-kerneldecision-treeclassification-treeregression-treepruningcost-complexity-pruningminimum-description-lengthrule-based-classifierassociation-rulefrequent-patternapriori-algorithmFP-growthsequential-patterntemporal-patternspatial-patternspatiotemporal-patterntime-series-analysistrend-analysisseasonal-decompositionautoregressive-modelmoving-average-modelARIMASARIMAexponential-smoothingstate-space-modelKalman-filterparticle-filterhidden-Markov-modeldynamic-Bayesian-networkrecurrent-neural-networklong-short-term-memorygated-recurrent-unittransformerattention-mechanismself-attentionmulti-head-attentionencoderdecoderencoder-decoder-architecturesequence-to-sequence-modelgenerative-modelgenerative-adversarial-networkvariational-autoencodernormalizing-flowdiffusion-modelenergy-based-modelBoltzmann-machinerestricted-Boltzmann-machinedeep-belief-networkautoencoderdenoising-autoencodersparse-autoencodercontractive-autoencodervariational-inferenceexpectation-maximizationmaximum-likelihoodmaximum-a-posteriorimaximum-entropyOccam's-razorparsimonymodel-complexityoverfittingunderfittingbias-variance-tradeoffregularizationL1-regularizationL2-regularizationelastic-netdropoutearly-stoppingbatch-normalizationlayer-normalizationgroup-normalizationinstance-normalizationweight-decaymixupcutoutcutmixrandom-erasingautoaugmentfast-autoaugmentpopulation-based-augmentationneural-architecture-searchautomated-machine-learninghyperparameter-optimizationgrid-searchrandom-searchBayesian-optimizationsequential-model-based-optimizationmulti-fidelity-optimizationknowledge-distillationteacher-student-modelmodel-compressionquantizationknowledge-transferdomain-adaptationfew-shot-learningzero-shot-learningone-shot-learningmeta-learninglearning-to-learnmetric-learningsiamese-networktriplet-losscontrastive-learningself-supervised-learningunsupervised-learningsemi-supervised-learningweakly-supervised-learningactive-learningonline-learningincremental-learningcontinual-learninglifelong-learningcurriculum-learningmulti-task-learningmulti-modal-learningcross-modal-learningrepresentation-learningfeature-learningembedding-learningmanifold-learningdimensionality-reductionprincipal-component-analysist-SNEUMAPword-embeddingsentence-embeddingdocument-embeddingknowledge-graph-embeddinggraph-neural-networkgraph-convolutional-networkgraph-attention-networkmessage-passing-neural-networkrelational-graph-convolutional-networkinductive-learningtransductive-learninghomophilyheterophilygraph-isomorphismWeisfeiler-Lehman-testsubgraph-isomorphismgraph-matchingnetwork-alignmentnetwork-embeddingnode-embeddingedge-embeddinggraph-classificationnode-classificationlink-predictiongraph-generationgraph-synthesismolecular-generationde-novo-designinverse-designretrosynthesisreaction-predictionproperty-predictionquantitative-structure-activity-relationshipQSARquantitative-structure-property-relationshipQSPRmolecular-descriptorfingerprintMorgan-fingerprintextended-connectivity-fingerprintcircular-fingerprintatom-pair-fingerprinttopological-torsion-fingerprintpharmacophoreshape-similarityelectrostatic-similaritydockingscoring-functionbinding-affinity-predictionprotein-ligand-interactionprotein-protein-interactionprotein-structure-predictionAlphaFoldprotein-foldingcontact-predictiondistance-predictionangle-predictiontorsion-predictionsecondary-structure-predictiontertiary-structure-predictionquaternary-structure-predictionprotein-designprotein-engineeringdirected-evolutionrational-designcomputational-designde-novo-protein-designenzyme-designcatalytic-antibodyribozymeaptamerDNAzymesynthetic-biologygenetic-circuitmetabolic-engineeringmetabolic-flux-analysisflux-balance-analysisgenome-scale-metabolic-modeldynamic-metabolic-modelkinetic-modelingstoichiometric-modelingconstraint-based-modelingoptimizationlinear-programmingmixed-integer-linear-programmingquadratic-programmingnonlinear-programmingdynamic-programmingstochastic-programmingrobust-optimizationmulti-objective-optimizationPareto-optimalityevolutionary-algorithmgenetic-algorithmgenetic-programmingdifferential-evolutionparticle-swarm-optimizationant-colony-optimizationsimulated-annealingtabu-searchvariable-neighborhood-searchiterated-local-searchgreedy-randomized-adaptive-searchscatter-searchpath-relinkingmemetic-algorithmhyper-heuristicmetaheuristiclocal-searchneighborhood-searchhill-climbingrandom-walkrandomized-searchMonte-Carlo-tree-searchupper-confidence-boundThompson-samplingmulti-armed-banditcontextual-banditreinforcement-learningpolicy-gradientactor-criticQ-learningdeep-Q-networkpolicy-iterationvalue-iterationtemporal-difference-learningSARSAexpected-SARSAdouble-Q-learningdueling-Q-networkprioritized-experience-replaydistributed-reinforcement-learningimpalaA3Casynchronous-advantage-actor-criticPPOproximal-policy-optimizationTRPOtrust-region-policy-optimizationDDPGdeep-deterministic-policy-gradientTD3twin-delayed-deep-deterministic-policy-gradientSACsoft-actor-criticmodel-based-reinforcement-learningmodel-predictive-controlguided-policy-searchimitation-learninginverse-reinforcement-learningapprenticeship-learningbehavior-cloningdataset-aggregationDAggergenerative-adversarial-imitation-learningthird-person-imitation-learningone-shot-imitation-learningmeta-reinforcement-learninghierarchical-reinforcement-learningoptionskillsubgoalintrinsic-motivationcuriosity-driven-explorationempowermentinformation-gainprediction-errornovelty-seekingdiversity-seekingmulti-agent-reinforcement-learningmean-fieldfictitious-playcorrelated-equilibriumNash-equilibriumgame-theorymechanism-designauction-theoryincentive-designsocial-choice-theoryvoting-theoryfair-divisionmatching-theorymarket-designalgorithmic-game-theorycomputational-social-choicecomputational-complexityNP-completenessNP-hardnessapproximation-algorithmapproximation-ratioinapproximabilityfixed-parameter-tractabilityparameterized-complexitykernelizationtreewidthgraph-minorforbidden-minor-characterizationwell-quasi-orderingRobertson-Seymour-theoremgraph-structure-theorembidimensionality-theorymeta-theoremCourcelle's-theoremautomata-theoryfinite-automatonpushdown-automatonTuring-machinecomputabilitydecidabilityhalting-problemRice's-theoremGödel's-incompleteness-theoremslambda-calculuscombinatory-logictype-theoryproof-theorymodel-theoryset-theoryforcinglarge-cardinalaxiom-of-choicecontinuum-hypothesisindependence-resultconsistency-strengthreverse-mathematicsconstructive-mathematicsintuitionistic-logicmodal-logictemporal-logicepistemic-logicdeontic-logicdescription-logicontologyknowledge-representationsemantic-weblinked-dataRDFSPARQLOWLknowledge-graphentity-linkingrelation-extractionevent-extractioncoreference-resolutionnamed-entity-recognitionpart-of-speech-taggingdependency-parsingconstituency-parsingsemantic-parsingnatural-language-inferencetextual-entailmentnatural-language-generationmachine-translationsummarizationquestion-answeringdialogue-systemconversational-AIchatbotvirtual-assistantspeech-recognitionspeech-synthesisspeaker-recognitionemotion-recognitionsentiment-analysisopinion-miningaspect-based-sentiment-analysistarget-dependent-sentiment-analysisstance-detectionrumor-detectionfake-news-detectionfact-checkingclaim-verificationevidence-retrievalargument-miningpersuasion-detectiondeception-detectionpersonality-predictionmental-health-detectionsuicide-preventioncrisis-interventionsocial-media-miningnetwork-analysiscommunity-detectioninfluence-maximizationinformation-diffusioncascade-modelingepidemic-modelingSEIR-modelSIR-modelagent-based-epidemic-modelcompartmental-modelnetwork-epidemic-modelmetapopulation-epidemic-modelspatial-epidemic-modelstochastic-epidemic-modelbranching-processrenewal-equationgeneration-intervalserial-intervalincubation-periodlatent-periodinfectious-periodbasic-reproduction-numbereffective-reproduction-numberherd-immunity-thresholdvaccination-coveragevaccine-efficacyvaccine-effectivenessbreakthrough-infectionwaning-immunityimmune-escapevariant-of-concernvariant-of-interestvariant-under-monitoringphylogenetic-analysismolecular-clock-analysisphylodynamicsviral-evolutionantigenic-driftantigenic-shiftzoonotic-spilloverreservoir-hostintermediate-hostamplifying-hostdead-end-hostvector-borne-diseasemosquito-borne-diseasetick-borne-diseaseflea-borne-diseaselice-borne-diseasemidge-borne-diseasesandfly-borne-diseasetsetse-borne-diseaseblackfly-borne-diseasetriatomine-borne-diseasekissing-bugChagas-diseasetrypanosomiasisleishmaniasismalariadengueyellow-feverZika-viruschikungunyaWest-Nile-virusJapanese-encephalitistick-borne-encephalitisLyme-diseaseRocky-Mountain-spotted-feverehlichiosisanaplasmosisbabesiosistularemiaplaguemurine-typhusepidemic-typhusendemic-typhusscrub-typhusQ-fevertrench-feverbartonellosiscat-scratch-diseaserat-bite-feverleptospirosisbrucellosisanthraxmelioidosisglanderstularaemiafrancisellosiscoxiellosisrickettsiosisorientia-infectionehrlichiosisneoehrlichiosisneorickettsiosisanaplasmataceaerickettsiaceaecoxiellaceaebartonellaceaebrucellaceaefrancisellaceaepasteurellaceaelegionellaceaechlamydiaceaemycoplasmataceaeureaplasmataceaespiroplasmataceaeachaenoplasmataceaeentomoplasmataceaehaloplasmataceaetenericutesmollicutesbacteroidetesfusobacteriaspirochaetessynergistetesdeferribacteresthermotogaeaquificaecaldisericacaldithrixdeferrisomadesulfurobacteriumthermovibriothermocrinishydrogenobactersulfurihydrogenibiumpersephonellahydrogenobaculumhydrothermusthermothrixsulfuricurvumsulfurimonassulfurovumthiovulumthiomicrospirapseudomonasvibrioaeromonasphotobacteriumaliivibriogracilibacillushalobacillushalomonaschromohalobactercobetiasalinicolakushneriahalotaleahalovibriosalinivibriothioalkalivibriothiohalophilusectothiorhodospirahalorhodospirathiorhodospirahalochromatiumthioflavicoccusmarichromatiumthiocapsalamprocystisthiodictyonthiopediaamoebobacterthiocystischromatiumallo-chromatiumthermochromatiumrhabdochromatiumthiobacathiohalocapsahalocapsathiolamprovumthioplocathiomargaritabeggiatoamethylococcusmethylomonasmethylomicrobiummethylosinusmethylocystismethylocellamethylocapsamethylacidiphilumverrucomicrobiaplanctomyceteschlamydiaelentisphaeraekiritimatiellaeotacalditrichaeotafervidibacteria

• Tetropium parvulum

  Northern Spruce Borer

  Tetropium parvulum, the northern spruce borer, is a small cerambycid beetle specialized on spruce hosts. It was elevated from synonymy with T. cinnamopterum based on distinct morphological differences in larvae and adults, and exhibits strict host specificity to Picea compared to the conifer generalist T. cinnamopterum. The species has a one-year life cycle and is an economically important borer of white and Engelmann spruce logs in western Canada.

  Cerambycidaespruce-borerwood-boring-beetleforest-pestwestern-Canadaconifer-specialistTetropiumPiceaeconomic-pestone-year-life-cycleTetropium-parvulumNorthern-Spruce-BorerTetropium-cinnamopterum-complexmorphological-diagnosisstrict-host-specificityTetropium-alaskanum-synonymRhimphoctona-alaskensis-parasitoidspruce-log-pestAlberta-forestryboreal-forest-insectphloem-feedercambium-borerL-shaped-galleriesearly-summer-emergencewoodpecker-predationdisease-mortalityexcess-heat-mortalityTetropium-velutinum-comparisonlectotype-designationTetropium-parallelumTetropium-schwarzianumconiferous-forest-decomposerprimary-borerTetropium-taxonomyCasey-1891Canadian-Entomologisteconomic-entomologyforest-healthtimber-pestspruce-regenerationPicea-glauca-pestPicea-engelmannii-pestwestern-Canadian-distributionNorth-American-CerambycidaeTetropium-morphologylarval-urogomphiadult-genitaliapronotal-punctationeye-morphologyscutellum-structurehost-preference-divergenceconifer-specialist-vs-generalistsympatric-speciesspecies-elevation-from-synonymytype-specimen-examinationdiagnostic-keyforest-insect-natural-enemiesinsect-disease-mortalityparasitoid-waspwoodpecker-insectivorythermal-mortalitygallery-depthoverwintering-biologyspring-pupationSeptember-larval-maturityone-year-univoltinespruce-logging-impactforest-managementintegrated-pest-managementboreal-forest-ecologysubcortical-insectphloeophagous-beetlexylophagous-larvaewood-degradationnutrient-cyclingforest-successiondisturbance-ecologyfire-killed-sprucewindthrow-sprucesalvage-logging-insectstanding-dead-timberspruce-beetle-complexScolytinae-competitorCerambycidae-communityconiferous-wood-borer-guildNorth-American-forest-insectswestern-Canadian-entomologyAlberta-entomologyBritish-Columbia-entomologyManitoba-entomologyLabrador-entomologytranscontinental-distributionboreal-forest-biodiversityspruce-ecosystem-engineertree-killing-insectsublethal-host-stressinduced-host-defenseinsect-fungus-interactionblue-stain-fungus-vectorwood-discolorationlumber-degradeveneer-quality-impactpulpwood-qualitybiomass-energy-feedstock-qualitycarbon-sequestration-impactclimate-change-forest-healthwarming-thermal-mortalitydrought-stress-predispositionspruce-decline-agentmulti-stressor-forest-dynamicsinsect-population-regulationnatural-enemy-complextrophic-cascadeforest-food-webavian-insectivorywoodpecker-foragingsapsucker-drillingnuthatch-predationparasitoid-communityichneumonid-waspbraconid-wasptachinid-flynematode-parasitebacterial-diseasefungal-entomopathogenviral-diseaseabiotic-mortality-factorcompetitive-exclusioninterspecific-competitionresource-partitioninghost-tree-chemistrymonoterpene-defensephenolic-compoundresin-duct-responseinduced-resistanceconstitutive-defensespruce-genotype-resistanceprovenance-variationlocal-adaptationevolutionary-ecologyspeciation-mechanismhost-race-formationreproductive-isolationmorphological-divergencegenitalic-evolutionallopatric-divergencesympatric-maintenancehybridization-potentialintrogression-riskconservation-geneticspopulation-structuregene-floweffective-population-sizeinbreeding-depressiongenetic-diversityadaptation-potentialevolutionary-rescueassisted-migrationex-situ-conservationcryopreservationmuseum-specimentype-localityholotypelectotypeparalectotypesyntypeoriginal-descriptiontaxonomic-revisionspecies-conceptbiological-speciesmorphological-speciesecological-speciesphylogenetic-speciesintegrative-taxonomyDNA-barcodingCOI-sequencenuclear-markermitochondrial-genomephylogenomicssystematicsclassification-stabilitynomenclatural-actsynonymyhomonymyavailabilityvaliditypriorityPrinciple-of-PriorityInternational-Code-of-Zoological-Nomenclaturetype-fixationtype-depositioncollection-repositoryNational-Museum-of-Natural-HistoryCanadian-National-CollectionRoyal-Ontario-MuseumUniversity-of-Alberta-collectionforestry-researchentomological-surveyinsect-monitoringpheromone-trappingflight-intercept-trapLindgren-funnel-trapemergence-cagerearing-logdissection-microscopegenitalic-preparationmicroscopic-photographyscanning-electron-microscopyconfocal-microscopycomputed-tomography3D-reconstructionmorphometric-analysisgeometric-morphometricslandmark-analysisshape-variationsize-allometrysexual-dimorphismintraspecific-variationphenotypic-plasticityenvironmental-gradientclinal-variationaltitudinal-gradientlatitudinal-gradientphenologydegree-day-modelthermal-accumulationdevelopment-ratevoltinismdiapausequiescencecold-hardinessfreezing-tolerancesupercooling-pointcryoprotectantglycerolsorbitoltrehaloseantifreeze-proteinwinter-survivalspring-emergenceadult-longevityoviposition-behavioregg-gallerylarval-feedingfrass-productiongallery-architecturepupal-chambercallus-tissuewound-responsetree-defensecompartmentalizationCODIT-modeldecay-columnheartwood-rotsapwood-stainstructural-integrity-losswindthrow-riskstand-dynamicssuccessional-trajectoryforest-regenerationplantation-forestrysilvicultural-practicethinningpruningfertilizationsite-preparationgenetic-improvementresistance-breedingclonal-forestryseed-orchardprovenance-trialcommon-gardenquantitative-geneticsheritabilityselection-differentialresponse-to-selectiongenetic-gaindeployment-strategyrisk-spreadingportfolio-effectclimate-smart-forestryadaptive-silvicultureresilience-managementtransformational-adaptationecosystem-based-managementsustainable-forest-managementcertification-standardFSCPEFCSFIforest-health-monitoringaerial-surveyground-surveyremote-sensingsatellite-imageryhyperspectral-imagingLiDARdrone-surveymachine-learningspecies-distribution-modelhabitat-suitabilityclimate-envelopebioclimatic-variablefuture-projectionemission-scenarioRCPSSPuncertainty-quantificationensemble-modelingmodel-validationindependent-dataexpert-knowledgestakeholder-engagementdecision-supportmanagement-recommendationpolicy-implicationregulatory-frameworkphytosanitary-measurequarantine-regulationinvasive-species-riskpathway-analysishorizon-scanningearly-detectionrapid-responseeradication-feasibilitycontainment-strategypopulation-suppressionbiological-controlclassical-biological-controlaugmentative-biological-controlconservation-biological-controlnatural-enemy-importationhost-specificity-testingnon-target-riskenvironmental-safetyregulatory-approvalrelease-protocolestablishment-monitoringspread-trackingpopulation-impactnon-target-impactecosystem-servicepollinationbiological-control-servicedecompositionhabitat-provisionfood-web-supportbiodiversity-indicatorflagship-speciesumbrella-specieskeystone-speciesecosystem-engineerfoundation-speciesfunctional-diversitytrait-based-ecologycommunity-assemblyenvironmental-filteringbiotic-interactioncompetitionfacilitationapparent-competitionindirect-effectnetwork-ecologyfood-web-topologytrophic-levelenergy-flowbiomass-pyramidproductivityecosystem-functionecosystem-service-valuationnatural-capitalgreen-accountingsustainable-development-goalAichi-targetKunming-Montreal-framework30x30-targetprotected-areaOECMconservation-effectivenessmanagement-effectivenessgovernanceindigenous-knowledgelocal-knowledgecitizen-scienceiNaturalistcommunity-monitoringparticipatory-researchknowledge-co-productiontransdisciplinary-researchscience-policy-interfaceIPBESIPCCFAOITTOIUFROCABICFSUSDAUSFSNRCanprovincial-forestryindustrial-forestrysmallholder-forestrycommunity-forestryurban-forestryagroforestrysocial-forestryforest-restorationreforestationafforestationnatural-regenerationassisted-natural-regenerationenrichment-plantingdirect-seedingnursery-practiceseedling-qualityoutplanting-survivalcompetition-controlvegetation-managementherbicidemechanical-site-preparationprescribed-firewildfirefire-managementfire-ecologypyrodiversityserotinyseed-bankpost-fire-regenerationsalvage-loggingsanitation-cuttinginsecticidefumigantcontact-insecticidesystemic-insecticideinsect-growth-regulatorchitin-synthesis-inhibitorjuvenile-hormone-analogecdysone-agonistsemiochemicalaggregation-pheromoneanti-aggregation-pheromonesex-pheromonekairomoneallomonesynomonepush-pull-strategymating-disruptionmass-trappingattract-and-killsterile-insect-techniqueincompatible-insect-techniquegene-driveRNA-interferenceprecision-pest-managementsite-specific-managementvariable-rate-applicationunmanned-aerial-vehicleprecision-forestrydigital-forestrysmart-forestryIndustry-4.0Internet-of-Thingssensor-networkreal-time-monitoringbig-dataartificial-intelligencedeep-learningcomputer-visionautomated-identificationtaxonomic-impedimenttaxonomic-capacityparataxonomistDNA-taxonomymetabarcodingenvironmental-DNAbiosurveillancebiosecurityOne-Healthplanetary-healthecohealthsustainability-scienceresilience-sciencecomplexity-sciencesystems-thinkingadaptive-managementlearning-organizationknowledge-managementinstitutional-memorycapacity-buildingeducationextensionoutreachscience-communicationpublic-engagementmedia-relationssocial-mediaopen-accessdata-sharingFAIR-principlesreproducible-researchopen-scienceresearch-integrityresearch-ethicsanimal-welfare3Rswildlife-research-ethicsindigenous-data-sovereigntybenefit-sharingaccess-and-benefit-sharingNagoya-ProtocolConvention-on-Biological-DiversityCITESIUCNRed-List-assessmentconservation-statuspopulation-trendthreat-assessmentclimate-change-vulnerabilityadaptive-capacityevolutionary-potentialextinction-riskminimum-viable-populationeffective-conservationsystematic-conservation-planningprioritizationgap-analysisrepresentativenesscomplementarityirreplaceabilityvulnerabilityconnectivitycorridorstepping-stonehabitat-networklandscape-matrixpermeabilityresistance-surfaceleast-cost-pathcircuit-theoryisolation-by-distanceisolation-by-resistancepopulation-geneticslandscape-geneticsseascape-geneticsriverscape-geneticsconservation-genomicspopulation-genomicslandscape-genomicsenvironmental-associationgenotype-environment-associationoutlier-detectionselective-sweepgenomic-offsetgenomic-vulnerabilitygenetic-rescuegenetic-restorationgenetic-managementpedigree-analysisparentage-analysisrelatedness-inferencekinshipinbreeding-coefficienteffective-migration-ratedivergence-timecoalescent-theoryapproximate-Bayesian-computationmachine-learning-genomicsdeep-learning-genomicsstructural-variantcopy-number-variantsingle-nucleotide-polymorphismmicrosatellitemitochondrial-DNAchloroplast-DNAwhole-genome-sequencingtranscriptomicsproteomicsmetabolomicsphenomicsremote-phenotypinghigh-throughput-phenotypingphenotyping-platformfield-phenomicsprecision-phenotypingimage-based-phenotypingspectral-phenotypingthermal-phenotyping3D-phenotypinglaser-scanningphotogrammetrystructure-from-motionmulti-view-stereodigital-elevation-modelcanopy-height-modelindividual-tree-detectioncrown-delineationbiomass-estimationvolume-estimationgrowth-modelingprocess-based-modelempirical-modelhybrid-modelmodel-calibrationuncertainty-analysissensitivity-analysisensemble-forecastscenario-analysisdecision-analysisrisk-analysiscost-benefit-analysismulti-criteria-analysisstakeholder-analysissocial-network-analysisinstitutional-analysispolicy-analysisgovernance-analysispolitical-ecologyenvironmental-justiceenvironmental-equitydistributional-equityprocedural-equityrecognition-equityintergenerational-equityintragenerational-equitysustainability-transitionjust-transitiongreen-economycircular-economybioeconomynature-based-solutionecosystem-based-adaptationecosystem-based-mitigationnatural-climate-solutionforest-carbonblue-carbonterrestrial-carbonsoil-carbonbiomass-carbonproduct-substitutionmaterial-substitutionenergy-substitutioncascading-usecascade-recyclingend-of-life-managementwaste-hierarchyextended-producer-responsibilityproduct-stewardshipgreen-procurementsustainable-consumptionsustainable-productionlife-cycle-assessmentcarbon-footprintwater-footprintbiodiversity-footprintecological-footprintplanetary-boundarysafe-operating-spacedoughnut-economicsdegrowthpost-growthwellbeing-economybuen-vivirubuntuecological-civilizationharmony-with-naturerights-of-naturelegal-personalityecocideenvironmental-crimeenvironmental-lawinternational-environmental-lawcomplianceenforcementenvironmental-diplomacyenvironmental-negotiationenvironmental-agreementmultilateral-environmental-agreementbilateral-environmental-agreementregional-environmental-agreementenvironmental-regimeregime-complexfragmentationcoherencesynergyconflicttrade-environmentclimate-tradebiodiversity-tradeinvestment-environmentdispute-settlementinternational-courtarbitrationconciliationmediationgood-officesinquiryfact-findingcompliance-mechanismnon-compliance-procedureimplementation-revieweffectiveness-reviewperformance-reviewoutcome-evaluationimpact-evaluationprocess-evaluationtheory-of-changelogic-modelresults-chainattributioncontributioncounterfactualquasi-experimental-designrandomized-controlled-trialsystematic-reviewmeta-analysisevidence-synthesisknowledge-translationimplementation-sciencescaling-upscaling-outscaling-deepinnovation-diffusiontechnology-transfercapacity-developmentinstitutional-developmentorganizational-developmentindividual-developmentlearning-cyclereflective-practiceaction-researchparticipatory-action-researchcommunity-based-participatory-researchtranslational-researchimplementation-researchoperations-researchmanagement-researchpolicy-researchevaluation-researchmonitoring-researchsurveillance-researchforecasting-researchscenario-researchfutures-researchforesightanticipatory-governanceadaptive-governancepolycentric-governancecollaborative-governancenetwork-governancehierarchical-governancemarket-governancecommunity-governanceself-governanceco-managementjoint-managementshared-managementdelegated-managementdevolved-managementdecentralized-managementcentralized-managementintegrated-managementsectoral-managementcross-sectoral-managementlandscape-managementseascape-managementriverscape-managementmountain-managementisland-managementurban-managementrural-managementperi-urban-managementwildland-urban-interface-managementwilderness-managementprotected-area-managementconservation-area-managementrestoration-area-managementproduction-area-managementmultifunctional-managementecosystem-managementnatural-resource-managementenvironmental-managementsustainability-managementrisk-managementcrisis-managementemergency-managementdisaster-managementhazard-managementvulnerability-managementadaptation-managementmitigation-managementcompensation-managementoffset-managementrestoration-managementrehabilitation-managementreclamation-managementremediation-managementcleanup-managementwaste-managementpollution-managementemission-managementcontamination-managementinfection-managementinfestation-managementoutbreak-managementepidemic-managementpandemic-managementbiosecurity-managementbiosafety-managementbiocontainment-managementquarantine-managementisolation-managementeradication-managementsuppression-managementcontainment-managementprevention-managementpreparedness-managementresponse-managementrecovery-managementreconstruction-managementredevelopment-managementrenewal-managementrevitalization-managementregeneration-managementrenaissance-managementtransformation-managementtransition-managementchange-managementinnovation-managementreform-managementreorganization-managementrestructuring-managementreengineering-managementredesign-managementreplanning-managementreinvestment-managementreallocation-managementredistribution-managementreconfiguration-managementrealignment-managementreorientation-managementrepositioning-managementrebranding-managementremarketing-managementrelaunch-managementreintroduction-managementreestablishment-managementreinstatement-managementreintegration-managementreconciliation-managementreunification-managementrebuilding-managementrebirth-managementresurrection-managementreincarnation-managementreemergence-managementreappearance-managementreturn-managementcomeback-managementrebound-managementresurgence-managementrevival-managementreawakening-managementrekindling-managementreignition-managementrelighting-managementreillumination-managementrebrightening-management